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CORE LITHIUM LTD — Capital/Financing Update 2019
Apr 16, 2019
64737_rns_2019-04-16_d0805e5c-a2c8-4a5b-a991-760d9c2a869e.pdf
Capital/Financing Update
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ASX:CXO ANNOUNCEMENT
17 April 2019
Finniss Definitive Feasibility Study and Maiden Ore Reserve
Highlights
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Finniss Lithium Project (Project or Finniss) Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) confirms that Core Lithium Ltd (Core) is well positioned to be the next lithium producer in Australia
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DFS focussed on the development of Ore Reserves within the first two orebodies at Finniss (Grants and BP33) over an initial 3.5 year period
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Mining high-grade Ore Reserves of 1.4% Li2O combined with exceptional spodumene metallurgy enable Core to produce high quality, coarse concentrate using simple gravity DMS processing
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Project comprises a low risk, open pit mining operation and DMS processing up to 180,000 tpa of high-quality lithium concentrate with robust margins
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Excellent DFS economics are reflected in the high Pre-Tax Nominal IRR of 80%, NPV of A$114 million and free cash flows of A$158 million from revenue of A$501 million
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Low start-up capital costs of A$73 million (including pre-production mining costs for Grants) and strong cash flows enable quick payback of 1.5 years and confirms Finniss as one of Australia’s lowest capital intensity projects
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C1 FOB Operating Costs of US$300/t concentrate (A$429/t) generates a robust operating margin of more than US$300/t on low case pricing assumptions
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Significant potential upside to economics remains through conversion of more Mineral Resources into Ore Reserves (including BP33) and through Core’s ongoing exploration in the broader Finniss Project
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Further Project expansion and increase of Mineral Resource category confidence and integration of the nearby Mineral Resources including Carlton, Hang Gong, Booths-Lees and regional exploration planned in 2019
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Financing discussions advancing with debt markets and strategic financiers
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Over one third of Project Capex can be met with US$20 million pre-payment (A$29 million) commitment by Core’s largest shareholder - and major Chinese lithium producer - Yahua Group
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Regulatory approvals, Offtake and Finance discussions progressing to support rapid construction timetable commencing 2H 2019 toward ramping up commercial production 1H 2020
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Emerging Northern Territory lithium producer, Core Lithium Ltd (ASX: CXO) ( Core or the Company ) is pleased to announce the release of its Definitive Feasibility Study ( DFS ) for the Finniss Lithium Project, located near Darwin in the Northern Territory. The DFS confirms that Core is well positioned to be the next lithium producer in Australia.
Executive Summary
Core has taken a major step forward in its goal toward becoming Australia’s next lithium producer in producing high quality lithium spodumene concentrate through the mining and processing of high grade spodumene pegmatites located within one hour’s drive of the capital city of Darwin and Darwin Port - Australia’s closest port to Asia.
Mining high-grade Ore Reserves of 1.4% Li2O combined with exceptional spodumene metallurgy enable Core to produce high quality, coarse concentrate using gravity only DMS processing.
Core’s development of the Finniss Lithium Project is initially based on the development of the Ore Reserves within the high-grade Grants and BP33 deposits as standard open pit mining operations and the construction of a simple 1Mtpa DMS process plant to produce up to 180,000 tpa of high-quality lithium concentrate with robust operating margins.
A modest Pre-Production or Start-Up Capex of $73 million and strong cash flows enable quick capital payback of less than 1.5 years and confirms that the Finniss Lithium Project is one of Australia’s lowest capital intensity lithium projects. Excellent Reserve Case DFS economics are further reflected in the high pre-tax nominal IRR of 80%, NPV of $114 million and strong free cash flows of $A158 million from revenue of A$501 million. C1 Operating Costs of US$300/t FOB (Free on Board) concentrate (A$429/t) generates a robust operating margin of more than US$300/t on low case pricing assumptions.
Mining of the high grade 1.4% Li2O Grants and BP33 open pits, when coupled with the relatively low initial capital cost, results in a project capable of delivering over A$158 million in free cash generation over a period of three and a half years. This strong cash surplus to capital cost ratio of 2.2:1 generated from Grants and BP33 will ensure Core is well placed for a first-mover advantage in this exciting new lithium province and lays solid foundations for the building of a long-term lithium production hub.
The DFS focusses on the development of the Ore Reserves within the first two ore bodies at Grants and BP33 over an initial 3.5 year period, however, those Ore Reserves and the larger Finniss Lithium Project have significant upside to increase in scale and life through the addition of more resources and conversion to reserves.
Core has, through dedicated exploration, increased the aggregate Mineral Resource and Ore Reserves for the entire Finniss Lithium Project by over 400% since the start of 2018 and plans to add further Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves to extend the life and increase the strong positive life-of-mine cash flows of the Project. The larger Finniss Lithium Project area comprises 500km[2] of tenements covering the Bynoe Pegmatite Field comprising hundreds of pegmatites near Darwin in the Northern Territory.
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The Finniss Lithium Project’s close proximity to the Darwin Port and existing high-quality sealed road infrastructure provides access for daily road train movements to transport product to port. The Project also has other substantial infrastructure advantages, including being close to grid power, gas and rail infrastructure and being less than a 1- hour commute from the skills, trades, workshops and services in suburban Darwin.
Key DFS Outputs
The DFS demonstrates compelling Project economics, with globally competitive costs that result in high operating margins and rapid capital payback. Key outputs include:
| Technical Metrics | Reserve Case | Financial Metrics 5 |
Reserve Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schedule Production 1 |
481,018t conc. | Commodity Prices 2 |
A$981/t US$687/t |
| Spodumene Conc. Grade | 5.5% | C1 Operating Costs FOB 4 |
A$429/t US$300/t |
| Total Ore Mined | 2.6 mt | FX Rate (AUD:USD) | $0.70 |
| Average Grade Mined | 1.42% | Start-Up Capital 3 |
A$73m US$51m |
| Design Throughput | 1Mtpa | Free Cash Flow | A$158m US$111m |
| Production Mine Life | 3.5 years | NPV10 | A$114m US$80m |
| Payback Period 5 |
<1.5 years | IRR | 80% |
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Note Cautionary Statement included in this report.
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Commodity Pricing assumptions are derived from Concentrate Benchmark Pricing - January 2019 and represents an average over the life-of-mine. Exchange Rate assumption is $0.70.
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Start-Up Capital costs includes pre-strip mine development costs for Grants Project of A$30m million
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C1 Operating Costs are defined as direct cash operating costs of production FOB, net of by-product credits, divided by the amount of payable spodumene concentrate. Direct cash operating costs include mining, processing, transport, treatment and refining costs. C1 Operating Costs exclude royalties and prestrip mine development costs.
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NPV has been discounted using a discount rate of 10% and NPV, IRR and Free Cash Flow are pre-tax nominal calculations. Payback is calculated from sale of first concentrate. Where nominal values are noted, costs and revenues are escalated at 2% CPI
The Reserve Case contains 14% of Inferred Mineral Resources. There is a low level of geological confidence associated with Inferred Mineral Resources and there is no certainty that further exploration work will result in the determination of Indicated mineral resources or that the production target itself will be realised.
Between the preparation of the Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS) and this DFS, there have been several changes to the inputs and assumptions that have had an influence on the economics of the Project. These types of variances are expected when increasing the level of confidence in the Project.
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Revenue has increased from the PFS by approximately 45% resulting from additional ore from Grants and the added development of the BP33 deposit. As a result of the additional ore tonnage, the mine life has increased from 2 years to 4 years. Revenue however has been negatively impacted by a forecast drop in the spodumene price between the PFS and DFS estimates.
On the capital front, an additional $22 million has been included, with the majority of this dedicated to the installation of a three stage dense media separation (DMS) plant, rather than the single stage DMS as contemplated in the PFS. This flowsheet improvement will enable the production of higher value 5.5% Li2O concentrate, rather than 5.0%. Approximately $6 million of the increase is due to a combination of a larger pre-strip at Grants and slightly higher mining costs following a formal competitive formal tender process.
The operating costs have been impacted by a significantly larger and longer mining operation. Overall, there are now more than 2.5 times more tonnes being moved, and the mining rates have increased 15% (within the accuracy of the previous study) to reflect commercial contracted scheduled mining rates. The increase in grade of concentrate to 5.5% (from 5.0%) has resulted in a proportionate decrease (10%) in concentrate tonnes being produced and a slight decrease in recoveries from 76% to 72% which impact processing operating cost per tonne of concentrate.
Overall, the Project produces strong free cash generation from Stage 1, with mining focussed only the Ore Reserves within the Grants and BP33 deposits initially. This is expected to enable Core to be self-funding on future development opportunities within the Project, including any conversion of additional Ore Reserves and future development of the other Mineral Resources, including Hang Gong and Carlton, all of which have had Mineral Resources defined during the DFS preparation but are not included in the study. These additional Mineral Resources have previously been disclosed to the market. In addition to these new Mineral Resources, there are a number of additional advanced pegmatite targets within the Project (including Booths-Lees) containing known high-grade lithium intercepts that require follow up drilling.
The Company plans to infill drill, expand and announce Mineral Resources at Hang Gong, Booth-Lees and Carlton over the course of 2019, with the intention of converting these to Ore Reserves. The Company hopes to be in a position to produce an updated economic assessment of the Finniss Project towards the end of 2019 that potentially includes these additional prospects as additional ore sources.
The simple process flowsheet for Grants is based on the construction of a new three stage 1Mtpa Dense Media Separation (DMS) plant, resulting in a relatively low capital cost estimate. This also results in reduced commissioning risk relative to some peer spodumene concentrate operations that require additional capital costs associated with flotation circuits.
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Core’s Managing Director, Stephen Biggins, commented:
“ The Definitive Feasibility Study for Finniss once again highlights the significant potential of the Project and puts Core on track to become the Northern Territory’s first lithium producer.
“ The DFS confirms Finniss as a simple but high value operation, in part due to the minimal spend required on infrastructure thanks to high grade spodumene reserves in close proximity to Darwin Port.
“With the DFS now completed, we are aiming to finalise funding over the coming months so that construction can commence as soon as practicable. We are also maintaining our exploration momentum, with the aim of materially increasing the potential mine life of Finniss before we commence first production.
“On behalf of the Core Board, I would like to thank our project team and valued partners who have been involved in preparing the DFS. We look forward to the Final Investment Decision for Finniss in the coming months.”
Next Steps
Completion of the DFS now paves the way for the Company to advance its offtake and financing discussions, and project permitting to ensure Core is positioned to commence development and construction in 2019 and be ramping up commercial production of spodumene concentrate to customers in the first half of 2020.
In parallel with the permitting, offtake and financing discussions, Core will maintain an aggressive regional exploration campaign focused on growing the resource base of the Finniss Project to support a long-life mining operation.
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Figure 1 - Aerial view of Darwin, the Port of Darwin and the Finniss Lithium development
For further information please contact: For Media and Broker queries:
Stephen Biggins Andrew Rowell Managing Director Director - Investor Relations Core Lithium Ltd Cannings Purple +61 8 7324 2987 +61 400 466 226 [email protected] [email protected]
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Important and Cautionary Notes
The information in this report that relates to Exploration Results is based on, and fairly represents, information and supporting documents compiled by Mr Stephen Biggins (BSc (Hons) Geol, MBA) as Managing Director of Core Lithium Ltd and Dr David Rawlings (BSc(Hons) Geol, PhD) an employee of Core Lithium Ltd. Messrs. Biggins and Rawlings are members of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and are bound by and follows the Institute’s codes and recommended practices. They have sufficient experience which is relevant to the styles of mineralisation and types of deposits under consideration and to the activities being undertaken to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the “Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves”. Mr Biggins and Dr Rawlings consent to the inclusion in the report of the matters based on their information in the form and context in which it appears. This report includes results that have previously been released under JORC 2012 by Core.
The information in this release that relates to the Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources is based on, and fairly represents, information and supporting documents compiled by Dr Graeme McDonald (BSc(Hons)Geol, PhD). Dr McDonald acts as an independent consultant to Core Lithium Ltd on Mineral Resource estimations. Dr McDonald is a member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and has sufficient experience with the style of mineralisation, deposit type under consideration and to the activities undertaken to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the “Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves” (The JORC Code). Dr McDonald consents to the inclusion in this report of the contained technical information relating to the Mineral Resource Estimation in the form and context in which it appears. This report includes results that have previously been released under JORC 2012 by Core.
The information in this release that relates to metallurgy and metallurgical test work has been reviewed by Mr Noel O’Brien, FAusIMM , MBA, B. Met Eng. Mr O’Brien is not an employee of the company but is employed as a contract consultant. Mr O’Brien is a Fellow of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, he has sufficient experience with the style of processing response and type of deposit under consideration, and to the activities undertaken, to qualify as a competent person as defined in the 2012 edition of the “Australian Code for the Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves” (The JORC Code). Mr O’Brien consents to the inclusion in this report of the contained technical information in the form and context as it appears.
The information in this report that relates to Ore Reserves underpinning the Production Target have been prepared by Mr Blair Duncan (BEng (Mining), MBA) as Chief Operating Officer of Core Lithium Ltd who is a member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and is bound by and follows the Institute’s codes and recommended practices. He has sufficient experience which is relevant to the styles of mineralisation and types of deposits under consideration and to the activities being undertaken to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the “Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves”. Mr. Blair Duncan consents to the inclusion in the report of the matters based on his information in the form and context in which it appears.
This document has been prepared by Core Lithium Ltd (“Core”, “Company”) and provided as a basic overview of the tenements held or controlled by the Company. This presentation does not purport to be all-inclusive or to contain all the information that you or any other party may require to evaluate the prospects of the Company.
None of the Company, any of its related bodies corporate or any of their representatives assume any responsibility for, or makes any representation or warranty, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information contained in this document and none of those parties have or assume any obligation to provide any additional information or to update this document.
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To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Company, its related bodies corporate and their representatives expressly disclaim liability for any loss or damage arising in respect of your reliance on the information contained in this document (including your reliance on the accuracy, completeness or reliability of that information), or any errors in or omissions from this presentation, including any liability arising from negligence.
The mineral tenements of the Company as described in this presentation are at various stages of exploration, and potential investors should understand that mineral exploration and development are high-risk undertakings.
There can be no assurance that exploration of the Tenements, or any other tenements that may be acquired in the future, will result in the discovery of an economic ore deposit. Even if an apparently viable deposit is identified, there is no guarantee that it can be economically exploited.
This document contains statements which may be in the nature of forward-looking statements. No representation or warranty is given, and nothing in this presentation or any other information made available by the Company or any other party should be relied upon as a promise or representation, as to the future condition of the respective businesses and operations of the Company.
There is a low level of geological confidence associated with the inferred mineral resources and there is no certainty that further exploration work will result in the determination of indicated mineral resources or that the production target itself will be realised.
Cautionary Statement:
The DFS results are based upon the updated Grants Mineral Resource of 22 October 2018 and the update BP33 Mineral Resource Estimate of 6 November 2018. The Mineral Resource contains Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resources in section 3.1 below. Whilst there is sufficient Measured & Indicated Mineral Resources to complete the production schedule during the 17-month payback period. There is a low level of geological confidence associated with the Inferred Mineral Resources and there is no certainty that further exploration work will result in the determination of Indicated Mineral Resources or that the production target itself will be realised.
The Inferred Mineral Resource is not the determining factor in determining the viability of the Finniss Project as the Inferred Mineral Resource represents only 4.4% of the production during the 17 month pay-back period in the Reserve Case. The DFS Reserve Case contains 14% Inferred material. The DFS does not rely upon additional Mineral Resources from the company’s other prospects. Further drilling in 2019 is expected to improve the classification of all of the company’s Mineral Resources.
Competent Person Statements:
The Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves underpinning the Production Target have been prepared by competent persons in accordance with the requirements of the JORC code.
The information in this report that relates to Ore Reserves underpinning the Production Target have been prepared by Mr Blair Duncan (BEng (Mining), MBA) as Chief Operating Officer of Core Lithium Ltd who is a member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and is bound by and follows the Institute’s codes and recommended practices. He has sufficient experience which is relevant to the styles of mineralisation and types of deposits under consideration and to the activities being undertaken to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the “Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves”. Mr. Blair Duncan consents to the inclusion in the report of the matters based on his information in the form and context in which it appears. Core confirms that it is not aware of any new information or data that materially affects the information included in this announcement and that all material assumptions and technical parameters underpinning the Mineral Resource estimates in the announcements “Grants Lithium Resource Increased by 42% ahead of DFS” dated 22 October 2018 and “Over 50% Increase in BP33 Lithium Resource to Boost DFS” dated 6 November 2018, “Maiden Sandras Mineral Resource Grows Finniss to 6.3Mt” dated 29 November 2018 and “Finniss Mineral Resource Grows to 8.6Mt with Hang Gong” dated 31 January 2019 continue to apply and have not materially
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changed. The Mineral Resources underpinning the production target have been prepared by a Competent Person in accordance with the requirements of the JORC code.
Core confirms that it is not aware of any new information or data that materially affects the Exploration Results included in this announcement as cross referenced in the body of this announcement.
Forward‐looking Statements:
This release contains “forward-looking information” that is based on the Company’s expectations, estimates and projections as of the date on which the statements were made. This forward-looking information includes, among other things, statements with respect to the pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, the Company’s business strategy, plan, development, objectives, performance, outlook, growth, cash flow, projections, targets and expectations, Mineral Resources, results of exploration and relations expenses. Generally, this forward-looking information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as ‘outlook’, ‘anticipate’, ‘project’, ‘target’, ‘likely’,’ believe’, ’estimate’, ‘expect’, ’intend’, ’may’, ’would’, ’could’, ’should’, ’scheduled’, ’will’, ’plan’, ’forecast’, ’evolve’ and similar expressions. Persons reading this news release are cautioned that such statements are only predictions, and that the Company’s actual future results or performance may be materially different Forward-looking information is subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company’s actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking information.
Forward-looking information is developed based on assumptions about such risks, uncertainties and other factors set out herein, including but not limited to general business, economic, competitive, political and social uncertainties; the actual results of current exploration activities; conclusions of economic evaluations; changes in project parameters as plans continue to be refined; future prices of scandium and other metals; possible variations of ore grade or recovery rates; failure of plant, equipment or processes to operate as anticipated; accident, labour disputes and other risks of the mining industry; and delays in obtaining governmental approvals or financing or in the completion of development or construction activities. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect our forward-looking information. These and other factors should be considered carefully, and readers should not place undue reliance on such forward-looking information.
The Company disclaims any intent or obligations to or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, estimates, or options, future events or results or otherwise, unless required to do so by law. Statements regarding plans with respect to the Company’s mineral properties may contain forward-looking statements in relation to future matters that can be only made where the Company has a reasonable basis for making those statements.
Currency :
Unless otherwise stated, all cashflows are in Australian dollars, are undiscounted and are in real terms (not subject to inflation/escalation factors), and all years are calendar years
Accuracy:
The DFS has been prepared to an overall level of accuracy of approximately ‐15% to +15%. This judgement is made following consideration of the basis studies and the features outlined in the Cost Estimation Handbook Second Edition Monograph 27 AusIMM, The Minerals Institute.
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DFS – Key Project Statistics
Table 1 - Key Project Statistics
| Feasibility Results | Reserve Case | |
|---|---|---|
| Life of Mine (LOM) | Months | 40 |
| Contributing Pits | Grants (MI) & BP33 (MI) | |
| Mining | ||
| Mining Method | Conventional Open Pit | |
| Total Mined | bcm | 19,804,161 |
| Waste Mined | bcm | 18,848,695 |
| Ore Mined | bcm | 955,466 |
| Strip Ratio1 | W:O | 13.0 : 1 |
| Ore Mined | t | 2,600,204 |
| Li2O Ore Grade | % | 1.42% |
| Processing - DMS | ||
| Feed | t | 2,600,204 |
| Li2O Head Grade | % | 1.42% |
| Recovery | % | 71.7% |
| DMS Output | t | 481,018 |
| Li2O Bene. Grade | % | 5.50% |
| Road Haulage | ||
| Ore Hauled (88km) | t | 481,018 |
| Max. Truck Movements / Day | # | 10 |
| Shipping | ||
| First Product Sold | Month | Jan-20 |
| Conc. Shipped | t | 481,018 |
| Nominal Vessel Size (monthly) | t | ~15,000 t |
- Excludes pre-strip activity
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| Feasibility Results | Reserve Case | |
|---|---|---|
| Financial | ||
| Exchange Rate | US:AU | 0.70 |
| Price (Real / Nominal) | US$/t conc. | 687 / 730 |
| Price (Real / Nominal) | AU$/t conc. | 981 / 1,042 |
| Revenue (Real / Nominal) | AU$M | 471.8 / 501.4 |
| Start-Up Capital Cost2 | AU$m | 43.0 |
| Pre-strip Costs (Grants / BP33)3 | AU$m | 29.6 / 25.3 |
| C1 Operating Costs FOB1 | AU$/t conc. | 428.6 |
| C1 Operating Costs FOB1 | US$/t conc. | 300.0 |
| Royalties | AU$/t conc. | 80.7 |
| Royalties | US$/t conc. | 56.5 |
| Total Cashflow generated3 | AU$M | 158.2 |
| Peak outflow3 | AU$M | 75.6 |
| NPV103 | AU$M | 114 |
| IRR3 | % | 80 |
| Payback from start3 | Months | 23 |
| Payback from 1stConc. sale3 | Months | 17 |
| % Inferred in payback period | % | 4.4 |
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C1 Operating Costs are defined as direct cash operating costs of production FOB, net of by-product credits, divided by the amount of payable spodumene concentrate. Direct cash operating costs include mining, processing, transport, treatment and refining costs. C1 Operating Costs exclude royalties and pre-strip mine development costs.
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Start-Up Capital costs represents pre-production capital exclusive of working capital & pre-production pre-strip mine development costs
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Disclosed on a Pre-Tax Nominal basis
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List Rule 5.9.1 Comments Material Assumptions This DFS and the maiden Ore Reserve Estimate contained within it is based upon the Grants and BP33 Mineral Resource Estimates released to the ASX on the 22[nd] October and 6[th] November 2018, by Core Lithium, competent persons: Mr. Graeme McDonald (Consulting Geologist to Core Lithium Ltd) & Mr Blair Duncan (General Manager Project Development Core Lithium Ltd). The Minerals Resources are reported inclusive of the Ore Reserves. Mr. Duncan has relied on the integrity and accuracy of the Mineral Resource for this Ore Reserve estimate.
Criteria for Classification The resource classification has been applied to the Mineral Resource Estimate based on the drilling data spacing, grade and geological continuity and data integrity. The resource has been classified on the following basis.
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Portions of the model that have drill spacing of better than 25m by 30m, and where the confidence in the geology, mineralisation and resource estimation is considered high and would allow the application of modifying factors in a technical and economic study have been classified as Measured Mineral Resources.
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Areas that have drill spacing of greater than 25m by 30m, and/or with lower levels of confidence in the geology, mineralisation and resource estimation or potential impact of modifying factors have been classified as Indicated Mineral Resources.
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Areas that have drill spacing of greater than 25m by 30m, and with low levels of confidence in the geology, mineralisation and resource estimation or potential impact of modifying factors have been classified as Inferred Mineral Resources.
For Ore Reserve Estimation purposes Measured Mineral Resources only convert to Proved Reserves or Probable Reserves & Indicated Mineral Resources convert to Probable Reserves.
Mining Method Selection
A conventional open pit mine method was chosen as the basis of the DFS. Ore occurs approximately 50m below surface meaning pre-stripping is required. Pre-stripping has been allowed for. Selective mining methods of the ore zone have been assumed with a Smallest Mining Unit (SMU) size of 5m x 5m x 2.5m (XYZ) applied to the resource block model regularisation process to produce a diluted mining model. This SMU size was selected as the most appropriate block size considering the mining fleet and mining methods proposed by the preferred Mining Contractor Tender submission. Selective ore mining will also be supported by machine guidance systems, production blasthole grade control processes, and the highly visual nature of ore in comparison to the waste material.
The mine schedule is based on a processing plant nameplate capacity of
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1.0Mtpa (dry) and the mining excavator fleet proposed by the preferred Mining Contractor that has an average annual mining capacity of 16 Mtpa (dry) over the mine life. Grants will be mined in two stages with an initial pit followed by a final cutback, with BP33 mined in one stage. The diluted mining model has been used to develop the equipment based mine schedule and assumes effective operation of the mining fleet and is based on realistic utilisation estimates.
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Mining Infrastructure required to support the mine plan includes waste rock dumps, ROM pad, haul roads, crusher and processing plant, tailings storage facility, explosives storage facility, water storage, workshops and other buildings required for a contract mining operation.
