Alfen N.V.

alf-2023-12-31-en 724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-01-012023-12-31iso4217:EUR724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-01-012022-12-31iso4217:EURxbrli:sharesxbrli:shares724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-12-31724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-12-31724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902021-12-31ifrs-full:IssuedCapitalMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902021-12-31ifrs-full:SharePremiumMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902021-12-31ifrs-full:RetainedEarningsMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902021-12-31alf:ResultOfTheYearMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902021-12-31724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-01-012022-12-31ifrs-full:IssuedCapitalMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-01-012022-12-31ifrs-full:SharePremiumMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-01-012022-12-31ifrs-full:RetainedEarningsMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-01-012022-12-31alf:ResultOfTheYearMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-12-31ifrs-full:IssuedCapitalMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-12-31ifrs-full:SharePremiumMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-12-31ifrs-full:RetainedEarningsMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902022-12-31alf:ResultOfTheYearMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-01-012023-12-31ifrs-full:IssuedCapitalMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-01-012023-12-31ifrs-full:SharePremiumMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-01-012023-12-31ifrs-full:RetainedEarningsMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-01-012023-12-31alf:ResultOfTheYearMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-12-31ifrs-full:IssuedCapitalMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-12-31ifrs-full:SharePremiumMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-12-31ifrs-full:RetainedEarningsMember724500HDW6IWR9J5YT902023-12-31alf:ResultOfTheYearMember Contents 2023 at a glance 3 About Alfen 4 Report of the Management Board 6 Business review 7 2023 month-by-month 11 Financial performance 13 EU Taxonomy 17 Risks and uncertainties 24 Corporate Sustainability Reporting 30 Corporate governance 42 Report of the Supervisory Board 50 Financial statements 59 Consolidated financial statements 60 Company financial statements 85 Other information 92 2Alfen - Annual Report 2023 3Alfen - Annual Report 2023 About Alfen ___ Company profile Alfen operates at the heart of the energy transition providing smart energy solutions to enable the electricity grid of the future: reliable, sustainable and innovative. We have a unique combination of activities as we design, engineer, develop, produce and service smart grids, energy storage systems, and electric vehicle charging equipment. We combine our activities in integrated solutions to address the electricity challenges of our clients. We build on our vast experience of 86 years in the energy industry. We have a market leading position in the Netherlands and are on track for fast international growth benefitting from our first mover advantage. We are headquartered in Almere, the Netherlands, where we reside in four buildings with associated production facilities. In addition we are present in 12 other European countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom and serve the rest of Europe through our partners and resellers. Our growing business Smart grid solutions EV charging equipment Energy storage systems Since 1937 Since 2008 Since 2011 Solutions: Alfen offers an in-house developed, produced and assembled range of secondary transformer substations for grid operators. Alfen supplies microgrids (incl. substations) and supplementary offerings to grid connect amongst others PV farms, EV fast-charging hubs and industrial companies. What makes it smart? Alfen offers in- house developed and produced devices for grid automation and a proprietary back-end system for remote management and control of electricity grids. Markets: Focus on Benelux, Finland & Sweden. Solutions: Alfen offers an in-house developed and produced range of smart and connected electric vehicle (EV) chargers for use at destinations such as home, retail, workplace and public locations in the range of 3 – 22kW. Alfen is a pure B2B player. What makes it smart? Alfen has a proprietary online management platform for our charging infrastructure and offers standardized solutions for smart charging, load balancing, charging hubs and Plug&Charge functionality. Markets: Europe with local sales presence in 13 countries and products installed in 30+ countries. Solutions: We offer an in-house developed and produced range of stationary and mobile battery energy storage solutions. Our systems are used for applications such as load balancing, peak shaving, grid frequency control and energy trading. What makes it smart? Our proprietary developed embedded software and back-office enables remote monitoring and control and supports all major storage applications. Markets: Europe with products installed in 12 countries. Integrated solutions Besides offering smart products and services for all three business lines, we also offer integrated solutions across our business lines where we can seamlessly combine and integrate our products and services. This is increasingly needed to address the growing complexity of the energy challenges emerging from the energy transition. 4Alfen - Annual Report 2023 5Alfen - Annual Report 2023 6Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Business review ___ Robust growth in a volatile energy transition In 2023, the disruptive supply chain effects from COVID-19 diminished. At Alfen, we witnessed this in a variety of ways. Lead times for our incoming components shortened. Gas and electricity prices decreased significantly compared to the peak prices in 2022. Inflation became less pronounced over the course of the year. However, the downstream supply chain for EV Charging did face knock-on effects from COVID-19. In 2022, distribution channels across Europe increased their inventory levels of EV chargers to buffer for the disruptions in the supply chain. In 2023, distribution channels preferred to destock their warehouses before ordering large new batches of EV chargers. The entire market of EV chargepoint OEMs faced this volatility, but because Alfen was able to scale up production in 2022 like no other, the impact was more pronounced. Volatile times like this prove the value of our diversified business model. In 2023, the breakthrough of Energy Storage unfolded as we more than tripled revenues. Smart Grid Solutions further accelerated growth with stronger demand from the grid operators, as well as a private networks business that was no longer hampered by supply chain constraints. While some peers in EV Charging declared insolvency or raised capital, Alfen continued to achieve profitable growth without needing to raise capital, building on our strong balance sheet and 3 synergetic business lines. With our business lines more in balance from a revenue perspective than ever before, we expect the year-on-year volatility in our business line mix to be much lower than we have seen in 2022 and 2023. Stimulative regulation and policies The global energy transition was further underpinned with this year's United Nations Climate Change Conference of Parties (COP). The 28th COP in Dubai marked the first conference in which an explicit reference to moving away from fossil fuels was included in the final decision text. At the conference, 118 countries signed a pledge to accelerate investments in renewables, committing to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030. Europe’s energy transition was further underpinned with the Renewable Energy Directive III. The European Commission released the REPowerEU plan in May 2022 which aims to increase renewables in final energy consumption to 42.5% by 2030, while targeting for 45%. In November, the Renewable Energy Directive III went into force. Making the renewable energy target legally binding cements last year's REPowerEU proposal to raise the renewable energy target. We have also seen significant steps in regulation that promote our business lines more specifically. In the context of our EV Charging business, the EU has adopted the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). After almost 2 years of negotiations, adopting AFIR is a significant step towards facilitating electric driving in Europe. This new regulation will drive the chargepoint market towards smarter charging with more consideration for end-user needs. Alfen considers this an important step forward on multiple fronts such as increased cost transparency, accessible payment methods, and an enhanced user experience. Additionally, it gives the EU member states mandatory targets for their public charging infrastructure, which will further stimulate EV adoption. 7Alfen - Annual Report 2023 In the context of Smart Grid Solutions, Alfen is increasingly seeing EU policymakers recognize grid constraints as one of the key bottlenecks to realize climate ambitions. The EU has put in place a legal framework to support grid rollouts with the revised TEN-E regulation, the revised Renewable Energy Directive and proposals for a Net-Zero Industry Act and a reformed electricity market design. The EU also launched an action plan to make sure electricity grids will operate more efficiently and be rolled out further and faster. In the context of Energy Storage Systems, the reformed electricity market design and the European Commission's adopted recommendations on energy storage prove that energy storage is an indispensable part of the energy transition. It gives the market a clear direction and requires member states to map their flexibility needs, enhancing energy storage adoption and removing existing barriers in the EU faster. Favourable end market develop- ments for all our business lines Throughout 2023, our end markets continued to develop favourably as the energy transition gained more momentum across Europe. EV Charging The European market for EV charge points has a long- term growth trend with a CAGR of 15-20% from 2022-2027 (source: BNEF and Guidehouse). This long- term growth trend was also visible in 2023 with the number of Battery Electric Vehicles registered in Europe increasing by ~28% versus 2022. The number of Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) decreased by ~3% over the same period. In general, national governments shifted subsidies mostly towards BEVs, while the PHEVs subsidies diminished. In 2022, our revenues grew exceptionally due to a peak in demand after COVID-19 measures were released and inventory build-up by our channel partners. Alfen was well positioned to benefit from this market growth with our strict supply chain management, as well as our portfolio of reliable and innovative EV charging equipment. In 2023, Alfen's EV Charging revenues declined substantially, as our channel partners used their high inventory levels to supply to end markets. From this perspective, Alfen's market share in terms of chargers installed in the field remained roughly similar. The stocking and destocking effect has merely created a time lag between when Alfen incurred revenues and when chargers were installed at end-user locations. Since the end of Q3 2023, the destocking effect is over, reflected in increased order intake in the last months of 2023. Alfen benefitted from volumes in framework agreements set-up over the past years, new client wins and our international presence. Our internationalisation strategy makes our revenues less dependent on single countries: approximately 60% of our 2023 EV Charging revenue was generated outside of the Netherlands. We continued to diversify our customer base. Some commercial successes are: winning a contract with partners Virta & Eiffage to supply all public and private parking owned by SNCF (French railway operator) over the next 3 years. Alfen was selected as a partner by Aral Pulse to supply charge points in the business and public segment, starting with Germany but with an international approach in mind. As a last example, Alfen won a framework contract with EDRI for 4 years to supply public chargers. EDRI is a subsidiary of E.on and operates in multiple countries in Europe. Smart Grids Solutions Markets for our Smart Grid Solutions business line keep growing, and it is becoming increasingly clear what the impact on the grid will be as more electricity is produced and consumed. The EU states that 40% of Europe's distribution grids are more than 40 years old and cross-border transmission capacity needs to double by 2030, meaning €584 billion in investments is needed. On the demand side, more electricity is needed to power EVs, heat buildings and to cook electrically, as well as to electrify businesses that are decarbonising processes. On the supply side, we need to grid connect decentralized generation such as solar and wind power. As an example, Dutch grid operators are stepping up to strengthen and expand the grid. The three biggest grid operators in the Netherlands (Alliander, Enexis and Stedin) are increasing the number of substations that they roll out annually. Alfen anticipated this growth by starting to construct a new warehousing and production facility early 2023. Planned delivery of this new facility is at the end of the first quarter of 2024, and it will make it possible to significantly ramp-up production for the grid operators over the course of 2024. These expansion plans from grid operators require an increase in equity. Last year, the Dutch government shared a framework agreement with parliament, in which the Dutch state can inject capital and become a shareholder. The state also reserved 500 million euro for Stedin. This year, the stakeholder groups at Stedin approved a 500 million euro capital injection, paving the way to further fund the 8 billion euro investment that Stedin intends to make until 2030. Additionally, we remain focused on providing smart grid solutions to customers with significant private grids, such as solar parks and industrial rooftop solar locations, greenhouses, EV fast charging stations and industrial locations. We see specific momentum in the EV fast charging stations market. These chargers are now installed near highways and at large supermarkets and DIY stores. Also the market for renewables continues to grow. We earned significant wins with Ionity, Harvest House and Bio Energy Coevorden among others. We grid connected almost 354 MWp capacity of solar panels (versus 300 MWp in 2022). Energy storage systems Our Energy Storage Systems business line experienced its breakthrough year in 2023. After already nearly tripling revenues from 2021 to 2022, the revenues tripled again from 2022 to 2023. This revenue increase comes from sales for both our TheBattery Elements and TheBattery Mobile. Our TheBattery Elements has more projects in the execution phase and the average project size is increasing. Market momentum remains strong, and our backlog continues to grow in a healthy manner due to new contract wins. In 2022, Alfen entered a new phase in our ESS business by commissioning our first newly developed TheBattery Elements project. We are now well positioned to realise bigger grid scale projects and we earned our first project above 50 MWh. In 2023 we continued to win new contracts, including SemperPower and Ingrid Capacity. For TheBattery Mobile, we strengthened our position in the market by introducing TheBattery MobileX, our 4th generation mobile energy storage solution. It offers increased capacity of 720 kWh in the same 10ft container (vs. 422 kWh in 3rd generation) with integrated control equipment and switchgear. Continuing our profitable growth strategy In May we hosted our Capital Markets Day for investors in London to provide an update on our profitable growth strategy and share new mid-term financial objectives. It was time for new objectives. In 2022, we achieved 3 of our 4 IPO objectives: >40% revenue CAGR (43% over 2017-2022), 15-20% adjusted EBITDA margin (18% in 2022) and >50% international revenue (51% in 2022). CAPEX was 4.8% of revenue in 2022 above the IPO objective of <3%, but this was a conscious choice as we continue to invest in innovation to remain a technology frontrunner. We presented 3 new financial objectives to achieve between 2025-2027: more than 1 billion euro of revenue, 15-20% adjusted EBITDA margin and CAPEX <5% of revenue. Contributing to sustainability Alfen’s business model directly contributes to a sustainable economy and society. We are at the heart of the energy transition as we continue to enable the generation, distribution and consumption of emission-free electricity with our smart grids, EV charging equipment and energy storage systems. This link with sustainability is reflected in our vision: “to build a connected, smart and sustainable energy system for future generations” and in our mission: “to boost the energy transition by engineering, manufacturing, integrating and connecting high quality energy solutions that are innovative, reliable, secure and smart”. 8Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Next to the positive impact of our business activities, Alfen sees running the business in a sustainable manner as a moral duty. We renewed our CSR framework in 2019 and we started reporting our impact in 2020. In 2023, we potentially avoided up to 6.2 Mtons of CO2e equivalent emissions as our installed charge points power EVs and avoid harmful emissions. This is a strong increase compared to the 3.8 Mtons of CO2e we potentially avoided in 2022, demonstrating how we continue to make an impact with our EV charging solutions. Moreover, we enabled the supply of renewable energy to around 374,000 households (cumulatively) by connecting solar PV farms to the public grid through our smart grid solutions, which is significantly more compared to the 283,000 households in the previous year. We remain committed to continuously improving our sustainability performance as we transition towards a truly sustainable society for future generations. As such, we have worked with an interdisciplinary team under the direct supervision of the Management Board to implement the new Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSR-D) in our reporting per 2024. We also mapped our full scope 3 emissions and filed our SBTi-targets, which are now pending approval. When approved, we will share more details. To provide more details and transparency of our sustainability activities, we included a section in this Annual Report called ‘Performance on broader range of ESG topics’. This section is structured largely along the hierarchy introduced by CSR-D and will be succeeded by full CSR-D reporting next year. Creating long-term shareholder value We operate at the heart of the energy transition with our smart energy solutions. The energy transition is a long-term megatrend and with our strong market position we are convinced that we can deliver value in the long term for our Shareholders. In this context, we believe that value is generated by both our financial and non-financial business performance. As mentioned, financially, we set the following 3 mid- term objectives in May at our Capital Markets Day to achieve between 2025-2027: (i) more than 1 billion euro of revenue (ii) 15-20% adjusted EBITDA margin and (iii) CAPEX <5% of revenue. In addition, we set 4 non-financial objectives: (i) Outperform the market in each of our business lines (ii) Adopt SBTi-approved CO2 targets (iii) Remain at the technology forefront through innovation and (iv) Grow and educate our people. To realise our objectives, we put a long-term growth strategy in place that consists of 4 elements. First, we aim to benefit from strong market growth trends and to further grow our market share. Second, we will continue to internationalise with a focus on Europe, further strengthening our position in existing countries and entering new countries. Third, we will expand our integrated solutions offerings and leverage our unique position of having three energy transition-oriented business lines. Finally, we will expand our solutions portfolio selectively, for instance having added a DC charger and a prefab concrete walk-in substation in 2023. Non-financially, we put in place a CSR framework which we established jointly with key stakeholders such as employees, customers, shareholders and suppliers. Moreover, we have a Sustainable Development Policy in place. In March, Alfen celebrated its 5-year anniversary on the Amsterdam Euronext stock exchange. It's been an energizing growth journey for us. In 2021, we were added to the Midcap Index (AMX), and last year, we joined the STOXX Europe 600 Index, one of Europe's biggest indices. Investing in growth and innovations We continued to invest in our organisation to prepare for anticipated business growth. As such, our organisation grew from 893 FTE at 31 December 2022 to 931 FTE at 31 December 2023. Despite a challenging labour market, we attracted over 200 new colleagues, benefitting from our growing brand across Europe, the interest in the energy transition, and our in-house education program. We further strengthened our organisation as we hired more international sales people to further drive our internationalisation, added production personnel to support increased capacity and expanded our R&D department to work on new innovations. Furthermore, we enhanced our staff departments to better support our customers. In terms of production, we implemented semi- automated production lines for EV Charging to improve our productivity. The lines embody new production concepts: we automated a number of steps on the lines, including the testing cells, packaging chargers into boxes and palletising the boxes. Furthermore, to be ready for future growth, we constructed our new headquarters / production facility that is located next to our other buildings in Almere. The premises consists of 33,000m2 and is three times as large as our current largest building. The new building will accommodate production space, warehousing and offices. It is scheduled to be completed Q1 2024. Our new headquarters will be a testimony to the energy transition and embody our integrated solutions. The energy system will consist of 6,000 solar panels on the roof (3 MWp), 3 Alfen 1250 kVA substations, 3 Alfen TheBattery energy storage units, over 100 charge points, 1 DC fast charger for trucks, 3 heat pumps for heating/cooling and uses LED lighting only. We expect other businesses to pursue a similar set-up as they expand and decarbonise within the constraints of the electricity grid. We also acquired a new production facility for Energy Storage Systems that is less than 0.5 km away from our other facilities. This facility will facilitate the production ramp-up of Mobiles. We also kept investing in our IT landscape, both in infrastructure and in our applications. Additionally, we continued to invest in innovation which led to new technologies, features and products. For instance, in our EV Charging business line, Alfen made significant steps in developing public chargers that are compliant with new Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). Publicly accessible EV chargers will accept common payment methods such as debit cards and/or QR code payments while providing transparent pricing information. This will be a huge contributor to the EV driver's experience and make it easier to compare charging rates. AFIR regulation shall apply across all EU Member States from 13th April 2024. Alfen also further developed the MyEve mobile app for the home segment: an app that can connect directly with our chargers. End-users can manage, configure, and get insights. For instance, users can optimise solar energy use from their solar panels or optimise for lowest electricity tariffs. In our Smart Grids business line we completed the product development for the Stedin tender with the last Factory Acceptance Test (FAT). All solutions for the framework contracts with Dutch grid operators are now in place, including production methods to assemble these solutions in our new production facility. Alfen made investments in additional moulds for the Pacto 25 and 30 substations to decarbonize the production process of concrete housings by 60%. There also was progress to make the grid operator substations fit the latest requirements on isolation gas in high voltage switchgear. Finally, selected innovations of our Energy Storage business line include introducing our 4th generation mobile energy storage system (TheBattery Mobile X). A new architecture makes it possible to connect into a weaker grid to feed the battery. Previously, the grid needed to support at least 125A and that has now been lowered to 16A. This improves the interoperability of the TheBattery Mobile in different end-user grid contexts. For the first time, Alfen applied its 'digital twin' concept to simulate behaviour of battery packs, power conversion and control in a grid code model per country/region. It goes without saying that grid code compliance is an essential requirement of any project. With the digital twin, we can ease that process. The first application was for our customer EPV in Finland. Such innovations for the future allow us to remain the partner of choice for our customers. 9Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Welcoming Maria Anhalt to our Supervisory Board In September, we welcomed Maria Anhalt as a new member to our Supervisory Board. The Supervisory Board consists now of four members. Ms. Anhalt obtained relevant Supervisory Board experience from her current position as supervisory board member of Hewlett-Packard Germany, as well as internal (supervisory) director of the start-up (not publicly listed) company Argus. Since January 2021, Maria Anhalt is the Chief Executive Officer of Elektrobit GmbH at Erlangen, a global company with about 4,000 employees. Ms. Anhalt brings technical and commercial expertise in software and services, as well as a well-developed perspective on technology and the energy transition. She brings strong growth experience in a cross border international environment with experience in Europe and the United States. Furthermore, the Supervisory Board has created an audit committee and a remuneration and appointment committee from among its midst. Outlook We expect the markets for all 3 of our business lines will continue to develop favourably, driven by the energy transition. We are convinced that we are well positioned to benefit from this market growth, and we will continue to grow our business rapidly as we execute our strategy. As we anticipate further growth of our business in 2024, we plan to further invest in our organisation, our people, production and new innovations. Like 2023, we expect our capital investments to exceed depreciation and amortisation. We also anticipate a further increase in the number of personnel, but at a lower rate than our revenue growth. Growing together with our partners We aim to be a powerful forward-thinking leader in developing, producing and connecting the key elements of our future electricity grid. We will leverage our vast knowledge and experience in the distribution and storage of electrical energy to continue to provide smart, safe and sustainable products and solutions, working as a reliable and adaptive partner. As we develop, design and produce our products and systems in-house, we know we can accommodate maximum flexibility and very rapid time-to-market of new innovations. We look forward to continuing to grow together with our customers, partners and employees as we accelerate the rapidly evolving energy transition. Board of Directors Marco Roeleveld (CEO), Jeroen van Rossen (CFO), Michelle Lesh (CCO) 10Alfen - Annual Report 2023 2023 month-by-month ___ 22 February Alfen and SemperPower build the largest battery energy storage system in the Netherlands Alfen and SemperPower, a leading player in the development of independent large-scale energy storage projects in The Netherlands, are excited to launch Project Pollux - the largest battery energy storage system in terms of energy capacity ever built in the Netherlands (30MW/68MWh). Located in Vlissingen, the storage system featuring Alfen’s TheBattery Elements will solve two of the energy transition’s biggest challenges: an unbalanced grid and the unpredictability of renewable energy sources. 3 May 15 Years of EV charging innovation: Alfen’s journey from first mover to European industry leader Alfen is celebrating 15 years of innovation in the EV charging equipment industry in 2023. Since 2008, Alfen has been designing, developing, and producing integrated EV charging systems equipped with smart charging and load balancing, becoming a key player in Europe's EV charging market. With more than 500,000 EV charge points delivered in over 30 European countries, Alfen has evolved from an early mover to an established thought leader in EV charging infrastructure, with a suite of safe, smart, and robust chargers for home, business, and public charging. 12 June Alfen and Stedin collaborate to drive sustainable energy infrastructure in the Netherlands Alfen has signed a multiple year framework contract with the Dutch grid operator Stedin for delivery of its Pacto compact substations and its Altro walk-in substations. As the third largest regional grid operator in the Netherlands, Stedin plays a crucial role in the Dutch energy sector by ensuring a reliable supply of electricity and gas, and driving the transition to a more sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure. For its part, Alfen is stepping up in a big way to meet the surging demand from its customers. We're more than doubling our production capacity for transformer substations. This means Alfen will be able to supply a considerable number of stations, supporting the required amounts over the next four years. And there’s a possibility of extending this collaboration for up to eight years. 14 June Introducing TheBattery® Mobile X: Alfen unveils next generation solution for temporary clean power supply Alfen launches its fourth-generation mobile battery energy storage system, TheBattery Mobile X®. It offers up to 70% more energy (up to 720 kWh) and improved safety features in the same 10 foot container to meet the increasing demand for temporary clean power supply. An evolution of its compact 10ft mobile container unit, Alfen’s most advanced battery system to date delivers an emission-free, quiet and fast-deployment alternative to power a variety of applications from events, festivals and construction sites to maritime applications and EV charging hubs. A mobile plug-and-play system, it also supports small grid connections, enabling users to increase the capacity of their local connection or provide a solution for weak grid connections or grid balancing services. 11Alfen - Annual Report 2023 9 November Alfen signs a 4-year agreement with EDRI for public EV charging stations in Germany and beyond For its AC charging stations, EDRI chose Alfen as one of its preferred suppliers for the next 4 years to provide several different types of charging stations. The initial phase is being implemented in public streets throughout Germany. EDRI has installed numerous double socket units for public use, which were part of the first order that included more than 300 of Alfen’s Eve Double PG-line EV charging stations. Among these, 140 will be installed in Berlin, with additional stations deployed in cities such as Dortmund, Essen and Bochum. Alfen’s Eve Double PG-line is an Eichrecht compliant dual socket charger with advanced smart functionality for the public domain, designed for high-volume street environments with 3-phase supply. 11 December Alfen signs agreement with Windpark de Plaet to install integrated solutions that will provide 20MWh of storage capacity Alfen has signed an agreement with Windpark de Plaet to install integrated solutions at Windpark de Plaet in Ooltgensplaat, the Netherlands. These solutions, which include a 20MWh TheBattery Elements energy storage system, will be seamlessly integrated into the existing site by incorporating Alfen’s Diabolo 40H transformer substation. This agreement is another example of how Alfen is helping its customers meet the growing demand for renewable energy and the pressing need to balance electricity supply and demand. 12Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Financial performance ___ Alfen is operating internationally in the heart of the energy transition, being a specialist in energy solutions for the future. With over 86 years history, Alfen has a unique combination of activities. Alfen designs, engineers, develops, produces and services Smart grid solutions, Energy storage systems and EV chargers and combines these in integrated solutions to address the electricity challenges of its clients. As there is a strong interrelationship between Alfen’s different business activities, management reviews the profitability of the Company on an aggregate level. All financial segment information can be found in the consolidated financial statements. Revenue and other income Revenue and other income increased by 14.7% from €439.9 million in 2022 to €504.5 million in 2023, due to continued growth in Smart Grids Solutions (+32%) and Energy Storage Systems (+258%). EV Charging declined by 39% compared to 2022. Revenue and other income (in EUR million) 13Alfen - Annual Report 2023 In the EV Charging Equipment business line, 2023 revenues were €153.1 million, a 39% decline compared with €251.8 million in 2022. In 2022, our revenues had grown exceptionally due to a peak in demand after COVID-19 measures were released and inventory build-up by our channel partners. Alfen was well positioned to benefit from this market growth with our strict supply chain management, as well as our portfolio of reliable and innovative EV charging equipment. In 2023 the channel partners used their inventory levels to supply to end markets and Alfen revenue declined. From this perspective, Alfen's market share in terms of chargers installed in the field remained stable. The stocking and destocking effect has merely created a time lag between when Alfen incurred revenues and when chargers were installed at end-user locations. In the Smart Grid Solutions business line, 2023 revenues were €188.4 million, a 32% growth compared with €142.6 million in 2022 driven by the grid companies significantly ramping up their investment, as demonstrated by the draft investment plans. The private network business also grew strongly, as it was no longer constrained by supply chain pressures. In the Energy Storage Systems business line, 2023 revenues were €163.0 million, a 258% growth compared with €45.5 million in 2022. The market is expected to grow considerably in the coming years driven by the need to balance electricity demand and supply and manage grid congestion. Alfen is well positioned to capture this market growth with its range of solutions for utility-scale storage and commercial & industrial storage. Gross margin, EBITDA and net profit (loss) Gross margin was 30.0% in 2023 compared with 34.9% in 2022, mainly driven by a revenue mix shift from EV charging equipment to Energy storage systems. EBITDA decreased with 28% from €77.9 million in financial year 2022 to €56.0 million in financial year 2023 as next to the margin shift the fixed cost base within our EV charging equipment business line deleveraged compared to financial year 2022. Depreciation and amortisation charges increased from €10.2 million in 2022 to €14.2 million in 2023 and is mainly caused by increased amortisation in alignment with prior years capitalisation of development costs. Finance income and costs increased from €1.0 million in financial year 2022 to €3.4 million in financial year 2023 as a result of intensified working capital financing and increased EURIBOR interest rates. The effective tax rate increased from 20.6% in the financial year 2022 to 22.9% in the financial year 2023. This increase is mainly driven by our decreased profitability compared to 2022, which consequently resulted in a lower tax deduction from the innovation box facility. The net profit of €53.0 million in the financial year 2022 decreased with 44% to €29.7 million in the financial year 2023. In the financial year 2022, Alfen incurred one-off costs and special items of €1.5 million related to Alfen's 85 Years Anniversary and share-based payment expenses associated with the Long-Term Incentive Plans. EBITDA adjustments in financial year 2023 amounted to €1.1 million and solely comprised of share-based payment expenses associated with the Long-Term Incentive Plans (see Note 11). Adjusted EBITDA (in EUR million) The following summary reconciles EBITDA and net profit with the adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net profit: (in EUR '000) 2023 2022 EBITDA 56,016 77,904 Alfen's 85 Years Anniversary — 471 Share-based payment expenses 1,054 995 Adjusted EBITDA 57,070 79,370 Net profit / (loss) 29,684 53,047 Aggregated one-off costs and special items after tax 1,054 1,346 Adjusted Net profit / (loss) 30,738 54,393 Adjusted EBITDA amounted to €57.1 million, a decrease of 28.1% versus €79.4 million in financial year 2022. Adjusted for one-off costs and special items after tax, adjusted net profit amounted to €30.7 million (versus €54.4 million million in financial year 2022). Finance and investments Net debt position at 31 December 2023 amounted to €55.1 million, compared to a net cash position of €4.4 million at 31 December 2022. The shift from net cash to net debt is primarily driven by an increase in inventory and an increase in bank loans related to the construction of a new warehouse/production facility (Hefbrugweg 79) and the purchase of a new production facility (Damsluisweg 70). Working capital increased to €128.1m versus €87.6m at 31 December 2022. The increase in working capital is primarily related to our increased stock levels and strategic stock down payments (presented under Trade and other receivables) as shown below. (in EUR '000) 31 December 2023 (Audited) 30 June 2023 (Unaudited) 31 December 2022 (Audited) Inventory - On hand 150,776 155,411 131,815 Inventory - Down payments 23,615 39,242 15,415 Total Inventory, including down payments 174,391 194,653 147,230 Given the growth perspective within our Energy storage business line in conjunction with a solid backlog for financial 2024, we maintained higher stock levels, further supported by strategic stock down payments for batteries, inverters and containers for both our TheBattery Elements and Mobile storage solutions. 14Alfen - Annual Report 2023 The solvency ratio (equity divided by total assets) is 45.4% at 31 December 2023 compared to 46.9% at 31 December 2022. Capital expenditure amounts to €34.7 million (or 6.9% of revenues) compared to €21.0 million (or 4.8% of revenues) in 2022. CapEx includes the acquisition of a new building, with a purchase price of €10.0 million, at Damsluisweg 70 in Almere, to further facilitate the growth of our Energy storage business line. Furthermore, Alfen invested in production and warehouse tooling for the new production facilities, product line automation for EV Charging, Solar Panels, IT infrastructure and data security, as well as in moulds for our Smart Grids business line. Alfen capitalised €10.7m (versus €9.6m in 2022) of development costs, demonstrating the Company’s continued efforts to invest in innovations for the future. 