Skip to main content

AI assistant

Sign in to chat with this filing

The assistant answers questions, extracts KPIs, and summarises risk factors directly from the filing text.

CSC Investor Presentation 2017

Oct 25, 2017

51937_rns_2017-10-25_9db264f1-2b24-4ac1-96f2-4b59b615752d.pdf

Investor Presentation

Open in viewer

Opens in your device viewer

==> picture [427 x 21] intentionally omitted <==

China Steel Corporation

October 27, 2017

==> picture [43 x 41] intentionally omitted <==

Sustainability, our STEEL commitment. http://www.csc.com.tw/csc/hr/csr/index.htm

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

==> picture [136 x 156] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----



----- End of picture text -----

  • CSC Group Overview

Operation and Development Strategies

  • Sales Analysis

  • Dividend Policy

Appendixes: Financial Status & Performance

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

1

CSC Overview

==> picture [640 x 327] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

 Leading Taiwanese steel manufacturer with integrated production capabilities
Overview  Headquartered in Kaohsiung with major production sites located in Kaohsiung
 Annual capacity of 9.9 mmt as of Dec 31, 2016
Steel Sales revenue
 Leading manufacturer of flat steel products breakdown by products Domestic/Export by revenue
(2017.1~3Q) (2017.1~3Q)
in Taiwan
 Continuously upgrading towards higher Billet/Slab, 8% Hot Rolled,
Export 31%
Major value-added products Bar, 8% 24%
business
 Dominant position in the domestic market Plate, 9%
 Continue to capture rapid growth
in South East Asia and China markets
Wire Rod,
15%
Cold Rolled,
Domestic 69%
36%
----- End of picture text -----

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

2

CSC Group Overview

Steel Core Businesses

  • China Steel Corporation

  • Chung Hung Steel Corporation

  • Dragon Steel Corporation

  • CSC Steel Sdn. Bhd.

  • Major business  China Steel Sumikin Vietnam (CSVC )

  • China Steel Corporation India Pvt. Ltd (CSCI)

Other Group Businesses

  • Engineering Businesses Logistic Businesses  China Steel Machinery Corporation  China Steel Express Corporation  China Steel Structure Co., Ltd.  China Steel Global Trading Corporation  China Ecotek Corporation  China Steel Precision Metals Qingdao Co., Ltd.  Info-Champ Systems Corporation  China Steel Precision Metals Kunshan Co., Ltd.  CSC Solar Corporation Industrial Materials Businesses Service and Investments Businesses  C. S. Aluminum Corporation  Gains Investment Corporation  China Steel Chemical Corporation  China Steel Security Corporation  CHC Resources Corporation  China Prosperity Development Corporation  Himag Magnetic Corporation  China Steel Management Consulting Corporation  China Steel Precision Materials

  • China Steel Resources Corporation

  • CSC Precision Metal Industrial Corporation

Capacity & market share

==> picture [528 x 174] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

CSC Group domestic market share (2017.1~3Q)
89%
76% 16%
13%
 Our group crude steel 34%
87%
capacity reached 16 mmt 77% 71%
56% 63%
in 2017(combining China 39%
26%
Steel Corporation and
Dragon Steel’s EAF and Hot- Bar/Rod Electro- Plate Cold-rolled Hot-rolled Electrical
No.1&2 blast furnace). Galvanized Galvanized Steel
Steel
CSC Dragon Steel Chung Hung
----- End of picture text -----

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

3

==> picture [124 x 109] intentionally omitted <==

Operation and Development Strategies

To pass down corporate culture, implement career planning, create LOHAS environment and promote image of CSC Group;

To improve customer lean service, strengthen strategic partnerships, solidify domestic market and expand sales channels of export;

To integrate resources of CSC Group, map out green industries, investigate in deep-processing fields and increase self-sufficiency ratio of raw materials;

To research and develop advanced products, materials for defensive, applied technology and green processes for increasing chain value of steel industry;

To enhance engineering capabilities of CSC Group, develop green and rail businesses carefully, and expand engineering business proactively;

To expand supply of CSC Group’s products, reduce cost continuously, elaborate on energy saving and environmental protection, strengthen occupational safety and health, and increase industry chain value with intelligent manufacturing and improving services of industry 4.0.