Processing Method
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For Lithium ore the DFS economics considered processing comprising dense media gravity separation (DMS) of the 0.5mm to 6.3mm fraction after P100 crushing to 6.3mm. This process is considered lowest risk methodology for the ore type comprising zoned, very coarse grained, spodumene-α pegmatite. The rejects will be stockpiled for possible future use, but nil revenue was attributed to them. The minus 0.5mm fines are to be placed in a purpose built tailings storage facility (TSF) but essentially thrown away. Four generations of metallurgical test work was used to arrive at the final process flowsheet & the competent person visited comparable operations in WA to satisfy himself that the flowsheet of a full scale plant is applicable. The introduction of a re-crush facility on DMS middlings was key to consistently producing grades of 5.5% or better at acceptable recoveries of over 70%. This necessitated a primary and secondary DMS circuit on the coarser +2mm fraction, so that the secondary coarse DMS floats could be re-crushed and recycled.
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Separating the -2mm +0.5mm fines and incorporating a separate fines DMS circuit was considered to be necessary to ensure the plant design was sufficiently robust to cater for any unexpected variability in the ore body.
Cut-off Grades
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The Mineral Resource provided was a geologically domained resource; this geological model was modified for ore loss and dilution and evaluated to determine which blocks produced cash surplus when treated as ore. The Ore Reserve was estimated using a 0.75% Li2O cutoff. The cut-off grade contemplates all pre-tax costs associated with the processing and selling of a Li2O concentrate product. The following costs:
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Incremental ore haulage to the process plant RoM
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Stockpile re-handle
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Processing
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Road transport
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Ship loading
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Royalties
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General overhead cost and administration
are all easily paid for by the 0.75% Li2O cutoff. The revenue was determined using an average price for Li2O concentrate of US$687 per tonne and an
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exchange rate of US$0.70 per AU$1.00. Process recoveries were applied as outlined below under “Metallurgical Factors or Assumptions”.
Estimation Methodology
Material Modifying Factors
For both Grants and BP33 grade estimation of lithium has been completed using Ordinary Kriging (OK) into mineralised and unmineralized pegmatite domains using Micromine software. Variography has been undertaken on the grade domain composite data. Variogram orientations are largely controlled by the strike and dip of the mineralisation.
No selective mining units are assumed in the Mineral Resource estimate. SMU analysis was carried out as part of the Ore Loss & Dilution analysis when Mining Block Models where created prior to Reserve Estimation occurring. Material modifying factors used in this DFS are as follows:
- Ore loss and Dilution factors are based on the diluted resource block models developed from the regularisation process. Global ore loss and dilution results for both pits are:
| Grants Resource | Ore (dry | Li2O% | % Ore |
|---|---|---|---|
| tonnes) | Tonnage | ||
| Undiluted | 2,884,603 | 1.48 | - |
| Ore Loss (OL) | 268,133 | 1.30 | 9.3% |
| Dilution (D) | 160,390 | 0.09 | 5.6% |
| Diluted (Undil - OL + D) | 2,776,860 | 1.42 | -3.7% |
| BP33 Resource | BP33 Resource | Ore (dry tonnes) Li2O% % Ore Tonnage |
Ore (dry tonnes) Li2O% % Ore Tonnage |
Ore (dry tonnes) Li2O% % Ore Tonnage |
Ore (dry tonnes) Li2O% % Ore Tonnage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Undiluted | 2,143,955 1.51 - |
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| Ore Loss (OL) | 262,735 1.22 12.3% |
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| Dilution (D) | 96,946 0.14 4.5% |
||||
| Diluted (Undil - OL + D) | 1,978,166 1.48 -7.7% |
||||
| • Salesprices as follows: |
|||||
| 5.5% Concentrate | |||||
| US$/t (FOB) | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Spot |
| Real | $732 | $639 | $669 | $754 | $677 |
| Nominal | $747 | $665 | $710 | $816 | $747 |
| • Metallurgical recoveries |
15
| Nagrom Test work Campaign T2603 |
|
|---|---|
16
Table of Contents
| 1 | Finniss Lithium Project ................................................................................................................................ 18 |
|---|---|
| 2 | Mineral Resource ........................................................................................................................................ 19 |
| 2.1 Geology ............................................................................................................................................... 19 |
|
| 2.2 Resource .............................................................................................................................................. 20 |
|
| 3 | Mining and Scheduling ................................................................................................................................ 23 |
| 3.1 Mine Design ........................................................................................................................................ 23 |
|
| 3.2 Mineral Reserve Estimate ................................................................................................................... 26 |
|
| 3.1 Scheduling ........................................................................................................................................... 27 |
|
| 4 | Processing ................................................................................................................................................... 28 |
| 4.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 28 |
|
| 4.2 Metallurgical Results ........................................................................................................................... 28 |
|
| 4.3 Flow Sheet Development .................................................................................................................... 29 |
|
| 5 | Infrastructure, Transport and Services ....................................................................................................... 31 |
| 5.1 Darwin Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................... 31 |
|
| 5.2 Project Water Balance ........................................................................................................................ 32 |
|
| 5.3 Concentrate Product Haulage ............................................................................................................. 34 |
|
| 5.4 Darwin Port ......................................................................................................................................... 34 |
|
| 6 | Capital Cost Estimation ............................................................................................................................... 36 |
| 7 | Operating Cost Estimation .......................................................................................................................... 37 |
| 8 | Project Valuation ......................................................................................................................................... 38 |
| 9 | Environment and Approvals Timeline ......................................................................................................... 40 |
| 9.1 Environment ........................................................................................................................................ 40 |
|
| 9.2 Operational Approval & Project Timeline ........................................................................................... 40 |
|
| 10 Offtake & Prepayment ................................................................................................................................ 41 | |
| 11 Financial Evaluation .................................................................................................................................... 42 | |
| 12 Exploration and Resource Upside .............................................................................................................. 44 | |
| 12.1 Additional Mineral Resources and Prospects ..................................................................................... 45 |
|
| 13 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 48 | |
| 14 Definitive Feasibility Study Contributors .................................................................................................... 49 | |
| 14.1 JORC Code, 2012 Edition – Table 1 Report Grants .................................................................................. 51 | |
| 14.2 JORC Code, 2012 Edition – Table 1 Report BP33 .................................................................................... 85 | |
| 14.2 JORC Code, Section 4 Estimation and Reporting of Ore Reserves Grants & BP33 ............................... 110 |
17
1 Finniss Lithium Project
A conventional approach to open pit mining is proposed .
The Project, located near Darwin in the Northern Territory, is one of the highest grade spodumene resources in Australia, containing a Mineral Resource of 8.85Mt @ 1.3% Li2O.
The high-grade Grants lithium deposit is supported by one of the best logistics chains to China of any Australian lithium project. Focused drilling and metallurgical studies at the deposit have defined reserves with the potential to produce a high-quality lithium concentrate that suits commercial end users.
Results from this DFS have highlighted the strongly positive outcomes for the potential development of Grants and BP33, suggesting a strong case for a standalone 1.0Mtpa Dense Media Separation ( DMS ) concentrate production and export operation.
The Project has substantial infrastructure advantages; being close to a population centre capable of providing the labour for the Project and within easy trucking distance by sealed road to the East Arm Port – Australia’s nearest port to Asia.
The mine and processing plant development at Grants will occur within the area of ML 31726 (the Project area). The ML covers 768ha, within which 251ha will be disturbed for development and operation of the mine and process plant.
The key components of the Project are summarised below:
-
Mining of the high-grade spodumene pegmatite deposit using simple open pit drill and blast mining methods over a life of mine of approximately 3.5 years;
-
Transfer of the spodumene pegmatite ore to a Run of Mine ( ROM ) pad located adjacent to the open pit;
-
Water-based DMS to produce a high quality spodumene ( lithium ) concentrate product; and
-
Transport of the lithium concentrate product to Darwin Port by sealed public road for overseas export.
18
==> picture [454 x 205] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 2 - Schematic view of proposed project layout adjacent to the Grants Deposit.
2 Mineral Resource
The Finniss Lithium Mineral Resource estimated at 8.85Mt at 1.3% Li2O (ASX announcement 12 March 2019) is one of the highest grade spodumene resources in Australia. Grants and BP33 are located within Core’s 100% owned Finnis Lithium Project which consists of a large ground holding over one of Australia’s significant spodumene pegmatite fields near Darwin in the Northern Territory (Finniss Lithium Project). Core has an excellent geoscientific dataset and a well-resourced exploration team focused on further discoveries.
2.1 Geology
The first discovery of tin-tantalum pegmatites in the Northern Territory was near Mount Shoobridge in 1882 and was followed soon after by the discovery of tin (and tantalum) on the Cox Peninsula at Leviathan Creek (Bynoe Pegmatite Field) in 1886. However, it was not until mid-2016 that the Bynoe Pegmatite Field’s (BPF) potential as a world-class lithium district was recognised.
There are several historic tin/tantalum pegmatite mine sites in the area surrounding Grants; the closest sites are located 1.5 km to the west and south-west of the project area.
The BPF pegmatites are classified as LCT (Lithium-Caesium-Tantalum) type and are believed to have been derived from the 1845 Ma S-Type Two Sisters Granite, which outcrops to the west of the BPF and are predominantly hosted within the early Proterozoic metasedimentary lithologies of the Burrell Creek Formation. The region is also covered by thin areas of laterite and is subject to deep weathering, thus making surface exploration difficult.
Fresh pegmatite at Grants and BP33 are composed of coarse spodumene, quartz, albite, microcline and mica. Spodumene, a lithium bearing pyroxene (LiAl(SiO3)2), is the predominant lithium bearing phase and displays a
19
diagnostic red-pink UV florescence. The pegmatite is not strongly zoned, apart from a thin (1-2m) quartz-mica-albite wall facies. Overall, the lithium content throughout the pegmatite is remarkably consistent.
The depth of weathering is quite extensive, but the transition from oxidised pegmatite to fresh pegmatite is very sharp and easily determined from the interpretations associated with AC, RC and DD logging. As Lithium is depleted from oxidised pegmatite during the weathering process, lithium assays provide a good indicator as to the location of the top of fresh rock (TOFR).
The geological interpretation is considered robust due to the simple nature of the mineralisation. The mineralisation is hosted within the pegmatite. The locations of the hanging wall and footwall of the pegmatite intrusion are well understood with drilling which penetrates both contacts.
The proposed Project is located within granted Mineral Lease ML 31726 (the Project area). BP33 is on the same Exploration License as Grants (100% owned by Core) with an ML to be lodged shortly to match its timeframe to development. The ML covers 768 ha, within which approximately 251 ha will be disturbed for development and operation of the mine. The Project area is located entirely on and surrounded by undeveloped Vacant Crown Land and the main land-use in the region is mining exploration.
2.2 Resource
Dr Graeme McDonald (BSc PhD MAusIMM) was contracted by Core to undertake the Mineral Resource Estimate for the Grants Lithium deposit and the BP33 Lithium deposit. The estimate was derived from cross-sectional geological interpretation, generation of a 3D geological interpretation from the interpreted cross sections, creation of domain interpretations for lithium mineralisation, the development of a block model of each deposit and a geostatistical analysis of the data and estimated lithium grades.
==> picture [358 x 228] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 3 - Relationship between Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves
20
The resource classification that has been applied to the Mineral Resource Estimates for Grants and BP33 is based on the drilling data spacing, grade and geological continuity and data integrity of each deposit. The Mineral Resource has been classified on the following basis.
-
Portions of the models that have drill spacing of better than 25m by 30m, and where the confidence in the geology, mineralisation and resource estimation is considered high and would allow the application of modifying factors in a technical and economic study have been classified as Measured Mineral Resources .
-
Areas that have drill spacing of greater than 25m by 30m, and/or with lower levels of confidence in the geology, mineralisation and resource estimation or potential impact of modifying factors have been classified as Indicated Mineral Resources.
-
Areas that have drill spacing of greater than 25m by 30m, and with low levels of confidence in the geology, mineralisation and resource estimation or potential impact of modifying factors have been classified as Inferred Mineral Resources.
==> picture [235 x 176] intentionally omitted <==
“The Grants Lithium Resource is one of the highest-grade undeveloped lithium deposits in Australia”
Figure 4 - Finniss Project Pegmatite
All lithium assays are reported as ppm and converted to Li2O using a conversion factor of 2.1528 and expressed as a percentage. Typically, where intercepted by drilling the pegmatite carries economic lithium grade and is extremely homogeneous, with the exception of relatively thin contact zones. A single mineralised domain within the pegmatite was created based on a 0.3% Li2O lower grade threshold. The boundaries of the domain often coincided with the pegmatite contacts and there was very little to no internal dilution.
The mineralised domain was identified on each section based on a nominal minimum downhole width of 2m and a maximum internal dilution of 3m while trying to honour geological controls and maintain continuity. A wireframe was created by joining sectional strings together and successfully validated for open sections, intersecting triangles
21
and invalid connections. The result is a single mineralised domain that together with weathering and geological information can be used for sample and block model flagging.
A deposit wide top of fresh rock surface was developed based on a section by section interpretation made using available drill hole data to determine the boundary between oxidised and fresh pegmatite. This information was then used to constrain the upper surface of the mineralised domain.
Assay values from within the mineralised domain were analysed via histogram and probability plots and no significant outlying sample results were identified. As a result, a top cut has not been applied.
The complete list of the Mineral Resource Estimates at Finniss is provided in the below. Only Grants and BP33 contribute to the DFS results and the Mineral Resource Estimates for both were released to the ASX as follows:
-
“ Grants Lithium Resource Increased by 42% ahead of DFS” dated 22 October 2018 and
-
“Over 50% Increase in BP33 Lithium Resource to Boost DFS” dated 6 November 2018
Table 2 – Finniss Lithium Mineral Resources
| Mineral Resource Estimate for the Finniss Lithium Project - March 2019 - 0.75% Li2O cut-off | Mineral Resource Estimate for the Finniss Lithium Project - March 2019 - 0.75% Li2O cut-off |
|---|---|
| Deposit | Category Tonnes (Mt) Li2O % Li2O Contained Metal (t) |
| Grants | Measured 1.09 1.48 16,100 |
| Indicated 0.82 1.54 12,600 |
|
| Inferred 0.98 1.43 14,00 |
|
| Total 2.89 1.48 42,700 |
|
| BP33 | Indicated 0.63 1.39 9,000 |
| Inferred 1.52 1.56 24,000 |
|
| Total 2.15 1.51 33,000 |
|
| Sandras | Inferred 1.30 1.0 13,000 |
| Total 1.30 1.0 13,000 |
|
| Carlton | Indicated 0.46 1.3 6,000 |
| Inferred 0.63 1.3 8,000 |
|
| Total 1.09 1.3 14,000 |
|
| Hang Gong SW | Inferred 1.42 1.2 17,000 |
| Total 1.42 1.2 17,000 |
|
| Finniss Project | Total 8.85 1.3 119,700 |
22
3 Mining and Scheduling
3.1 3.1 Mine Design
Mining of the two (2) open pits, Grants and BP33, will be undertaken by Mining Contractor using conventional open pit mining methods. All pits are similar in layout, all are round shaped conventional open pit designs, high-strip ratio with steeply dipping to near vertical orebodies. Pre-strip of weathered and transitional material occurs within the top 40 – 50 m of vertical depth from surface before encountering fresh rock exposure of the ore.
Grants pit will be mined in two stages; Stage 1 will target early ore by reducing the volume of pre-strip waste to be mined with Stage 2 a cutback out to full pit limits. Mining will predominately occur concurrently within both stages to ensure continuity of ore supply to the crusher with Stage 1 anticipated to start only 2 to 3 months before Stage 2. First ore will be mined in Month 5 of the mine schedule with activities continuing in Grants until Month 29 (Year 2, Month 5).
All material (ore and waste) will require drill and blast, except the oxidised pegmatite and phyllite waste which varies in depth between 30 and 50 m from surface, which based on previous mining activities in the Burrill Creek Formation is assumed to be predominately free dig. The Mining Contractor will also be responsible for pit dewatering, pit surface water management, heavy and light vehicle maintenance, and day to day responsibility for the mining operation. The overall site management, administration and processing functions will be undertaken by Core.
Pit designs have been designed based on:
-
An optimised pit shell maximising ore production but balancing strip ratio
-
The selected pit shells used to influence the pit designs do not exclude inferred material contributing to revenue
-
SRK geotechnical slope design parameters
-
Single access ramp with varying lengths of dual and single lane widths
-
Minimum mining width of 40m
-
In some areas this is relaxed down to 20m to assist with it stage merging and final pit benches. This width is achievable with the proposed mining equipment and methods
-
A minimum cut-back width of 70m has been assumed
-
Drill & Blast is assumed to be on 5m bench heights while mining is assumed to be on 2.5m flitches
23
Grants Stage 1 was designed targeting the following objectives;
-
Five to six months of pre-strip
-
Achieve sufficient stocks on the ROM before the first wet season (January to March inclusive)
-
Target the measured and indicated portion of the resource captured in the optimisation shell
-
Pit access ramp location optimised for haulage to both the WRD and ROM pad
-
Consideration of Stage 2 cutback pit merging for operating efficiencies (i.e. widths, mining above and below each other, and ramp locations) and minimisation of tight digging areas and /or difficult merging locations
The Stage 1 design has a dual lane ramp starting at RL18 continuing to RL-40 where a single lane ramp is used down to the pit bottom at RL-70. The Stage 1 design is shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 blow.
==> picture [390 x 309] intentionally omitted <==
----- Start of picture text -----
Measured
Indicated
Inferred
----- End of picture text -----
Figure 5 - Grants Stage 1 and Diluted Mineral Resource
24
==> picture [478 x 330] intentionally omitted <==
----- Start of picture text -----
Measured
Indicated
Inferred
----- End of picture text -----
Figure 1 - Grants Stage 2 with diluted mineral resource
The BP33 pit design was completed using the same slope design parameters as the Grants pit designs. During the next round of resource drilling at BP33 (2019) geotechnical holes designed to confirm the slope design parameters for BP33 will be completed. The current design for BP33 is shown in Figure 7 below.
25
==> picture [391 x 232] intentionally omitted <==
----- Start of picture text -----
Indicated
Inferred
----- End of picture text -----
Figure 2 – BP33 Current Pit Design
The dual lane access ramp starts at RL18 and continues to RL-40 where a single lane ramp is used down to pit bottom at RL-125. The bottom of the pit is designed as a drop-cut (“good-bye cut”) from RL-115. Compared to Grants, the shorter orebody strike length and slightly narrower width, combine to influence the high strip ratio outcomes with this design for BP33.
3.2 Mineral Reserve Estimate
A Mineral Reserve Estimate (MRE) for both Grants and BP33 has been prepared. It is summarised as follows:
Table 1 – MRE Grants and BP33
| Deposit /Resource | Classification | Tonnes (Mt) | Grade (Li2O%) | Contained Metal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kt) | ||||
| Grants | Proved | 1.0 | 1.4 | 14.9 |
| Grants | Probable | 0.8 | 1.5 | 11.6 |
| Grants Sub-total | 1.9 | 1.5 | 26.5 | |
| BP33 | Probable | 0.4 | 1.3 | 5.7 |
| Total Reserves | 2.2 | 1.4 | 32.2 |
26
The MRE was made following the detailed mine planning work completed during the DFS and is based on the Measured and Indicated Resources contained within the Grants and BP33 pit designs. Section 4 of table 1 of the JORC code 2012 and a competent person’s statement appear in the schedule to this announcement.
The Ore Reserve was estimated using 0.75% cut-off, which was based on the Mineral Resource being a geologically domained resource; and the geological model being modified for ore loss and dilution and evaluated to determine which blocks produced cash surplus when treated as ore.
3.3 Scheduling
The Reserve Case LOM Schedule is contained in the table below.
| Reserve Case Units Year 1 - 2019 Year 2 - 2020 Year 3 - 2021 Year 4 - 2022 Total |
|
|---|---|
| Grants plus BP33 MI - Rev E | |
| Mining | |
| Total Mined bcm 7,709,926 6,965,844 4,988,252 140,139 19,804,161 |
|
| Waste Mined bcm 7,520,361 6,653,337 4,584,392 90,605 18,848,695 |
|
| Ore Mined bcm 189,565 312,506 403,860 49,535 955,466 |
|
| Ore Mined1 t's 515,651 850,626 1,099,121 134,805 2,600,204 |
|
| Ore Grade (Li2O%) 1.49% 1.39% 1.42% 1.40% 1.42% |
|
| Processing % Inferred 1% 6% 27% 11% 14% |
|
| Mine Ore Crush & Screen t's 370,000 912,600 996,500 321,104 2,600,204 |
|
| Grade (Li2O%) 1.48% 1.40% 1.43% 1.37% 1.42% |
|
| Recovery % 71.7% 71.7% 71.7% 71.7% 71.7% |
|
| DMS Output t's 71,557 166,884 185,402 57,176 481,018 |
|
| Grade (Li2O%) 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% |
|
| Haulage | |
| Product Hauled t's 67,500 170,000 182,500 61,018 481,018 |
|
| Hauled Grade (Li2O%) 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% |
|
| Shipped | |
| Ore Shipped t's 67,500 170,000 182,500 61,018 481,018 |
|
| Shipped Grade (Li2O%) 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% |
|
| # of ships 7 12 12 4 35 |
- Total Proved tonnes in the schedule is 1.0 Mt, total Probable tonnes in the schedule is 1.2 Mt. The reserve schedule contains 14% Inferred material but this quantity is not the determining factor of project viability.
27
4 Processing
4.1 Summary
The metallurgical test work program was conducted by Nagrom, in their Perth laboratory, under the supervision of Mr Noel O’Brien. The proposed Finniss Lithium Project Gravity Plant has been designed to treat a nominal 1.0 million tonnes of spodumene bearing pegmatite at a head grade of between 1.4% & 1.5% Li2O and targeting production of a spodumene concentrate containing an average 5.5% Li2O. Once operational, at Grants, the Finniss processing plant will operate 24 hours per day. Operation and maintenance of the plant will be completed by Primero Group. Manning will be scheduled for one day and one-night shift per day, shifts working continuously 7 days per week, 365 days per year. At full processing capacity there will be a Management, Supervisory and Operations workforce of approximately 48 people dedicated to the Ore Processing Facility (OPF).
Based on laboratory test work and given the current process flowsheet (as at April 2019), a spodumene concentrate containing 5.5% Li2O is achievable at an overall recovery above 70.0% of Li2O in crushed ore feed . – Noel O’Brien, Trinol Pty Ltd.
4.2 Metallurgical Results
In order to determine the amenability of the Finniss pegmatites to concentration through density separation techniques, test work was conducted on composited core samples with Heavy Liquid Separation (HLS) and Dense Media Separation (DMS) test work being performed on feed streams at various size distributions.
The HLS and DMS test work indicated the grade and corresponding recoveries achievable for the assumed feed size distribution. This test work not only confirmed that density concentration is a viable process treatment route, but also highlighted that a number of size fractions and separation stages could enhance the targeted grade and recovery.
The test work identified two (2) stage DMS on two separate size fractions, 6.3 – 2mm and 2 – 0.5mm (including DMS on the re-crushed 6.3 – 2mm stage 2 float material) produces a high-grade concentrate, at a high recovery. This configuration presents the greatest capacity for handling variability in process plant performance and feed composition, and the greatest capacity to accommodate adverse effects of scale-up from laboratory-scale test work.
The culmination of all the test work efforts is summarised in Table below.
28
Table 4 - DMS test work results
| Nagrom Test work Campaign | T2603 | |
|---|---|---|
| Method | DMS with | Reflux Classification |
| Details | -6.3mm +2mm; -2mm +0.5mm with re-crush | |
| Grade Li2O | Overall Recovery | |
| Test work Result | 6.07% | 69.8% |
| Interpolated Results | ||
| Target Grade | 6.0% | 70.0% |
| Target Grade | 5.5% | 71.7% |
| Target Grade | 5.0% | 73.7% |
4.3 Flow Sheet Development
Following the four (4) generations of metallurgical test work the processing flowsheet is to have the following characteristics:
-
The crushing circuit is designed to crush to P100 of 6.3mm. This is a four (4) stage crushing circuit.
-
The DMS circuit is configured with a coarse and fines circuit with a secondary DMS on the coarse
-
A re-crush facility on DMS middlings consistently aids the production of grades of 5.5% or better at acceptable recoveries of over 70%.
-
A primary and secondary DMS circuit is used to manage the coarser +2mm – 6.3mm fraction, so that the secondary coarse DMS floats could be re-crushed and recycled.
-
Separating the -2mm +0.5mm fines and incorporating a separate fines DMS circuit is necessary to ensure the plant design is sufficiently robust to cater for the expected variability in the ore body.
-
A reflux classifier and mica removal circuit is included in the flowsheet
The nominated concentrate grade of 5.5% Li2O at greater than 70% recovery has been met consistently since a recrush section was incorporated into the flowsheet. During the test work it was observed that product impurities were consistently below reject specifications. The Process Block Flow Diagram (BFD) appears over the page.
29
==> picture [513 x 278] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 3- Process Block Flow Diagram
30
- 5 Infrastructure, Transport and Services
5.1 Darwin Infrastructure
==> picture [477 x 368] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 4 - Aerial view of Darwin, the Port of Darwin and the Finniss Lithium development
The Project is in proximity to Darwin allowing access to key operational infrastructure. The Project is located within:
-
0.5km of sealed road connecting to Darwin Port
-
4km of 400,000kl Process Water Dam
-
15km of 310MW Gas Fired Power Station
-
20km of Zoned Industrial Park
-
25km of Port Darwin (88km by road)
-
1hrs drive from Darwin Airport and City
The development and operation of the Project is supported by a superior logistics chain to China, being within
25km of Darwin Port - Australia’s nearest port to China.