15Alfen - Annual Report 2023 16Alfen - Annual Report 2023 EU Taxonomy ___ Alfen operates at the heart of the energy transition providing smart energy solutions to enable the electricity grid of the future: reliable, sustainable and innovative. We have a unique combination of activities as we design, engineer, develop, produce and service smart grids, energy storage systems, and electric vehicle charging equipment. We combine our activities in integrated solutions to address the electricity challenges of our clients. As such, Alfen’s vision is a connected, smart and sustainable energy system for future generations. In accordance with the Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, we applied the reporting requirements for financial year 2023 and disclose our Taxonomy-eligible, Taxonomy-aligned and non-eligible economic activities relating to the climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation environmental objectives. For the other four environmental objectives: water, pollution, circular economy and bio-diversity we applied the reporting requirement to disclosure Taxonomy- eligible and non-eligible economic activities. In the coming years the EU Taxonomy regulation and the requirements for non-financial undertakings will continue to change. A requirement to report alignment under the remaining four environmental objectives of the EU Taxonomy will be added for future reporting periods. Alfen will keep monitoring the developments in order to report in line with the requirements. EU Taxonomy KPI's - Summary Revenue CAPEX OPEX Taxonomy-Eligible and Aligned Activities (%) 98.9% 86.2% 100.0% Taxonomy-Eligible but not aligned Activities (%) —% —% —% Taxonomy-Non-Eligible Activities (%) 1.1% 13.8% —% Total 100% 100% 100% The Taxonomy Non-Eligible Revenue stated in the table are solely related to our activities in Belgium concerning the delivery of concrete cabinets, which are used to create a transformer substation for electric power distribution. 17Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Assessment of compliance with Regulation (EU) 2020/852 In preparing this disclosure, the Management Board has interpreted, integrated and contextualised the EU Taxonomy regulation with the specific activities carried out by the Company in its three business lines: Smart grid solutions, EV charging equipment and Energy storage systems. The paragraphs below provides a summary of the eligible- and of the aligned-activities of Alfen. The Taxonomy-aligned activities all make a substantial contribution to the climate change mitigation environmental objective, comply with the “Do No Significant Harm” criteria and the minimum social safeguards. Minimum social safeguards (MSS) The scope of MSS covers four topics for which we are following a two-dimensional approach to assess compliance. On the one hand, the Management Board is convinced that safeguarding MSS starts with setting the right mind-set (‘tone at the top’) and incorporating these ethical business conduct principles in procedures and processes, such as the Code of Conduct and the Supplier of Code of Conduct, in order to prevent negative impacts (procedural dimension). On the other hand, outcomes are monitored to validate whether our procedures and processes are effective (outcome dimension). Human rights (incl. labour and consumer rights) Based on the ECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the UN Guiding Principles, Alfen implemented policies and procedures, which are further explained under paragraphs Human Rights Policy and Workers in the value chain within the Corporate Sustainability section of the Annual Report. In financial year 2023, no violations of labour laws and human rights have been raised nor did we have any court cases in this respect. Corruption and bribery Corruption and bribery policies are incorporated in the Code of Conduct and the Supplier of Code of Conduct. Furthermore, internal training, by means of e-learnings (mandatory for new joiners) and physical courses, is used to further enhance awareness and compliance with these policies. In financial year 2023, no violations regarding corruption and bribery have been raised nor did we have any court cases in this respect. Taxation Alfen regards taxation as part of its social responsibility and follows the principle of responsible tax practices, which are further explained under paragraph Tax practices within the Corporate Governance section of the Annual Report. In financial year 2023, no violations of tax laws have been raised nor did we have any court cases in this respect. Fair competition Alfen is carrying out activities in a manner consistent with all applicable competition law and regulations taking into account the competition laws of the jurisdictions in which our activities might have anticompetitive effects. In financial year 2023, no violations regarding fair competition have been raised nor did we have any court cases in this respect. Eligibility and Alignment Assessment of our Smart Grid Solutions and EV Charging equipment business lines The Company considers that both its Smart Grid Solutions and EV Charging business line are eligible under economic activity: Transmission and distribution of electricity According to the EU Taxonomy regulation this economy activity comprise either: • The construction and operation of transmission systems that transport the electricity on the extra high-voltage and high-voltage interconnected system; or • The construction and operation of distribution systems that transport electricity on high-voltage, medium-voltage and low-voltage distribution systems. Our Smart Grid and EV Charging solutions, being medium and/or low-voltage solutions, are an extension of the grid and allow electricity to be transported on distribution systems. As such we conclude these activities are eligible under activity 4.9 Transmission and distribution of electricity. Substantial contribution and Do No Significant Harm Transmission and distribution of electricity Alfen’s Smart Grid Solutions business line makes a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation as the Company delivers its products to customers in Europe for use in the interconnected European system. In addition and in case substations are used by our customers in an off-grid environment the substantial contribution is still met as all our transformers comply with the Tier 2 requirements. Alfen’s EV charging equipment business line supports the electric infrastructure for the electrification of transport, either inside and outside the European Union. The Do No Significant Harm criteria for both our Smart Grid Solutions and EV Charging business line are assessed at production site and product level. Project location is not assessed for do not significant harm as the Company does not have control on these project locations. The latter always falls under the responsibility of the customer. In addition, the products are considered movable products that, upon discretion of our customers, can be directed to another project location without substantial costs. Climate change adaption: The Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessments performed provided insights into the most important identified physical climate risks that are material for the activity; adaptation solutions have been implemented. Transition to circular economy: Alfen has a waste management plan in place relating to the packaging materials, which is the only material waste that the Company itself has from its own activities. There is no legal requirement at the moment for Alfen to take back the product at the end-of-life. Noted is that smart grid solutions are sometimes refurbished by the Company on request of the customer and that the first EV charging equipment that the Company sold has not reached the end-of-life yet. Pollution prevention and control: Alfen does not use the chemical compound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in its own process, nor do the components that it purchases from suppliers include PCBs. Protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems: Alfen has an Environmental Impact Assessment or screening in place for its own locations. In case use of the products at a specific client location requires an Environmental Impact Assessment, this is the responsibility of the customer (as documented in the contracts) and outside the control of Alfen. Based on the aforementioned elaboration on the individual “Do No Significant Harm” criteria, the Company concludes that the eligible activities related to its Smart Grid Solutions and EV Charging business line are also considered Taxonomy-aligned activities. Eligibility and Alignment Assessment of our Energy Storage Systems business line The Company considers that its Energy Storage business line is eligible under the following economic activity: Storage of electricity According to the EU Taxonomy regulation this economic activity comprises of: • The construction and operation of facilities that store electricity and return it at a later time in the form of electricity. Our Energy Storage Solutions, being either TheBattery Mobile or TheBattery Elements, are directly facilitating the storage of electricity and the possibility to return it at a later time. As such, we conclude these activities are eligible under activity 4.10 Storage of Electricity. Substantial contribution and Do No Significant Harm Storage of electricity Alfen’s activities make a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation as the Company assembles and delivers energy storage systems. The Do No Significant Harm criteria is in essence similar to economic activity: 4.9 Transmission and distribution of electricity, except for Water and marine resources, which is assessed below and Pollution prevention and control, which is not applicable for this economic activity. 18Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Furthermore, we only assessed this activity at production site and product level. Project location level is not assessed as the Company does not have control over these project locations. The latter always falls under the responsibility of the customer given the fact that TheBattery Mobile is never installed by the Company and are also, together with TheBattery Elements, considered movable products that, upon discretion of our customers, can be directed to another project location. Climate change adaptation: The Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessments performed shows that the most important identified physical climate risks that are material for the activity are the same as for economic activity "Transmission and distribution of electricity". Sustainable use and protection of water and marine resources: In relation to Water and Marine resources it is noted that Alfen does not perform any activities in the surrounding of pumped hydro activities. Transition to circular economy: As already mentioned at economic activity: “Transmission and distribution of electricity”, Alfen has a waste management plan in place. For batteries, the Company is not required to take back the product at the end-of-life, except for those that it imported itself in the European Union. Alfen has the following in place to ensure reuse or recycling: • The Company is connected to / has a license with STiBat, a prominent Foundation within The Netherlands that provides guidelines and solutions to collect, reuse, maintain, refurbish or recycle batteries and accumulators. • The Company is already working together with a company in The Netherlands certified to collect, reuse, maintain, refurbish or recycle batteries. Protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems: The Environmental Impact Assessment or screening is performed similar to economic activity: “Transmission and distribution of electricity”. Based on the aforementioned elaboration on the individual “Do No Significant Harm” criteria, the Company concludes that the eligible activities related to its Energy Storage business line are also considered Taxonomy-aligned activities. Summary of EU Taxonomy related accounting policies and contextual information KPI related accounting policies The metrics for taxonomy-aligned economic activities were calculated as follows: Revenue Proportion of revenue from eligible and aligned activities (numerator) of total revenue (denominator). Total revenue equals the total revenue in financial year 2023 from continuing operations as disclosed in note 8. CapEx Proportion of CAPEX relating to assets and/or processes that are associated with Taxonomy-eligible-and- aligned economic activities (numerator) of total CapEx (denominator). Total CAPEX equals the additions in financial year 2023 to property, plant and equipment and additions to right-of-use assets as disclosed in note 16 and additions to intangible assets and goodwill as disclosed in note 17. Any depreciation, amortisation, re-measurements, fair value changes and additions for leases that do not lead to the recognition of a right-of-use asset are not part of the CAPEX. OpEx Proportion of OPEX relating to assets and/or processes that are associated with Taxonomy-eligible-and-aligned economic activities (numerator) of total direct non-capitalised costs that relate to research and development, building renovation measures, short-term lease, maintenance and repair, and any other direct expenditures relating to the day-to-day servicing of assets of property, plant and equipment by Alfen or third parties to whom activities are outsourced that are necessary to ensure the continued and effective functioning of such assets (denominator). The financial information for calculating the metrics was gathered from Alfen’s accounting system and exclude intercompany transactions. The economic activities identified currently contribute to one environmental objective being climate change mitigations, but would they contribute to several environmental objectives than the numerator would only take into account the allocation of revenues and expenditures to one environmental objective so that double counting is avoided. KPI related contextual information EU Taxonomy Revenue The breakdown by business line was as follows: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Smart grid solutions 182,731 139,132 EV charging equipment 153,120 251,761 Energy storage systems 162,979 45,498 Total Taxonomy-aligned revenue 498,830 436,391 The revenues related to Taxonomy-aligned activities pursued for Alfen’s own internal consumption was nil. 19Alfen - Annual Report 2023 EU Taxonomy CapEx The majority of our CapEx is directly contributing - e.g. new moulds for Smart grids - or will be directly contributing in the near future - e.g. capitalised development - to our business lines. However, also investments were made in IT-infrastructure and Data Security as well as General Staff related CAPEX, which are both labelled as head office costs and are therefore not directly contributing to one of our three business lines. Hence, these are not considered eligible and aligned. The breakdown by type of CapEx was as follows: EU Taxonomy OpEx All of our OpEx is directly contributing or will be directly contributing in the near future to our three business lines and are hence considered eligible and aligned. The breakdown by type of OpEx was as follows: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Non-capitalised research & development costs 10,532 6,797 Maintenance and repair costs 908 790 Costs related to day-to-day servicing of assets 553 437 Total Taxonomy-aligned Opex 11,993 8,024 The expenditures relating to the day-to-day servicing of assets solely relate to cleaning costs. 20Alfen - Annual Report 2023 In EUR '000 2023 2022 Additions to property, plant and equipment - owned 21,497 8,487 Additions to property, plant and equipment - right-of-use assets 768 — Additions to intangible assets and goodwill 10,707 9,568 Total Taxonomy-aligned CapEx 32,972 18,055 EU Taxonomy KPI disclosure tables The KPI tables included on the next three pages summarise the outcome of Alfen’s assessment of its Revenue, Capital Expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx). None of the capital and operating expenditures relate to a so-called CapEx plan for allowing Taxonomy-eligible economic activities to become Taxonomy-aligned. The Company does not have any issued environmentally sustainable bonds or debt securities with the purpose of financing specific identified Taxonomy-aligned activities. EU Taxonomy Revenue In EUR '000 SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTION CRITERIA DNSH CRITERIA (Does Not Significant Harm) Economic activities (1) Code(s) (2) Turnover (3) Proportion of turnover, Year N (4) Climate change mitigation (5) Climate change adaptation (6) Water (7) Pollution (8) Circular Economy (9) Bio- diversity (10) Climate change mitigation (11) Climate change adaptation (12) Water (13) Pollution (14) Circular economy (15) Bio- diversity (16) Minimum safeguards (17) Taxonomy -aligned proportion of turnover, year N-1 (19) Category (enabling activity or) (20) Category ‘(trans- itional activity)’ (21) Currency % Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N % E T A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) Smart grid solutions 4.9 - Transmission and distribution of electricity 182,731 36.2% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 31.7% E EV charging equipment 4.9 - Transmission and distribution of electricity 153,120 30.4% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 57.2% E Energy storage systems 4.10 - Storage of electricity 162,979 32.3% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10.3% E Turnover of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1) 498,830 98.9% 98.9% —% —% —% —% —% 99.2% Of which enabling 498,830 98.9% 98.9% —% —% —% —% —% Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 99.2% E Of which transitional — —% —% —% —% —% —% —% Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —% T A.2 Taxonomy-Eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) — —% N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (A.2) — —% N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Total (A.1 + A.2) 498,830 98.9% 98.9% —% —% —% —% —% B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES Turnover of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities (B) 5,647 1.1% Total (A + B) 504,477 100% 21Alfen - Annual Report 2023 EU Taxonomy CapEx In EUR '000 SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTION CRITERIA DNSH CRITERIA (Does Not Significant Harm) Economic activities (1) Code(s) (2) Absolute CapEx (3) Proportion of CapEx (4) Climate change mitigation (5) Climate change adaptation (6) Water (7) Pollution (8) Circular Economy (9) Bio- diversity (10) Climate change mitigation (11) Climate change adaptation (12) Water (13) Pollution (14) Circular economy (15) Bio- diversity (16) Minimum safeguards (17) Taxonomy -aligned proportion of CapEx, year N-1 (19) Category (enabling activity or) (20) Category ‘(trans- itional activity)’ (21) Currency % Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N % E T A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) Smart grid solutions 4.9 - Transmission and distribution of electricity 7,686 20.1% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 18.0% E EV charging equipment 4.9 - Transmission and distribution of electricity 10,711 28.0% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 47.9% E Energy storage systems 4.10 - Storage of electricity 14,574 38.1% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13.6% E CapEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1) 32,971 86.2% 86.2% —% —% —% —% —% 79.5% Of which enabling 32,971 86.2% 86.2% —% —% —% —% —% Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 79.5% E Of which transitional — —% —% —% —% —% —% —% Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —% T A.2 Taxonomy-Eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) — —% N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (A.2) — —% N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Total (A.1 + A.2) 32,971 86.2% B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES CapEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities (B) 5,266 13.8% Total (A + B) 38,237 100% 22Alfen - Annual Report 2023 EU Taxonomy OpEx In EUR '000 SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTION CRITERIA DNSH CRITERIA (Does Not Significant Harm) Economic activities (1) Code(s) (2) Absolute OpEx (3) Proportion