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

4

Overseas Production Sites and Sales Channels

China

China

China China Steel Precision Materials Corporation China Steel Precision Metals Kunshan Co., PCMI Metal Products (Chongqing) Co., Ltd Ltd. CSC holds 70% of the equity interest CSC holds 80% stake Capacity: 8,000 metric tones China Changshu Baoshunchang Steel Processing Co., Ltd China Italy Qingdao China Steel Precision Metal Co., Ltd Ardemagni SpA China Maruichi Metal Product (Foshan) Co., Ltd China Xiamen Chunyuan Precision Thailand Mechatronic Co., Ltd India Thai Sumilox China Steel Corporation Company Limited Vietnam India Pvt. Ltd. (CSCI) China Steel Sumikin Vietnam Joint CSC holds 100% of CSCI Thailand Stock Co. (CSVC) Capacity: ES 0.2 mmt TSK Steel Co. Ltd. CSC holds 56% of CSVC Capacity: 1.2 mmt (CR 0.5 mmt, GA/GI India Thailand 0.3 mmt, ES 0.2 mmt, PO 0.2 mmt) Mahindra Auto Steel SB Coil Center Private Limited Co., Ltd (Thailand) Ltd. Vietnam CSGT Metals Vietnam Joint Stock Malaysia Company Tatt Giap Steel Centre Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia CSC Steel Sdn. Bhd. CSC holds 46% of CSHB Vietnam Capacity: CR 0.48 mmt (CRC 0.24 mmt Hanoi Steel Center Co., Ltd. including PO, GI 0.17 mmt, PPGI 0.07 mmt)

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

5

Overseas Investments of CSC group

Co-invest in coil centers with peers and customers through China Steel Global Trading Co.

- Sales Channels CSGT

==> picture [551 x 345] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

Shanghai, China
CSGT(Shanghai) Co., Ltd
Osaka, Japan
CSGT Japan Co., Ltd
Kaohsiung. Taiwan
CSGT HQ. Hong Kong
CSGT Hong Kong Ltd
Mexico
Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam CSGT Mexico Rep. Office
CSGT HCMC Rep.
Office
Singapore
Mumbai, India CSGT Singapore Pte. Ltd.
CSGT Trading India Pvt. Ltd.
Jakarta, Indonesia
CSGT Singapore Pte. Ltd. Jakarta Rep. Office
Bangkok, Thailand
CSGT Singapore Pte. Ltd. Bangkok Rep. Office
----- End of picture text -----

Subsidiary:5 ; Representative office:4

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

6

- Production Site CSVC

  • Capture potential growth in Vietnam market and expand the sales channel of HR products.

  • Build the production site in AFTA, get closer to customers in ASEAN countries, and break through the tariff barriers .

CSVC

==> picture [116 x 115] intentionally omitted <==

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

7

- Production Site CSCI

  • Export to Middle Eastern and European countries.

Use the resources of CSC Group to . expand Indian domestic market

CSCI

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

8

==> picture [124 x 109] intentionally omitted <==

- Overseas Investment FHS

  • Establish strategic alliances.

  • Capture the growth opportunities in ASEAN steel market.

  • Breakthrough the tariff barriers of AFTA.

  • Secure long-term supply of semi-products.

FHS

==> picture [111 x 112] intentionally omitted <==

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

9

Raw Materials Investment

==> picture [253 x 13] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

Major raw materials Semi-products Ferroalloy
----- End of picture text -----

==> picture [312 x 381] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

East Asia United Corp.
Acquired 22.5%
(USD$1.11 bn) of Formosa
Ha Tinh Steel Corporation
Acquired 39.04% of
Acquired 19% of Sakura Hsin Hsin Cement
Ferroalloys Sdn. Bhd. for lime stone
(USD$76.19mm)
Acquired 3.68% of 2 subsidiaries
of ArcelorMittal Mines Canada
(investment amount USD$270mm)
Iron
Coal &
Iron ore
Iron Acquired 5% of Sonoma coal
project (investment amount
AUD$16.44mm)
Acquired 0.41% of CSN
Acquired 2.5% of Roy Hill iron ore
Mineracao S.A. (investment
amount NTD$2.74bn) project (investment amount
AUD$315mm)
----- End of picture text -----

Major raw materials

  • Iron ore and coking coals are secured by long-term contract (volume)

  • Partner with parties in Japan, South Korea, Canada, Australia and Brazil

  • Secure lime stone - acquired 39.04%(group shareholding) in Hsin Hsin Cement

Semi-products

  • Secure supplies from strategic partnerships and JV’s

  • East Asia United Steel Corp.

  • NSSMC’s Wakayama plant as a reliable supply source for slab

  • Formosa Ha-Tinh Steel Corporation

  • As a mutual supply of hot-rolled and slab products.

Ferro-alloy

  • Long-term contract to reduce market risks

  • Purchased 19% stake in Sakura Ferroalloys Sdn. Bhd.

  • Ensures a long-term stable supply of ferro-alloy, and lowers the acquisition cost.