31
The Project also has other significant infrastructure advantages, these include being close to sealed roads, grid power, gas and rail infrastructure and being less than a 1-hour drive from the skills, trades, workshops and services in suburban Darwin.
5.2 Project Water Balance
The water system requirements for the Finniss project is illustrated in Figure 10 below.
==> picture [504 x 356] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 5 – Water System Requirements
The major source of inflows into the Finniss OPF is modelled from aquifer interception, unregulated surface water harvesting via runoff and rainfall and regulated extraction from off-site surface water stores. The
major outflows include evaporation, environmental discharge and entrainment.
Despite the groundwater modelling showing that over 50% of the water inputs will be from aquifer inception the Observation Hill Dam, a man-made dam that has supported historical tin mining activities in the region, with an estimated capacity of over 400,000kl, will be kept as a key water infrastructure element supporting the project. The OHD dam is situated on Core’s tenure to the east of Grants. It is illustrated in Figure 11.
32
An additional dam to the west of the mine has also been designed. It is modelled that the combined capacity of OHD and the western dam will provide over 100% of the projects water needs. Security of water supply for the project is a key risk mitigant.
==> picture [348 x 397] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 11 – Observation Hill Dam & Pipeline
33
5.3 Concentrate Product Haulage
==> picture [497 x 280] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 6 - Google image showing proposed transport route from project to the Port of Darwin
The DMS product will be loaded into road trains for transport to Darwin Port ( East Arm or EAW ). The proposed trucking route will be along the sealed Cox Peninsula Road, through to the Stuart Highway, along the Stuart Highway to Tiger Brennan Drive and then Berrimah Road, to the East Arm Port.
Total travel distance to the East Arm Wharf for Route 1 is calculated to be 88.31km.
Each road train has a 95-tonne capacity. It is estimated that ten (10) road train movements per day will be required at nameplate production rates. Qube Bulk are the preferred contractors for the product haulage from the project.
5.4 Darwin Port
Darwin Port (EAW) is a multi-user facility with 4 berths spaced along 865 metres of quay line. Berths 1 and 3 are primarily used for general cargo, containers, motor vehicles and livestock.
Berth 2 is used for bulk ore exports and has a rail mounted dry bulk ship loader. Dry bulk imports can be handled at any EAW berth. Berth 4 is primarily used for bulk liquids and has a dedicated bulk liquids transfer facility.
The continuous length of wharf facilitates provides flexibility in berth allocations to visiting ships.
34
Cargo handling activities are undertaken by either of the two stevedore service providers operating at EAW, LINX Stevedoring and QUBE Ports. Cargo transfers are commonly performed by mobile harbour cranes operated by the stevedores.
EAW has a rail mounted bulk minerals ship loader with a maximum capacity of 2,000t per hour. Bulk minerals are transferred from rail wagons to the stockpile areas using a dedicated rail dump and conveyor systems or dumped directly from road trains. The minerals are transported by truck from the stockpiles to the ship loader truck dump for loading onto bulk carriers.
It is the only port between Townsville and Fremantle with full access to multi-modal transport services. Darwin Port provides world class pilotage and harbour control systems and a seamless supply chain capable of handling containers and general cargo, bulk liquids, bulk materials, live exports and heavy lift oversized cargoes.
Core established a Heads of Agreement (HOA) with the Darwin Port in March of 2017 and has now formally applied for port access. The Darwin port is conducting a feasibility study into how best to receive and manage our product through the port. Once that Feasibility study is completed the HOA will be replaced by a formal access agreement.
==> picture [176 x 170] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [131 x 171] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 13 - Boundary of the Port of Darwin
Figure 14 - Proximity of Darwin to major trading port
==> picture [248 x 150] intentionally omitted <==
==> picture [255 x 150] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 15 - East Arm Port
Figure 16 - Berth 2 bulk berth (ship docked)
35
6 Capital Cost Estimation
The capital costs to establish a DMS operation are listed below.
Table 5 - Capital cost summary
| Item | Capital Cost |
|---|---|
| DMS Plant | $ 33,809,357 |
| Mobilisation | $ 2,803,416 |
| Site Establishment & Setup | $ 2,665,007 |
| TSF | $ 2,000,000 |
| Office & Site Infrastructure | $ 1,250,000 |
| Raw Water System | $ 638,812 |
| Roads | $ 160,668 |
| Total Up-front Capital Costs | $ 43,327,260 |
| Demobilisation | $ 2,041,395 |
| Rehab & Sustaining Capital | $ 1,508,000 |
| Total Capital Costs (excl. pre-strip) | $ 46,876,655 |
| Pre-strip Grants | $ 29,608,775 |
| Pre-strip BP33 | $ 25,341,881 |
The capital costs are derived from multiple contractor sources. The DMS Plant cost is an EPC Estimate from Primero. The pre-production capital costs represent the pre-strip mining activity costs up until the month prior to first revenue.
36
7 Operating Cost Estimation
The operating costs for a DMS operation are detailed below.
Table 6 - Summary of operating costs
| Operating | Unit Costs | Comparative Quality Level | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All – in | Excluding Pre-strip | Excluding Pre-strip | ||
| AU$/t conc. | AU$/t conc. | US$/t conc. | ||
| Mining Costs | ||||
| Mining Costs - Contractor | $379 | $270 | $189 | Commercial tender |
| Mining Costs - Owner | $29 | $25 | $17 | Estimate |
| Sub-total : Mining Costs | $408 | $295 | $206 | |
| Processing | $114 | $113 | $80 | Commercial tender or quotation |
| Hauling | $9 | $9 | $6 | Commercial tender |
| General & Administration | $4 | $4 | $3 | Estimate |
| Port Costs | $8 | $8 | $5 | Darwin Port advice |
| C1 Operating Costs FOB1 | $543 | $429 | $300 | |
| C1 Operating Margin | $438 | $552 | $387 | |
| C1 Operating Margin | 48% | 56% | 56% | |
| Royalties | $81 | $80 | $57 | Modelled by KPMG |
| Total Unit Operating Costs | $624 | $509 | $357 | |
| Total Operating Margin | $357 | $472 | $330 | |
| Total Operating Margin (%) | 36% | 48% | 48% |
- C1 Operating Costs are defined as direct cash operating costs of production FOB, net of by-product credits, divided by the amount of payable spodumene concentrate. Direct cash operating costs include mining, processing, transport, treatment and refining costs. C1 costs exclude royalties and pre-strip mine development costs.
37
8 Project Valuation
The key price assumptions are as follows.
Table 7- Key price assumptions (USD/tonne 5.5% concentrate)
| 5.5% Concentrate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US$/t (FOB) | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Spot |
| Real | $732 | $639 | $669 | $754 | $677 |
| Nominal | $747 | $665 | $710 | $816 | $747 |
Table 8 - NPV and IRR for project using different price assumptions for 5.5% concentrate pricing
| Reserve Case | Currency NPV IRR |
|
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Tax Real | AU$M $98 71% |
|
| Pre-Tax Nominal | AU$M $114 80% |
38
Cost & Revenue Sensitivity
Table 9 - Sensitivity of NPV to changes in operating costs and revenue
| Costs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flex Point | -20% | -10% | 0% | +10% | +20% |
| NPV-DMS (pre-tax) | $174 | $144 | $114 | $84 | $54 |
| Revenue | |||||
| Flex Point | -20% | -10% | 0% | +10% | +20% |
| NPV-DMS (pre-tax) | $46 | $80 | $114 | $147 | $181 |
| Exchange Rate | |||||
| Flex Point | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.75 | ||
| NPV-DMS (pre-tax) | $140 | $114 | $91 | ||
| Discount Rate | |||||
| Flex Point | 8% | 10% | 12% | ||
| NPV-DMS (pre-tax) | $122 | $114 | $107 | ||
| DMS Recovery | |||||
| Flex Point | 69.70% | 71.7% | 73.7% | ||
| NPV-DMS (pre-tax) | $104 | $114 | $123 |
Cost sensitivities are applied to all costs Capital & Operating. Favourable is negative & unfavourable is positive. The table above is illustrated below.
==> picture [294 x 193] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 17 - Cost and revenue sensitivities (pre-tax)
39
9 Environment and Approvals Timeline
9.1 Environment
The Environmental Impact Statement ( EIS ) is in the final stages of assessment. The EIS released in November 2018 reviews the impact the Grants Project would have on vegetation, flora and fauna, water, local roads, greenhouse gas emissions, rehabilitation and stakeholder engagement. The EIS has since been closed for public comment, comment have been reviewed and Core’s responses have been submitted as a supplementary. Full EIS documentation can be found here:
https://ntepa.nt.gov.au/environmental-assessments/register/grants-lithium-project
The EIS Assessment Report is a key outcome leading into the assessment of the projects Mining Management Plan (MMP) by the Department of Primary Industry and Resources.
9.2 Operational Approval & Project Timeline
The Company, via its wholly owned subsidiary, is the holder of a granted mineral lease. An ancillary Mineral Lease over the Observation Hill dam area is under application.
All mining activities Authorised (licenced) under the Mining Management Act are required to lodge a security with the Department of Primary Industry and Resources. The purpose of the security is for the payment of costs if action needs to be taken by the government to prevent, minimise or rectify environmental harm caused by mining activities on or off the mining site or for completion of rehabilitation. The amount of security is based on the amount of disturbance likely to be caused by the mining activities carried out under the Authorisation, subject to the approved Mining Management Plan (MMP). A DPIR MMP presentation session has been scheduled for early May 2019. Following that presentation, the projects MMP will be formally submitted. Although there is no statutory time frame on the DPIR time to accept the MMP the DPIR continue to advise that 30 days is a typical timeframe.
40
10 Offtake & Prepayment
Yahua Offtake Agreement
The Offtake Agreement is for the supply of Li2O concentrate from the Mineral Lease and exploration license that contains the Grants and BP33 lithium deposits (Lithium Deposits) until 30 November 2023 and the delivery of 300,000 dry metric tonnes of Li2O concentrate.
The Offtake Agreement provides for attractive pricing linked to the market for 6.0% FOB spodumene concentrate and contains an agreed price floor and ceiling for the first 2 years, ensuring Core’s operating margin is protected during the commissioning and capital payback period.
The Offtake Agreement accounts for approximately 40% of the Grants and BP33 lithium deposit production over the life of those mines, underpinning its production profile and providing great confidence to Core to fast-track development of the mine. The Offtake Agreement represents significant value for the Company in early stage project revenues over the term of the Offtake Agreement.
As part of the Offtake Agreement, Core has granted Yahua a first right of refusal over Li2O concentrate offtake produced from ML31726 and EL29698 up to the greater of 300,000 tonnes of Li2O concentrate or 50% of the forecast production for any calendar year.
The Offtake Agreement ends on the latter of Core having supplied 300,000 dry metric tonnes of Li2O concentrate to Yahua, or 30 November 2023, and may be extended by mutual agreement between Core and Yahua.
Yahua Prepayment Agreement
Pursuant to the Prepayment Agreement that has been executed with Yahua, subject to the satisfaction of various conditions precedent, Yahua has agreed to provide a US$20 million prepayment to Core to be used for the development of Grants. The prepayment will be offset by Core through the delivery of Li2O concentrate production from the Finniss Lithium Project or cash payment.
Further offtake discussions
The Company has initiated and received considerable attention from global lithium players interested in securing lithium concentrate offtake. This includes companies based in China, US, Europe, Korea and Japan. The Company is developing a strategy to significantly fund a large component of the capital cost through the application of prepayments, debt financing and equity with potential offtake partners. This strategy will be explored during the Feasibility Study.
41
11 Financial Evaluation
Financial Analysis
The cumulative NPV over time at Concentrate Benchmark Prices for 5.5% spodumene concentrate using a 10% discount rate shows that the Finniss Lithium Project has a Nominal Pre-Tax NPV and IRR of A$114 million and 80% respectively for the Reserve Case.
Price Sensitivity, Net Cashflows and NPV
The sensitivity analysis of the NPV to key variables, including spodumene concentrate price, US$ exchange rate and recoveries, indicates that the Finniss Lithium Project is robust. The Finniss Lithium Project is most sensitive to the AUD:USD exchange rate, with spodumene concentrate price and costs with recoveries and grade being the next most significant variables.
Mine plans can be optimised in response to a change in commodity prices, based on the direction of the change in commodity prices. The sensitivity analysis looked at changes of between +10/-10 and +20/-20 percent for revenue and costs, +5/-5 cents for FX, +2/-2 percent for discount rate and +2/-2 percent for grade and recoveries. The Finniss Lithium Project did not present one scenario which had neutral or negative NPV at these combinations.
The net cashflows from the Finniss Lithium Project have improved compared to the Pre-Feasibility Study estimates. This was mainly driven by the increase in volume mined due to a much greater mine life and higher concentrate grades offset in part by lower Australian dollar spodumene concentrate prices and greater accuracy in estimating operating and capital expenditures.
The estimated total expenditure is higher earlier in the mine life due to a larger starter open pit (Grants) resulting in additional pre-strip and due to greater life of mine operating costs with the inclusion of the BP33 open pit. Increases in the total estimated capital expenditure reflects both the EPC price estimate from Primero and amendments and improvements to the plant layout (i.e. from a one stage to a three stage DMS plant) which ultimately improves recovery efficiency.
The Finniss Lithium Project includes the pre-strip of both the Grants and BP33 open pits. The pre-strip mine development costs are treated pre-production capital for each pit. Pre-strip mine development costs for the Grants and BP33 open pits are A$30.0 million and A$25 million respectively. The Finniss Lithium Project’s operating margin excluding pre-strip mine development for both Grants and BP33 is 48% using Concentrate Benchmark Pricing.
Assuming Concentrate Benchmark Pricing, the payback period from shipment of first concentrate is 17 months.
The Life of Mine C1 Operating Cost FOB (excluding pre-strip capital expenditure) is estimated to be A$429/t conc. (US$300/t conc.) and excludes Northern Territory royalties of A$81/t conc. (US$57/t conc). The total capital costs over the LOM including plant, mobilisation and pre-strip capital are estimated at A$212/t conc. (US$148/t conc.).
42
The commodity price assumptions used in the financial valuations carried out during the DFS are detailed in the Capital and Operating Cost section of this report. The USD:AUD exchange rate assumptions have taken into account both spot exchange rates and forecasts.
Funding Options
The objective of the funding plan is to provide certainty of the Finniss Lithium Project and provide Core Lithium with flexibility to pursue other growth opportunities. To achieve the production-targets and forecast financial information contained in the DFS, Core Lithium will require a suitable funding solution.
A standalone debt financing solution offers flexibility and preserves optionality to the highest level possible but is more complex and costly to implement. The extent and form of the completion support will, in part, depend on the underlying completion risk and allocation.
To maintain optionality in funding other growth projects of the Company, a range or combination of options are open to Core Lithium to fund the development of the Finniss Lithium Project, including:
-
EPC construction and contractor finance
-
Sales, marketing and customer arrangements
-
Project finance including convertible note structure
-
Equity at both project and corporate level
-
Royalty based capital and similar arrangements
-
Offtake and prepayment arrangements
The financing solution and capital management strategy includes:
-
Securing a fully funded solution for the Finnis Lithium Project
-
Minimising potential dilution for existing Core shareholders
-
Maximising returns to all stakeholders whilst minimising dilution to existing shareholders
-
Capitalising on prevailing positive trends in the lithium market
The company is evaluating its financing strategy with the objective of minimising dilution for existing shareholders and for managing priorities of all invested stakeholders. Core expects that, due to prevailing economic conditions, it should be able to secure funding on terms consistent with peer project developers. Core has had multiple financing discussions with financiers, in Australia, Asia, Europe and North America who have expressed an interest in project funding considering the positive project economics.
43
12 Exploration and Resource Upside
The DFS considers the development of the first two orebodies at Grants and BP33 over an initial three and a half year period, however the Project has significant upside to increase in size and life through adding more resources and reserves.
The larger Finniss Lihtium Project comprises over 500 square kilometres of tenements covering the Bynoe Pegmatite Field comprising hundreds of pegmatites near Darwin in the Northern Territory.
The Bynoe Field has over 100 years of mining history dating back to the late 1800’s. Notably, Greenex (Greenbushes) mined and processed pegmatite material from a large number (20-40) of pegmatites mines within the Bynoe Pegmatite Field during the 1980s and 1990s to produce tin and tantalum concentrates without assaying from lithium.
Over 100 pegmatites are known within clustered groups or as single pegmatite bodies. Individual pegmatites vary in size from a few metres wide and tens of metres long up to larger bodies over a ten of metres wide and hundreds of metres long.
Core has increased the Global Resource Base of the Project rapidly by over 400% since the start of 2018 and plans to add further resources and reserves to extend the life and strong positive cash flows of the Project.
==> picture [273 x 351] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 18 - Core Lithium’s Finniss Project tenure showing historic pegmatite occurrences
44
12.1 Additional Mineral Resources and Prospects
The Finniss Project consists of additional deposits and prospects that are not subject of the Feasibility Study
assessment for project development to date. Based on recent drilling results and geological assessment, they offer potential growth opportunities pending ongoing drill program success and subsequent Mineral Resource Estimate (“MRE”) upgrades.
==> picture [327 x 222] intentionally omitted <==
Figure 19 – Core Lithium’s Finniss Project tenure showing historic pegmatite occurrences
Carlton Prospect
The Carlton pegmatite is similar in many respects to Grants, being a lozenge shaped body following the regional NNE-oriented grain. It is narrower (up to 20m true width) but longer (300m) than Grants, and it too appears to plunge steeply to the south.
Recent diamond drilling at Carlton, in addition to the expected 27m pegmatite intersection of the main Carlton orebody, unexpectedly intersected another 26m intersection of spodumene pegmatite just 15m to the west of the currently defined Mineral Resource.
The Carlton deposit is located approximately 1km southeast of the Grants ore body and conveniently on the same recently granted Mineral Lease. A number of potential operational synergies and efficiencies may be gained from development of the nearby orebodies.
45
Hang Gong SW Prospect
The Hang Gong SW Prospect is the southwestern component of the broader Hang Gong Prospect area that includes a large historic pit mined for tin and tantalum. This prospect is made up of a number of sub-parallel, shallow-dipping pegmatites and therefore differs somewhat from BP33 and Grants. The pegmatites are narrower (1-15m true thickness) and patchy in grade, but are laterally more continuous than their steep-dipping counterparts.
There are numerous historic holes to the north and northeast that could not be included in the current MRE, but there is sufficient data to have estimated an Exploration Target Range for this area (3-5Mt @ 1-1.4% Li2O). Furthermore, the concept of shallow-dipping stacked pegmatites had not been considered or tested in the district until mid-2018. Core believes there is considerable scope to discover more of this style of prospect, which are expected to have a larger footprint and therefore robust mining economics.
Sandras Prospect
Sandras Prospect is a NNE-oriented, steep-dipping spodumene pegmatite body that is of larger dimensions to Grants, but mineralisation is not developed throughout the body. It is composed of a similar mineralogy to Grants and BP33, but in general has a wider barren wall zone.
Lees Prospect
Drilling at Lees has identified down-dip continuation of at least five separate, but stacked, pegmatite “sheets” that dip at relatively shallow angles (~45 degrees) to the NNE. Additionally, a number of those sheets intersected in the fresh domain are strongly mineralised, including:
-
11m @ 1.66% Li2O from 122m in NRC037; and
-
13m @ 1.46% Li2O from 193m in NRC066
Core is currently undertaking a modest MRE for Lees, however, further drilling in the greater Lees area has the capacity to deliver a large deposit of stacked pegmatites with shallow dips. The five pegmatite “sheets” have been identified in recent drilling may have substantial spatial consistency and extend beyond the current drilling area into what has been called Lees-Booths Link .
Booths Prospect
Drilling has encountered a series of 1m-15m thick pegmatites below the historic Booths set of pits with results including:
-
6m @ 1.03% Li2O from 154m in NRC029; and
-
5m @ 0.95% Li2O from 113m NRC050
46
The Booths pegmatite is now interpreted to persist in a NW direction and potentially link up under cover with Lees, which has the same orientation and similar pegmatite geometry.
Core has drilled only 12 holes in the 1km gap between the Booths and Lees Prospects deposits. If these and other parallel sheets prove to persist along the 1 km strike extent, this could translate to a significant volume of stacked pegmatite sheets, with shallow (<45 degree) dip with favorable attributes for low-strip-ratio open cut mining.
Regional Drilling Results
Five pegmatites drill tested to date have moved on to become JORC resources, soon to be joined by Lees. There over 100 historic pegmatite occurrences (some having been mined for tin-tantalum) and also over 50 new pegmatite occurrences emanating from the Core mapping and shallow RAB drilling. The vast majority of these have not yet been tested in any way or sufficiently to describe them as exhausted. A number of prospects have generated economic grades, but over insufficient thickness to class as significant intercepts. Some have not had sufficient lateral extent to warrant prioritized drilling. Some examples are shown below.
Table 10 – Selected regional drilling results for the Finniss Project
| Prospect | Hole_ID | Summary_Intercept |
|---|---|---|
| Ah Hoys | FRC074 | [email protected]% Li2O from 67m |
| Ah Hoys SE | FRC014 | [email protected]% Li2O from 89m |
| BP31 | FRC185 | [email protected]% Li2O from 109m |
| Far West central | FRC143 | [email protected]% Li2O from 77m |
| Far West central | FRC139 | [email protected]% Li2O from 78m |
| Far West central | FRC145 | [email protected]% Li2O from 77m |
| Far West North | FRC030 | [email protected]% Li2O from 62m |
| Far West North | FRC028 | [email protected]% Li2O from 77m |
| Far West North | FRC054 | [email protected]% Li2O from 95m |
| Far West South | FRC190 | [email protected]% Li2O from 82m |
| Hills | FRC016 | [email protected]% Li2O from 103m |
| RockyRidge West | LBRC011 | [email protected]% Li2O from 71m |
| Saffums 4 | SRC035 | [email protected]% Li2O from 121m |
| Talmina 3 | SRC023 | [email protected]% Li2O from 148m |
| Talmina West | LBRC034 | [email protected]% Li2O from 139m |
| Talmina West | LBRC033 | [email protected]% Li2O from 99m |
47
Exploration Performance
Drilling statistics show that 90% of RC holes intersected pegmatite and 45% intersected economic grades (as defined by a 0.4% Li2O cutoff), which is a strike rate that would be considered excellent in other commodities.
Analysis of expenditure and resource estimation data also shows that Core’s Discovery Cost is A$1 per tonne of ore demonstrated to Inferred JORC category, again enviable in any commodity.
The data show that pegmatites are plentiful in the Finniss Project area and Core has been efficient in testing these in a prioritized manner. There is no reason to believe that the success rate will diminish in any material way in the near future. In fact, Core’s recognition of a class of pegmatites that are shallow-dipping or flat-lying adds another layer of potential discovery that has thus far been scantly tested.
==> picture [363 x 267] intentionally omitted <==
13 Conclusions
The Board approve the release of the Definitive Feasibility Study.