of OpEx (4) Climate change mitigation (5) Climate change adaptation (6) Water (7) Pollution (8) Circular Economy (9) Bio- diversity (10) Climate change mitigation (11) Climate change adaptation (12) Water (13) Pollution (14) Circular economy (15) Bio- diversity (16) Minimum safeguards (17) Taxonomy -aligned proportion of OpEx, year N-1 (19) Category (enabling activity or) (20) Category ‘(trans- itional activity)’ (21) Currency % Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y; N; N/EL Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N % E T A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) Smart grid solutions 4.9 - Transmission and distribution of electricity 2,510 20.9% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 19.8% E EV charging equipment 4.9 - Transmission and distribution of electricity 6,572 54.8% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 52.3% E Energy storage systems 4.10 - Storage of electricity 2,914 24.3% Y N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 27.9% E OpEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1) 11,996 100.0% 100.0% —% —% —% —% —% 100.0% Of which enabling 11,996 100.0% 100.0% —% —% —% —% —% Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 100.0% E Of which transitional — —% —% —% —% —% —% —% Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —% T A.2 Taxonomy-Eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) — —% N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL OpEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (A.2) — —% N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL N/EL Total (A.1 + A.2) 11,996 100.0% B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES OpEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities (B) — —% Total (A + B) 11,996 100% 23Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Risks and uncertainties ___ Risks and Uncertainties Summary of risks, our risk appetite, likelihood and potential impact: Risk category Risk description Risk appetite Likelihood Impact Strategic and commercial The energy transition embodied by current trends towards alternative energy sources may be addressed by various solutions and there is no certainty that any of the solutions offered by Alfen will prove to be acceptable for addressing these. High Low High The market for electric vehicles is rapidly developing and evolving which makes it difficult to predict the future demand for charging equipment as well as charging behaviour. High Medium High The market for energy storage is still nascent and developing which may result in uncertainty regarding the future performance of its Energy storage business line. Medium Low Medium Competition in the industries and market segments in which Alfen operates may materially adversely affect its market shares, margins and overall profitability. High Medium Medium Alfen’s business depends, in part, on contracts with certain significant clients. If one or more of such contracts were discontinued, Alfen’s financial position and results of operation could be materially adversely affected. Medium Low Low Alfen may be unsuccessful in adequately protecting its technological know-how and trade secrets. Medium Low Medium Macro-economic and regulatory environment might slow down the energy transition and as such the markets that Alfen operates in, which could adversely affect or delay revenues, profits and cash flows. High Medium Medium Operational Alfen depends on its ability to hire and retain management, key employees and other qualified and skilled employees and may not be able to attract and retain such personnel. Medium Medium Medium Failure to properly manage customer projects, or project delays, may result in additional costs or claims and adversely affect or delay revenues, profits and cash flows. Medium Medium Medium Alfen is dependent on third-party suppliers to deliver raw materials and components for its products and may experience supply problems. Medium Medium Medium Disruptions of Alfen’s information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on its business. Low Low High Alfen’s IT systems’ security could be breached by a third party that might misuse or hijack Alfen assets or information which could have a material adverse effect on its business. Low Medium High Compliance Alfen is exposed to risks associated with product liability, warranties, recall claims or other lawsuits or claims that may be brought against it. Medium Low Medium Alfen may not fully comply to laws and regulations across multiple jurisdictions, which are becoming increasingly stringent, particularly related to environmental, health and safety and transportation. Low Medium Medium For information about Alfen’s credit risk, liquidity and market risks as well as the capital management structure, please refer to the information outlined in note 3 and 4 of the financial statements. Furthermore, risks related to external reporting are considered limited due to the limited amount of estimates in the financial statements. 24Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Strategic and commercial risks and uncertainties The energy transition embodied by the current trends towards alternative energy sources may be addressed by various solutions and there is no certainty that any of the solutions offered by Alfen will prove to be acceptable for addressing these. Various solutions are and may be brought to market to address the energy transition and current trends affecting the energy landscape. Technologies such as hydrogen storage or fuel cells may compete with Alfen’s products, systems and solutions of its Energy storage or EV charging business lines. If Alfen fails to achieve market acceptance for its products, systems or services as solutions to current trends, Alfen’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially adversely affected. To mitigate this risk, Alfen continuously monitors market developments and initiates R&D efforts accordingly. Through its open-architecture approach and its technology-agnostic solutions it is relatively flexible to adapt its products and solutions to changing market trends. The market for electric vehicles is rapidly developing and evolving which makes it difficult to predict the future demand for charging equipment as well as charging behaviour. The market for electric vehicles is rapidly developing and is continuously evolving. As such, it is characterised by changing technologies, price competition, additional competitors, evolving government regulation and industry standards, frequent new vehicle announcements and changing consumer demand and behaviour. Future developments in technology trends can be uncertain. A slower than anticipated increase, or even a decrease, in the sales of electric vehicles in the countries in which Alfen operates could lead to a slower than anticipated growth of revenues in Alfen’s EV charging business line, which may have a material adverse effect on Alfen’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. To mitigate this risk, Alfen continuously monitors market developments with regard to EV charging behaviour and initiates new R&D projects to address possible future trends with regard to EV charging. In addition, as a result of its internationalisation strategy, Alfen is becoming less dependent on country-specific, often regulation or subsidy related, fluctuations in demand patterns for EVs or EV charging equipment. The market for energy storage is still nascent and developing which may result in uncertainty regarding the future performance of its Energy storage business line. Alfen started its activities in the development, production and installation of energy storage systems in 2011 and released its first meaningful commercial successes in 2016, in a relatively new market. The market has since then been maturing but is still in a relative nascent stage. As such, the development and expansion of this business line may be subject to significant uncertainty and volatility. In addition, as the market evolves, the costs involved in developing the Energy storage business line may be significantly greater than currently anticipated and the estimated amount of capital expenditures required may be insufficient to cover the actual cost due to cost overruns or other unexpected expenses. This risk is reducing over time, as the market for energy storage is gradually maturing and Alfen’s customers are gaining more experience with energy storage projects, including business case development, internal approval procedures and project management. Alfen further reduces this risk by continuously focusing on expanding its range of storage applications, making it less vulnerable to a change in business case dynamics for a specific storage application. In addition, as a result of its internationalisation strategy, Alfen is becoming less dependent on country-specific, often regulation or subsidy related, fluctuations in demand patterns for energy storage systems. Competition in the industries and market segments in which Alfen operates may materially adversely affect its market shares, margins and overall profitability. Alfen’s industries and market segments are highly competitive, and it faces significant competition from large international competitors as well as smaller regional competitors in certain markets. In addition, certain industry players who currently do not compete with Alfen in terms of quality and market share may enter Alfen’s market and disrupt the competitive environment which may reduce Alfen’s market share. Current clients may decide to develop or acquire certain capabilities in-house, reducing demand for Alfen’s products, systems and services. If Alfen is unable to compete successfully in its product and geographic markets, its business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially adversely affected. To mitigate this risk, Alfen is continuously focusing on product upgrades and new product development, cost engineering and purchasing savings. In addition, Alfen continuously monitors its competitive environment and, through SWOT analyses, seeks to identify its unique selling points that are valuable to its customers. Alfen also increasingly focusses on integrated solutions covering multiple business lines, in order to further differentiate from the majority of its competitors who focus on individual business lines only. Alfen’s business depends, in part, on contracts with certain significant clients. If one or more of such contracts were discontinued, Alfen’s financial position and results of operation could be materially adversely affected. The success of Alfen’s business depends, in part, on significant customer contracts entered into with a limited number of grid operators and large companies. Alfen may not be able to renew such contracts upon their expiry which could have a negative impact on Alfen’s revenue and profits. This risk is mitigated by strong growth in recent years in EV charging equipment and Energy Storage Systems business lines. Within Smart Grids Solution, there is a continuous effort to further diversify its customer base. The clients Enexis and Alliander, representing a large part of the Smart grid solutions business line, separated their commercial activities in the past into separate entities, which further contributed to a diversification of customers. This risk is further mitigated by a structured approach to tenders in the market supported by multi- disciplinary tender teams. Alfen may be unsuccessful in adequately protecting its technological know-how and trade secrets. Alfen relies on certain technology, know-how and business and trade secrets. There is a risk that third parties, in particular competitors, may copy such technology and know-how or develop it independently and later challenge Alfen’s use of it. In addition, employees who in the course of their employment with Alfen have access to important proprietary information which may or may not be protected by intellectual property rights may leave to go work for a competitor. To mitigate this risk Alfen relies on confidentiality agreements with suppliers and customers, non- compete clauses in contracts with employees and technical precautions to protect its technology, know- how and other proprietary information. However, there is no guarantee that these agreements and precautions or Alfen’s ability to enforce its contractual rights, will provide sufficient protection in the case of any unauthorised access or use, misappropriation or disclosure of such information. Defending against any unauthorised access or use may result in lengthy and costly litigation or administrative proceedings and cause significant disruption to the business and operations of Alfen. Macro-economic and regulatory environment might slow down the energy transition and as such the markets that Alfen operates in, which could adversely affect or delay revenues, profits and cash flows. Macro-economic and regulatory environment might impact the wider economy and also the end-markets of Alfen. This could have the effect that businesses in these markets reduce their capital expenditures in light of such an investment climate, which in return may result in lower order intake for Alfen. These events could materially impact revenue, profits and cash flows. 25Alfen - Annual Report 2023 To mitigate this risk, Alfen is continuously diversifying its customer base. Not only in the markets Alfen currently operates in, but also by further internationalising in Europe. In general, Alfen operates in markets driven by the long-term energy transition, which is not expected to be highly cyclical. To safeguard the health and safety of its employees, Alfen complies to all relevant national and international guidelines, standards and policies for health and safety. Also, Alfen can implement additional safety measures where required to continue safe and responsible operations during a pandemic, as evidenced during the COVID-19 crisis. Operational risks and uncertainties Alfen depends on its ability to hire and retain management, key employees and other qualified and skilled employees and may not be able to attract and retain such personnel. Alfen’s future performance depends in significant part on the continued service of the Senior Management and other key personnel, including the heads of Alfen’s business lines and other employees involved in research and development, staff, marketing and sales personnel and employees with critical know-how and expertise. The loss of the services of one or more members of Senior Management or other key personnel could have a material adverse effect on Alfen’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Alfen’s success also depends on its continuing ability to attract, retain and develop qualified and skilled personnel, including scientists, designers, technical employees and engineers with the requisite technical background. This is especially important given the expected high growth in the segments in which Alfen is active. Competition for such personnel is intense, in particular for technical and industrial employees. This is particularly relevant in the Netherlands, since it is the country where Alfen has its headquarters, significant business operations and research and development activities. To mitigate this risk, Alfen seeks to make optimally use of its increased public profile after the IPO and the widespread interest in the energy transition in order to attract talent. Retention and development are key focus areas of the HR department and management. Through Alfen’s in-house Academy (for which it was awarded a prize for best program in the Netherlands in 2017) important personnel continues to be attracted and incentivised to further develop at Alfen. Failure to properly manage customer projects, or project delays, may result in additional costs or claims and adversely affect or delay revenues, profits and cash flows. Alfen generates part of its business by participating in projects for the installation of its products, systems and solutions, and it expects that in the future there will be an increase in the number and size of the projects that it undertakes. Alfen may not be successful in executing these projects or its project management services, or a project may be delayed by events beyond its control which may lead to delays in revenue streams that may adversely affect Alfen’s profits or cash flows. Alfen mitigates this risk by continuously working on further professionalisation of its project management department, supply chain management and the interrelation between these two by, for example, weekly meetings in which project management together with supply chain management identified and determined bottlenecks and priorities, respectively. Alfen is dependent on third-party suppliers to deliver raw materials and components for its products and may experience supply problems. Alfen’s production and assembly processes depend on the availability and timely supply of raw materials, components and finished goods, from third-party suppliers. Alfen obtains a significant portion of certain of its processed raw materials from a limited number of key suppliers. If any of Alfen’s suppliers are unable to meet their obligations under purchase orders or supply agreements, Alfen may be forced to pay higher prices to obtain the necessary raw materials from other suppliers, change suppliers, or may not be able to locate suitable alternatives at all. Supply interruption could lead to interruption of Alfen’s own production at one or more production facilities. This could be particularly relevant for the supply of batteries, since the rapidly developing market for energy storage projects and the roll-out of EVs may put significant pressure on the production and supply capacities of a relatively small number of global battery suppliers. Alfen may experience supply problems and may be unable to fill clients’ orders on a timely and cost- effective basis or in the required quantities, which could result in damage claims, order cancellations, decreased sales or loss of market share and damage to Alfen’s reputation. To mitigate this risk, Alfen seeks to have multiple interchangeable suppliers for its key purchases. Alfen is in continuous dialogue with its key suppliers to discuss potential supply chain challenges and, in case of any disruptions, seeks to jointly address these and return to normal course of business as quickly as possible. Any potential disruptions can further be mitigated by, temporarily, increasing stock levels or pre-down payments to secure components and adjusting working procedures. In case of more structural challenges with certain suppliers, Alfen has the in-house capabilities to adjust product design and configurations to develop alternatives. Disruptions of Alfen’s information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on its business. Alfen depends on its information technology systems to, among other things, conduct operations, to interface with clients (for example through its web shop) and to maintain financial records and accuracy. Alfen also develops and supplies software to clients. Information technology systems failures could disrupt operations leading to increased costs. In addition, Alfen’s computer systems, including its back-up systems, could be damaged, hacked or interrupted which could impair its ability to effectively and timely provide products, systems, solutions and services, and could damage Alfen’s reputation. The mitigation of these risks starts with an IT security policy that is in place and sufficient resources to manage the IT related risks. As such, Alfen further strengthened the IT department and continues to do so in 2024. To further mitigate the risks related to privacy related information as well as data protection in general several actions have been taken and Alfen maintains a cyber-security insurance policy. Alfen’s IT systems’ security could be breached by a third party that might misuse or hijack Alfen assets or information which could have a material adverse effect on its business. Alfen’s business activities are increasingly online. It uses collaborative software and data in the cloud and its IT systems are increasingly accessible remotely for more efficient operations. Also, its smart energy solutions are more and more connected to the internet of things to allow remote monitoring and operation of its products and services. Third parties might be able to breach security and get access to Alfen’s IT systems and/or products, and as such, they could hijack or misuse sensitive information or they could hijack or misuse Alfen’s products. This could impair Alfen’s ability to effectively and timely conduct its business and/or damage Alfen’s reputation. To mitigate this risk, Alfen uses cloud based solutions for its own IT systems from suppliers that have proven and tested security which they continuously update to protect it from the latest threads. Furthermore, to mitigate the risks related to privacy related information as well as data protection in general several actions have been taken and Alfen maintains a cyber-security insurance policy. Additionally, Alfen has implemented an information security policy to safeguard and secure remote communication and operation of its products & services. For this, Alfen is certified by ISO 27001. Compliance risks and uncertainties Alfen is exposed to risks associated with product liability, warranties, recall claims or other lawsuits or claims that may be brought against it. In the normal course of business Alfen is exposed to product liability, warranty and recall claims, lawsuits and any other claims that might lead to higher costs and/ or reputational damage. Furthermore, Alfen may become subject to other proceedings alleging violations of due care, safety provisions and claims arising from breaches of contract or fines imposed by government or regulatory authorities in relation to its customised and semi-customised products, systems and solutions. 