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

10

- R&D on High End Products : EV Application

==> picture [709 x 166] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

MODEL-X
MODEL-3
Roadster MODEL-S
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
----- End of picture text -----

500 5k 23k 40k 70k 130k 250k 500k 1,000k

To meet TESLA’s demand of new MODEL-3 launched in 2017, CSC successfully designed a customized thin-gauged electrical steel sheet, 25CS1250HF, with high quality and excellent performance. CSC also try to align with several key players (e.g. Fukuta, TECO, Hota and etc.) in Taiwan to setup a EV industrial settlement for consolidating business opportunities of the growing EV global market.

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

11

==> picture [124 x 109] intentionally omitted <==

- R&D on High End Products : Hot Stamping

==> picture [262 x 200] intentionally omitted <==

==> picture [231 x 163] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

Coil with AO Coating
for Hot Stamping
----- End of picture text -----

==> picture [45 x 79] intentionally omitted <==

*AO: Anti-oxidation

  • Hot stamping technology and coils with AO-coating for hot stamping had been developed.

  • Constructions in Honley and Changchun CECK Auto. Parts Co. have already completed. Both two companies have received orders from OEMs now and will begin to deliver hot stamping parts to the OEMs in 2018.

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

12

- - R&D on High End Products : Development of Ni Base Superalloys

==> picture [184 x 138] intentionally omitted <==

==> picture [140 x 139] intentionally omitted <==

Corrosion-Resistant Valves *SOFC Components

==> picture [130 x 138] intentionally omitted <==

Heat-Resistant Parts

==> picture [140 x 131] intentionally omitted <==

Furnace Bells

==> picture [162 x 131] intentionally omitted <==

Welding Wires

==> picture [114 x 131] intentionally omitted <==

==> picture [119 x 131] intentionally omitted <==

High-Temperature Fasteners

*SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

  • More than 10 products developed for furnaces, fasteners and welding applications.

  • Dedicated to developing cost-saving process and high-end energy/aerospace products.

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

13

- Increasing High End Product Ratio

==> picture [653 x 374] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

High-End Product Ratio
CATEGORY
50
47.42
48 45.72
46
43.01
44 45.40
HIGH 42
PERFORMANCE
38.63
% 40
37.09
38
38.36
36
34
HIGH
TECHNICAL
32
CONTENT
30
HIGH
VALUE-ADDED
* In early 2017, CSC reviewed and revised the definition of high-end product. The high-
(
)
----- End of picture text -----

* In early 2017, CSC reviewed and revised the definition of high-end product. The highend product ratio for the past few years is adjusted accordingly.

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

14

==> picture [124 x 109] intentionally omitted <==

- Upgrading Steel using Industries

Increasing value of industrial chain

Broadening differentiation of products Developing collaboratively customized products

Strengthening partnerships

Promoting Joint Research Laboratories

Enhancing added value of products

Strengthening Early Vendor Involvement and technical marketing

Expanding Cultivating demand of high Alliance for grade steel at Steel Industries terminal market

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

15

==> picture [124 x 109] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

In order
----- End of picture text -----

Green Energy Business : Solar Power

In order to put Corporate Social Responsibility into practice and respond to government’s green energy policy, China Steel, together with its’ subsidiaries, including CEC, CSCC, and DSC, has established CSC Solar, a solar energy company. CSC Solar plans to invest TWD 4.36 billion in order to create 80MW electricity capacity .

Planning PV System in CSC Group
(80MWp 2017-2019)
Planning PV System in CSC Group
(80MWp 2017-2019)

Capacity(kWp)

81,017.45
Annual Energy
Output(kWh)
103,500,000

Require Area(m2)
810,174.50

==> picture [85 x 84] intentionally omitted <==

100 million kwh electricity output and NTD 400 million revenue p.a.

==> picture [84 x 84] intentionally omitted <==

Reduce CO2 emission by 43,504 tons p.a.

==> picture [85 x 85] intentionally omitted <==

Electricity output is equivalent to the power demand of 1,430 households.

==> picture [84 x 85] intentionally omitted <==

The effect of CO2 emission reduction equals to the effect of planting 3,973,328 trees.