48
14 Definitive Feasibility Study Contributors
Table 11 - DFS Contributors
| Consultant / Contributor | Component | Scope of Work | Scope of Work |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core / Primero | DFS Engineering | ▪ | Overall DFS lead |
| ▪ | Process plant design | ||
| ▪ | Project infrastructure design | ||
| ▪ | Project layout | ||
| ▪ | Overall capital and operating cost estimates | ||
| Dr Graeme McDonald | Geology and | ▪ | Resource estimation |
| Resource | ▪ | Ore grade variability modelling | |
| SRK | Mine Geotechnical | ▪ | Geotechnical diamond core logging and testing |
| Design | ▪ | Geotechnical pit wall stability modelling | |
| ▪ | Pit wall design parameters | ||
| ▪ | Trafficability | ||
| ▪ | Haul ramp design | ||
| Core / TME / Proactive | Ore Reserve | ▪ | Resource optimisation |
| Mining Solutions | ▪ | Final pit shell designs | |
| ▪ | Ore Reserve estimation | ||
| TME | Mine Planning & | ▪ | Detail mine planning and scheduling |
| Scheduling | ▪ | Preliminary mining equipment selection | |
| ▪ | Equipment productivity benchmarking | ||
| TME | Mining | ▪ | Verification of mine planning and ore scheduling |
| ▪ | Detailed staged pit designs | ||
| ▪ | Detailed haul route designs | ||
| ▪ | Final equipment sizing and selection | ||
| ▪ | Mining equipment capital estimates | ||
| ▪ | Mining operating cost estimates | ||
| ▪ | Final overburden waste dump designs |
49
| Consultant / Contributor | Component | Scope of Work | Scope of Work |
|---|---|---|---|
| EcOz / Simon Fulton | Hydrogeology | ▪ | Raw water borefield hydrogeological modelling |
| ▪ | Ground water resource estimation | ||
| ▪ | Pit dewatering hydrogeological model | ||
| ▪ | Pit dewatering re-injection hydrogeological | ||
| model | |||
| ▪ | Re-injection borefield design | ||
| Core | Pit Dewatering | ▪ | Pit dewatering borefield design |
| Design | ▪ | Pit dewatering capital and operating cost | |
| estimate | |||
| GHD | Civil Geotechnical | ▪ | Civil test pit logging and sample testing |
| Design | ▪ | Burrow pit sampling and testing | |
| ▪ | Civil pavement design for main access road | ||
| ▪ | Civil pavement design for airstrip | ||
| ▪ | Civil foundation design for process plant | ||
| Cable Blu | Communication | ▪ | Telecommunications design and engineering |
| Infrastructure | ▪ | Telecommunications capital cost estimate | |
| ▪ | Telecommunications operating cost estimate | ||
| Core Lithium Ltd | Power & Fuel Supply | ▪ | Pre-qualification tender evaluation of power |
| supply | |||
| ▪ | Commercial evaluation of natural gas and diesel | ||
| fuel options | |||
| Benchmark | Marketing | ▪ | Lithium market study and forward pricing |
| Core / Argonaut | Economic Modelling | ▪ | Development of project financial model |
| ▪ | Project economic evaluation | ||
| Trinol / Nagrom | Metallurgical Test | ▪ | HLS & |
| work | ▪ | DMS | |
| GHD / Trilabs / Outotec | In-Pit Tailings | ▪ | In-pit tailings stability testing |
| Disposal | ▪ | In-pit tailings capacity | |
| ▪ | In-pit tailings operating philosophy |
50
The following schedule contains the Table 1 requirements for Grants and BP33 and is summarised as follows:
-
Table 1 Report Grants (section 1,2,3 repeated here but the subject of ASX announcement dated 22 October 2018)
-
Table 1 Report BP33 (section 1,2,3 repeated here but the subject of ASX announcement dated 06 November 2018)
-
Table 1 Report Grants and BP33 (section 4 of Table 1 for Grants & BP33 this is the maiden reserve for both Grants & BP33)
14.1 JORC Code, 2012 Edition – Table 1 Report Grants
Section 1 Sampling Techniques and Data
(Criteria in this section apply to all succeeding sections)
| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Sampling | • Nature and quality of sampling (e.g. cut channels, random | • Drilling geology, assays and resource estimation results reported herein |
| techniques | chips, or specific specialised industry standard measurement | relate to Reverse Circulation (RC) and Diamond Drill Hole (DDH) drilling at |
| tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as | the Grants Deposit on EL29698. A full list of hole collars that includes | |
| down hole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc.). | coordinates, azimuth, dip, depth and significant intercepts can be found in | |
| These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad | Drillhole Information section below. A chronological summary is provided | |
| meaning of sampling. | below, but there have effectively been three drilling campaigns at Grants, | |
| • Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample | divided by periods where activity was focussed elsewhere or restricted by | |
| representivity and the appropriate calibration of any | the tropical wet season: | |
| measurement tools or systems used. | o August 2016 to January 2017 |
|
| • Aspects of the determination of mineralisation that are | o January to March 2018 |
|
| Material to the Public Report. | o June to September 2018 |
|
| • In cases where ‘industry standard’ work has been done this | Drilling chronology | |
| would be relatively simple (e.g. ‘reverse circulation drilling was | • RC drillholes FRC005 to FRC008 and FRC017 to FRC018 (6 holes for 615m) | |
| used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverised to | were drilled in August 2016 by WDA Drilling using DE811 rig. | |
| produce a 30gcharge for fire assay’). In other cases,more | • DDH drillholes (with RC precollar) FRCD001 to FRCD003 (3 holes for 341m |
explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralisation types (e.g. submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information.
HQ) were drilled in October-November 2016 by WDA Drilling using Alton rig.
-
RC drillholes FRC031 to FRC038 and FRC039 to FRC041 (11 holes for 1874m) were drilled in November-December 2016 by Grid Drilling using Evolution rig. These holes were drilled with 5.5 inch hammer bit and 4.5 inch rods. All other RC holes used a 5 inch hammer bit and 4 inch rods.
-
RC drillholes FRC075 to FRC076 (2 holes for 258m) were drilled in December 2016 by Bullion Drilling using Schram 450 rig.
-
Aircore drillholes FAC001 to FAC004 (4 holes for 203m) were drilled in December 2016 by Wallis Drilling using Mantis rig. These vertical holes were drilled to define the fresh-weathered contact. Assay data was not used in this resource estimate.
-
DDH drillholes (with RC precollar) FRCD005 to FRCD006 (2 holes for 524m HQ) were drilled in January 2017 by WDA Drilling using Alton rig.
-
DDH drillholes FDD001 to FDD003 and (mud rotary precollar) FMRD001 (4 holes 216m PQ) were drilled in January 2017 by WDA Drilling using Alton rig. These vertical holes were drilled to provide large diameter PQ core for customer bulk samples of fresh pegmatite, geotechnical data and metallurgical test-work of the saprolite.
-
RC drillholes FRC109 to FRC124 (16 holes for 1793m) were drilled in the period January-February 2018 by WDA Drilling using UDR1000 rig.
-
DDH drillholes (with RC or mud rotary precollar) FRCD009 to FRCD012 and FMRD006 (5 holes for 717 m) were drilled in February-March 2018 by WDA Drilling using DE811 and Alton rigs.
-
RC Drillholes FRC125 to FRC138 were drilled in June 2018 by WDA Drilling using UDR1000 rig as part of a sterilization program around Grants. Data was used to assist with the wider definition of the weathering profile.
-
RC Drillholes FRC146 to FRC160 and FRC176 to FRC184 were drilled by
Swick Drilling using a Schramm 685 rig between June and September 2018 as part of the current resource definition and exploration program.
- DDH drillholes (with RC precollar) FRCD013 to FRCD015 were drilled in August 2018 by WDA Drilling using DE811 rig. At the time of the current resource estimation these holes had not been assayed but were used for geological interpretation only.
Sampling methods
-
Core’s RC drill spoils over all programs were collected into two subsamples:
-
1 metre split sample, homogenized and cone split at the cyclone into 12x18 inch calico bags. Weighing 2-5 kg, or 15% of the original sample.
-
20-40 kg primary sample is collected in 600x900mm green bags and retained until assays have been returned and deemed reliable for reporting purposes.
-
RC sampling of pegmatite for assays is done on a 1 metre basis. 1msampling continued into the barren wall-zone of the pegmatite and then a 3m composite was collected from the immediately surrounding barren phyllite host rock.
-
Drill core was collected directly into trays, marked up by metre marks and secured as the drilling progressed. Geological logging and sample interval selection took place soon after.
-
DDH Core was transported to a local core preparation facility and cut firstly into half longitudinally along a consistent line between 0.3m and 1m in length, ensuring no bias in the cutting plane. Again, without bias, half core was then cut into two further segments. A quarter was then collected on a metre basis (where possible), bagged and sent to the North Australian Laboratory in Pine Creek, NT, for analysis. Half core from most of the holes
was provided to Nagrom laboratory in Perth for metallurgical test-work. The remaining quarter core is retained at Core’s storage shed in Berry Springs.
-
DDH sampling of pegmatite for assays is done over the sub-1m intervals described above. 1m-sampling continued into the barren phyllite host rock.
-
Drilling • Drill type (e.g. core, reverse circulation, open-hole hammer, techniques rotary air blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc.) and details (e.g. core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face-sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc.).
-
Drilling technique used by Core and reported herein comprises:
oDE811 rig (RC): Standard Reverse Circulation (RC) 4 and ¾ inch face sampling hammer (5-inch diameter bit). The rig used is a wheel mounted Sandvik DE811 multi-purpose rig and running a 1150 CFM 500/1000 psi compressor/booster combo. The rig is operated by WDA Drilling Services, Humpty Doo NT. -
UDR1000 rig: Standard Reverse Circulation (RC) 4 and ¾ inch face sampling hammer (5-inch diameter bit). The rig used is a wheel mounted UDR1000 multi-purpose rig and running a 1150 CFM 500/1000 psi compressor/booster combo. The rig is operated by WDA Drilling Services, Humpty Doo NT.
-
Evolution rig: Standard Reverse Circulation (RC) 5 and ¼ inch face sampling hammer (5.5-inch diameter bit). The rig used is a multipurpose wheel mounted Evolution FH3000 rig and running 1150 CFM 350 psi compressor and 1800 CFM booster/auxiliary combo, with trailer-mounted cyclone operated by Grid Drilling, Qld.
-
Schram 450 rig: Standard Reverse Circulation (RC) 4 and ¾ inch face sampling hammer (5-inch diameter bit). The rig used is a wheel mounted Schram T450WS rig and running a 900 CFM 350 psi compressor/booster combo. The rig is operated by Bullion Drilling, SA.
-
Alton rig: Standard track-mounted Alton MD600 or HD900 DDH rig using HQ or PQ core assembly (triple tube), drilling muds or water as
required, wireline setup. The rig is operated by WDA Drilling Services, Humpty Doo NT.
- _DE811 rig (DDH): Standard truck-mounted Sandvik DE811 multipurpose rig using HQ core assembly (triple tube), drilling muds or water as required, wireline setup. The rig is operated by WDA Drilling Services, Humpty Doo NT._
- _Mantis rig: track-mounted Mantis 75 aircore rig within onboard 160 CFM 150 psi compressor. This rig is operated by Wallis Drilling, WA._
- _Schramm 685 rig: Truck-mounted Schramm 685 with standard Reverse Circulation (RC) 5 and ¼ inch face sampling hammer (5.5-inch diameter bit). Running an air pack of twin compressors with 2500 CFM @ 350psi with a Hurricane 6T booster up to 1000psi. The rig is operated by Swick Mining Limited._
- _Oriented core was obtained for DDHs drilled in 2018 using the Longyear TruCore tool._
-
Drill sample • Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recovery recoveries and results assessed.
-
Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples.
-
Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material.
2016-2017 Drilling program
-
Once the RC drilling at Grants was advanced enough in 2016 to suggest resource definition would be carried out (FRC031 onwards), the geologist noted and documented the recovery (0-100%) and sample quality (Wet, Moist, Dry) for each metre, according to a SoP. Prior to this, poor recovery and potential contamination were only documented when it was apparent by inspection of the sample bags. This procedure was sufficient to recognise a contamination issue in FRC017 and FRC018 (see below). Apart from that, recovery was generally >95% and samples were dry apart from certain drillholes, and then only the first sample after a rod change. The drilling contractors took great care to maintain a dry sample, even if this meant long periods of airlifting water at the start of a rod.
-
Contamination was monitored regularly. If evidence of contamination was
noted in the calico sub-sample, the procedure was to visually compare to the green RC bag. This contamination would normally take the form of a brown dis-colouration (due to barren phyllite host rock) to what is normally bright white pulverized pegmatite. This contamination was noted in two of the early exploration-stage holes drilled at Grants, FRC017 and FRC018. Brown ferruginous-micaceous discolouration in the calico bags alerted the site geologist of an issue. The issue stemmed from leaking compressor seals and an inadequate drill pressure, which allowed infiltration of host phyllite into the splitter. This issue could not be resolved until the rig left the site. The green bags appeared to be free of this discolouration and therefore were not subject to contamination. As a result, the primary sampling of these holes took place by spearing the green bags. Intense QA-QC was initiated to ensure this was the correct course of action.
-
No other drilling related contamination issues were encountered in the 2016-2017 program.
-
The rigs splitter is emptied between 1m samples by hammering the cyclone bin with a mallet. The set-up of the cyclone varied between rigs, but a gate mechanism was used to prevent inter-mingling between metre intervals. The cyclone and splitter were also regularly cleaned by opening the doors, visually checking, and if build-up of material is noted, the equipment cleaned with either compressed air or high-pressure water. This process was in all cases undertaken when the drilling first penetrated the pegmatite mineralization, to ensure no host rock contamination took place.
-
Drill collars are sealed to prevent sample loss and holes are normally drilled dry to prevent poor recoveries and contamination caused by water ingress. Wet intervals are noted in case of unusual results.
-
No material bias has been recognised.
-
DDH recovery was close to 100% and was reconciled by the weights dispatched to Nagrom for metallurgical test-work for the metres drilled.
-
2018 Drilling program
-
DDH core recoveries were measured using conventional procedures utilising the driller’s markers and estimates of core loss, followed by mark up and measuring of recovered core by the geologist or geotechnician.
-
RC sample recoveries were visually estimated in the field and recorded by Core geologists for each metre drilled. RC recoveries are monitored qualitatively as the hole progresses, the principle aim being to identify bags that have significantly less spoil than expected for the metre.
-
A semi-quantitative estimate of % recovery is subsequently made after completion of the hole, once the average volume of material can be gauged for a metre of drilling.
-
Core Lithium has weighed most of the primary “green” RC sample bags from 2016 and 2018 drilling programs. From this data it is possible to quantify recovery better than by visual estimation. Core undertook a QAQC exercise and constructed a report concluding that:
-
RC recovery of RC spoils varies according to the presence or absence of groundwater, and according to the tolerances of the RC hammer-bit shroud assembly.
-
There was no relationship identified between recovery and grade.
-
Wet and moist samples readily reflect the grade of the drilled interval, as much as the dry sample.
-
The rigs splitter is emptied between 1m samples by hammering the cyclone bin with a mallet. The set-up of the cyclone varied between rigs, but a gate mechanism was used to prevent inter-mingling between metre intervals. The cyclone and splitter were also regularly cleaned by opening
the doors, visually checking, and if build-up of material is noted, the equipment cleaned with either compressed air or high-pressure water. This process was in all cases undertaken when the drilling first penetrated the pegmatite mineralization, to ensure no host rock contamination took place.
- Drill collars are sealed to prevent sample loss and holes are normally drilled dry to prevent poor recoveries and contamination caused by water ingress. Wet intervals are noted in case of unusual results.
- No material bias has been recognised.
-
Logging • Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies.
-
Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc.) photography.
-
The total length and percentage of the relevant intersections logged.
-
Standard sample logging procedures are utilised by Core, including logging codes for lithology, minerals, weathering etc.
-
A chip tray for the entire hole is completed. A sub-sample is sieved from the large RC bags at site into chip trays over the pegmatite interval to assist in geological logging. These are photographed and stored on the Core server.
-
Geology of the RC drill chips were logged on a metre basis with attention to main rock forming minerals within the pegmatite intersections.
-
Geology of the drill core is logged on a geological basis with attention to main rock forming minerals and textures within the pegmatite intersections.
-
Entire drilled interval of RC and DDH logged.
-
Pegmatite sections are also checked under a single-beam UV light for spodumene identification on an ad hoc basis. These only provide indicative qualitative information.
-
Estimation of mineral modal composition, including spodumene, is done visually. This will then be correlated to assay data when they are available.
-
Core trays and RC chip trays are photographed and stored on the Core server.
-
Geotechnical logging has been carried out on oriented DDH drillholes that
CXO have drilled subsequent to the resource drilling. Remaining holes from 2018 DDH program are also oriented and can be logged in future if needed.
-
Sub-sampling • If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all techniques core taken. and sample • If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc. and preparation whether sampled wet or dry.
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For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique.
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Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximise representivity of samples.
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Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in-situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second-half sampling.
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Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled.
-
RC samples referred to in this report have been collected on a 1m-basis utilising the cone splitter mounted under the drill rig’s cyclone or on a trailer (rotary type).
-
Where the sample was too wet for the cone splitter to operate effectively, 1m samples were collected from the 1m bulk bags using a spear. This was a rare occurrence.
-
The type of sub-sampling technique and the quality of the sub-sample was recorded for each metre. The quality of the samples was assessed prior to their inclusion in calculated interval averages.
-
Quarter Drill Core sample intervals were constrained by geology, alteration or structural boundaries, intervals varied between a minimum of 0.3 metres to a maximum of 1 m. The core is cut along a regular Ori line to ensure no sampling bias.
Field RC duplicates
-
A field duplicate sample regime is used to monitor sampling methodology and homogeneity of RC drilling. During the 2016-2017 program at Grants, 52 duplicates were collected out of the 821 original RC samples, equating to roughly 1 in 20. The typical procedure was to collect Duplicates via a spear of the green RC bag, having collected the Original in a calico bag via a rotary split. Trying to split the 2-3kg calico bag into an Original and a Duplicate has inherent dangers, least of all reducing the sample mass. However, comparing rotary split sample with a spear sample also has some element of incompatibility. The expectation would be a high degree of variability in the spear sample, because of the heterogenous and stratified RC bag, but overall it should statistically match the split original sample.
-
A series of duplicates were also selected to test on a “like for like” basis. A
Spear sample was used for the Original and the Duplicate, to test for heterogeneity in the RC bag. Data show a remarkably good correlation.
-
During the 2018 drilling programs a total of 95 duplicates were collected. At the Grants deposit they were collected at a rate of roughly 1 in 20. Samples were collected in the same way as in previous seasons. The duplicates cover a wide range of Lithium values up to 13,000 ppm.
-
Results of duplicate analysis show an acceptable degree of correlation given the heterogeneous nature of the pegmatite.
Sample heterogeneity
-
Given the pegmatite minerals, including the spodumene, are very coarse grained, there is expected to be an issue of heterogeneity. The sample size for NQ drill core is borderline, and this is why CXO have drilled using HQ diameter. Assaying of coarse rejects as part of the Umpire process in 2017 showed that there is good correlation between the original and duplicate samples at that scale. However, there is assay variability from one metre to the next that reflects the heterogeneity. This is evident when comparing assays profiles twinned DDH and RC holes. RC tend to exhibit a flatter more consistent trend. This is because RC samples a larger volume of material for each metre and flattens out the fluctuations. Further discussion of twins can be found in section below.
-
Quarter core is cut as described above, bagged and sent to the laboratory for analysis. As discussed, the heterogeneity of pegmatite core material means it is not suitable for “second-half” or “second-quarter” duplicate analysis.
Sample preparation
-
Sample prep occurs at North Australian Laboratories (“NAL”), Pine Creek, NT.
-
DDH samples are crushed to a nominal size to fit into mills, approximately -
- 2mm. RC samples do not require any crushing, as they are largely pulp already.-
A 1-2 kg riffle-split of DDH crushed material and RC Samples are then prepared by pulverising to 95% passing -100 um. In the 2016-2017 program, samples were pulverised in a Vertical Spindle Pulveriser (Keegormill).
-
In mid-2018, Steel Ring Mills were installed at NAL to reduce the iron contamination that was recognised in the 2016-2017 assays (see discussion below).
-
-
Quality of • The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and assay data laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is and considered partial or total. laboratory • For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF tests instruments, etc., the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc.
-
Nature of quality control procedures adopted (e.g. standards, blanks, duplicates, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (i.e. lack of bias) and precision have been established.
-
Sample analysis also occurs at North Australian Laboratories, Pine Creek, NT.
-
A 0.3 g sub-sample of the pulp is digested in a standard 4 acid mixture and analysed via ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods for the following elements: Li, Cs, Rb, Sr, Nb, Sn, Ta, U, As, K, P and Fe. The lower and upper detection range for Li by this method are 1 ppm and 5000 ppm respectively.
-
In the 2016-2017 program, all samples were also analysed via fusion method - a 0.3 g sub-sample is fused with a Sodium Peroxide Fusion flux and then digested in 10% hydrochloric acid. ICP-OES is used for the following elements: Li, P and Fe. Sulphur has also been collected routinely since August 2018. The lower and upper detection range for Li by this method are 10 ppm and 20,000 ppm respectively. Exhaustive checks of this data suggested an excellent correlation exists (see chart below), so in 2018 a 3000 ppm Li trigger was set to process that sample via a fusion method.
==> picture [278 x 264] intentionally omitted <==
-
Selected drill core samples were also run for the following additional elements to provide a broader suite: Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Si, LOI, SG (immersion), SG (pychnometer) and various trace elements. Na was also analysed using a 4-acid digest and ICP-OES method.
-
A barren flush is inserted between samples at the laboratory.
-
The laboratory has a regime of 1 in 8 control subsamples.
-
NAL utilise standard internal quality control measures including the use of Certified Lithium Standards and duplicates/repeats.
-
CXO-implemented quality control procedures include:
-
One in twenty certified Lithium ore standards are used for this
drilling.
-
One in twenty duplicates are used for this drilling (RC only).
-
oBlanks inserted at a rate of roughly one in twenty.
QAQC of 2016-2017 data
-
One in 20 certified Lithium reference standards were used for Grants drilling program. Core uses two standards of roughly 1700 ppm and 7000 ppm Li ppm, covering the range of expected Li values in the mineralized pegmatite.
-
Early in the program, there was a noted variability of the assayed standards from the expected range, both higher and lower. However, this improved for the bulk of the program and standards reported back with an excellent correlation, especially for the higher concentration standard. Overall the standards average within 1% of the expected value for Li.
-
Blanks were inserted on a 1 in 20 basis, once resource definition drilling was initiated.
-
The data from the 30 routine blanks pulverised and assayed at NAL indicate that the Li content averages 85 ppm (0.02% Li2O) and the highest is 196 ppm Li. This is reasonable given the aggressive (hard) nature of the coarse quartz blanks, effectively scouring the crusher and mill. This value is well below the effective cut-off grade used for the significant intercepts.
-
The baseline Fe2O3 content of Blanks is ~0.01%, whereas the average runof-sample value of 3.68%. This is indicative of substantial Iron being stripped from the steel pulverising equipment at the NAL laboratory. This stripping of metal obviously has an effect on the Fe content of the Lithium bearing samples as well, especially the core, which are equally as hard as the quartz blanks. This is discussed further below.
-
One in 20 field duplicates are used for Grants RC drilling, as discussed above.
-
Duplicates were not collected for the DDH core drilling, as discussed above. The Laboratory indicated that physical wear on milling equipment was high and that contamination with Fe and the steel hardening components, such as Mn, would predictably be high.
QAQC of 2018 data
-
During the late 2017 to early 2018 drilling program at the broader Finniss Project, a total of 88 field standards were inserted alongside routine RC and DD samples. During the 2018 programs at Grants and BP33 a total of 92 field standards were inserted. At the Grants and BP33 deposits they were inserted at a rate of roughly 1 in 20. Five different standards with certified Li values of 1,682 ppm, 2,270 ppm, 4,784 ppm, 7,016 ppm and 10,300 ppm were used covering the range of expected Li values in the mineralized pegmatite. Overall, the performance of the field standards was excellent with no bias evident.
-
Throughout the 2017/18 drilling, a total of 64 quartz blanks were inserted into the sample stream at a rate of 1 in 20 with the Grants drilling. The Li content averaged 38 ppm (0.01% Li2O) and is considered to be very acceptable. During the 2018 drilling a total of 82 quartz blanks were inserted with samples submitted from Grants and BP33. The Li content averaged 24 ppm. Again, this is considered to be very acceptable.
-
• Duplicates have been discussed above.
Umpire checks
-
External laboratory checks took place at the end of the 2016-2017 RC/DDH program and results indicate a high degree of correlation (NAL vs Nagrom; refer to next section). A further round of umpire checks was completed on a total of 140 RC and DD samples from across the project area in July 2018. As with previous external laboratory checks there was a high degree of correlation between NAL and Nagrom assays.
-
Verification • The verification of significant intersections by either of sampling independent or alternative company personnel. and assaying • The use of twinned holes.
-
Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols.
-
Discuss any adjustment to assay data.
-
Core’s experienced project geologists are supervised by Core’s Exploration Manager.
-
All field data is entered into excel spreadsheets (supported by look-up tables) at site and subsequently validated as it is imported into the centralized CXO Access database.
-
Hard copies of survey and sampling data are stored in the local office and electronic data is stored on the Core server.
-
Metallic Lithium percent was multiplied by a conversion factor of 2.15283/10000 to report Li ppm as Li2O%
2016-2017 Program verification
-
Two diamond core holes were drilled as twins to RC holes and used to check the difference between RC and DDH assays across a similar part of the mineralized pegmatite. The data indicate variability on a metre-bymetre basis, related to the heterogeneity of the pegmatite, but overall the +30m intercepts are proportionate.
-
One in twenty external laboratory checks (“umpire checks”) were submitted to an independent laboratory (Nagrom in Perth) for final verification of results. The material used is the residue of coarse primary crushed archive material from original RC samples provided to NAL. This serves to check laboratory Li assay repeatability and to investigate the Fe contamination caused by milling equipment at NAL.
-
A further sample set of ¼ core was processed at Nagrom to compare with NAL drill core data (“umpire checks”). 20 of these samples were in-tact quarter core cut from HQ drillcore from Grants, while the remaining 31 were coarse rejects of quarter core that were crushed at NAL.
-
The in-tact core was first prepared via primary crushing.
-
All samples then underwent pulverising in a tungsten carbide mill to minimise or eliminate Fe contamination. NAL and Nagrom both used
Fusion ICP-OES/MS for Li.