26Alfen - Annual Report 2023 To mitigate this risk, Alfen aims to have back-to-back agreements in place with its suppliers. Furthermore, throughout the design and production phases, there is a continuous focus on quality with quality assurance being an integral part of Alfen’s working processes. Moreover Alfen is able to continuously improve its products and services through valuable performance information obtained from its integrated service offering. Finally, Alfen has insurance policies in place to limit the costs of manufacturing defaults and design flaws. Alfen may not fully comply to laws and regulations across multiple jurisdictions, which are becoming increasingly stringent, particularly related to environmental, health and safety and transportation. Alfen is subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations across multiple jurisdictions, which are becoming increasingly stringent. Additionally, Alfen’s products and business operations are subject to a broad range of local, state, national and multi-national laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates and markets its products. Amendments or revisions to such laws and regulations may require changes to Alfen’s product designs or production processes and may lead to additional costs or failure to comply. To mitigate this risk, the quality of Alfen’s products and compliance to the relevant safety and quality certificates is strictly monitored by the QHSE- department. Additionally, Alfen’s in-house general counsel monitors or requests specialist assistance from foreign outside counsel about laws and regulations across multiple jurisdictions. Finally, in order to increase the safety awareness and accreditations of its personnel Alfen uses its in-house education centre to train its people in a controlled environment where real-life situations can be simulated. Risk management and control systems Management Board responsibility and approach towards risk management The Management Board is responsible for the control environment, including risk management and internal control systems in order to properly manage the strategic, operational and other risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on Alfen’s business and day-to-day operations. The applicable risks and uncertainties for Alfen are evaluated on a periodic basis by the Management Board and discussed with the Supervisory Board. The Management Board is convinced that actual control should start with setting the right mind-set (‘tone at the top’), allocating the right responsibilities and implementing day-to-day working procedures for all employees within Alfen. The Management Board recognises the importance of a formalised approach towards risk management for a rapidly growing organisation like Alfen. In practice this means that it is important to maintain the right balance between formalised systems and procedures and the informal hands-on approach that is necessary to further boost the growth of the company. Alfen’s corporate culture is also an important ‘soft-control’ to mitigate risks and fraud. During financial year 2023, Alfen continued to support its corporate culture and other foundations of its risk management and control systems with its Code of Conduct, Whistle blower policy, insider trading policy, safety and quality certifications, periodic reports and meetings. In addition, further consolidation and professionalisation has been achieved by means of the implemented Alfen Integrated Management System (“AIM”), in which our business processes as well as our day-to-day working procedures are formally documented in one central system. The Management Board, to the best of its knowledge, is not aware of any significant deficiencies in its control environment, including risk management and internal control systems. Management Board responsibility and approach towards fraud The Management Board has the primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud, including designing and implementing appropriate (group) programs and controls to identify, assess and mitigate inherent fraud risks and the creation of proper awareness and attitude towards fraud incentives and corresponding fraud risks. Creating the proper awareness and attitude towards fraud (‘tone at the top’) within the Company starts with establishing and promoting a culture of honesty and ethical behaviour by means of leading by example from The Management Board, further supported by compliance training. This culture is further formally enforced by Alfen’s Code of Conduct, the Whistle blower policy, the Insider trading policy and the annual fraud risk assessment process, including assessment of mitigating (anti-fraud) controls. Code of Conduct Alfen has a Code of Conduct that applies to all employees. The principles and best practices established in the Code of Conduct reflect the corporate culture that the Management Board wants to embed in the day-to-day routines of all employees. The core values included in the Code of Conduct are related to professional conduct, flexibility, reliability and integrity and safety. The Code of Conduct includes topics including acting with integrity, gifts, anti-bribery, corporate social responsibility and health and safety. The Code of Conduct can be found on Alfen’s website. Alfen also has a Supplier Code of Conduct in order to ensure our supply chain abides by our culture and values. No violations of the Code of Conduct were reported in the financial year 2023. Whistle-blower policy Alfen employees are offered the opportunity to report irregularities or suspicions with regards to violations of the Code of Conduct, the law, safety policies, the environment or any other forms of misbehaviour without bringing their (legal) position in jeopardy. Reporting of such instances by Alfen employees can be either by designated ‘persons of trust’ or in complete anonymity through a prescribed website. No violations or irregularities were reported under the Whistle blower policy in financial year 2023. Insider trading policy Alfen continues to adhere to its implemented regulations covering security transactions by the members of the Management Board and Supervisory Board, the Management Team, independent contractors and other designated employees that have insight into market-sensitive information. The Insider trading policy is published on Alfen’s website. Alfen’s Insider trading policy aims to promote compliance with the relevant obligations and restrictions under applicable securities law, including The European Market Abuse Regulation ((EU) No 596/2014) and intends to limit the risk of Alfen’s good reputation and business integrity being harmed as a result of prohibited or undesirable dealing in Alfen Securities. During the financial year 2023, several questions were asked about the insider trading policy and addressed by the compliance officer. No violations or irregularities were reported in financial year 2023. 27Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Fraud risk assessment process Alfen’s fraud risk assessment started with an initial assessment made in a joint-effort between the Finance department, including the CFO, and Director Strategy & IR by means of several discussions and brainstorm sessions held, in which the fraud triangle was taken into account to determine inherent fraud risks that Alfen is facing and the appropriate mitigating actions that are already in place or require implementation, if any. Subsequently, identical sessions, including a thorough explanation of the fraud triangle, were held with the business line directors in order to validate the completeness of initial fraud risks identified. As such, the initial identified risks were not provided upfront with the business line directors in order to avoid possible anchoring bias. The identified fraud risks on business line level were assessed on their significance related to the Company as a whole and included in Alfen’s fraud risk assessment document, presented to and discussed with the Management Board in detail. After approval by the Management Board, the fraud risk assessment document was initially discussed in the Audit Committee meeting on 5 December 2023 and subsequently formally presented and discussed in the Supervisory Board meeting of 6 December 2023. Safety and quality certifications Alfen has been awarded with several ISO certifications and possesses other relevant safety and quality certificates. The quality of Alfen’s products and compliance to the relevant safety and quality certificates is strictly monitored by the QHSE- department. 28Alfen - Annual Report 2023 29Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Corporate Sustainability Reporting ___ 30Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Sustainable development is important because it integrates economic progress, social equity and environmental stewardship. With this, we can ensure a balanced and prosperous future for all. Alfen directly contributes to a sustainable economy and society. Alfen plays in the centre of the energy transition through enabling the generation, distribution and consumption of emission-free electricity with its Smart grids, EV charging equipment and Energy storage solutions. This link with sustainability is reflected in our vision: “to build a connected, smart, secure and sustainable energy system for future generations” and also in our mission: “to boost the energy transition by engineering, manufacturing, integrating and connecting high quality energy solutions that are innovative, reliable, secure, and smart”. Next to the positive impact of its business activities, Alfen sees running the business in a sustainable manner as a moral duty. This is reflected in our company values ‘SPARK’: Sustainable, Partnership, Adaptive, Reliable and Knowledgeable, but also in our Code of Conduct. This section provides further details on (1) Alfen’s current framework for CSR and corresponding performance (2) Alfen’s work on implementing CSR-D (3) Alfen’s performance on a broader range of ESG topics. Current CSR framework In 2019, we updated our Corporate Sustainability Reporting (CSR) framework. Historically, the Alfen CSR agenda was based on three pillars: product lifecycle approach, footprint minimisation, and people, knowledge & safety. During 2019, a materiality assessment was performed in order to understand stakeholder views of the most important environmental, social and economic factors to Alfen’s business success and to re-assess whether the three CSR pillars were still relevant. The outcome of the assessment validated the relevance of the three pillars. Subsequently, the most material topics derived from the assessment have been mapped to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to understand Alfen’s relevance to the global priorities and aspirations. The materiality assessment and its outcome A materiality assessment is a formal exercise aimed at engaging stakeholders to establish and rank the importance of environmental, social and economic materiality topics. Alfen identified the materiality topics using internationally recognised frameworks including the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Materiality principle and ISO-26000 Guidance on social responsibility. The materiality assessment resulted in 20 material topics which were derived from environmental, social and economic materiality topics. Of those 20, 6 were identified as priority by our carefully selected stakeholders consisting of clients, employees, investors, suppliers, community members and the Supervisory Board. 1. Occupational health & safety 2. Compliance 3. Business ethics & integrity 4. Product quality performance 5. Management of customer relationships 6. Research & development 7. Financial performance 8. Resource scarcity 9. Risk management 10. Energy efficiency of end products 11. Employee engagement 12. Information security 13. Training & development 14. Diversity & equal opportunities 15. Carbon neutrality 16. Sustainable supply chain 17. Energy efficiency of operations 18. Product circularity 19. Hazardous substances 20. Social return The following six topics were scored the highest and were then identified as a priority to Alfen and its key stakeholders: 1. Occupational health & safety 2. Compliance 3. Business ethics & integrity 4. Product quality performance 5. Management of customer relationships 6. Research & development Subsequently, the material topics were aligned to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The material topics ‘Business ethics & integrity’ and ‘Compliance’ are considered core to Alfen’s business as we are committed to operating in a responsible, compliant and ethical manner in accordance with our published Code of Conduct. Therefore, together with the supporting company values summarised in ‘SPARK’ (Sustainable, Partner, Adaptive, Reliable and Knowledgeable), they are captured under Business Resilience as a foundation of Alfen’s CSR framework. 31Alfen - Annual Report 2023 The remaining four most material topics are considered to be key focus areas for Alfen, and therefore are at the heart of the CSR framework. These were mapped to the following four SDGs (i) SDG 7 – Affordable and clean energy, (ii) SDG 8 – Decent work and Economic Growth, (iii) SDG 9 – Industry, innovation and infrastructure, and (iv) SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production. Based on the outcome of the materiality assessment and the UN SDG alignment, the Alfen CSR framework was shaped. Alfen’s CSR framework CSR Framework The most material topics mapped to four SDGs, together with Business Resilience as well as our vision and mission, collectively comprise the CSR framework which is shown in the figure below. The vision and mission are the guiding beacon for Alfen’s journey to a connected and smart sustainable energy system for future generations. To measure our impact under the CSR framework, we report on key performance indicators for each focus area. The KPIs are: • For SDG7 – Affordable and Clean Energy: potentially avoided CO2 emissions by the use of Alfen’s EV charging equipment, as well as the potential number of households powered by solar PV parks where Alfen provided its microgrid solution; • For SDG8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth: safe working environment performance captured by the Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate, as well as the sickness absence rate; • For SDG9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: provide insight through sharing Alfen’s investments in R&D together with impactful innovation examples; • For SDG12 - Responsible Consumption and Production: results of Alfen’s Operational Excellence program. Alfen’s impact under its CSR framework As described in the previous section, we measure our impact through a set of key performance indicators under the focus areas. For SDG 7, we potentially avoided up to 6.2 Mtons of CO2 equivalent emissions as our installed charge points power electric vehicles and avoid harmful emissions. This is a strong increase compared to the 3.8 Mtons of CO2e we potentially avoided by 2022 demonstrating how we continue to make impact with our EV charging solutions. Moreover, we enabled the supply of renewable energy to around 374,000 households (cumulatively) by connecting solar PV farms to the public grid through our Smart grid solutions, which is significantly more compared to the 283,000 households previous year. For SDG 8, our Lost Time Injury (LTI) performance was stable compared to previous years. In 2023 we utilized the SPARK programme to drive further improvements and we prepared for the implementation of the Life Savers in 2023 (9 core activities where we apply additional focus on maintaining safe working practices). Alfen is committed to further improve its safety performance. For SDG 8, the increase in absence rates is in line with the National absence rates, Nonetheless, a dedicated taskforce is established with the aim to decrease absenteeism. In 2023 we followed-up on actions that resulted from the 2022 Health Survey and Employee Satisfaction Survey. For SDG 9, we continued to invest in R&D and innovations for the future. In 2023, we invested 26.8 million compared to €20.2 million in 2022, a 33% growth. This demonstrates our commitment to drive our technology forward to remain a product leader in the energy transition. For SDG 12, our operational excellence team continued to further optimise our business operations and product quality. Various projects were completed in 2023. For instance, Alfen has started to use semi-automated production lines in its EV Charging business line. The lines show a significant improvement on traceability of components, first time right and capacity. It is a scalable concept that can be rolled out to other EV charging production lines easily. Alfen has also introduced a configurator that can make first designs in a 3D model based on options and variances. This is part of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). The system is integrated with our ERP-system and makes it possible for sales to configure live with a customer on an iPad in the future. A third example is the implementation of an integral solution for forecasting, demand planning and inventory control. It has improved insight into stock and lead times. It facilitates automated ordering with suppliers (via ERP). An overview of our 2023 impact is shown on the next page. 32Alfen - Annual Report 2023 33Alfen - Annual Report 2023 CO2 performance Alfen aims to have full insights in its CO2 footprint with the ambition to reduce it and report it. Alfen has an annual audit on its CO2 performance by an external auditor. In recent years, the business has been growing strongly, and as such, naturally our CO2 emissions would also grow with the growth of our business without any further action. To counter this, we had set ourselves the goal to achieve at least equivalent CO2 emissions per FTE in 2023 compared with 2019, despite the growth. Various measures have been taken in 2023 to further reduce our CO2 footprint per FTE. All new Alfen offices, warehouses and terrains are lighted by means of LED lighting. We have produced about 300 MWh of solar energy with our own PV installation. We further increased the share of electric vehicles in accordance with our active EV policy. On the other hand, scope 3 emissions increased due to more flights for international projects and conferences. Further details can be found in our CO2 performance report available in the Sustainability section of our website that will be available soon. In 2023, we were able to drive down the CO2 emissions with 18% relative to 2019, and per FTE even 60%, even while the business has been growing rapidly with a 253% revenue growth. Therefore, we have achieved our objective and have beaten the set target. With effect from reporting year 2021, the reporting is based on the Dutch CO2 performance index (“CO2 prestatieladder”). For Scope 3 we report our business travel emissions only, which is in line with the CO2 performance index handbook 3.1. Alfen’s performance over the last 5 years is detailed in the adjacent tables. Looking forward, Alfen anticipates to further grow the business strongly. Therefore, we have decided to move away from the CO2 performance ladder and to start reporting per GHG protocol and to put scientifically approved targets in place. We have submitted our targets to SBTi which are pending approval. Table: Overview of Alfen CO2-emissions by scope since 2019 Parameter/KPI 2019 actual Target 2023 Actual 2023 Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 1 (tonne) 2.31 +0% 0.79 Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 2 (tonne) 0.46 +0% 0.23 Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 3 (tonne) 0.44 +0% 0.29 Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 1,2,3 (tonne) 3.21 +0% 1.31 * Scope 3 consists of Business Travel, in line with the CO2 performance index handbook 3.1 (figures are preliminary) Update on CSRD In November 2022, the European Union has adopted the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). CSRD is a non-financial disclosure regime from the EU for companies of 250+ employees and/or 40+ M€ revenue. Disclosure should provide a holistic picture of sustainability performance across Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) topics from reporting year 2024 onwards. Aim of this legislation is to stimulate investments in sustainable stocks by making ESG performance more transparent. Whilst the legislative framework further developed, Alfen initiated an internal strategic project last year to understand the implications for Alfen and to take corresponding action. The project consists of a multi- disciplinary team with representatives from Finance, QHSE, Strategy, HR and the Management Board. 