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

16

Sales Analysis (CSC Standalone)

==> picture [710 x 408] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

2017.1~3Q CSC sales volume totaled 8.23 Domestic/Export sales volume breakdown of 2017.1~3Q
million metric tons
Hot-Rolled,
27.2%
Cold-Rolled,
Export 31.60%
16.3% Vehicles
(2.60 million
China Japan 17.1%
Billet/Slab, metric tons)
12.0% Coated 21.8%
Products,
15.5%
Coil center
Bar/Rod, 20.2% Others 26.8%
Plate, 8.8% Piping
Wire-rope 0.6%
Hand tools 1.0% Re-rolling
S.E. Asia 34.3%
Ship-building 1.0% Bolts-nuts Domestic 68.40%
Vehicles 4.0% (5.63 million metric tons)
Trader 4.0%
Ship-building
Steel structure 4.8%
Piping 5.6%
Re-rolling 11.9%
Bolts-nuts 14.4%
Coil center 14.8%
Others 17.5%
Direct users 20.4%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
----- End of picture text -----

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

17

Sales Analysis (CSC & BF Products of DSC)

2017.1~3Q sales volume (CSC & BF Domestic/Export sales volume breakdown of 2017.1~3Q products of DSC) totaled 11.12 million metric tons

==> picture [705 x 346] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

Hot-Rolled,
Billet/Slab, 41.5%
13.5% Cold- Vehicles
Rolled,
12.0%
China Japan 18.2%
Export 34.14%
Bar/Rod, 16.9%
14.9% Coated Coil center (3.80million
Products, Piping metric tons)
Plate, 6.6%
11.5%
Others 21.8%
Wire-rope 0.5%
Ship-building 0.8%
Hand tools 0.8% Re-rolling
Vehicles 3.1% Bolts-nuts Domestic 65.86%
S.E. Asia 43.1%
Trader 3.1% (7.32million
Steel structure 4.0% metric tons)
Ship-building
Piping 7.1%
Bolts-nuts 11.1%
Coil center 12.4%
Direct users 15.8%
Others 19.9%
Re-rolling 21.4%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
----- End of picture text -----

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

18

Dividend Policy

(in NTD per share)

Dividend payout(%)

Cash Dividend payout(%)

==> picture [606 x 76] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

84 85 87 85 85 87 88 85 132 86 70 102 82
74 78 78 78 64 66 70 74 105 67 70 102 82
----- End of picture text -----

==> picture [625 x 243] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----

6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
-
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
0.50
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.50
3.90 3.75
3.50
0.43
2.78 -
0.33 1.99 0.15 0.20 -
1.30 -
5.26 4.83 3.56 4.49 2.03 1.54 1.01 2.83 1.36 1.01 0.38 0.10 1.05 0.70 1.43 1.00 0.49 0.5 1.04 0.85
0.40
----- End of picture text -----

Cash Dividend Stock Dividend EPS

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

19

Closing Remarks

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

Thank you!

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

21

Appendix1:

Consolidated Operating Results
Item
2017.1H
2017.1~8*
Consolidated Operating
Revenue
167,849
226,959
Consolidated Operating
Income
11,638
14,472
Consolidated Income
Before Income Tax
9,814
12,565**
Unit: NTD millions
Appendix1:

Consolidated Operating Results
Item
2017.1H
2017.1~8*
Consolidated Operating
Revenue
167,849
226,959
Consolidated Operating
Income
11,638
14,472
Consolidated Income
Before Income Tax
9,814
12,565**
Unit: NTD millions
Appendix1:

Consolidated Operating Results
Item
2017.1H
2017.1~8*
Consolidated Operating
Revenue
167,849
226,959
Consolidated Operating
Income
11,638
14,472
Consolidated Income
Before Income Tax
9,814
12,565**
Unit: NTD millions
Item 2017.1H *2017.1~8
Consolidated Operating
Revenue
167,849
226,959
Consolidated Operating
Income
11,638
14,472
Consolidated Income
Before Income Tax
9,814
12,565

*preliminary result

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

22

Appendix2: Consolidated Income Statement

IFRSs Unit: NTD millions Unit: NTD millions Unit: NTD millions Unit: NTD millions





2016.1H 2017.1H
Revenues 137,291
167,849
Gross profit 15,885
18,732
Gross margins 11.57%
11.16%
Profit before tax 7,849 9,814
Net profit 7,081 8,686
Attributable to
Owners of the corporation 5,762 7,087
Non-controlling interests 1,319 1,599
Earnings Per Share(NTD) $0.37 $0.46

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

23

Appendix3:

Consolidated Financial Status

12/31/2012 12/31/201312/31/201412/31/201512/31/20166/30/2017
Debt
312,393
362,630
348,049
357,414
346,542
363,420
Debt/Equity
102.26%
113.55%
103.99%
111.44%
105.15%
112.68%
Asset
617,892
681,999
682,737
678,139
676,122
685,954
Debt/Asset
50.56%
53.17%
50.98%
52.71%
51.25%
52.98%
Net Debt*
283,402
338,593
322,284
329,674
324,942
342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%
47.20%
48.61%
48.06%
49.96%
Unit: NTD millions
Consolidated Financial Status