- From this “umpire” exercise, the Lithium check values correlate well with the original NAL values, but are by average 3-6% higher at Nagrom (see chart below). It could be argued that they are under-reported at NAL, where Li is diluted by the introduction of Fe from the mill.
==> picture [281 x 281] intentionally omitted <==
----- Start of picture text -----
Li2O% - NAL vs Nagrom (RC and DDH) 2016-2017 Program
DDH RC Linear (DDH) Linear (RC)
4.00%
3.50% y = 1.0611x
R² = 0.8596
3.00%
y = 1.039x
R² = 0.8331
2.50%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00%
----- End of picture text -----
2018 Program verification
- As part of the 2018 drilling, Core attempted to twin a further 3 RC holes with HQ DDH holes. The downhole plots demonstrate slight thickness
| variations of the pegmatite but in general the RC and DDH holes display | |||
| similar trends of higher and lower Li2O values downhole despite the | |||
| significant separation in some cases. The majority of hole pairs | |||
| demonstrate higher Li2O values on average in the DDH holes, suggesting a | |||
| slight bias. | |||
| • | Based on QAQC assessments of RC and DDH assays as well as data from | ||
| blanks and check assays, a substantial iron contamination issue has been | |||
| identified in the drill hole assays. The two primary sources of | |||
| contamination are the wear on the RC drill bits and rods as well as wear | |||
| and abrasion of the steel sample preparation equipment at the | |||
| laboratory. The level of contamination was shown to be both significant | |||
| and highly variable. It is estimated that the level of Fe contamination in | |||
| the assays may be in excess of 3% Fe2O3in some cases from the 2016- | |||
| 2017 drilling. Changes in equipment at the laboratory prior to the 2018 | |||
| drilling campaign has seen a reduction in the contamination levels to | |||
| around 1% Fe2O3. | |||
| • | The current assay database is known to contain Fe data that is affected by | ||
| variable levels of Fe contamination that is difficult to correct. For these | |||
| reasons Fe was not estimated as part of the current Mineral Resource | |||
| Estimate for the Grants Deposit as it would be misleading. | |||
| Location of | • Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar | • | Coordinate information for the Grants drillholes was collected by |
| data points | and down-hole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other | Differential GPS (DGPS), by Land Surveys Australia Pty Ltd. This data is | |
| locations used in Mineral Resource estimation. | accurate to 10 cm in all three dimensions. These collar RLs were verified | ||
| • Specification of the grid system used. | against CXO’s DTM. | ||
| • Quality and adequacy of topographic control. | • | All are GDA94 Zone 52. | |
| • | In 2016-2017 program, roughly half of the Grants RC and DDH holes were | ||
| surveyed by isGyro down hole tool and the collar is oriented using the Azi | |||
| Aligner tool, bothfrom Downhole Surveys, Perth. A QA-QCprocedure is | |||
| 67 |
applied to the azimuth data. Spurious data are excluded. The remaining holes were surveyed by downhole camera tool and the collar is oriented using the Azi Aligner tool.
- _In 2018 program, RC and DDH hole traces were surveyed by north seeking Champ gyro tool (multishot mode at 5m and 10m intervals) operated by the drillers and the collar is oriented by a line of sight compass and a clinometer. Downhole Camera shots are also taken on an ad hoc basis during drilling to ensure the holes are kept relatively straight._
- _Drill hole deviation has been minor and predictable in the most part. However, for the deeper holes, deviation was significant in the lower parts of the holes as a result of hard bedrock. Despite this, the holes still tested the targets roughly oblique to the strike of the pegmatite, which is acceptable for resource drilling. In any case, the gyro down hole survey has accurately recorded the drill traces and any deviation from the planned program can be accommodated in a 3D GIS environment._
-
Data spacing • Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results. and • Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to distribution establish the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied.
-
Whether sample compositing has been applied.
Orientation of • Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased data in sampling of possible structures and the extent to which this is relation to known, considering the deposit type. geological • If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the structure orientation of key mineralised structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and
-
Drill collars are spaced approximately 25m apart along the north trending pegmatite body of Grants.
-
This data will be used to support a resource.
-
Refer to figures in report.
-
Sample compositing reported here are calculated length weighted averages of the assays. Length weighted averages are acceptable method because the density of the rock (pegmatite) is constant.
-
Core’s drilling is oriented perpendicular to the interpreted strike of mineralization (pegmatite body) as mapped or predicted by the geological model. In some areas the rocks may trend at an angle to the drill traverse. Because of the dip of the hole, drill intersections are apparent thicknesses and overall geological context is needed to estimate true thicknesses.
-
The azimuth of Core’s drill holes is largely oriented approximately
reported if material.
| Sample | • The measures taken to ensure sample security. |
|---|---|
| security | |
| Audits or | • The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and |
| reviews | data. |
-
perpendicular to the interpreted strike of the mineralised trend. Holes are oblique in a dip sense.
-
• Core has also drilled a number of vertical or sub-vertical drillholes that are essentially drilling down-dip and hence were only completed to 10-15 m beyond the weathered-fresh contact, which is what they were designed to resolve:
oPQ diameter DDH drillholes FDD001, FDD002, FDD003 and FMRD001 -
oRC holes FRC117, FRC118 and FRC119oAircore holes FAC001 to FAC004 -
Company geologist supervises all sampling and subsequent storage in field and transport to point of dispatch to assay laboratories.
-
• A review of sample weights, recovery statistics and assay data with regard to the sampling techniques was undertaken after the 2016-2017 drilling program to demonstrate representivity. Learnings from this review were applied to the 2018 drilling, such as regular checks of the calico bag for signs of contamination.
Section 2 Reporting of Exploration Results
(Criteria listed in the preceding section also apply to this section)
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral tenement and land tenure status |
• Type, reference name/number, location and ownership including agreements or material issues with third parties such as joint ventures, partnerships, overriding royalties, native title interests, historical sites, wilderness or national park and environmental settings. • The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known impediments to obtaining a licence to operate in the area. |
• Drilling by Core at Grants Prospect on what is EL29698 that is 100% owned by Core. • The area being drilled comprises Vacant Crown land • There are no registered heritage sites covering the areas being drilled. • The tenement is in good standing with the NT DPIR Titles Division. |
| Exploration done by other parties |
• Acknowledgment and appraisal of exploration by other parties. | • The history of mining in the Bynoe Harbour – Middle Arm area dates back to 1886 when tin was discovered by Mr. C Clark. • By 1890 the Leviathan Mine and the Annie Mine were discovered and worked discontinuously until 1902. • In 1903 the Hang Gong Wheel of Fortune was found and 109 tons of tin concentrates were produced in 1905. In 1906, the mine produced 80 tons of concentrates, but it was exhausted and closed down the following year after a total of 189 tons of concentrates had been won. • By 1909 activity was limited to Leviathan and Bells Mona mines in the area with little activity in the period 1907 to 1909. • Renewed activities in 1925 coincided with the granting of exclusive prospecting licences over an area of 26 square miles in the Bynoe Harbour – West Arm section but once again nothing eventuated. • The records of production for many mines are not complete, and in numerous cases changes have been made to the names of the mines and prospects which tend to confuse the records stillfurther. In many cases the |
| published names of mines cannot be linked to field occurrences. • In the early 1980s the Bynoe Pegmatite field was reactivated during a period of high tantalum prices by Greenbushes Tin which owned and operated the Greenbushes Tin and Tantalite (and later spodumene) Mine in WA. Greenbushes Tin Ltd entered into a JV named the Bynoe Joint Venture with Barbara Mining Corporation, a subsidiary of Bayer AG of Germany. • Greenex (the exploration arm of Greenbushes Tin Ltd) explored the Bynoe pegmatite field between 1980 and 1990 and produced tin and tantalite from its Observation Hill Treatment Plant between 1986 and 1988. An abandoned open cut to 10m depth remains at BP33. • They then tributed the project out to a company named Fieldcorp Pty Ltd who operated it between 1991 and 1995. • In 1996, Julia Corp drilled RC holes into representative pegmatites in the field, but like all of their predecessors, did not assay for Li. • Since 1996 the field has been defunct until recently when exploration has begun on ascertaining the lithium prospectivity of the Bynoe pegmatites. • The NT geological Survey undertook a regional appraisal of the field, which was published in 2004 (NTGS Report 16, Frater 2004). |
||
| Geology | • Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralisation. | • The tenements cover the northern portion of a swarm of complex zoned rare element pegmatite field, which comprises the 55km long by 10km wide West Arm – Mt Finniss pegmatite belt (Bynoe Pegmatite Field; NTGS Report 16). The main pegmatites in this belt include Mt Finniss, Grants, BP33, Hang Gong and Sandras. • The Finniss pegmatites have intruded early Proterozoic shales, siltstones and schists of the Burrell Creek Formation which lies on the northwest margin of the Pine Creek Geosyncline. To the south and west are the granitoidplutons andpegmatiticgranite stocks of the Litchfield Complex. |
The source of the fluids that have formed the intruding pegmatites is generally accepted as being the Two Sisters Granite to the west of the belt, and which probably underlies the entire area at depths of 5-10 km.
- Lithium mineralisation has been identified as occurring at Bilato’s (Picketts), Saffums 1 (amblygonite) and more recently at Grants, BP33 and Sandras.
-
Drill hole • A summary of all information material to the understanding of Information the exploration results including a tabulation of the following information for all Material drill holes:
oeasting and northing of the drill hole collaroelevation or RL (Reduced Level – elevation above sea level in metres) of the drill hole collar -
odip and azimuth of the holeodown hole length and interception depthohole length. -
If the exclusion of this information is justified on the basis that the information is not Material and this exclusion does not detract from the understanding of the report, the Competent Person should clearly explain why this is the case.
| Hole_ID | Cat * |
East_MGA 94_z52 |
North | RL_m | Az_T N |
Dip_D eg |
Total _Dept h |
Comments and significant intercepts |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FAC001 FAC002 |
1 1 |
693058.2 693052.4 |
8599150.4 8599079.2 |
19.1 21.2 |
0 0 |
-90 -90 |
52 49 |
Assays not used Assays not used |
|
| FAC003 | 1 | 693018.4 | 8598940.2 | 21.8 |
0 | -90 |
51 | Assays not used |
|
| FAC004 | 1 | 693028.5 | 8598990.7 | 22.4 |
0 | -90 |
51 | Assays not used |
|
| FDD001 FDD002 |
1 1 |
693031.5 693025.2 |
8599008.1 8598971.4 |
22.6 21.9 |
0 0 |
-90 -90 |
42.3 65.6 |
Not sampled 6.3m @ 1.29% Li2O from 50.7m |
|
| FDD003 | 1 | 693030.3 | 8599006.7 | 22.6 |
0 | -90 |
42.6 | Not sampled |
|
| FDD006 | 2 | 693035.4 | 8598901.7 | 20.1 |
285.5 | -58.6 |
220 | 2m @ 0.49% Li2O from 48m |
|
| FDD007 | 2 | 693014.0 | 8599168.7 | 19.7 |
114.7 | -56.5 |
200 | 12m @ 1.65% Li2O from 97m |
|
| FMRD001 | 1 |
693033.4 | 8599008.2 | 22.5 |
0 | -90 |
65.9 | 5m @ 1.29% Li2O from 47m |
|
| 13m @ 2.19% Li2O from 103m | |||||||||
| FMRD006 | 1 |
693125.8 | 8599072.8 | 19.4 |
268 | -57 |
155.8 | & 26m @ 1.56% Li2O from |
|
| 122m | |||||||||
| FMRD007 | 2 | 692858.0 | 8599103.2 | 22.2 | 108.2 | -55.2 | 375.9 | No significant intercepts | |
| FRC005 | 1 | 693024.0 | 8599088.7 | 21.9 |
90 | -55 |
66 | No Significant Intercepts |
|
| FRC006 | 1 | 693000.3 | 8599090.5 | 22.2 |
92.5 | -54.7 |
131 | 49m @ 1.78% Li2O from 71m |
|
| FRC007 | 1 | 692991.7 | 8598995.7 | 22.5 |
90 | -55 |
76 | 14m @ 1.22% Li2O from 62m |
| FRC008 1 693014.1 8599169.2 19.9 89.4 -54.7 118 20m @ 1.19% Li2O from 84m |
||
| FRC017 1 693100.3 8599077.3 20.3 277.2 -54.1 112 32m @ 1.59% Li2O from 67m |
||
| FRC018 1 693084.2 8598991.5 21.0 278.4 -54.8 112 40m @ 1.66% Li2O from 58m |
||
| FRC031 1 692986.5 8599024.5 22.5 85.6 -55.5 146 59m @ 1.45% Li2O from 79m |
||
| FRC032 1 693005.9 8599125.1 21.3 90.7 -54.8 120 38m @ 1.49% Li2O from 70m |
||
| FRC033 1 692981.5 8598976.8 22.4 89.5 -55.2 138 55m @ 1.42% Li2O from 66m |
||
| FRC034 1 692970.5 8598922.9 22.3 90.1 -55.1 114 34m @ 1.45% Li2O from 68m |
||
| FRC035 1 692935.1 8598924.0 22.9 90.6 -54.5 154 12m @ 1.18% Li2O from 128m |
||
| FRC036 1 692944.7 8598976.1 22.8 92.1 -55.4 196 43m @ 1.46% Li2O from 133m |
||
| FRC037 1 692951.5 8599022.7 22.7 88.7 -55.1 190 42m @ 1.61% Li2O from 130m |
||
| FRC038 1 692964.2 8599072.2 22.4 90.7 -55.2 202 53m @ 1.6% Li2O from 136m |
||
| FRC039 1 692971.0 8599126.7 21.8 89.2 -55 186 No Significant Intercepts |
||
| FRC040 1 692977.9 8599173.1 20.8 90.5 -55.5 202 No Significant Intercepts |
||
| FRC041 1 692929.7 8599070.4 22.2 86.9 -55 226 23m @ 1.51% Li2O from 188m |
||
| FRC044 1 692898.7 8598928.0 23.2 89.5 -60 127 Did not reach target |
||
| FRC075 1 693009.6 8599222.7 18.6 92 -60 138 No Significant Intercepts |
||
| FRC076 1 692950.9 8598865.2 21.6 90 -60 120 1m @ 0.49% Li2O from 85m |
||
| FRC109 1 693135.0 8598929.4 18.8 270 -60 103 Did not reach target |
||
| FRC110 1 693080.0 8598949.1 20.4 272 -58 149 40m @ 1.36% Li2O from 67m |
||
| FRC111 1 693112.2 8598949.2 19.5 279.2 -59 185 41m @ 1.42% Li2O from 130m |
||
| FRC112 1 693095.6 8599046.6 20.8 275 -59 128 43m @ 1.44% Li2O from 68m |
||
| FRC113 1 693128.6 8599098.3 18.8 269 -56 159 29m @ 1.4% Li2O from 98m |
||
| FRC114 1 693093.8 8599099.6 19.8 270 -55 89 25m @ 1.25% Li2O from 64m |
| FRC115 1 693103.8 8599099.2 19.6 270 -56 125 37m @ 1.47% Li2O from 66m |
||
| FRC116 1 693063.8 8599074.2 21.1 270 -85 40 4m @ 0.54% Li2O from 33m |
||
| FRC117 1 693057.0 8599073.8 21.2 266 -86 53 5m @ 1.12% Li2O from 48m |
||
| FRC118 1 693070.9 8599146.5 19.1 270 -80 5 Did not reach target |
||
| FRC119 1 693075.5 8599146.8 18.9 268 -76 59 8m @ 1.08% Li2O from 51m |
||
| FRC120 1 692921.1 8598879.4 22.5 88 -56 155 8m @ 0.57% Li2O from 116m |
||
| FRC121 1 692966.5 8599052.5 22.6 90 -56 166 37m @ 1.57% Li2O from 114m |
||
| FRC122 1 693125.0 8599146.7 17.9 269 -62 137 5m @ 1.4% Li2O from 107m |
||
| FRC123 1 693099.7 8599146.2 18.6 270 -60 71 8m @ 1.32% Li2O from 63m |
||
| FRC124 1 693113.8 8599000.6 20.2 271 -61 169 41m @ 1.59% Li2O from 115m |
||
| FRC125 2 693060.0 8599298.0 17.2 92.7 -56.6 110 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC146 2 692914.0 8598781.0 21.3 88.0 -65.4 150 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC147 3 693057.3 8598894.3 19.7 275.8 -60.8 125 23m @ 1.41% Li2O from 76m |
||
| FRC148 3 693071.0 8599396.0 20.0 92.8 -60.8 149 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC149 3 692968.4 8598950.8 22.8 89.9 -60.7 137 40m @ 1.54% Li2O from 81m |
||
| FRC150 3 692932.6 8598898.9 22.5 89.5 -60.0 149 16m @ 0.94% Li2O from 117m |
||
| FRC151 2 693119.9 8598901.7 18.8 272.4 -65.0 274 67m @ 1.57% Li2O from 191m |
||
| FRC152 2 693116.9 8598873.4 18.6 270.1 -65.0 172 Did not reach target |
||
| FRC153 2 693084.8 8598793.0 18.9 269.4 -63.5 244 30m @ 1.70% Li2O from 206m |
||
| FRC154 2 692895.3 8598928.5 23.1 95.1 -60.1 244 45m @ 1.72% Li2O from 188m |
||
| FRC155 2 692878.0 8598808.5 22.7 90.6 -59.1 232 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC156 2 692915.7 8598814.1 22.3 93.0 -60.2 149 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC157 2 692917.3 8598854.5 22.6 91.7 -61.2 172 18m @ 1.04% Li2O from 141m |
| FRC158 2 692891.9 8598856.5 22.9 93.7 -61.3 238 30m @ 1.34% Li2O from 197m |
||
| FRC159 2 692930.2 8598905.8 22.7 90.9 -65.8 202 45m @ 1.72% Li2O from 142m |
||
| FRC160 2 693030.5 8599299.1 17.3 94.3 -60.8 160 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC176 3 692876.9 8598953.3 22.9 90.2 -60.7 276 40m @ 1.52% Li2O from 210m |
||
| FRC177 3 692925.8 8598955.9 23.0 88.6 -61.1 196 21m @ 1.17% Li2O from 153m |
||
| FRC178 3 692948.0 8598954.7 23.1 87.1 -61.1 172 31m @ 1.49% Li2O from 121m |
||
| FRC179 3 692887.6 8598908.1 23.2 89.2 -66.9 286 48m @ 1.59% Li2O from 224m |
||
| FRC180 3 692897.7 8598999.2 22.8 86.3 -68.4 298 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC181 3 692870.0 8598778.0 20.0 91.0 -59.7 250 No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC182 3 692899.0 8598930.2 23.1 88.2 -63.1 155 Precollar; No significant intercepts |
||
| FRC183 3 692862.4 8598780.9 22.5 94.8 -68.8 256 1m @ 0.41% Li2O from 231m |
||
| FRC184 3 692918.0 8599046.0 22.6 94.5 -68.0 268 29m @ 1.42% Li2O from 232m |
||
| FRCD001 1 693086.1 8598991.2 20.9 279 -55 103.7 42.15m @ 1.52% Li2O from 57.75m |
||
| FRCD002 1 693102.5 8599078.5 20.3 274.2 -56 112.7 38m @ 1.58% Li2O from 70m |
||
| FRCD003 1 692999.3 8599094.6 22.0 92.5 -56 124.6 47.8m @ 1.53% Li2O from 70.2m |
||
| FRCD005 1 692916.9 8599020.7 22.6 88.33 -55 266.3 34.3m @ 1.35% Li2O from 200m |
||
| FRCD006 1 692905.6 8598976.0 22.9 90.52 -63.5 257.5 16.5m @ 1.37% Li2O from 217.3m |
||
| FRCD009 1 693097.6 8599043.7 20.7 270.6 -55.8 115.1 41.1m @ 1.77% Li2O from 71.3m |
||
| FRCD010 1 693109.7 8599023.6 20.4 277.8 -54.8 139.1 36.75m @ 1.25% Li2O from 90.25m |
| FRCD011 1 693112.8 8598997.2 20.2 269.7 -54.4 162 37.2m @ 1.71% Li2O from 103.7m FRCD012 1 692985.6 8598985.3 22.6 91.1 -54.8 144.8 53.24m @ 1.69% Li2O from 65.76m FRCD013 3 692898.9 8598928.0 23.0 88.2 -63.1 255.2 core not cut; geology only FRCD014 3 693136.5 8598931.7 18.9 269.0 -58.8 283.8 core not cut; geology only FRCD015 3 692897.2 8598875.0 22.9 92.6 -62.5 222.3 core not cut; geology only *Category of data used for resource: 1 – holes used in previous resource published 15/05/2018 2 – holes published on 23/07/2018 or 16/08/2018 that were not used in previous resource 3 – new holes reported herein that were not used in previous resource |
||
| Data aggregation methods |
• In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or minimum grade truncations (e.g. cutting of high grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated. • Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high grade results and longer lengths of low grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail. • The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values should be clearly stated. |
• Sample compositing reported here are calculated length weighted averages of theassays. Length weighted averages are acceptable method because the density of the rock (pegmatite) is constant. • 0.4% Li2O was used as lower cut off grades for compositing with allowance for including up to 3m of consecutive drill material of below cut-off grade (internal dilution). |
| Relationship between mineralisatio n widths and |
• These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of Exploration Results. • If the geometry of the mineralisation with respect to the drill hole angle is known, its nature should be reported. • If it is not known and only the down hole lengths are reported, |
• The oblique nature of drillholes with respect to geology is discussed above. Because of the dip of the hole, drill intersections are apparent thicknesses and overall geological context is needed to estimate true thicknesses. Refer figures in report |
| intercept lengths |
there should be a clear statement to this effect (e.g. ‘down hole length, true width not known’). |
|
| Diagrams | • Appropriate maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of intercepts should be included for any significant discovery being reported These should include, but not be limited to a plan view of drill hole collar locations and appropriate sectional views. |
• See figures in report. |
| Balanced reporting |
• Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not practicable, representative reporting of both low and high grades and/or widths should be practiced to avoid misleading reporting of Exploration Results. |
• Exploration results are discussed in the report and shown in figures. |
| Other substantive exploration data |
• Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be reported including (but not limited to): geological observations; geophysical survey results; geochemical survey results; bulk samples – size and method of treatment; metallurgical test results; bulk density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; potential deleterious or contaminating substances. |
• All meaningful and material data reported. |
| Further work | • The nature and scale of planned further work (e.g. tests for lateral extensions or depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling). • Diagrams clearly highlighting the areas of possible extensions, including the main geological interpretations and future drilling areas, provided this information is not commercially sensitive. |
• Core is continuing to assess Grants as part of a Definitive Feasibility Study. |
Section 3 Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources
(Criteria listed in the preceding sections also apply to this section.)
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Database | • Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, | • A data check of source assay data and survey data has been undertaken |
| integrity | for example, transcription or keying errors, between its initial | and compared to the database. No translation issues have been identified. |
| collection and its use for Mineral Resource estimation | The data was validated during the interpretation of the mineralisation, | |
| purposes. | with no significant errors identified. Only RC and DDH holes have been | |
| • Data validation procedures used. | included in the MRE. | |
| • Data validation processes are in place and run upon import into Micromine | ||
| to be used for the MRE. Checks included: missing intervals, overlapping | ||
| intervals and any depth errors. | ||
| • A DEM topographyto DGPS collar check has been completed. | ||
| Site visits | • Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent | • Graeme McDonald (CP) undertook a recent site visit during September |
| Person and the outcome of those visits. | 2018. A review of the drilling, logging, sampling and QAQC procedures has | |
| • If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the | been undertaken. All processes and procedures were in line with industry | |
| case. | best practice. | |
| Geological | • Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of) the geological | • The geological interpretation is considered robust due to the nature of the |
| interpretatio | interpretation of the mineral deposit. | mineralisation. The mineralisation is hosted within the pegmatite. The |
| n | • Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made. | locations of the hangingwall and footwall of the pegmatite intrusion are |
| • The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral | well understood with drilling which penetrates both contacts. | |
| Resource estimation. | • Diamond drill core and reverse circulation drill holes have been used in the | |
| • The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource | MRE. Lithology, structure, alteration and mineralisation data has been | |
| estimation. | used to generate the mineralisation model. The primary assumption is that | |
| • The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology. | the mineralisation is hosted within a structurally controlled pegmatite, | |
| which is considered robust. Air core drill holes were used as part of the | ||
| geological interpretation only. | ||
| • Due to the close spaced nature of the drillingdata and thegeological |
continuity conveyed by this dataset, no alternative interpretations have been considered.
• The mineralisation interpretation is based on a cut-off grade of 0.3% Li2O, hosted within the pegmatite. • The pegmatite is considered to be continuous over the length of the deposit. It thins and pinches out to the north and south. The mineralisation is contained within the thicker parts of the modelled pegmatite and appears to plunge to the south. A non-mineralised wall rock phase of 1-2m thickness is often present. A single grade domain has been identified and estimated using a hard boundary.