34Alfen - Annual Report 2023 CO2e-emissions (tonne) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Realisation 2023<->2019 Scope 1 1,073 (72)% 854 (86)% 825 (82)% 795 (71)% 741 (61)% (31)% Scope 2 214 (14)% 63 (6)% 93 (9)% 128 (11)% 212 (17)% (1)% Scope3 202 (14)% 82 (8)% 96 (9)% 206 (18)% 270 (22)% 34% Total 1,489 999 1,014 1,129 1,223 (18)% Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 1 2.31 1.50 1.30 1.01 0.79 (66)% Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 2 0.46 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.23 (50)% Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 3 0.44 0.14 0.15 0.26 0.29 (34)% Emissions CO2e/FTE Scope 1,2,3 3.21 1.75 1.60 1.43 1.31 (60)% A double materiality assessment has been developed to define the topics for Alfen within CSRD with significant impact. Inside-out: Alfen determines topics for which Alfen has a significant impact on the environment and/or society. Outside-in: Alfen determines topics for which the environment and/or society has a significant impact on Alfen’s financial performance. 2023 has been used by Alfen to work out the relevant material Environment, Social and Governance topics. This involves amongst others setting KPIs and data requirements, collecting data, start target setting and developing action plans to achieve those targets. Highlighting the environmental topic of greenhouse gas emissions, Alfen has submitted science-based emission targets for our scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions towards the Science Based Target initiative (SBTi) for acceptance. When accepted these will be published and reported upon. In addition, Alfen committed to the UN Global Compact and is in the progress to report their SDG performance in the next round of reporting in 2024. The sustainable performance has also been disclosed to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) as Alfen did in the previous years as well. Lastly, Alfen adopted a stakeholder (dialogue) policy in 2023 that can be found on our website. Our key stakeholders, their expectations and highlights of engagement can also be found in the Corporate Governance section of this Annual Report. Performance on broader range of ESG topics Before reporting in full on these sustainability topics, Alfen reports in this Annual Report 2023 already more extensively on current performance on a wide range of ESG topics, structured in the following sections on Environment, Social and (corporate) Governance. Environmental topics Alfen recognises that the economic activities of its business operations can have consequences for the environment. That is why we strive to act responsibly with the environment and we take into account the consequences of our activities. We have a specific environmental commitment to: • Protect and enhance the environment; • Avoid the use of harmful or hazardous components in used (auxiliary) materials and articles; • Reduce packaging waste; • Use natural resources efficiently and optimally; • Operate climate neutral and energy efficient and to provide insight into this; • Use renewable energy sources where possible; • Reduce the CO2 footprint and making this transparent; • Minimise our exposure to suppliers who have a material negative social and environmental impact; • Reduce the environmental impact in the life cycle of products and making this transparent; • Promote the development of a circular economy. Alfen monitors the performance of other environmental and social aspects that influence sustainable production and consumption as well. Think of waste management, circular products and CO2 emissions. In recent years, Alfen has taken various measures to reduce waste. For example, Alfen internally separates waste streams, enabling optimum recycling options. Circularity of products is seen as the cornerstone of Alfen's design processes, and as such ECO design has gained more foothold during 2023. In addition, using fair trade materials with a low carbon footprint and focusing on reuse and recycling of materials influences our CO2 footprint in a positive manner. Governance: Environmental Management System Alfen has developed the Alfen Integrated Management system (AIM) to control its processes. This management system is set-up as per the requirements of and certified towards ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, ISO 45001:2018, ISO 27001:2013 and ISO 50001:2018. Alfen achieved a successful renewal for this certification in 2023. The certification covers all Alfen N.V. entities except Alfen Elkamo which has its own certification. The aforementioned certificates are available in the download section of our website. Our sustainable initiatives have resulted in a silver award by Ecovadis. We aim to obtain gold in 2024. Emissions & waste management GHG Reduction Programme Alfen strives for complete insight into its CO2 footprint with the objective to reduce this and to report on this. Alfen maintains for years a CO2 performance and Energy management performance reporting system where the below topics are included. More information on the carbon intensity trend and renewable energy use can be found in the latest Carbon Footprint report. This report can be accessed at our website (https://alfen.com/file- download/download/public/2403). Alfen has submitted its Science-Based Targets for its GHG reduction. 2023 is the last reporting year that Alfen has set its targets based on the voluntarily Dutch CO2 Performance scheme and measured towards these stringent requirements. Renewable Energy programmes All production related activities of Alfen are executed using 100% renewable electricity. Certificates of origins are purchased from Certiq and Fingrid based on the anticipated consumption of electricity. In addition, Alfen has invested in its own PV installation which is operational since the second half of 2022 and has produced in 2023 about 300 MWh. Non-GHG Air Emissions Programmes The production process of Alfen is as such set-up that there are no non-GHG air emissions to be accounted for. Water Management Programmes & Effluent Management Alfen uses no water for its production process. Water is only used for sanitation, hygiene, and drinking water purposes. This water output is monitored. We have been able to keep water usage relatively stable, while the business has grown strongly. The slight increase is driven by the acquisition of Damsluisweg 70 (new facility for Energy Storage Systems) as well as the increase in FTE. The table below indicates water usage in our facilities in the Netherlands, Belgium and Finland. 2023 2022 Alfen usage of water in m3 4,304 3,780 Hazardous Waste Management Alfen has a very limited amount of hazardous waste. This is related to the fact that no hazardous waste is produced during its production process. The only hazardous waste that is produced is related to a small amount of empty cannisters, cans and bottles of paint, grease, degreaser and anti-corrosion. Supplier Environmental Programmes Alfen co-develops with its main partners sustainable initiatives. For instance, our transport partner set-up initiatives to reduce its CO2 footprint of its transport activities. Another partner focusses on the circularity of the raw material used for the production of the housing of the transformer substations. Circularity Eco-Design and sustainable products Alfen has chosen to use the ‘LiDS Wheel’. The methodology uses universal EcoDesign guidelines and gives engineers incentives to push the development to more eco-efficient decisions. The tool is widely used to evaluate and compare products and services throughout the life-cycle, from beginning-of-life (idea) to end-of-life (reuse, recycle or landfill). The LiDS Wheel is a qualitative tool that gives the ability to seek for a quantitative foundation and verification. In 2023 this tool is further implemented within Alfen. 35Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Recycled Material Use Alfen provides support towards the Dutch national grid companies in establishing a material passport for all products used in the distribution of electrical energy. This so called Ksandr trade initiative, will provide insight in raw material data and possibilities for reuse. Further information can be found on https://ksandr.nl/ (in Dutch). With the development of material passports we identify the recyclability of our products and gain insight into where improvements can be made. The use of recycled materials is also promoted with the use of the discussed LiDS Wheel. Product Stewardship Programmes For our charging stations, we have set up agreements with the respective National WEEE organisation of the European countries where we sell our products. Furthermore, Alfen requires for all wood used in its products, the Forest Steward Council (FSC) certification. Social topics Next to Environment, ESG is also about Social topics. In this section, we address topics related to Alfen’s workforce, work-related rights in general, consumer & end-users, quality, workers in the value chain, equal opportunities and the local community. Workforce characteristics Alfen keeps on investing in its workforce and also throughout 2023 the workforce has grown from 893 FTE on 31 December 2022 to 931 FTE on 31 December 2023. The majority of its employees work in the Netherlands or through Alfen Elkamo in Finland. FTE end-of-year 2023 2022 Netherlands 809 772 Finland 67 74 Other countries 55 47 Working conditions Diversity We promote diversity and inclusion at Alfen not just because it is the right thing to do. We promote diversity and inclusion because it’s essential for delivering on the Alfen strategy. Diversity increases our pool of potential candidates. It helps us attract and retain the best and brightest talent. It allows us to better understand different customers and technical challenges. It makes us more adaptable, helps us to avoid group-think, and contributes to disrupting the status quo. In order to stay a step ahead, we need teams with a healthy mix of contrasting perspectives and backgrounds. Diversity does not exist without inclusion. When employees feel included, they feel a sense of belonging that drives increased positive performance results and creates collaborative teams who are innovative and engaging. Employees that feel included are more likely to be positively engaged within the organisation. Higher employee engagement drives higher levels of productivity, retention, and a company’s overall success. On October 3, 2023 we promoted the SER Diversity Day by launching a training for all employees about unconscious bias. All of our practices can be read in our diversity and inclusion policy (https://alfen.com/file-download/ download/public/2481). Alfen’s practices are applicable to recruitment and selection, performance and appraisal, compensation and benefits, professional development and training, promotions, succession planning, lay-offs, terminations, social and recreational programs, and the ongoing development of our work environment. Alfen strives that its workforce is a reflection of society. We have many different nationalities employed in our organisation. Although the number of nationalities was already quite high in 2022, we have seen this number further increasing in 2023. In 2023, Alfen employed 48 different nationalities compared with 44 different nationalities in 2022. Year (as per December 31) Number of nationalities 2019 27 2020 32 2021 36 2022 44 2023 48 “Wet ingroeiquotum en streefcijfers” ("Diversity Act") Alfen believes that diversity and inclusion are key to a sustainable future. Equal appreciation of different cultures, ethnic groups and backgrounds is of great importance. In our belief, this also ensures that issues are looked at from different perspectives, which enables us to create more balanced solutions. Alfen now employs 48 different nationalities and this number is only increasing. Apart from these principles, we are bound by the obligations laid down in the Act on Growth Quotas and Targets ("Diversity Act"), which came into force on 1 January 2022. Supervisory Board Since the EGM of 21 November 2022, the Supervisory Board has been expanded from 3 to 4 members. Currently, the Supervisory Board consists of 2 women and 2 men; a 50/50 split between female and male members. Alfen thereby meets the diversity quota of at least one-third woman and one-third man on the Supervisory Board and will continue doing so. Management Board Since the appointment of the female CCO on 1 July 2021, Alfen's Management Board consists of 1 woman and 2 men; a 1/3-2/3 split between female and male members. Alfen thereby meets the diversity quota of at least one-third woman and one-third man on the Management Board and will continue doing so. EU legislation The adoption in November 2022 of the so-called “Women on Boards” Directive in the EU parliament aims to introduce transparent recruitment procedures in companies, so that at least 40% of non- executive director posts or 33% of all director posts are occupied by the under-represented sex by the end of June 2026. Alfen is a supporter of this directive as we believe in the importance of having gender diversity in our corporate boards. Alfen meets the criteria of this directive and we pledge to do our part to continue to ensure that this directive is met. Sub-top This Sub-top group consisted of 42 employees as of 1 January 2023, and reached a total number of 47 employees per 31 December 2023. Date # Women # Men % Women % Men 1-1-2023 9 33 21% 79% 31-12-2023 10 37 21% 79% Sub-top objective For the purpose of the Diversity Act, Alfen has defined the sub-top as follows: a. those executives who report directly to the management board ( e.g. N-1); and b. those executives that lead a team and whose direct manager reports directly to the management board (N-2). This includes all entities within Alfen, therefore also including all countries in which Alfen is based. Alfen has the ambition to keep the percentage at least at 21% of women in its subtop in the next 5 years. 36Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Plans to promote a proportionate split between women and men Given its activities, Alfen in the Netherlands is operating in the so called Metalektro sector. Within this sector, the average % of women in general is 16%. For Alfen, this is slightly higher at 17% at the end of 2023. In order to ensure a proportionate split, i.e. a larger share of women, we mainly focus on the new employees, which, given Alfen's growth, involves a considerable number of employees every year. Looking at numbers of new employees we see that the % of women joining Alfen has increased from 15% in 2019 to almost 18% in 2023 (with a peak of 24% in 2022). Below, therefore, is a graph showing that the percentage of women within Alfen is clearly increasing. Share of women in the company for 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 in % Total population New employees Year (as per December 31) % female % male % female % male 2019 11% 89% 15% 85% 2020 12% 88% 19% 81% 2021 14% 86% 21% 79% 2022 18% 82% 24% 76% 2023 17% 83% 18% 82% To further increase the number of women in our organisation we will focus for the coming years on the following pillars: 1. Inflow and internal promotions; 2. Cooperation with educational institutions; 3. External appearance. Re 1. Inflow and internal promotions Given Alfen's growth, many employees are recruited every year. Both by our internal recruitment team and with the help of external parties. The value of diversity is explicitly discussed within the recruitment team and with external parties and targets are set for the supply of female candidates. For internal promotion, the possibility of promoting women to management positions is explicitly discussed and stimulated. Re 2. Cooperation with educational institutions We strongly believe that, in order to show the attractiveness of technology in general, one needs to focus on the employees of the future. Therefore it is essential that we provide children with the guidance and resources they need to make informed decisions about their future (education). We are intensifying the cooperation with schools (ranging from vocational education to universities) to offer interesting insights in our organisation as well as technology in general. This will take place in various forms ranging from promoting Alfen's work at schools and actively participating in career events. . This also includes offering internships as well as graduation assignments. We will focus on attracting female students for our organisation. Re 3. External appearance We are increasing the visibility of women in our company in recruitment activities and social media activities, among others. Female speakers at conferences and events will also contribute to the desired image of our Company. Social return Alfen creates sustainable employment opportunities for people with a distance to the labour market. The emphasis here is on employment of people receiving benefits or people with other distances to the labour market. Job seekers with a technical affinity, education or working experience have a great chance of finding a position within Alfen. However, we do not only focus on technical profiles but see various opportunities in other fields as well. Employee development Human capital can be broadly defined as the stock of knowledge, skills and other personal characteristics embodied in people that helps them to be productive. Pursuing formal education (early childhood, formal school system, adult training programmes) but also informal and on-the-job learning and work experience all represent investment in human capital. Our people are key to the success of the business. Training To ensure sustainable success, Alfen offers and provides learning opportunities to all Alfen workers. This is ranging from the mandatory training and education required for the job as well as educational opportunities to enlarge the knowledge of our workers for further specialisation or career development within Alfen. Not only do we encourage building further expertise, we also focus on professional development (e.g. leadership skills), by offering various programmes at various levels to increase the skills of our (potential) leaders in the company. In 2023, Alfen launched Adapt, a new learning and development platform. Adapt supports Alfen's employees in their development by offering training, e-learnings, courses and education. Adapt now offers over 80 courses in its catalogue. All company training courses are facilitated though Adapt. Employees can register themselves through the system. The digital onboarding of new employees is also facilitated fully through the learning management system. The Adapt system also facilitates the performance management cycle, such as target setting, development and year- end performance reviews. Recruitment Alfen acknowledges that for continuation of growth, talent is required to make this growth happen. Therefore, a dedicated recruitment team is active to ensure that the open vacancies are filled with competent candidates. Alfen policy is to assess first whether the open vacancy can be fulfilled with internal candidates. If this is not possible, external candidates are recruited. Alfen Academy Alfen acknowledges as well the current limitations in the availability of technical personnel. For many years now Alfen has an in-house company school (Alfen Academy) in cooperation with Deltion College (ROC in Zwolle), where young adults start their apprenticeship within Alfen to become an electrician in combination with normal school activities to obtain a college diploma as well. To optimally facilitate and integrate the educational activities, we have our own classroom and practice facilities at our own premises. Founded in 2008, the Alfen Academy continues to have significant scale, with 54 students in 2022 and 51 students in 2023. 