12/31/2012 12/31/201312/31/201412/31/201512/31/20166/30/2017
Debt
312,393
362,630
348,049
357,414
346,542
363,420
Debt/Equity
102.26%
113.55%
103.99%
111.44%
105.15%
112.68%
Asset
617,892
681,999
682,737
678,139
676,122
685,954
Debt/Asset
50.56%
53.17%
50.98%
52.71%
51.25%
52.98%
Net Debt*
283,402
338,593
322,284
329,674
324,942
342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%
47.20%
48.61%
48.06%
49.96%
Unit: NTD millions
Consolidated Financial Status

12/31/2012 12/31/201312/31/201412/31/201512/31/20166/30/2017
Debt
312,393
362,630
348,049
357,414
346,542
363,420
Debt/Equity
102.26%
113.55%
103.99%
111.44%
105.15%
112.68%
Asset
617,892
681,999
682,737
678,139
676,122
685,954
Debt/Asset
50.56%
53.17%
50.98%
52.71%
51.25%
52.98%
Net Debt*
283,402
338,593
322,284
329,674
324,942
342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%
47.20%
48.61%
48.06%
49.96%
Unit: NTD millions
Consolidated Financial Status

12/31/2012 12/31/201312/31/201412/31/201512/31/20166/30/2017
Debt
312,393
362,630
348,049
357,414
346,542
363,420
Debt/Equity
102.26%
113.55%
103.99%
111.44%
105.15%
112.68%
Asset
617,892
681,999
682,737
678,139
676,122
685,954
Debt/Asset
50.56%
53.17%
50.98%
52.71%
51.25%
52.98%
Net Debt*
283,402
338,593
322,284
329,674
324,942
342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%
47.20%
48.61%
48.06%
49.96%
Unit: NTD millions
Consolidated Financial Status

12/31/2012 12/31/201312/31/201412/31/201512/31/20166/30/2017
Debt
312,393
362,630
348,049
357,414
346,542
363,420
Debt/Equity
102.26%
113.55%
103.99%
111.44%
105.15%
112.68%
Asset
617,892
681,999
682,737
678,139
676,122
685,954
Debt/Asset
50.56%
53.17%
50.98%
52.71%
51.25%
52.98%
Net Debt*
283,402
338,593
322,284
329,674
324,942
342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%
47.20%
48.61%
48.06%
49.96%
Unit: NTD millions
Consolidated Financial Status

12/31/2012 12/31/201312/31/201412/31/201512/31/20166/30/2017
Debt
312,393
362,630
348,049
357,414
346,542
363,420
Debt/Equity
102.26%
113.55%
103.99%
111.44%
105.15%
112.68%
Asset
617,892
681,999
682,737
678,139
676,122
685,954
Debt/Asset
50.56%
53.17%
50.98%
52.71%
51.25%
52.98%
Net Debt*
283,402
338,593
322,284
329,674
324,942
342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%
47.20%
48.61%
48.06%
49.96%
Unit: NTD millions
Consolidated Financial Status

12/31/2012 12/31/201312/31/201412/31/201512/31/20166/30/2017
Debt
312,393
362,630
348,049
357,414
346,542
363,420
Debt/Equity
102.26%
113.55%
103.99%
111.44%
105.15%
112.68%
Asset
617,892
681,999
682,737
678,139
676,122
685,954
Debt/Asset
50.56%
53.17%
50.98%
52.71%
51.25%
52.98%
Net Debt*
283,402
338,593
322,284
329,674
324,942
342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%
47.20%
48.61%
48.06%
49.96%
Unit: NTD millions
12/31/2012 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 6/30/2017
Debt 312,393
362,630

348,049

357,414

346,542

363,420
Debt/Equity 102.26%
113.55%

103.99%

111.44%

105.15%

112.68%
Asset 617,892
681,999

682,737

678,139

676,122

685,954
Debt/Asset 50.56%
53.17%

50.98%

52.71%

51.25%

52.98%
Net Debt* 283,402
338,593

322,284

329,674

324,942

342,697
Net
Debt/Asset
45.87%
49.65%

47.20%

48.61%

48.06%

49.96%

Since 2009, CSC group have issued corporate bonds and signed syndicated bank loans for DSC’s expansion project and overseas investments.

  • * Net debt = debt – cash & cash equivalents – ( financial assets at fair value through profit or loss-current + available-for-sale -

  • financial assets current +held-to-maturity financial assets-current+ derivative financial assets for hedging-current)

※ IFRSs basis

==> picture [149 x 36] intentionally omitted <==

24