Dimensions • The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as • The lithium is hosted within a 380m long section of mineralised pegmatite length (along strike or otherwise), plan width, and depth below which strikes NNE and averages 25-30m in true width. surface to the upper and lower limits of the Mineral Resource • The pegmatite is sub-vertical to steeply east dipping and has been intersected up to a depth of approximately 250m below surface. • Whilst continuous, the pegmatite body does appear to narrow to the north and south. The pegmatite is deeply weathered to depths of approximately 50m below surface.
| Estimation | • | The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) |
|---|---|---|
| and | applied and key assumptions, including treatment of extreme | |
| Modelling | grade values, domaining, interpolation parameters and | |
| techniques | maximum distance of extrapolation from data points. If a | |
| computer assisted estimation method was chosen include a | ||
| description of computer software and parameters used. | ||
| • | The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or | |
| mine production records and whether the Mineral Resource | ||
| estimate takes appropriate account of such data. | ||
| • | The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products. | |
| • | Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade |
-
Grade estimation of lithium has been completed using Ordinary Kriging (OK) into mineralised and unmineralized pegmatite domains using Micromine software. Variography has been undertaken on the grade domain composite data. Variogram orientations are largely controlled by the strike and dip of the mineralisation.
-
• Previous estimates are available for comparative analysis and have been used to inform the current Mineral Resource Estimate. A check estimate using an alternative estimation technique (ID2) has also been undertaken.
-
• No assumptions have been made regarding recovery of any by-products. • Fe is considered to be a deleterious element. However, it is known that Fe contamination exists due to the use of steel drill rods, bits and steel milling
variables of economic significance (e.g. sulphur for acid mine drainage characterisation).
-
In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average sample spacing and the search employed.
-
Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units.
-
Any assumptions about correlation between variables.
-
Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates.
-
Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping.
-
The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drillhole data, and use of reconciliation data if available.
equipment. By comparing RC and DD assays as well as data from blanks and check assays undertaken at an independent umpire laboratory using non-steel-based tungsten carbide mills, the level of contamination was shown to be both substantial and highly variable and difficult to correct. For this reason, Fe has not been estimated as it is known that the raw data is contaminated and will therefore result in an estimate that is misleading. No other deleterious elements have been considered and therefore estimated for this deposit.
-
The data spacing varies considerably within the deposit ranging from surface drill holes at an approximate spacing of 25 m by 30 m, to deep exploration drill holes at spacings greater than 50 m by 30 m. A parent block size of 5 m (X) by 10 m (Y) by 10 m (Z) with a sub-block size of 1.25 m (X) by 2.5 m (Y) by 2.5 m (Z) has been used to define the mineralisation, with the lithium estimated at the parent block scale.
-
Pass 1 estimation has been undertaken using a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 20 samples into a search ellipse with a radius of 60m, with samples from a minimum of two drill holes.
-
Pass 2 estimation has been undertaken using a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 20 samples into a search ellipse with a radius of 120m, with samples from a minimum of two drill holes.
-
Pass 3 estimation has been undertaken using a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 20 samples into a search ellipse with a radius of 180m, with samples from a minimum of two drill holes.
-
No selective mining units are assumed in this estimate.
-
Lithium only has been estimated within the lithium mineralised domain.
| No correlation between variables has been assumed. | ||
| • The mineralisation and geological wireframes have been used to flag the | ||
| drill hole intercepts in the drill hole assay file. The flagged intercepts have | ||
| then been used to create composites in Micromine. The composite length | ||
| is 1 m in all data. | ||
| • The influence of extreme sample distribution outliers in the composited | ||
| data has been determined using a combination of histograms and log | ||
| probability plots. It was decided that no top-cuts need to be applied. | ||
| • Model validation has been carried out, including visual comparison | ||
| between composites and estimated blocks; check for negative or absent | ||
| grades; statistical comparison against the input drill hole data and | ||
| graphicalplots. | ||
| Moisture | • Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with | • The tonnes have been estimated on a dry basis. |
| natural moisture, and the method of determination of the | ||
| moisture content. | ||
| Cut-off | • The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters | • For the reporting of the Mineral Resource Estimate, a 0.75 Li2O% cut-off |
| parameters | applied. | has been used after consultation with Core Lithium. |
| Mining | • Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, | • The PFS concluded that the traditional open cut mining method of drill, |
| factors or | minimum mining dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, | blast, load and haul will be used. |
| assumptions | external) mining dilution. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential mining methods, but |
• Throughout the PFS (released to the ASX on 26/6/2018) a number of assumptions were made that are still considered valid. Including: |
| the assumptions made regarding mining methods and | o Mining Recovery – 95% |
|
| parameters when estimating Mineral Resources may not | o Mining Dilution – 5% |
|
| always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be | o Mining Cost/tonne of conc. – AUD$208.70 |
|
| reported with an explanation of the basis of the mining | o Processing Cost/tonne of conc. – AUD$71.19 |
|
| assumptions made. | o Haulage Cost/tonne of conc. – AUD$11.47 |
|
o G & A Cost/tonne of conc. – AUD$8.00 |
||
| 81 |
o Port Costs/tonne of conc. AUD$7.50 o Total unit operating Costs/tonne of conc. AUD$372 (incl. royalties) o Price – US$649/ tonne of 5.0 % Li2O conc.
- As part of the PFS, preliminary mine planning and scheduling was undertaken considering possible waste and process residue disposal options and environmental impacts.
royalties)o Price – US$649/ tonne of 5.0 % Li2O conc.• As part of the PFS, preliminary mine planning and scheduling was undertaken considering possible waste and process residue disposal options and environmental impacts. |
||
|---|---|---|
| Metallurgical | • The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding | • Based on initial metallurgical test work, the PFS concluded that the |
| factors or | metallurgical amenability. It is always necessary as part of the | operation would produce a concentrate with a target grade of 5.0% Li2O. |
| assumptions | process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual | Further metallurgical test work has demonstrated a concentrate grade of |
| economic extraction to consider potential metallurgical | 5.5% Li2O is achievable with recoveries of 79% (as described in an ASX | |
| methods, but the assumptions regarding metallurgical | announcement on 02/08/2018). This occurs via a simple process of | |
| treatment processes and parameters made when reporting | crushing, screening and dense media separation. | |
| Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is | ||
| the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the | ||
| basis of the metallurgical assumptions made. | ||
| Environmenta | • Assumptions made regarding possible waste and process | • As part of the current Definitive Feasibility Study, geotechnical studies have |
| l factors or | residue disposal options. It is always necessary as part of the | been undertaken as well as waste characterisation and groundwater |
| assumptions | process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual | modelling. A mining lease application has been submitted and is being |
| economic extraction to consider the potential environmental | processed and an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is being prepared | |
| impacts of the mining and processing operation. While at this | ready for submission. | |
| stage the determination of potential environmental impacts, particularly for a greenfields project, may not always be well advanced, the status of early consideration of these potential environmental impacts should be reported. Where these |
• As part of the PFS, preliminary mine planning and scheduling was undertaken considering possible waste and process residue disposal options and environmental impacts. |
|
| aspects have not been considered this should be reported with | ||
| an explanation of the environmental assumptions made. | ||
| Bulk density | • Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the | • Water immersion and pychnometer density determinations have been |
assumptions. If determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, the frequency of the measurements, the nature, size and representativeness of the samples.
undertaken by NAL on samples from 10 diamond core drill holes spread across the Grants deposit. Analysis of this data was used in the determination of the fresh pegmatite density for assignment in the Mineral Resource estimate. A bulk density value of 2.72 g/cm[3] has been applied to the fresh pegmatite and has been coded into the model.
- The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by methods that adequately account for void spaces (vugs, porosity, etc), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones within the deposit.
| representativeness of the samples. • The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by methods that adequately account for void spaces (vugs, porosity, etc), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones within the deposit. |
determination of the fresh pegmatite density for assignment in the Mineral Resource estimate. A bulk density value of 2.72 g/cm3has been applied to the fresh pegmatite and has been coded into the model. |
|
|---|---|---|
| • Discuss assumptions for bulk density estimates used in the | ||
| evaluationprocess of the different materials. | ||
| Classification | • The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into | • The resource classification has been applied to the MR estimate based on |
| varying confidence categories. | the drilling data spacing, grade and geological continuity, and data | |
| • Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant | integrity. | |
| factors (i.e. relative confidence in tonnage/grade estimations, | • The classification takes into account the relative contributions of geological | |
| reliability of input data, confidence in continuity of geology and | and data quality and confidence, as well as grade confidence and | |
| metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data). | continuity. | |
| • Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent | • Confidence in the Measured and Indicated mineral resources is sufficient to | |
| Person’s view of the deposit. | allow application of modifying factors within a technical and economic | |
| study. | ||
| • The classification reflects the view of the Competent Person. | ||
| Audits or | • The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource | • This Mineral Resource estimate has not been audited by an external party. |
| reviews | estimates. | |
| Discussion of | • Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and | • The relative accuracy of the Mineral Resource estimate is reflected in the |
| relative | confidence level in the Mineral Resource estimate using an | reporting of the Mineral Resource as per the guidelines of the 2012 JORC |
| accuracy/conf | approach or procedure deemed appropriate by the Competent | Code. |
| idence | Person. For example, the application of statistical or | • The statement relates to global estimates of tonnes and grade. |
| geostatistical procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of | • No production records have been supplied as part of the scope of works, so | |
| the resource within stated confidence limits, or, if such an | no comparison or reconciliation has been made. Historically, only a small | |
| approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of | amount of tin/tantalum has beenproducedfrom weatheredpegmatite |
-
The relative accuracy of the Mineral Resource estimate is reflected in the reporting of the Mineral Resource as per the guidelines of the 2012 JORC Code.
-
• The statement relates to global estimates of tonnes and grade. • No production records have been supplied as part of the scope of works, so no comparison or reconciliation has been made. Historically, only a small amount of tin/tantalum has been produced from weathered pegmatite
the factors that could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate. • The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnages, which should be relevant to technical and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the procedures used. • These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be compared with production data, where available.
from shallow pits by Greenbushes in the 1980’s. This is well above the top of fresh rock reported in the current resource estimate.
14.2 JORC Code, 2012 Edition – Table 1 Report BP33
Section 1 Sampling Techniques and Data
(Criteria in this section apply to all succeeding sections)
-
Criteria JORC Code Explanation Sampling • Nature and quality of sampling (e.g. cut channels, random chips, or techniques specific specialised industry standard measurement tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as down hole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc.). These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad meaning of sampling.
-
Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample representivity and the appropriate calibration of any measurement tools or systems used.
-
Aspects of the determination of mineralisation that are Material to the Public Report.
-
In cases where ‘industry standard’ work has been done this would be relatively simple (e.g. ‘reverse circulation drilling was used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverised to produce a 30 g charge for fire assay’). In other cases, more explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralisation types (e.g. submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information.
Commentary
-
Drilling geology, assays and resource estimation results reported herein relate to Reverse Circulation (RC) and Diamond Drill Hole (DDH) drilling at the BP33 Deposit on EL29698 and EL30015. Assay data was derived from 22 holes for 3,129.2m. A further 11 holes for 540m were used exclusively for geological data. These comprise 27 RC holes and 6 DDH holes. A full list of hole collars that includes coordinates, azimuth, dip, depth and significant intercepts can be found in Drillhole Information section below. A chronological summary is provided below, but there have effectively been 5 drilling campaigns at BP33, two by CXO and 2 by Liontown Resources Ltd (“LTR”) and 1 by Greenbushes:
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October to November 1995 (the “1995 Greenbushes Drilling program”)
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June 2016 (the “2016 LTR Drilling program”)
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October 2016 (the “2016 LTR Drilling program”)
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August 2016 to January 2017 (the “2016 CXO Drilling program”)
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November 2017 to February 2018 (the “2017 CXO Drilling program”)
Drilling chronology
1995 Greenbushes Drilling program
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RC drillholes BEC050 to 060 were drilled by Greenbushes in OctoberNovember 1995
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Shallow drilling targeting tin/tantalum mineralization that was not
assayed for lithium.
2016 LTR Drilling program
- RC drillholes by Liontown in June 2016 (2 holes) and October 2016 (3 holes) using Schram 450 rig
2016 CXO Drilling program
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RC and DDH by CXO. WDA RC and DDH. by WDA Drilling using DE811 rig.
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RC holes FRC001 to FRC004 were drilled by Core in August 2016.
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DDH drillhole (with RC precollar) FRCD004 (1 holes for 134.6m HQ) was drilled in October 2016 by WDA Drilling using Alton rig.
2017 CXO Drilling program
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RC holes FRC106 to FRC108 were drilled by Core in December 2017 by WDA Drilling using UDR1000 rig and DE811 rig.
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DDH drillholes (with RC or mud rotary precollar) FMRD002, FMRD003, FMRD004, FMRD005 and FRCD007 were drilled in December 2017 to February 2018 by WDA Drilling using DE811 and Alton rigs.
Sampling methods
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RC drill spoils over all programs were collected into two sub-samples:
o1 metre split sample, homogenized and cone split at the cyclone into 12x18 inch calico bags. Weighing 2-5 kg, or 15% of the original sample. -
20-40 kg primary sample is collected in 600x900mm green bags and retained until assays have been returned and deemed reliable for reporting purposes.
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RC sampling of pegmatite for assays is done on a 1 metre basis. 1msampling continued into the barren wall-zone of the pegmatite and then a 3m composite was collected from the immediately surrounding barren phyllite host rock. Liontown RC sampling occurred on a 1m basis only of pegmatite intersections and zones of
interest.
| interest. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| • Drill core was collected directly into trays, marked up by metre | |||
| marks and secured as the drilling progressed. Geological logging and | |||
| sample interval selection took place soon after. | |||
| • DDH Core was transported to a local core preparation facility and cut | |||
| firstly into half longitudinally along a consistent line between 0.3m | |||
| and 1m in length, ensuring no bias in the cutting plane. Again, | |||
| without bias, half core was then cut into two further segments. A | |||
| quarter was then collected on a metre basis (where possible), | |||
| bagged and sent to the North Australian Laboratory in Pine Creek, | |||
| NT, for analysis. The remaining half and quarter core is retained at | |||
| Core’s storage shed in Berry Springs. | |||
| • DDH sampling of pegmatite for assays is done over the sub-1m | |||
| intervals described above. 1m-sampling continued into the barren | |||
| phyllite host rock. | |||
| Drilling | • | Drill type (e.g. core, reverse circulation, open-hole hammer, rotary air | • Drilling technique used by Core and Liontown that are reported |
| techniques | blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc.) and details (e.g. core diameter, | herein comprises: | |
| triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face-sampling bit or | o DE811 rig (RC): Standard Reverse Circulation (RC) 4 and ¾ inch |
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| other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc.). | face sampling hammer (5 inch diameter bit). The rig used is a | ||
| wheel mounted Sandvik DE811 multi-purpose rig and running a | |||
| 1150 CFM 500/1000 psi compressor/booster combo. The rig is | |||
| operated by WDA Drilling Services, Humpty Doo NT (CXO RC in | |||
| 2016). | |||
o UDR1000 rig: Standard Reverse Circulation (RC) 4 and ¾ inch |
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| face sampling hammer (5 inch diameter bit). The rig used is a | |||
| wheel mounted UDR1000 multi-purpose rig and running a 1150 | |||
| CFM 500/1000 psi compressor/booster combo. The rig is | |||
| operated by WDA Drilling Services, Humpty Doo NT. (CXO RC in | |||
| 2017) | |||
o Schram 450 rig: Standard Reverse Circulation(RC)4 and ¾ inch |
face sampling hammer (5 inch diameter bit). The rig used is a wheel mounted Schram T450 rig and running a 900 CFM 350 psi compressor/booster combo. The rig is operated by Geo Drilling, NT. (Liontown 2016)
- Alton rig: Standard track-mounted Alton MD600 or HD900 DDH rig using HQ or PQ core assembly (triple tube), drilling muds or water as required, wireline setup. The rig is operated by WDA Drilling Services, Humpty Doo NT.
- Oriented core was obtained for DDHs drilled in the 2017 CXO Drilling program using the Longyear TruCore tool.
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Drill sample • Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recoveries recovery and results assessed.
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Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples.
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Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material.
1995 Greenbushes Drilling program
- There is no record of sample recoveries for the Greenbushes RC drilling.
2016 LTR Drilling program
- Sample recoveries for the Liontown RC drilling were recorded as a percentage of the expected recovery as estimated by the rig geologist. The majority of the recoveries are >90%.
2016 CXO Drilling program
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The geologist noted and documented the recovery (0-100%) and sample quality (Wet, Moist, Dry) for each metre, according to a SoP. Recovery was generally >95% and samples were dry apart from certain drillholes, and then only the first sample after a rod change. The drilling contractors took great care to maintain a dry sample, even if this meant long periods of airlifting water at the start of a rod.
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The rigs splitter is emptied between 1m samples by hammering the cyclone bin with a mallet. The set-up of the cyclone varied between rigs, but a gate mechanism was used to prevent inter-mingling between metre intervals. The cyclone and splitter were also regularly cleaned by opening the doors, visually checking, and if build-up of
material is noted, the equipment cleaned with either compressed air or high-pressure water. This process was in all cases undertaken when the drilling first penetrated the pegmatite mineralization, to ensure no host rock contamination took place.
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Drill collars are sealed to prevent sample loss and holes are normally drilled dry to prevent poor recoveries and contamination caused by water ingress. Wet intervals are noted in case of unusual results.
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No material bias has been recognised.
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DDH recovery was close to 100%.
2017 CXO Drilling program
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DDH core recoveries were measured using conventional procedures utilising the driller’s markers and estimates of core loss, followed by mark up and measuring of recovered core by the geologist or geotechnician.
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RC sample recoveries were visually estimated in the field and recorded by Core geologists for each metre drilled. RC recoveries are monitored qualitatively as the hole progresses, the principle aim being to identify bags that have significantly less spoil than expected for the metre.
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A semi-quantitative estimate of % recovery is subsequently made after completion of the hole, once the average volume of material can be gauged for a metre of drilling.
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Core Lithium has weighed most of the primary “green” RC sample bags from 2016 and 2018 drilling programs that included holes from the Grants and BP33 deposits. From this data it is possible to quantify recovery better than by visual estimation. Core undertook a QAQC exercise and constructed a report concluding that:
o RC recovery of RC spoils varies according to the presence or absence of groundwater, and according to the tolerances of the RC hammer-bit shroud assembly.
- There was no relationship identified between recovery and grade.
- Wet and moist samples readily reflect the grade of the drilled interval, as much as the dry sample.
- The rigs splitter is emptied between 1m samples by hammering the cyclone bin with a mallet. The set-up of the cyclone varied between rigs, but a gate mechanism was used to prevent inter-mingling between metre intervals. The cyclone and splitter were also regularly cleaned by opening the doors, visually checking, and if build-up of material is noted, the equipment cleaned with either compressed air or high-pressure water. This process was in all cases undertaken when the drilling first penetrated the pegmatite mineralization, to ensure no host rock contamination took place.
- Drill collars are sealed to prevent sample loss and holes are normally drilled dry to prevent poor recoveries and contamination caused by water ingress. Wet intervals are noted in case of unusual results.
- No material bias has been recognised.
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Logging • Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies.
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Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc.) photography.
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The total length and percentage of the relevant intersections logged.
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Standard sample logging procedures are utilised by Core and Liontown, including logging codes for lithology, minerals, weathering etc.
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A chip tray for the entire hole is completed. A sub-sample is sieved from the large RC bags at site into chip trays over the pegmatite interval to assist in geological logging. These are photographed and stored on the Core server.
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Geology of the RC drill chips were logged on a metre basis with attention to main rock forming minerals within the pegmatite intersections.
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Geology of the drill core is logged on a geological basis with attention to main rock forming minerals and textures within the pegmatite intersections.
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Entire drilled interval of RC and DDH logged.
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Pegmatite sections are also checked under a single-beam UV light for spodumene identification on an ad hoc basis. These only provide indicative qualitative information.
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Estimation of mineral modal composition, including spodumene, is done visually. This will then be correlated to assay data when they are available.
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Core trays and RC chip trays are photographed and stored on the Core server.
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DDH drillholes that CXO have drilled in the 2017 Drilling program are oriented and can be geotechnically logged in future if needed.
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Sub-sampling • If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core techniques taken. and sample • If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc. and preparation whether sampled wet or dry.
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For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique.
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Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximise representivity of samples.
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Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in-situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second-half sampling.
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Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled.
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RC samples referred to in this report have been collected on a 1mbasis utilising the cone splitter mounted under the drill rig’s cyclone or on a trailer (rotary type).
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Where the sample was too wet for the cone splitter to operate effectively, 1m samples were collected from the 1m bulk bags using a spear. This was a rare occurrence.
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The type of sub-sampling technique and the quality of the subsample was recorded for each metre. The quality of the samples was assessed prior to their inclusion in calculated interval averages.
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Quarter Drill Core sample intervals were constrained by geology, alteration or structural boundaries, intervals varied between a minimum of 0.3 metres to a maximum of 1 m. The core is cut along a regular Ori line to ensure no sampling bias.
Field RC duplicates
- A field duplicate sample regime is used to monitor sampling methodology and homogeneity of RC drilling at BP33. During the LTR and CXO Drilling programs at BP33, 32 duplicates were collected out of the 941 original RC samples. The typical procedure was to collect Duplicates via a spear of the green RC bag, having collected the
Original in a calico bag via a rotary split. Trying to split the 2-3kg calico bag into an Original and a Duplicate has inherent dangers, least of all reducing the sample mass. However, comparing rotary split sample with a spear sample also has some element of incompatibility. The expectation would be a high degree of variability in the spear sample, because of the heterogenous and stratified RC bag, but overall it should statistically match the split original sample.
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The duplicates cover a wide range of Lithium values up to 10,000 ppm.
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Results of duplicate analysis show an acceptable degree of correlation given the heterogeneous nature of the pegmatite.
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Sample heterogeneity
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Given the pegmatite minerals, including spodumene, are very coarse grained, there is expected to be an issue of heterogeneity. The sample size for NQ drill core is borderline, and this is why CXO have drilled using HQ diameter. Assaying of coarse rejects as part of the Umpire process in 2017 showed that there is good correlation between the original and duplicate samples at that scale. However, there is assay variability from one metre to the next that reflects the heterogeneity. This is evident when comparing assays profiles twinned DDH and RC holes. RC tend to exhibit a flatter more consistent trend. This is because RC samples a larger volume of material for each metre and flattens out the fluctuations. Further discussion of twins can be found in section below.
• Quarter core is cut as described above, bagged and sent to the laboratory for analysis. As discussed, the heterogeneity of pegmatite core material means it is not suitable for “second-half” or “secondquarter” duplicate analysis. Sample preparation CXO drilling
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Sample prep occurs at North Australian Laboratories (“NAL”), Pine Creek, NT.
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DDH samples are crushed to a nominal size to fit into mills, approximately -2mm. RC samples do not require any crushing, as they are largely pulp already.
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A 1-2 kg riffle-split of DDH crushed material and RC Samples are then prepared by pulverising to 95% passing -100 um. In the 2016 Drilling program, samples were pulverised in a Vertical Spindle Pulveriser (Keegormill).
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In mid-2018, Steel Ring Mills were installed at NAL to reduce the iron contamination that was recognised in the 2016 Drilling program assays.
LTR drilling
- Sample prep occurred at ALS in Perth, WA.
- RC Samples were rifle split to a max of 3kg and then prepared by pulverising to 85% passing -75 um.
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Quality of • The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and assay data laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is considered and partial or total. laboratory • For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF instruments, etc., tests the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc.
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Nature of quality control procedures adopted (e.g. standards, blanks, duplicates, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (i.e. lack of bias) and precision have been established.
CXO drilling
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Sample analysis also occurs at North Australian Laboratories, Pine Creek, NT.
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A 0.3 g sub-sample of the pulp is digested in a standard 4 acid mixture and analysed via ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods for the following elements: Li, Cs, Rb, Sr, Nb, Sn, Ta, U, As, K, P and Fe. The lower and upper detection range for Li by this method are 1 ppm and 5000 ppm respectively.
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In the 2016 Drilling program, all samples were also analysed via fusion method - a 0.3 g sub-sample is fused with a Sodium Peroxide Fusion flux and then digested in 10% hydrochloric acid. ICP-OES is used for the following elements: Li, P and Fe. The lower and upper detection range for Li by this method are 10 ppm and 20,000 ppm respectively. Exhaustive checks of this data suggested an excellent
correlation exists (see chart below), so in the 2017 Drilling program a 3000 ppm Li trigger was set to process that sample via a fusion method.
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Selected drill core samples were also run for the following additional elements to provide a broader suite: Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Si, LOI, SG (immersion), SG (pychnometer) and various trace elements. Na was also analysed using a 4 acid digest and ICP-OES method.
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A barren flush is inserted between samples at the laboratory.
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The laboratory has a regime of 1 in 8 control subsamples.
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NAL utilise standard internal quality control measures including the use of Certified Lithium Standards and duplicates/repeats.
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CXO-implemented quality control procedures include:
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One in twenty certified Lithium ore standards are used for this drilling.