37Alfen - Annual Report 2023 With this initiative, Alfen ensures a stable source of technical personnel. Since we started our own company school in 2008, we have already been able to award over 170 diplomas. Performance management Performance management is an ongoing process that can help to ensure that employees are performing to the best of their abilities and meeting the goals of the organisation. It helps to increase employee engagement, as it allows employees to understand their role and how it contributes to the success of the company. Additionally, performance management can help to uncover any underlying issues that could be hindering performance, allowing for more effective solutions to be put in place. Therefore, the performance cycle at Alfen consist of at least 3 different types of conversation between the employee and their direct manager, being the target setting meeting, the development meeting and performance appraisal at the end of the year. Alfen has a yearly assessment cycle where last year performance is discussed as well as personal development and target setting. A Personal Development Plan is applicable in case of further career development or to improve personal performance. Performance management also provides us with valuable insights into our employees’ strengths and weaknesses. We use this information to provide targeted training and development opportunities to help employees reach their full potential. Additionally, performance management also helps to identify high-performing employees, allowing them to be properly developed, rewarded or promoted. Talent management Regular talent review meetings are an essential part of any organisation’s success. By providing an opportunity to assess both performance and potential, we get insight in potential talents within the company and are able to maximise the potential of our talents. Talent is regardless of whether the role is in an individual contributor role or management role. Within a technological and innovative company like Alfen we need talents in specialist roles as much as talents in more managerial roles. In management roles, talent can help foster our culture of learning and development, as well as create a positive working environment. Employee well-being Employee well-being is essential to the success of our business. Mental well-being is just as important as physical health. Stress and anxiety can lead to job dissatisfaction. Alfen provides their employees with resources to help them manage stress, such as stress management classes, mental health counselling, and 1 on 1 coaching. The relatively high absenteism rates over the past years is in line with broader trends in the Netherlands. In 2023, Alfen created an internal working group focusing on improving health and wellbeing. The working group's activities included benchmarking effective measures with other companies, training managers, working together with the occupational health doctor and offering social psychological support to employees. FTE end-of-year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Alfen absence rate 3.1% 4.3% 4.1% 6.1% 5.5% Industry average 5.4% 5.0% 8.0% 9.7% Not available yet Employee engagement In 2023 we spent significant time on the follow-up of an employee engagement survey, that was held amongst our staff in November 2022. The survey had a response rate of 67% of our staff. The survey was performed through an external supplier to ensure confidentiality of the individual responses. Alfen achieved a 23.6% employee Net Promotor Score (eNPS). The benchmark score in the Netherlands was 5.5%. The eNPS score is calculated based on the question: "How likely is it that you would recommend Alfen as an employer to others?" Employees that indicate 9 or 10 are promotors. Employees that indicate 7 or 8 are passives. Employees that indicate 1 until 6 are detractors. The eNPS is determined by subtracting the % of detractors from the % of promotors. Generally, the survey results saw above benchmark results on topics related to employership, engagement and psychological safety. To address feedback received in relation to respectful and constructive collaboration, Alfen started an awareness culture training for managers during which topics such as leadership, desirable behaviour and feedback culture were addressed. All key management participated in these trainings. 38Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Working hours policy Alfen ensures that its working hours policy complies with the applicable working hours acts of the country where the company is registered or have personnel working on its behalf. Health and Safety Management System To ensure a healthy and safe workplace to work, Alfen has a health and safety management system in place based on the requirements of the countries where Alfen is registered or have personnel working on their behalf, and based on the ISO 45001:2018 requirements. The system is included in the Alfen Integrated Management system (AIM) to control its processes. This management system is set-up as per the requirements of ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, ISO 45001:2018, ISO 27001:2013 and ISO 50001:2018 and certified towards these standards accordingly. Alfen has a QHSE policy where for the safety part it has adopted the ‘safety differently’ view. When we think of safety it is usually by reference to its opposite, the absence of safety. The traditional view of safety, called Preventative Safety (Safety-I), has consequently been defined by the absence of accidents and incidents, or as the ‘freedom from unacceptable risk.’ As a result, the focus of safety research and safety management has usually been on unsafe system operation rather than on safe operation. In contrast to the traditional view, Alfen wants to adopt the resilience engineering approach which maintains that ‘things go wrong’ and ‘things go right’ for the same basic reasons. This corresponds to a view of safety, called Productive Safety (Safety-II), which defines safety as the ability to succeed under varying conditions. The learning from normal work is therefore a necessary prerequisite for the understanding of the safety performance of Alfen. Various workshops have been held during 2023 to initiate this view within Alfen. Health and Safety Certifications Alfen has a management system that complies and is certified towards the ISO 45001:2018 standard accordingly. The certification covers all Alfen N.V. entities except for Alfen Elkamo, which has its own certification. Safety Performance Alfen monitors its safety performance and reports about its KPIs. These are divided in leading and lagging indicators. The lagging indicators are the Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR), Total Recordable Rate (TRIR), Fatality Rate (FAR) and Severity Rate. That FAR has been 0 since 2020 when measurement began. The safety performance of 2023 based on lagging indicators is as follows (reference date 31/12/23). As can be seen, our parameters have remained at a stable low level. Other work-related rights Freedom of Association Policy The right of workers and employers to form and join organisations of their own choosing is an integral part of a free and open society. We are committed to promoting an open and inclusive workplace where all employees feel more engaged and inspired to achieve their maximum potential. Alfen recognises and respects the basic right of all employees to associate freely, to join or form a trade union and bargain collectively. Where employees are represented by a recognised trade union, we are committed to establishing and maintaining a constructive dialogue with their chosen union. We are committed to bargaining in a constructive manner to seek mutually beneficial collective agreements that protect and improve the company’s business model while delivering competitive pay, benefits and work life balance for our people. Alfen fully respects and supports workers democratic rights to participate or not participate in trade unions without fear of intimidation, pressure or reprisal. We support the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles at Work, including the ILO declaration on the freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining. Collective Bargaining Agreements For Alfen B.V. and Alfen ICU B.V. the Metalektro Collective Labour Agreements (the 'CAO' or ‘CLA’) applies. The Metalektro CLA consists of a standard CLA and a CLA for senior staff. For Alfen Elkamo Oy Ab the Technology Industry Union in Finland applies. Across Alfen N.V., more than 90% of employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements, and if employees are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement, then it is because there is no bargaining agreement in that country that is applicable to Alfen. Human Rights Policy The UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights also outline the corporate responsibility to respect human rights. Beyond this, businesses are increasingly recognising their own moral, legal, and commercial responsibility. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights form the basis for what businesses should adhere to and are as such adopted by Alfen. On the one hand, businesses can hinder human rights, as evidenced by reports around the world of unsafe working conditions, migrant worker exploitation, and harm done to communities. On the other hand, businesses can help advance human rights by offering access to decent work, creating higher living standards, protecting people’s rights and procuring goods in a responsible manner. Our business centres around trust, as we can only maintain our stakeholders’ confidence and preserve our company’s reputation by acting with professionalism and integrity. This, and more, is all outlined in our Code of Conduct. Everyone working at Alfen is expected to adhere to this code of conduct. It builds on our values and behaviours that underpin our way of working – and is based on the policies and guidelines we follow in our daily business. We value our employees and seek to be a good employer. We promote the personal and professional growth of our employees by providing good primary and secondary benefits and development opportunities. This creates an environment where our people not only do well but can also do good. 39Alfen - Annual Report 2023 We provide a healthy and safe workplace where mutual respect is key and discrimination isn’t tolerated. Our whistle-blower policy allows employees to safely and confidentially air any concerns, should they arise. The human rights we consider fundamental and universal for our workforce include the right to freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining and freedom from discrimination based on race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion and national and social origin. We have implemented a Supplier Code of Conduct that determines the level of social, environmental and ethical requirements towards a supplier. Suppliers are required to agree to Alfen’s Supplier Code of Conduct and confirm that they operate in line with the principles of the UN Global Compact. These principles encompass human rights, forced and child labour, fair labour conditions, environmental protection and anti-corruption amongst other topics. Workers in the value chain Scope of Social Supplier Standards To ensure that Suppliers conduct their business on the same level as Alfen, a supplier Code of Conduct has been developed covering all relevant ESG topics that suppliers are required to address. This Supplier Code of Conduct can be found on the Alfen website under ‘downloads’ (https://alfen.com/file-download/ download/public/1720). Conflict Minerals Policy / Conflict Minerals Programmes Conflict Minerals Suppliers are expected to ensure that parts and products supplied to Alfen are DRC conflict-free (do not contain metals derived from “conflict minerals”; columbitetantalite (tantalum), cassiterite (tin), gold, wolframite (tungsten), or their derivatives such that they do not directly or indirectly finance or benefit armed groups through mining or mineral trading in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country). Suppliers are to establish policies, due diligence frameworks, and management systems, consistent with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas, that are designed to accomplish this goal. Supply Chain Monitoring Based on the criticality of the Suppliers towards the production process of Alfen, supplier evaluation is continually performed by the purchasing department on KPIs like timely delivery, price, responses, and deviations. In addition to this, for critical suppliers, audits are executed by the Alfen QHSE department in collaboration with the purchasing department to assess the actual implementation of the Alfen requirements. Activities in Sensitive Countries Alfen operates mainly in the countries of the European Union and the European Economic Area. Furthermore, we operate in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Alfen has no activities in sensitive countries. Modern Slavery Alfen supports eliminating all forms of forced labour and child labour. It has therefore developed a Modern Slavery Policy that can be accessed here (https://alfen.com/file-download/download/ public/2219). Equal opportunities Discrimination Alfen denounces all forms of discrimination. Discrimination is when a person is treated differently or excluded, for example from a job opportunity, because of their race, gender, religion, cultural background, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, political opinion, family responsibility, age, social origin or any other status. It has the effect of nullifying or impairing equal opportunity. Alfen has measures in place to prevent discrimination towards customers and employees. These include our Code of Conduct and Whistle-blower policy, which expects all employees to create and maintain a safe working environment and to speak up and report misconduct. We make a conscious effort to include all. Further details can be found in the Diversity & Inclusion policy, the Code of Conduct (https:// alfen.com/file-download/download/public/1832), the Supplier Code of Conduct (https://alfen.com/file- download/download/public/1720), and the Whistle- blower policy (https://alfen.com/file-download/ download/public/1737) which all can be found on the Alfen website under ‘downloads’. Quality QMS Certifications Alfen has a management system that complies and are certified accordingly towards the ISO 9001:2015 standards. The certification covers all Alfen N.V. entities except Alfen Elkamo which has its own certification. Consumers and end-users Product and Service Safety Programme Alfen ensures that its products and services are safe for use and are of such quality standards that these last for a long time. To ensure this, Alfen has developed the Alfen Integrated Management system (AIM) to control its processes. This management system is set-up as per the requirements of ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, ISO 45001:2018, ISO 27001:2017 and ISO 50001: 2018 and certified towards these standards accordingly. The implementation of the AIM system lies with the CEO of Alfen and line management. Product / Service Safety is therefore considered a line management responsibility. Alfen has a risk management process in place that meets the requirements of ISO 30001:2018 including risk assessments of our products and services (e.g. FMEA, HAZID). In the unlikely event that unforeseen circumstances require a product recall, a recall process is in place. In case of undesired events (i.e. Product/ Service related events), these are investigated by a multi- disciplinary team with QHSE in the lead. Methodologies used are ranging from 5 x why, 8D, up to Kelvin TOP-SET. Product/ Service Safety performance is measured and targets are annually set by the Alfen QHSE department. Targets are set on Customer complaints, NCRs and undesired events. During production dedicated QC teams ensure that the final product has received a Factory Acceptance Test (either manually or automated). Where required, a site Acceptance Testing is performed by dedicated Commissioning engineers to ensure that the product is safe to operate. For each product line of Alfen dedicated After-Sales / Service teams are established to ensure that malfunctions, disturbances, and complaints are adequately and swiftly handled. Based on the service level of these contracts, 24/7 monitoring of the products is possible. In the unlikely event that Alfen products require a recall, the public will be informed by means of appropriate and proportioned communication in relation to the unwanted event. Local community The company has been located in Almere since 1983 and has built up a strong, two-way relationship with the municipality. There are various initiatives that Alfen undertakes to strengthen this even further. Not only does a significant part of our employees live in Almere, we also have our own Alfen Academy where we train and educate our students & employees in cooperation with a public school in order for them to get their accreditation and diplomas. The Alfen Academy is a fundamental asset in our collaboration with the local municipality to help unemployed people get a job at Alfen. The latter is also a diversity objective of Alfen. Moreover, we sponsor the local, professional football club FC Almere City, which besides being a football club also supports and promotes the physical and sportive development of children. 