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One in twenty duplicates are used for this drilling (RC only).
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oBlanks inserted at a rate of roughly one in twenty.
Liontown drilling
- A sub-sample of the pulp was assayed by sodium peroxide fusion ICPMS using method codes ME-ICP89 (K, Li, P) and ME-MS91 (Cs, Nb, Rb, Sn, Ta) at ALS in Perth.
QAQC of CXO Drilling data
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One in 20 certified Lithium reference standards were used at BP33. Core used four standards roughly between 1700 ppm and 10000 ppm Li, covering the range of expected Li values in the mineralized pegmatite.
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The standards reported back with an excellent correlation. Overall the standards average within 1% of the expected value for Li.
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Blanks were inserted on a 1 in 20 basis, once resource definition drilling was initiated.
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The data from the blanks pulverised and assayed at NAL indicate
that the Li content averages 36 ppm (0.01% Li2O) and the highest is 328 ppm Li. This is reasonable given the aggressive (hard) nature of the coarse quartz blanks, effectively scouring the crusher and mill. This value is well below the effective cut-off grade used for the significant intercepts.
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The baseline Fe2O3 content of Blanks is <0.01%, whereas the average run-of-sample value of 0.65%. This is indicative of Iron being stripped from the steel pulverising equipment at the NAL laboratory. This stripping of metal obviously has an effect on the Fe content of the Lithium bearing samples as well, especially the core, which are equally as hard as the quartz blanks. This is discussed further below.
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One in 20 field duplicates are used for BP33 RC drilling, as discussed above.
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Duplicates were not collected for the DDH core drilling, as discussed above.
Liontown drilling
- Due to the small number of holes drilled by LTR at BP33 there is only a small number of associated QAQC samples. This included field duplicates and Blanks. There were no apparent issues identified with this data.
Umpire checks
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External laboratory checks by CXO took place at the end of the 2016 Drilling program and results indicate a high degree of correlation. A round of checks for the 2017 CXO Drilling program is currently underway.
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Verification • The verification of significant intersections by either independent or of sampling alternative company personnel. and assaying • The use of twinned holes. • Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data
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Core’s experienced project geologists are supervised by Core’s Exploration Manager.
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All field data is entered into excel spreadsheets (supported by lookup tables) at site and subsequently validated as it is imported into
verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols.
- Discuss any adjustment to assay data.
the centralized CXO Access database.
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Hard copies of survey and sampling data are stored in the local office and electronic data is stored on the Core server.
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Metallic Lithium percent was multiplied by a conversion factor of 2.15283/10000 to report Li ppm as Li2O%
2016 CXO Drilling program verification
- One diamond core hole was drilled as a twin to an RC hole and used to check the difference between RC and DDH assays across a similar part of the mineralized pegmatite. The data indicate variability on a metre-by-metre basis, related to the heterogeneity of the pegmatite, but overall the +30m intercepts are proportionate.
2017 CXO Drilling program verification
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Based on QAQC assessments of RC and DDH assays as well as data from blanks and check assays, a substantial iron contamination issue has been identified in the drill hole assays. The two primary sources of contamination are the wear on the RC drill bits and rods as well as wear and abrasion of the steel sample preparation equipment at the laboratory. The level of contamination was shown to be both significant and highly variable. It is estimated that the level of Fe contamination in the assays may be in excess of 3% Fe2O3 in some cases from the 2016 Drilling program. Changes in equipment at the laboratory prior to the 2018 drilling campaign has seen a reduction in the contamination levels to around 0.6% Fe2O3.
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• The current assay database is known to contain Fe data that is affected by variable levels of Fe contamination that is difficult to correct. For these reasons Fe was not estimated as part of the current Mineral Resource Estimate for the BP33 Deposit as it would be misleading.
Location of • Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar and data points down-hole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations
- Coordinate information for most of the BP33 drillholes was collected by Differential GPS (DGPS), by Land Surveys Australia Pty Ltd. This
used in Mineral Resource estimation.
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Specification of the grid system used.
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Quality and adequacy of topographic control.
data is accurate to 10 cm in all three dimensions. These collar RLs were verified against CXO’s DTM.
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Historic Greenbushes collars were surveyed at the time, using conventional surveying along a local grid. These coordinates were converted by CXO to the current datum. Two collars were located and captured by DGPS, which allowed rectification of the rest of the Greenex collars. Their position can be considered accurate.
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Liontown holes are hand-held GPS only, but sufficiently well-defined for the purposes herein.
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All are GDA94 Zone 52.
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In 2016 CXO/LTR Drilling programs, all holes were surveyed by downhole camera tool.
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In 2017 CXO Drilling program, RC and DDH hole traces were surveyed by north seeking Champ gyro tool (multishot mode at 5m and 10m intervals) operated by the drillers and the collar is oriented by a line of sight compass and a clinometer. Downhole Camera shots are also taken on an ad hoc basis during drilling to ensure the holes are kept relatively straight.
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Drill hole deviation has been minor and predictable in the most part. However, for the deeper holes, deviation was significant in the lower parts of the holes as a result of hard bedrock. Despite this, the holes still tested the targets roughly oblique to the strike of the pegmatite, which is acceptable for resource drilling. In any case, the gyro down hole survey has accurately recorded the drill traces and any deviation from the planned program can be accommodated in a 3D GIS environment.
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Data spacing • Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results. and • Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to establish distribution the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and
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Drill collars are spaced approximately 30m apart along the north easterly trending pegmatite body of BP33.
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This data will be used to support a resource.
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Refer to figures in report.
classifications applied.
| classifications applied. | |
|---|---|
| • Whether sample compositing has been applied. | |
| Orientation | • Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of |
| of data in | possible structures and the extent to which this is known, considering |
| relation to | the deposit type. |
| geological | • If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the |
| structure | orientation of key mineralised structures is considered to have |
| introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and reported if | |
| material. |
| Sample | • The measures taken to ensure sample security. |
|---|---|
| security | |
| Audits or | • The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data. |
| reviews |
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Sample compositing reported here are calculated length weighted averages of the assays. Length weighted averages are acceptable method because the density of the rock (pegmatite) is constant.
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• Core’s drilling is oriented perpendicular to the interpreted strike of mineralization (pegmatite body) as mapped or predicted by the geological model. In some areas the rocks may trend at an angle to the drill traverse. Because of the dip of the hole, drill intersections are apparent thicknesses and overall geological context is needed to estimate true thicknesses.
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• The azimuth of Core’s drill holes is largely oriented approximately perpendicular to the interpreted strike of the mineralised trend. Holes are oblique in a dip sense.
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• Company geologist supervises all sampling and subsequent storage in field and transport to point of dispatch to assay laboratories.
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• A review of sample weights, recovery statistics and assay data with regard to the sampling techniques was undertaken after the 2016 CXO Drilling program at Grants (and to a lesser extent BP33) to demonstrate representivity. Learnings from this review were applied to the 2018 drilling, such as regular checks of the calico bag for signs of contamination.
Section 2 Reporting of Exploration Results
(Criteria listed in the preceding section also apply to this section)
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral | • Type, reference name/number, location and ownership including | • Drilling by CXO and LTR at the BP33 Prospect took place across the |
| tenement | agreements or material issues with third parties such as joint | boundary between EL29698 and EL30015, both of which are now |
| and land | ventures, partnerships, overriding royalties, native title interests, | 100% owned by CXO. |
| tenure status | historical sites, wilderness or national park and environmental | • 30015 was previous owned by LTR, and in September 2017 was |
| settings. | purchased by CXO via a sale agreement (ASX Release 14 Sept 2017). |
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30015 was previous owned by LTR, and in September 2017 was purchased by CXO via a sale agreement (ASX Release 14 Sept 2017).
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The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known impediments to obtaining a licence to operate in the area.
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The area being drilled comprises Vacant Crown land.
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There are no registered heritage sites covering the areas being drilled.
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The tenements are in good standing with the NT DPIR Titles Division.
| Exploration | • Acknowledgment and appraisal of exploration by other parties. |
|---|---|
| done by | |
| other parties |
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The history of mining in the Bynoe Harbour – Middle Arm area dates back to 1886 when tin was discovered by Mr. C Clark.
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By 1890 the Leviathan Mine and the Annie Mine were discovered and worked discontinuously until 1902.
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In 1903 the Hang Gong Wheel of Fortune was found and 109 tons of tin concentrates were produced in 1905. In 1906, the mine produced 80 tons of concentrates, but it was exhausted and closed down the following year after a total of 189 tons of concentrates had been won.
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By 1909 activity was limited to Leviathan and Bells Mona mines in the area with little activity in the period 1907 to 1909.
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Renewed activities in 1925 coincided with the granting of exclusive prospecting licences over an area of 26 square miles in the Bynoe Harbour – West Arm section but once again nothing eventuated.
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The records of production for many mines are not complete, and in numerous cases changes have been made to the names of the mines
and prospects which tend to confuse the records still further. In many cases the published names of mines cannot be linked to field occurrences.
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In the early 1980s the Bynoe Pegmatite field was reactivated during a period of high tantalum prices by Greenbushes Tin which owned and operated the Greenbushes Tin and Tantalite (and later spodumene) Mine in WA. Greenbushes Tin Ltd entered into a JV named the Bynoe Joint Venture with Barbara Mining Corporation, a subsidiary of Bayer AG of Germany.
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Greenex (the exploration arm of Greenbushes Tin Ltd) explored the Bynoe pegmatite field between 1980 and 1990 and produced tin and tantalite from its Observation Hill Treatment Plant between 1986 and 1988. An abandoned open cut to 10m depth remains at BP33.
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• They then tributed the project out to a company named Fieldcorp Pty Ltd who operated it between 1991 and 1995.
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• In 1996, Julia Corp drilled RC holes into representative pegmatites in the field, but like all of their predecessors, did not assay for Li.
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• Since 1996 the field has been defunct until recently when exploration has begun on ascertaining the lithium prospectivity of the Bynoe pegmatites.
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• The NT geological Survey undertook a regional appraisal of the field, which was published in 2004 (NTGS Report 16, Frater 2004).
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Geology • Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralisation.
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The tenements cover the northern portion of a swarm of complex zoned rare element pegmatite field, which comprises the 55km long by 10km wide West Arm – Mt Finniss pegmatite belt (Bynoe Pegmatite Field; NTGS Report 16). The main pegmatites in this belt include Mt Finniss, Grants, BP33, Hang Gong and Sandras.
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• The Finniss pegmatites have intruded early Proterozoic shales, siltstones and schists of the Burrell Creek Formation which lies on
the northwest margin of the Pine Creek Geosyncline. To the south and west are the granitoid plutons and pegmatitic granite stocks of the Litchfield Complex. The source of the fluids that have formed the intruding pegmatites is generally accepted as being the Two Sisters Granite to the west of the belt, and which probably underlies the entire area at depths of 5-10 km.
- Lithium mineralisation has been identified as occurring at Bilato’s (Picketts), Saffums 1 (amblygonite) and more recently at Grants, BP33 and Sandras.
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Drill hole • A summary of all information material to the understanding of the Information exploration results including a tabulation of the following information for all Material drill holes:
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easting and northing of the drill hole collar
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elevation or RL (Reduced Level – elevation above sea level in metres) of the drill hole collar
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dip and azimuth of the hole
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down hole length and interception depth
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ohole length.
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If the exclusion of this information is justified on the basis that the information is not Material and this exclusion does not detract from the understanding of the report, the Competent Person should clearly explain why this is the case.
| Hole ID | **Type ** | Easting | Northing | RL | Azimuth | Dip | Total Depth |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BEC050 | RC | 694395.0 | 8593474.0 | 14.1 | 90 | -60 | 60 | ||
| BEC051 | RC | 694415.0 | 8593474.0 | 11.1 | 90 | -60 | 60 | ||
| BEC052 | RC | 694452.0 | 8593497.0 | 10.2 | 90 | -60 | 54 | ||
| BEC053 BEC054 BEC055 |
RC RC RC |
694432.1 694480.0 694495.0 |
8593496.6 8593528.0 8593526.0 |
13.5 10.6 10.7 |
90 90 90 |
-60 -60 -60 |
59 39 24 |
||
| BEC056 | RC | 694460.0 | 8593528.0 | 12.7 | 90 | -60 | 36 | ||
| BEC057 | RC | 694472.0 | 8593496.0 | 11.1 | 90 | -60 | 36 | ||
| BEC058 | RC | 694435.0 | 8593473.0 | 10.4 | 90 | -60 | 64 | ||
| BEC059 BEC060 FMRD002 |
RC RC MRD |
694500.6 694482.0 694544.7 |
8593554.8 8593555.0 8593502.0 |
13.2 14.2 12.9 |
90 90 313 |
-60 -60 -65 |
66 42 176.9 |
||
| FMRD003 | MRD | 694526.0 | 8593457.5 | 12.7 | 313 | -65 | 194.9 | ||
| FMRD004 | MRD | 694487.9 | 8593423.9 | 12.8 | 321 | -66 | 186 | ||
| FMRD005 | MRD | 694357.7 | 8593470.2 | 15.9 | 133 | -66 | 125.8 | ||
| FRC001 | RC | 694433.8 | 8593517.0 | 15.6 | 125 | -55 | 111 | ||
| FRC002 | RC | 694473.5 | 8593443.2 | 13.6 | 303 | -55 | 113 | ||
| FRC003 | RC | 694509.7 | 8593468.7 | 13.0 | 305 | -55 | 136 | ||
| FRC004 | RC | 694407.8 | 8593497.4 | 16.2 | 125 | -55 | 106 | ||
| FRC102 | RC | 694378.2 | 8593520.0 | 17.0 | 132.84 | -60.87 | 185 | ||
| FRC103 | RC | 694433.2 | 8593541.6 | 15.9 | 133 | -65 | 173 | ||
| FRC104 | RC | 694466.7 | 8593568.0 | 15.6 | 133.65 | -65.79 | 155 | ||
| FRC105 | RC | 694341.7 | 8593486.9 | 17.0 | 133 | -65 | 124 |
| FRC106 | RC | 694571.4 | 8593603.2 | 13.5 | 182.89 | -60.17 | 119 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRC107 | RC | 694511.4 | 8593608.3 | 14.8 | 140.04 | -62.09 | 137 | ||
| FRC108 | RC | 694425.2 | 8593549.5 | 16.3 | 131.25 | -66.26 | 172 | ||
| FRCD004 | DDH | 694518.4 | 8593466.7 | 12.9 | 305 | -55 | 134.6 | ||
| FRCD007 | DDH | 694369.3 | 8593528.3 | 17.2 | 134.79 | -64.99 | 285 | ||
| LBRC001 | RC | 694533.0 | 8593573.0 | 14.2 | 128 | -80 | 78 | ||
| LBRC002 | RC | 694499.0 | 8593566.0 | 14.5 | 128 | -60 | 78 | ||
| LBRC052 | RC | 694472.0 | 8593589.0 | 15.5 | 138 | -67 | 175 | ||
| LBRC053 | RC | 694570.0 | 8593630.0 | 13.6 | 305 | -60 | 91 | ||
| LBRC054 | RC | 694585.0 | 8593611.0 | 13.3 | 318 | -60 | 73 | ||
| • In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or minimum grade truncations (e.g. cutting of high grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated. • Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high grade results and longer lengths of low grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of |
- Data • In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, aggregation maximum and/or minimum grade truncations (e.g. cutting of high methods grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated. • Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high grade results and longer lengths of low grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail.
| • The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values | ||
|---|---|---|
| should be clearly stated. | ||
| Relationship | • These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of | • The oblique nature of drillholes with respect to geology is discussed |
| between | Exploration Results. | above. Because of the dip of the hole, drill intersections are apparent |
| mineralisatio | • If the geometry of the mineralisation with respect to the drill hole | thicknesses and overall geological context is needed to estimate true |
| n widths and | angle is known, its nature should be reported. | thicknesses. Refer figures in report |
| intercept | • If it is not known and only the down hole lengths are reported, there | |
| lengths | should be a clear statement to this effect (e.g. ‘down hole length, | |
| _true width not known’). _ | ||
| Diagrams | • Appropriate maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of | • See figures in report. |
| intercepts should be included for any significant discovery being | ||
| reported These should include, but not be limited to a plan view of | ||
| drill hole collar locations and appropriate sectional views. |
| Balanced | • Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not | • Exploration results are discussed in the report and shown in figures. |
| reporting | practicable, representative reporting of both low and high grades | |
| and/or widths should be practiced to avoid misleading reporting of | ||
| Exploration Results. | ||
| Other | • Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be | • All meaningful and material data reported. |
| substantive | reported including (but not limited to): geological observations; | |
| exploration | geophysical survey results; geochemical survey results; bulk samples | |
| data | – size and method of treatment; metallurgical test results; bulk | |
| density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; | ||
| potential deleterious or contaminating substances. | ||
| Further work | • The nature and scale of planned further work (e.g. tests for lateral | • Core is continuing to assess BP33 in terms of expanding the resource |
| extensions or depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling). | and will soon embark on a drilling program to explore for extensions | |
| • Diagrams clearly highlighting the areas of possible extensions, | to the south, and infill to enable the resource to be partially | |
| including the main geological interpretations and future drilling | upgraded to Indicated. | |
| areas, provided this information is not commercially sensitive. | ||
| 103 |
Section 3 Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources
(Criteria listed in the preceding sections also apply to this section.)
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Database | • Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, for | • A data check of source assay data and survey data has been |
| integrity | example, transcription or keying errors, between its initial collection | undertaken and compared to the database. No translation issues |
| and its use for Mineral Resource estimation purposes. | have been identified. The data was validated during the | |
| • Data validation procedures used. | interpretation of the mineralisation, with no significant errors | |
| identified. Only RC and DDH holes have been included in the MRE. | ||
| • Data validation processes are in place and run upon import into | ||
| Micromine to be used for the MRE. Checks included: missing | ||
| intervals, overlapping intervals and any depth errors. | ||
| • A DEM topographyto DGPS collar check has been completed. | ||
| Site visits | • Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent Person and | • Graeme McDonald (CP) undertook a site visit during |
| the outcome of those visits. | November/December 2017. A review of the drilling, logging, | |
| • If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the case. | sampling and QAQC procedures has been undertaken. All processes | |
| andprocedures were in line with industrybestpractice. | ||
| Geological | • Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of) the geological | • The geological interpretation is considered robust due to the nature |
| interpretation | interpretation of the mineral deposit. |
of the mineralisation. The mineralisation is hosted within the |
| • Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made. | pegmatite. The locations of the hangingwall and footwall of the | |
| • The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral Resource | pegmatite intrusion are well understood with drilling which | |
| estimation. | penetrates both contacts. | |
| • The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource | • Diamond drill core and reverse circulation drill holes have been used | |
| estimation. | in the MRE. Lithology, structure, alteration and mineralisation data | |
| • The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology. | has been used to generate the mineralisation model. The primary | |
| assumption is that the mineralisation is hosted within structurally | ||
| controlled pegmatite, which is considered robust. Additional surface | ||
| exposure within the historic pit helps to constrain the pegmatite | ||
| contacts. Older BEC series RC drill holes were used as part of the | ||
| geological interpretation onlyas Li was not assayed. |
- Due to the relatively close spaced nature of the drilling data and the geological continuity conveyed by this dataset, no alternative interpretations have been considered.
- • The mineralisation interpretation is based on a lithium cut-off grade of 0.3% Li2O, hosted within the pegmatite.
- • The pegmatite is considered to be continuous over the length of the deposit. It thins and pinches out to the north and south. The mineralisation terminates approximately 40 m from the northern extent of the modelled pegmatite. A non-mineralised wall rock phase of 1-2m thickness is often present. A single grade domain has been identified and estimated using a hard boundary.
-
Dimensions • The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as length (along strike or otherwise), plan width, and depth below surface to the upper and lower limits of the Mineral Resource
-
Estimation • The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) and Modelling applied and key assumptions, including treatment of extreme grade techniques values, domaining, interpolation parameters and maximum distance of extrapolation from data points. If a computer assisted estimation method was chosen include a description of computer software and parameters used.
-
The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or mine production records and whether the Mineral Resource estimate takes appropriate account of such data.
• The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products. • Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade variables of economic significance (e.g. sulphur for acid mine drainage
-
The lithium is hosted within a 170m long section of mineralised pegmatite which strikes NE and averages 20-30m in true width.
-
• The pegmatite is sub-vertical to steeply east dipping and has been intersected at a depth of approximately 240m below surface.
-
• Whilst continuous, the pegmatite body does appear to narrow to the north but remains open to the south. The pegmatite is deeply weathered to depths of approximately 50m below surface.
-
Grade estimation of lithium has been completed using Ordinary Kriging (OK) into mineralised and unmineralized pegmatite domains using Micromine software. Variography has been undertaken on the grade domain composite data. Variogram orientations are largely controlled by the strike and dip of the mineralisation.
-
No previous estimates are available for comparative analysis. A check estimate using an alternative estimation technique (ID2) has also been undertaken.
-
• No assumptions have been made regarding recovery of any byproducts.
-
• Fe is considered to be a deleterious element. However, it is known that Fe contamination exists in the assayed samples due to the use of
characterisation).
-
In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average sample spacing and the search employed.
-
Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units.
-
Any assumptions about correlation between variables.
-
Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates.
-
Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping.
-
The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drillhole data, and use of reconciliation data if available.
steel drill rods, bits and steel milling equipment. By comparing RC and DD assays as well as data from blanks and check assays undertaken at an independent umpire laboratory using non-steelbased tungsten carbide mills, the level of contamination was shown to be both substantial and highly variable and difficult to correct. For this reason, Fe has not been estimated as it is known that the raw data is contaminated and will therefore result in an estimate that is misleading. No other deleterious elements have been considered and therefore estimated for this deposit.
-
The data spacing varies considerably within the deposit ranging from surface drill holes at an approximate spacing of 25 m by 30 m, to deep exploration drill holes at spacings greater than 100 m by 30 m. A parent block size of 5 m (X) by 10 m (Y) by 10 m (Z) with a sub-block size of 1.25 m (X) by 2.5 m (Y) by 2.5 m (Z) has been used to define the mineralisation, with the lithium estimated at the parent block scale.
-
Pass 1 estimation has been undertaken using a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 20 samples into a search ellipse with a radius of 50m, with samples from a minimum of two drill holes.
-
Pass 2 estimation has been undertaken using a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 20 samples into a search ellipse with a radius of 100m, with samples from a minimum of two drill holes.
-
Pass 3 estimation has been undertaken using a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 20 samples into a search ellipse with a radius of 150m, with samples from a minimum of two drill holes.
-
Pass 4 estimation has been undertaken to populate any remaining blocks. All criteria remained the same as for pass 3 but with a minimum of one drill hole.
-
No selective mining units are assumed in this estimate.
-
Lithium only has been estimated within the lithium mineralised domain. No correlation between variables has been assumed.
-
The mineralisation and geological wireframes have been used to flag the drill hole intercepts in the drill hole assay file. The flagged intercepts have then been used to create composites in Micromine. The composite length is 1 m in all data.
-
The influence of extreme sample distribution outliers in the composited data has been determined using a combination of histograms and log probability plots. It was decided that no top-cuts need to be applied.
-
Model validation has been carried out, including visual comparison between composites and estimated blocks; check for negative or absent grades; statistical comparison against the input drill hole data and graphical plots.
-
Moisture • Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with natural moisture, and the method of determination of the moisture content.
-
Cut-off • The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters parameters applied. Mining factors • Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, minimum or mining dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, external) mining assumptions dilution. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential mining methods, but the assumptions made regarding mining methods and parameters when estimating Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the mining assumptions made.
-
The tonnes have been estimated on a dry basis.
-
For the reporting of the Mineral Resource Estimate, a 0.75 Li2O% cutoff has been used after consultation with Core Lithium.
-
It has been assumed that the traditional open cut mining method of drill, blast, load and haul will be used. No other assumptions have been made.
| Metallurgical | • The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding metallurgical | • No metallurgical recoveries have been applied since the material is |
| factors or | amenability. It is always necessary as part of the process of | expected to be shipped as DSO or a simple concentrate if mined. |
| assumptions | determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction | |
| to consider potential metallurgical methods, but the assumptions | ||
| regarding metallurgical treatment processes and parameters made | ||
| when reporting Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. | ||
| Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of | ||
| the basis of the metallurgical assumptions made. | ||
| Environmenta | • Assumptions made regarding possible waste and process residue | • No environmental assumptions have been made during the MRE. |
| l factors or | disposal options. It is always necessary as part of the process of | |
| assumptions | determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction | |
| to consider the potential environmental impacts of the mining and | ||
| processing operation. While at this stage the determination of | ||
| potential environmental impacts, particularly for a greenfields | ||
| project, may not always be well advanced, the status of early | ||
| consideration of these potential environmental impacts should be | ||
| reported. Where these aspects have not been considered this should | ||
| be reported with an explanation of the environmental assumptions | ||
| made. | ||
| Bulk density | • Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the | • Water immersion and pychnometer density determinations have |
| assumptions. If determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, | been undertaken by NAL on samples from 6 diamond core drill holes | |
| the frequency of the measurements, the nature, size and | spread across the BP33 deposit. Analysis of this data was used in the | |
| representativeness of the samples. | determination of the fresh pegmatite density for assignment in the | |
| • The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by | Mineral Resource estimate. A bulk density value of 2.74 g/cm3has | |
| methods that adequately account for void spaces (vugs, porosity, | been applied to the fresh pegmatite and has been coded into the | |
| etc), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones | model. This value is considered to be conservative and lower than a | |
| within the deposit. | theoretical value based on the pegmatite mineralogy. | |
| • Discuss assumptions for bulk density estimates used in the evaluation | ||
| process of the different materials. | ||
| Classification | • The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into varying | • The resource classification has been applied to the MR estimate |
| 108 |
confidence categories.
-
Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant factors (i.e. relative confidence in tonnage/grade estimations, reliability of input data, confidence in continuity of geology and metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data).
-
Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person’s view of the deposit.
-
Audits or • The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource estimates.
reviews
Discussion of • Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and relative confidence level in the Mineral Resource estimate using an approach accuracy/conf or procedure deemed appropriate by the Competent Person. For idence example, the application of statistical or geostatistical procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the resource within stated confidence limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of the factors that could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate.
- The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnages, which should be relevant to technical and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the procedures used.
based on the drilling data spacing, grade and geological continuity, and data integrity.
-
The classification takes into account the relative contributions of geological and data quality and confidence, as well as grade confidence and continuity.
-
The classification reflects the view of the Competent Person.
-
This Mineral Resource estimate has not been audited by an external party.
-
The relative accuracy of the Mineral Resource estimate is reflected in the reporting of the Mineral Resource as per the guidelines of the 2012 JORC Code.
-
The statement relates to global estimates of tonnes and grade.
-
No production records have been supplied as part of the scope of works, so no comparison or reconciliation has been made. Historically, only a small amount of tin/tantalum has been produced from weathered pegmatite from shallow pits by Greenbushes in the 1980’s. This is well above the top of fresh rock reported in the current resource estimate.
-
These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be compared with production data, where available.
Section 4 Estimation and Reporting of Ore Reserves Grants & BP33
(Criteria listed in section 1, and where relevant in sections 2 and 3, also apply to this section.)
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | Commentary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | • Description of the Mineral Resource estimate used as a basis for the | • | The Ore Reserve Estimate is based on the Grants and BP33 |
| Resource | conversion to an Ore Reserve. | Mineral Resource released to the ASX on the 22ndOctober and | |
| estimate for | • Clear statement as to whether the Mineral Resources are reported | 6thNovember 2018, by Core Lithium, competent persons: Mr. | |
| conversion to | additional to, or inclusive of, the Ore Reserves. | Graeme McDonald (Consulting Geologist to Core Lithium Ltd) & | |
| Ore Reserves | Mr Blair Duncan (General Manager Project Development Core | ||
| Lithium Ltd). The Minerals Resources are reported inclusive of | |||
| the Ore Reserves. Mr. Duncan has relied on the integrity and | |||
| accuracy of the Mineral Resource for this Ore Reserve estimate. | |||
| Site visits | • Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent Person and | • | The Competent Person is currently the General Manager Project |
| the outcome of those visits. | Development and has visited the site on numerous occasions. | ||
| • If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the case. | Whilst preparing this estimate the Competent Person has | ||
| satisfied himself that the data and analysis used in this estimate | |||
| is appropriate for the proposed operating conditions for the | |||
| project. | |||
| Study status | • The type and level of study undertaken to enable Mineral Resources | • | This maiden Ore Reserve estimate has been produced during the |
| to be converted to Ore Reserves. | April 2019 Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS).The Ore Reserve | ||
| • The Code requires that a study to at least Pre-Feasibility Study level | considered only the Measured and Indicated Resources | ||
| has been undertaken to convert Mineral Resources to Ore Reserves. | published as part of the Mineral Resource estimated announced | ||
| Such studies will have been carried out and will have determined a | for Grants and BP33 deposits on the 22ndOctober and 6th | ||
| mine plan that is technically achievable and economically viable, and | November 2018 respectively. | ||
| that material Modifying Factors have been considered. | • | It should be noted that there is an additional 14% contained | |
| metal as Inferred resources within the Ore Reserve pit designs | |||
| which has been assigned zero revenue for the purposes of this | |||
| Ore Reserve estimate. | |||
| • | Theproject is considered technicallyachievable and |
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | ||
| economically viable. The resulting mine plan considered material | ||||
| Modifying Factors such as dilution and ore loss, various project | ||||
| boundary constraints, processing recoveries and all costs | ||||
| associated with mining, processing, transporting and selling the | ||||
| product to beproduced bythe operation. | ||||
| Cut-off | • The basis of the cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied. | • | The Mineral Resource provided was a geologically domained | |
| parameters | resource; this geological model was modified for ore loss and | |||
| dilution and evaluated to determine which blocks produced cash | ||||
| surplus when treated as ore. The Ore Reserve was estimated | ||||
| using a 0.75% Li2O cutoff. The cut-off grade contemplates all | ||||
| _pre-tax costs associated with the processing and selling of a Li2O _ | ||||
| concentrate product. The following costs: | ||||
o Incremental ore haulage to the process plant RoM |
||||
o Stockpile re-handle |
||||
o Processing |
||||
o Road transport |
||||
o Ship loading |
||||
o Royalties |
||||
o General overhead cost and administration |
||||
| • | are all easily paid for by the 0.75% Li2O cutoff. The revenue was | |||
| determined using an average price for Li2O concentrate of | ||||
| US$687 per tonne and an exchange rate of US$0.70 per | ||||
| AU$1.00. Process recoveries were applied as outlined below | ||||
| under “Metallurgical Factors or Assumptions”. | ||||
| Mining factors | • The method and assumptions used as reported in the Pre-Feasibility | • | Pit optimisations & sensitivity analysis were completed using | |
| or | or Feasibility Study to convert the Mineral Resource to an Ore | Whittle software to produce a range of pit shells using | ||
| assumptions | Reserve (i.e. either by application of appropriate factors by | recommended slope design criteria, mining dilution, ore loss and | ||
| optimisation or by preliminary or detailed design). | processing recoveries together with mining, processing, | |||
| • The choice,nature and appropriateness of the selected mining | transport and sales cost estimates,and revenueprojections to | |||
| 111 |
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | Commentary |
|---|---|---|---|
| method(s) and other mining parameters including associated design | form the basis for detailed pit designs and subsequent mining | ||
| issues such as pre-strip, access, etc. | and processing schedules. | ||
| • The assumptions made regarding geotechnical parameters (eg pit | • | A conventional open pit mine method was chosen as the basis of | |
| slopes, stope sizes, etc), grade control and pre-production drilling. | the DFS. Ore occurs approximately 50m below surface meaning | ||
| • The major assumptions made and Mineral Resource model used for | pre-stripping is required. Pre-stripping has been allowed for. | ||
| pit and stope optimisation (if appropriate). | Selective mining methods of the ore zone have been assumed | ||
| • The mining dilution factors used. | with a Smallest Mining Unit (SMU) size of 5m x 5m x 2.5m (XYZ) | ||
| • The mining recovery factors used. | applied to the resource block model regularisation process to | ||
| • Any minimum mining widths used. | produce a diluted mining model. This SMU size was selected as |
| form the basis for detailed pit designs and subsequent mining | |
|---|---|
| and processing schedules. | |
| • | A conventional open pit mine method was chosen as the basis of |
| the DFS. Ore occurs approximately 50m below surface meaning | |
| pre-stripping is required. Pre-stripping has been allowed for. | |
| Selective mining methods of the ore zone have been assumed | |
| with a Smallest Mining Unit (SMU) size of 5m x 5m x 2.5m (XYZ) | |
| applied to the resource block model regularisation process to | |
| produce a diluted mining model. This SMU size was selected as | |
| the most appropriate block size considering the mining fleet and | |
| mining methods proposed by the preferred Mining Contractor | |
| Tender submission. Selective ore mining will also be supported | |
| by machine guidance systems, production blasthole grade | |
| control processes, and the highly visual nature of ore in | |
| comparison to the waste material. | |
| • | Pit slope design criteria is based on a DFS geotechnical study |
| completed by SRK consultants in September 2018. Design | |
| sectors are based on the weathered, transitional and fresh rock | |
| zones as they occur vertically through the mining sequence. The | |
| slope design criteria selected for pit designs is based on a non- | |
| depressurised slope. | |
| • | The mine schedule is based on a processing plant nameplate |
| capacity of 1.0Mtpa (dry) and the mining excavator fleet | |
| proposed by the preferred Mining Contractor that has an | |
| average annual mining capacity of 16 Mtpa (dry) over the mine | |
| life. Grants will be mined in two stages with an initial pit followed | |
| by a final cutback, with BP33 mined in one stage. The diluted | |
| mining model has been used to develop the equipment based | |
| mine schedule and assumes effective operation of the mining |
• The manner in which Inferred Mineral Resources are utilised in mining studies and the sensitivity of the outcome to their inclusion. • The infrastructure requirements of the selected mining methods.
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
-
Commentary fleet and is based on realistic utilisation estimates.
-
• Ore loss and Dilution factors are based on the diluted resource block models developed from the regularisation process. Global ore loss and dilution results for both pits are:
| Grants Resource | Ore (dry tonnes) |
Li2O% | % Ore Tonnage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Undiluted | 2,884,603 | 1.48 | - |
| Ore Loss (OL) | 268,133 | 1.30 | 9.3% |
| Dilution (D) | 160,390 | 0.09 | 5.6% |
| Diluted (Undil - OL + D) | 2,776,860 | 1.42 | -3.7% |
| BP33 Resource | Ore (dry tonnes) |
Li2O% | % Ore Tonnage |
| Undiluted | 2,143,955 | 1.51 | - |
| Ore Loss (OL) | 262,735 | 1.22 | 12.3% |
| Dilution (D) | 96,946 | 0.14 | 4.5% |
| Diluted | 1,978,166 | 1.48 | -7.7% |
| (Undil - OL+D) |
-
Ramp widths for pit designs vary from 19m for single to 26m for double lane at a maximum operating gradient of 10%.
-
Minimum mining widths for the pit design are 40m with tight digging areas and “good-bye” cuts at the base of the pit a minimum of 20m.
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| • Inferred Mineral Resource for the purpose of the Ore Reserve |
||
| estimate is treated as waste which has been economically | ||
| carried by the Ore. In addition, Inferred Resources were included | ||
| in several pit optimisation runs to ensure infrastructure and | ||
| waste dumps were not located on potential future economic | ||
| resource. | ||
| • Mining Infrastructure required to support the mine plan includes |
||
| waste rock dumps, ROM pad, haul roads, crusher and processing | ||
| plant, tailings storage facility, explosives storage facility, water | ||
| storage, workshops and other buildings required for a contract | ||
| mining operation. | ||
| Metallurgical | • The metallurgical process proposed and the appropriateness of that | For Lithium ore the DFS economics considered processing comprising |
| factors or | process to the style of mineralisation. | dense media gravity separation (DMS) of the 0.5mm to 6.3mm fraction |
| assumptions | • Whether the metallurgical process is well-tested technology or novel | after P100 crushing to 6.3mm. This process is considered lowest risk |
| in nature. | methodology for the ore type comprising zoned, very coarse grained, | |
| • The nature, amount and representativeness of metallurgical test work | spodumene-α pegmatite. The rejects will be stockpiled for possible future | |
| undertaken, the nature of the metallurgical domaining applied and | use, but nil revenue was attributed to them. The minus 0.5mm fines are | |
| the corresponding metallurgical recovery factors applied. | to be placed in a purpose built tailings storage facility (TSF) but | |
| • Any assumptions or allowances made for deleterious elements. | essentially thrown away. Four generations of metallurgical test work was | |
| • The existence of any bulk sample or pilot scale test work and the | used to arrive at the final process flowsheet & the competent person | |
| degree to which such samples are considered representative of the | visited comparable operations in WA to satisfy himself that the flowsheet | |
| orebody as a whole. | of a full scale plant is applicable. The introduction of a re-crush facility on | |
| • For minerals that are defined by a specification, has the ore reserve | DMS middlings was key to consistently producing grades of 5.5% or | |
| estimation been based on the appropriate mineralogy to meet the | better at acceptable recoveries of over 70%. This necessitated a primary | |
| specifications? | and secondary DMS circuit on the coarser +2mm fraction, so that the | |
| secondary coarse DMS floats could be re-crushed and recycled. | ||
| Separating the -2mm +0.5mm fines and incorporating a separate fines | ||
| _DMS circuit was considered to be necessary to ensure theplant design _ |
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | ||
| was | sufficiently robust to cater for any unexpected variability in the ore | |||
| body. | ||||
| Environmental | • The status of studies of potential environmental impacts of the |
• | Appropriate environmental studies have been completed over the | |
| mining and processing operation. Details of waste rock | project area. No issues have been identified that would material | |||
| characterisation and the consideration of potential sites, status of design options considered and, where applicable, the status of approvals for process residue storage and waste dumps should be reported. |
impact the proposed location of the pit, infrastructure or waste rock dumps (WRDs). Backfilling of the pit has not been proposed to avoid potential sterilisation of future extensions to the ore reserve. |
|||
| Sterilisation drilling of some WRD footprints has been undertaken | ||||
| with further programs proposed and to be completed prior to the | ||||
| confirmation of the location of the proposed WRD locations. No | ||||
| issues have been identified that will materially impact on the | ||||
| proposed locations. Preliminary waste rock characterisations | ||||
| studies have been completed to a sufficient level of confidence. | ||||
| Further characterision work is currently being completed to bring | ||||
| the project into line with the Department of Mines and Petroleum, | ||||
| Western Australia Guidelines for Preparing Mine Closure Plans, | ||||
| 2015 (which is the NT Governments standard). Management of top | ||||
| soil material including pre-stripping prior to mining and storage for | ||||
| future incremental rehabilitation was allowed for in this estimate. | ||||
| The Notice of Intent for the project was decided upon by the NT | ||||
| EPA & an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was required. | ||||
| There are no high risk environmental elements identified. | ||||
| • | The draft EIS has been assessed by the NTEPA following the public | |||
| comments period. A supplementary was requested & this has been | ||||
| prepared & submitted. NTEPA advice is that the assessment report | ||||
| 115 |
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | ||
| will be finalised on April 26, 2019. This will result in the project | ||||
| achieving approval under the Environmental Assessment Act. | ||||
| • | The Mining Management Plan (MMP) is advanced & will be | |||
| submitted during April 2019 to DPIR. The DPIR continue to advise | ||||
| that their expected time frame for assessment is 30 days. Once the | ||||
| MMP is assessed & accepted the security estimate is to be agreed | ||||
| between Core & DPIR. Once agreed & the deposit is paid the Mining | ||||
| Authorisation can be issued. | ||||
| • | As such there are reasonable grounds to expect that all remaining | |||
| secondary approvals will be received within the timeframes | ||||
| required for project development | ||||
| Infrastructure | • The existence of appropriate infrastructure: availability of land for | • | Sufficient land exists to locate all proposed infrastructure, tailings | |
| plant development, power, water, transportation (particularly for bulk | storage facilities (TSF) and waste rock dumps required for the | |||
| commodities), labour, accommodation; or the ease with which the | project. | |||
| infrastructure can be provided, or accessed. | • | Product export will be via Darwin Port facilities, 88 km by road & an | ||
| entirely sealed road. A formal application for Access has been made. | ||||
| Darwin Port is now conducting a Feasibility Study on the projects | ||||
| access requirements. | ||||
| • | Power will be generated on site to meet the needs of the crushing | |||
| plant, process plant and supporting infrastructure. | ||||
| • | A water balance assessment has determined the water resources | |||
| from the existing Observation Hill dam will need to be augmented by | ||||
| a second dam to the east of the project & both of these dams will be | ||||
| sufficient to meet the needs of the operation. An ancillary Mineral | ||||
| Lease over the Observation Hill dam area is under application. | ||||
| • | The workforce requiredfor the operation will be engaged on a | |||
| 116 |
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | ||
| residential basis. | ||||
| Costs | • The derivation of, or assumptions made, regarding projected capital | • | Capital costs: Capital estimates are based on the current forecast | |
| costs in the study. | project capital costs of A$76.5 million (inclusive of contingency and | |||
| • The methodology used to estimate operating costs. | pre-production operating costs). Operating Costs: Mining costs are | |||
| • Allowances made for the content of deleterious elements. • The source of exchange rates used in the study. • Derivation of transportation charges. • The basis for forecasting or source of treatment and refining charges, penalties for failure to meet specification, etc. |
based on Mining Contractor tender submissions with a preferred contractor announced to the ASX on the 24thJanuary 2019. Mining Costs also consider activities for mining team operating costs, management and maintenance, mobile plant maintenance |
|||
| • The allowances made for royalties payable, both Government and | infrastructure, ore rehandle and crusher feed, clear and grub, top | |||
| private. | soil management, and rehabilitation and mine closure criteria. The | |||
| life of mine average mining cost was estimated to be $9.90 per bcm | ||||
| of material mined. The processing costs was estimated to be $20.36 | ||||
| per tonne of ore treated and based upon tender submissions for | ||||
| Crushing & Screening and Operating & Maintenance proposal from | ||||
| Primero Group for the DMS plant. General and Administration costs | ||||
| were prepared by Core Lithium and estimated to be $4.32 per | ||||
| tonne of concentrate produced. Transport costs were derived from | ||||
| Qube Bulk who have been awarded preferred contractor status. The | ||||
| accepted tender rate is $8.54/t of product. | ||||
| • | NT royalties in accordance with prevailing legislation has been | |||
| modelled with the help of KPMG. The modeling results in an | ||||
| effective Royalty of 8.2% of Revenue. There are no Third-party | ||||
| royalties associated with the project. | ||||
| • | Total costs per tonne of concentrate produced are estimated to be | |||
| A$509 excluding pre-strip costs which are included in the capital | ||||
| cost noted above.. | ||||
| 117 |
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | ||
| • | All capital and operating costs have been estimated to a DFS level of | |||
| confidence +/-15% | ||||
| Revenue | • The derivation of, or assumptions made regarding revenue factors | • | Core Lithium commissioned Benchmark Mineral Intelligence to | |
| factors | including head grade, metal or commodity price(s) exchange rates, | provide Li2O price forecasts. The commissioned forecasts provided | ||
| transportation and treatment charges, penalties, net smelter returns, | forecast data well beyond the duration of the project in Real & | |||
| etc. | Nominal terms for a 6.0% spodumene concentrate. A factor of | |||
| • The derivation of assumptions made of metal or commodity price(s), | 91.67% was used to derive the price for a 5.5% Spodumene | |||
| for the principal metals, minerals and co-products. | concentrate. | |||
| Market | • The demand, supply and stock situation for the particular commodity, | • |
Core has entered into off take agreements for the sale of up to 30% | |
| assessment | consumption trends and factors likely to affect supply and demand | of battery grade Li2O concentrate production. This cornerstone | ||
| into the future. | offtake agreement is with Sichuan Yahua Industrial Group Co Ltd | |||
| • A customer and competitor analysis along with the identification of | (Yahua). The executed agreement was announced on the ASX on 1 | |||
| likely market windows for the product. | April 2019. The Yahua agreement is for approximately 40% of | |||
| • Price and volume forecasts and the basis for these forecasts. | annual concentrate production. | |||
| • For industrial minerals the customer specification, testing and | • | Strong interest from China, Japan & Korea continues to suggest that | ||
| acceptance requirements prior to a supply contract. | there will be no sales risk for the Spodumene concentrate. | |||
| Economic | • The inputs to the economic analysis to produce the net present value | • | Lerchs-Grossman analysis of the deposit, via Whittle software, has | |
| (NPV) in the study, the source and confidence of these economic | been conducted to focus development around the economic portion | |||
| inputs including estimated inflation, discount rate, etc. | of the deposit. Discounting interest rate of 10% was applied. | |||
| • NPV ranges and sensitivity to variations in the significant assumptions | Sensitivities conducted indicate the project is most sensitive to direct | |||
| and inputs. | revenue factors such as price, metallurgical recovery, mining cost, | |||
| wall angles and processing cost. These were completed using either | ||||
| +/- 20% from assumed values or in the case of wall angle ± 5⁰. Net | ||||
| Present Value (NPV) for all sensitivities examined for the project is | ||||
| positive. | ||||
| • | Financial modelling of the project following optimization, mine | |||
| design & scheduling has demonstrated thefollowing financial | ||||
| 118 |
| Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary |
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary |
|---|---|
| results: NPV10 AU$ $ 98,190,764 IRR % 71% Payback Months 22 Sensitivities on Costs, Revenue, Exchange Rate & Discount rate all demonstrate a positive NPV. Dollars in the table are AUD & $millions. Costs NPV -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% DMS $155 $126 $98 $68 $38 Revenue NPV -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% DMS $33 $65 $98 $128 $159 Exchange Rate NPV 0.65 0.70 0.75 DMS $121 $98 $76 Discount Rate NPV 8% 10% 12% DMS $104 $98 $90 |
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Social • The status of agreements with key stakeholders and matters leading to social licence to operate.
-
Core Lithium has not identified or encountered any obstruction to gaining a social license to operate.
-
The Mineral Lease was granted in January 2019 with no native title claims.
| Criteria JORC Code explanation |
Commentary |
| • The project was issued an Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority certificate on 29 March 2019. |
|
| Other • To the extent relevant, the impact of the following on the project and/or on the estimation and classification of the Ore Reserves: • Any identified material naturally occurring risks. • The status of material legal agreements and marketing arrangements. • The status of governmental agreements and approvals critical to the viability of the project, such as mineral tenement status, and government and statutory approvals. There must be reasonable grounds to expect that all necessary Government approvals will be received within the timeframes anticipated in the Pre-Feasibility or Feasibility study. Highlight and discuss the materiality of any unresolved matter that is dependent on a third party on which extraction of the reserve is contingent. |
• The project area is located on Vacant Crown Land. The underlying tenure EL29698 is owned 100% by Core. The mineral lease ML31726 is granted. • The Darwin area is prone to cyclone activity throughout December, January, February, March & April each year. Production estimates have considered the impact of such events. • No naturally occurring material risks have been identified. |
| Classification • The basis for the classification of the Ore Reserves into varying confidence categories. • Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person’s view of the deposit. • The proportion of Probable Ore Reserves that have been derived from Measured Mineral Resources (if any). |
• Only Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource within the final pit designs were considered and were classified by application of the appropriate mining modifying factors to a Probable Ore Reserve in accordance with the JORC Code (2012). The Competent Person considers that, based on experience with projects of a similar nature, the Ore Reserve Estimate reflects a reasonable expectation of selective mining from a Spodumene pegmatite deposit. Deposit /R esource Classification Tonnes (Mt) Grade (Li2O%) Contained Metal (kt) Grants Proved 1.0 1.4 14.9 Grants Probable 0.8 1.5 11.6 |
| Criteria JORC Code explanation |
Commentary |
|---|---|
| Grants Sub-total 1.8 1.5 26.5 BP33 Probable 0.4 1.3 5.7 Total Reserves 2.2 1.4 32.2 |
|
| Audits or reviews • The results of any audits or reviews of Ore Reserve estimates. |
• This Ore Reserve estimate has not been audited. This Ore Reserve estimate was completed to a level of accuracy considered to be: +/-15%. There are no modifying factors identified at the time of this statement that are not accounted for and that would have a material impact on the Ore Reserve estimate. |
| Discussion of relative accuracy/ confidence • Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and confidence level in the Ore Reserve estimate using an approach or procedure deemed appropriate by the Competent Person. For example, the application of statistical or geostatistical procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the reserve within stated confidence limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of the factors which could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate. |
• The Ore Reserve estimate is based on the following key elements: o The diluted Measured and Indicated Mineral Resourcesinside the pit designs o Mine planning and scheduling assumptions based ondetailed Mining Contract tender submission, and current industry practices suited to the style of deposit and |
-
Mine planning and scheduling assumptions based on detailed Mining Contract tender submission, and current industry practices suited to the style of deposit and mineralization
-
The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnages, which should be relevant to technical and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the procedures used.
-
Consideration of all other mining, metallurgical, social, environmental, statutory and financial aspects of eth project
-
Accuracy and confidence discussions should extend to specific discussions of any applied Modifying Factors that may have a material impact on Ore Reserve viability, or for which there are remaining areas of uncertainty at the current study stage.
-
Cost estimates completed with a relative accuracy of +/15% and is in line with the guidelines published in the AUSIMM Cost Estimation Handbook Monograph 27
-
As part of the DFS, Core Lithium have engaged preferred contractors for the Mining Operation, and EPC and Front Ed Engineering & Design of the Processing Plant
-
It is recognised that this may not be possible or appropriate in all circumstances. These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be compared with production data, where
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary | ||
| available. | • | There are no unforeseen modifying factors at the time of this | ||
| statement that will have any material impact on the Ore Reserve | ||||
| estimate. | ||||
| 122 |