40Alfen - Annual Report 2023 41Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Corporate Governance ___ General Alfen N.V. is a publicly limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands, with its registered seat in Amsterdam and its offices at Hefbrugweg 28, 1332 AP Almere, the Netherlands, chamber of commerce registration number 64462846 (“Alfen” or the “Company”) . For details regarding Alfen’s share capital, reference is made to the section “Capital Structure”. Alfen, as the ultimate parent company, directly holds all the shares of Alfen B.V., Alfen ICU B.V., Alfen Projects B.V. and Alfen International B.V., and indirectly holds all the shares of Alfen België BV and Alfen Elkamo Oy Ab. Alfen has a works council. The Company, Alfen B.V. and Alfen ICU B.V. meet all three criteria as laid down in Section 2:263 paragraph 2 of the Dutch Civil Code regarding the large company regime (“structuurregime”). The Company, Alfen B.V. and Alfen ICU B.V. have therefore deposited the statement as referred to in Section 2:263 paragraph 1 of the Dutch Civil Code with the Chamber of Commerce. The Company will propose to the general meeting of shareholders in April 2024 to amend its articles of associations in accordance with the statutory requirements in connection with the large company regime in 2024. Corporate governance within Alfen is based on statutory requirements and the Corporate Governance Code 2022 applicable to public limited liability companies in the Netherlands as well as Alfen’s articles of association. Alfen’s articles of association are published on the Investor Relations section of its website www.alfen.com (Articles of Association) (the “Articles of Association”). This section gives an overview of the information concerning the Management Board, the Supervisory Board and the General Meeting of Shareholders. Alfen has a two-tier board structure consisting of the Management Board and the Supervisory Board. The Management Board is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Company. The Management Board and the Supervisory Board are jointly responsible for the governance structure of Alfen. 42Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Management Board Powers, responsibilities and functioning The Management Board is the executive body and is entrusted with the management of Alfen and responsible for the continuity of Alfen, under the supervision of the Supervisory Board. The Management Board timely provides the Supervisory Board with the information necessary for the performance of the Supervisory Board’s duties. The Management Board keeps the Supervisory Board informed and consults with the Supervisory Board on important matters. The Management Board has informed and consulted the Supervisory Board on the Company’s strategic policy, the general and financial risks, key positions within the Company, the financing of the Company, the purchase of a building, the budget for 2024, the internal and external independent auditor assessments and the risk management and control systems. Two Managing Directors are jointly authorized to represent the Company. Pursuant to the Articles of Association, the Management Board may grant one or more persons, whether or not employed by the Company, a power of attorney or other form of continuing authority to represent the Company or to grant one or more persons such titles as it sees fit. No long term powers of attorney have been granted. The General Meeting of Shareholders (the “General Meeting”) appoints the Managing Directors who constitute the Management Board. A resolution of the General Meeting to appoint a Managing Director can be adopted by a majority of the votes cast, without a quorum being required. The Articles of Association provide that a Managing Director may be suspended or dismissed by the General Meeting at any time. A resolution of the General Meeting to suspend or dismiss a Managing Director can be adopted by a majority of the votes cast, without a quorum being required. The Supervisory Board has appointed one of the Managing Directors as CEO (Chief Executive Officer). In addition, the Supervisory Board has appointed one of the Managing Directors as CFO (Chief Financial Officer) to specifically oversee the Company’s financial affairs and one of the Managing Directors as CCO (Chief Commercial Officer) to specifically oversee the Company’s commercial affairs. Members of the Management Board The Management Board is composed of the following members: Name Age Position Member since End of current term Mr Marco Roeleveld 62 CEO and COO November 2015 AGM of 2026 Mr Jeroen van Rossen 50 CFO August 2017 AGM of 2026 Ms Michelle Lesh 45 CCO April 2022 AGM of 2026 Marco Roeleveld (born 1962, Dutch) is Alfen’s CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and COO (Chief Operations Officer). Marco Roeleveld is a member of the Management Board since the Company’s incorporation in November 2015. He joined the subsidiary of the Company, Alfen B.V., as a Managing Director in 1997. Prior to joining Alfen, Marco Roeleveld was commercial director of Hitec Power Protection in the Netherlands. He holds a master of science degree in Business Administration from the Technical University in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Jeroen van Rossen (born 1973, Dutch) is Alfen’s CFO (Chief Financial Officer) since September 2015 and a member of the Management Board since August 2017. Prior to joining Alfen, he was a partner at KPMG (2010-2015) and worked as an auditor and advisor for a number of large and mid-size companies in the Netherlands. Jeroen van Rossen holds an accounting degree from Nyenrode University in Breukelen, the Netherlands. During 2023, Jeroen van Rossen announced his resignation from the Company per the AGM of 2024. Michelle Lesh (born 1978, American) was appointed as Alfen’s new CCO (Chief Commercial Officer) per July 2021. She is a member of the Management Board since the AGM of 2022. Prior to joining Alfen, she gained experience as the Chief Commercial Officer for GE Digital’s Grid Software business supporting electric utility customers globally. Prior to that she held various commercial roles across General Electric’s business units focused on the energy sector, including power generation and Transmission & Distribution hardware and software. Michelle Lesh has a Mechanical Engineering degree from Bucknell University and earned her MBA from University of California, Irvine, United States of America. The business address of the Management Board of the Company is Hefbrugweg 28, 1332 AP in Almere, the Netherlands. Supervisory Board and Committees Powers, responsibilities and functioning The Supervisory Board supervises the Management Board and the general course of affairs of the Company, its subsidiaries and the business affiliated therewith. The Supervisory Board is accountable for these matters to the General Meeting. The Supervisory Board also provides advice to the Management Board. In performing its duties, the Supervisory Directors focus on the effectiveness of Alfen’s internal risk management and control systems and the integrity and quality of the financial reporting. The Supervisory Directors assist the Management Board with advice on general policies related to the activities of Alfen. In the fulfilment of their duty, the Supervisory Directors focus on the interests of the Company and the Company's stakeholders. In addition, certain (material) decisions of the Management Board, as stipulated in the Dutch Civil Code, the articles of association or the Supervisory Board and Management Board bylaws, require the prior approval of the Supervisory Board. During 2023, the Supervisory Board established an Audit Committee and an HR Committee Therefore the Company is now in compliance with the best practice principle 2.3. of the Corporate Governance Code 2022. Audit Committee The Audit Committee is charged with assisting and advising the Supervisory Board in fulfilling its duties in particular with: the monitoring of the financial- accounting process, the internal audit system and the risk management system, the monitoring of the statutory audit of the Annual Accounts, the review and monitoring of the independence of the external independent auditor and the selection and nomination of the external independent auditor. Working within the Supervisory Board, the Audit Committee focuses on the preparatory work for the Supervisory Board's decision making regarding these items. HR Committee The HR committee is a combined committee with two separate tasks: (i) the selection and appointment preparation of Management Board and Supervisory Board members and (ii) submitting a clear and understandable proposal for the remuneration policy and propose the remuneration of individual Management Board members. More information can be found in the Supervisory Board Bylaws and the terms of reference for the respective Committees on the Company's website. Members of the Supervisory Board The Supervisory Board consists of four members, who are appointed by the General Meeting following nomination by the Supervisory Board. The Supervisory Board, the audit committee and the HR committee are composed of the following members: The business address of the Supervisory Board of the Company is Hefbrugweg 28, 1332 AP in Almere, the Netherlands. Henk ten Hove (born 1952, Dutch) is the Chairman of the Supervisory Board since 22 March 2018. He was re-appointed during the 2022 General Meeting for a further period of 4 years. Henk ten Hove held a supervisory board position at the publicly listed company Kendrion from 2013 until 12 April 2021 (as chairman) and still holds a supervisory board position at Unica since 2014. 43Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Name Age Position Member since Committees End of current term Mr Henk ten Hove 71 Chairman 22 March 2018 HR Committee Member AGM of 2026 Mr Willem Ackermans 68 Member 6 July 2020 Audit Committee Chair AGM of 2024 Ms Jeanine van der Vlist 59 Member 21 November 2022 HR Committee Chair AGM of 2027 Ms Eline Oudenbroek 54 Member 6 July 2020 N.A. AGM of 2023 Ms Maria Anhalt 53 Member 19 September 2023 Audit Committee Member AGM of 2027 He is also chairman of the foundation owning the shares in BDR Thermea group. Henk ten Hove has spent most of his career at Wavin, where he started in 1982 and held various positions over time, including that of financial manager, general manager Germany, member of the executive board and, between 2010 and 2013, CEO of the group. Henk ten Hove is independent within the meaning of the corporate governance code. He does not hold any shares in the Company. Henk ten Hove holds a master’s degree in Economics from the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Willem Ackermans (born 1955, Dutch) is a member of the Supervisory Board since 6 July 2020. He is also a member of the investment committees of BOM and FSFE Fûns Skjinne Fryske Enerzjy. He is further a member of the Advisory Board of GBM Works, a member of the Board of Norges Bank Investment Management for Offshore Wind Project Borssele I+II and he is the chairman of the Supervisory Board for the Ludwig Cardiology clinic in Groningen. He has worked as Treasurer/Finance Director at Boskalis International B.V., as Corporate Treasurer at Koninklijke KPN N.V., as CFO at KPN International and KPNQwest N.V., and as Director Corporate Development, Strategy & Innovations at Eneco N.V. Willem Ackermans is independent within the meaning of the corporate governance code. He does not hold any shares in the Company. Willem Ackermans holds a degree in Construction and Architecture from the Technical University of Delft, the Netherlands. Jeanine van der Vlist (born 1964) is a member of the Supervisory Board since 21 November 2022. She is a non-executive director/supervisory director by profession. In the past she held several senior management positions in a number of international companies, like Fujitsu, Dell, Alcatel-Lucent and Eurofiber. Currently she is a (non-executive) board member of the Belgium company DPG Media N.V., a supervisory board member of the Remeha Group and a supervisory board member of Koninklijke Brill N.V. Per July 2023, she is the chair of the Supervisory Board of Holland Colours N.V. Furthermore she is a board member of the non-profit foundation Worldgranny. Jeanine van der Vlist is independent within the meaning of the corporate governance code. She does not hold any shares in the Company. Jeanine van der Vlist holds a bachelor degree in information and communication technology from the HEAO in the Hague. Maria Anhalt (born 1970, Bulgarian) is a member of the Supervisory Board since 19 September 2023. She obtained experience from her current position as supervisory board member of Hewlett-Packard Germany as well as internal (supervisory) director of the start-up company Argus. Since January 2021, she is the Chief Executive Officer of Elektrobit Gmbh at Erlangen, a global company with about 4,000 employees. She brings technical and commercial expertise regarding software and services together with a well-developed perspective on technology and the energy transition. She has strong growth experience in an international environment. This is reflected in past positions, among which: (i) Vice President R&D Operations at HP Enterprises in the United States, (ii) Vice President Hybrid Cloud and Automation Software at Micro Focus International PLC in the United Kingdom, and (iii) Senior Vice President, Head of Software at Continental AG in Germany. Ms. Anhalt is independent within the meaning of the corporate governance code. She does not hold any shares in the company. Ms. Anhalt holds a Masters in Computer Science at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). Remuneration The remuneration policy applicable to the Management Board was adopted by the General Meeting on 7 April 2022 and for the Supervisory Board on 6 April 2023. Information on the remuneration of the Management Board and the Supervisory Board is set out in the Remuneration Report, which can be found on ir.alfen.com and in the Supervisory Board Report below. Related Party Transactions All legal entities that can be controlled, jointly controlled or significantly influenced are considered to be a related party. Also, entities which can control, jointly control or significantly influence the Company are considered a related party. In addition, statutory and Supervisory Directors and close relatives are regarded as related parties. Intercompany transactions are carried out at arm’s length. The following transactions were carried out with related parties: • Key management compensation; • Share-based payments; • Remuneration of the Management Board and Supervisory Board. Share award plans The Management Board recognised the importance of its key employees to the future success of the Company. Therefore, on 4 October 2018, a long-term incentive plan (‘LTIP’) was introduced for a number of designated employees within the group of the Company. The fifth grant under this plan was made at 1 January 2023 and comprises of a total of 11,326 Ordinary Shares for no consideration. The conditional rights to acquire existing Ordinary Shares granted will be exercisable in exchange for Ordinary Shares on the day that is four years after the grant date, on the condition that the relevant employee of Alfen continues to be employed by the Company on this date (subject to certain arrangements for exceptional circumstances, such as death of the employee). Besides the aforementioned service vesting condition no other vesting conditions are applicable for the LTIP. None of the outstanding rights related to the LTIP are exercisable at 31 December 2023. The second grant under the plan made at 1 January 2020 will be exercisable at 2 January 2024. In accordance with best practice principle 2.7 of the Corporate Governance Code, the transactions which were carried out with related parties, with who conflicts of interest should be prevented, are also set out in Note 30 in the Consolidated Financial Statements. General Meetings of Shareholders General Meetings must be held in Almere or Amsterdam, each in the Netherlands. The 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders was announced on 21 February 2023 to be held at Van der Valk Hotel Amsterdam Zuidas, Tommaso Albinonistraat 200 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands on Thursday 6 April 2023 (the “AGM”). At the AGM, the following resolutions have been adopted: (i) remuneration report for 2022 (advisory vote), (ii) adoption of the Financial Statements for 2022 as included in the 2022 Annual Report, (iii) discharge of the members of the Management Board from liability, (iv) discharge of the members of the Supervisory Board from liability, (v) amendment of the Remuneration Policy for the Supervisory Board, (vi) extension of the designation of the Management Board as competent body to issue shares and/or to grant rights to subscribe for shares and to limit or exclude pre-emptive rights for a period of 18 months, (vii) authorization of the Management Board to cause the Company to acquire shares for a period of 18 months and (viii) appointment of PwC as the external independent auditor for 2024. Whenever the Company’s interests so require, the Supervisory Board or the Management Board may convene extraordinary General Meetings. In addition to the rights of the Supervisory Board and the Management Board, shareholders representing alone or in aggregate at least one-tenth of the issued and outstanding share capital may, pursuant to the Dutch Civil Code, request that a General Meeting be convened. If no General Meeting has been held within eight weeks of the shareholders making such request, the shareholders making such request may, upon their request, be authorised by the district court in summary proceedings to convene a General Meeting. The convocation of the General Meeting must be published through an announcement by electronic means. Notice of a General Meeting must be given by at least such number of days prior to the day of the meeting as required by Dutch law, which is currently 42 days. The notice convening any General Meeting must include, among other items, the subjects to be dealt with, the venue and time of the General Meeting, the requirements for admittance to the General Meeting, the address of the Company’s website and such other information as may be required by Dutch law. The agenda for the annual General Meeting must contain certain subjects, including, among other things, the adoption of the annual accounts, the discussion of any substantial change in the corporate governance structure of the Company and the allocation of the results, insofar as these are at the disposal of the General Meeting. In addition, the agenda must include such items as have been included therein by the Management Board, the Supervisory Board or shareholders (with due observance of Dutch law as described below). 44Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Shareholders holding at least 3% of the Company’s issued and outstanding share capital may request by a motivated request that an item is added to the agenda. Such requests must be made in writing, must either be substantiated or include a proposal for a resolution, and must be received by the Company at least 60 days before the day of the General Meeting. No resolutions may be adopted on items other than those that have been included in the agenda (unless the resolution would be adopted unanimously during a meeting where the entire issued capital of the Company is present or represented). Shareholders who, individually or with other shareholders, hold Ordinary Shares that represent at least 3% (three percent) of the issued and outstanding share capital may request the Company to disseminate information that is prepared by them in connection with an agenda item for a General Meeting, provided that the Company has done a so- called ‘‘identification round’’ in accordance with the provisions of the Securities (Bank Giro Transactions) Act. The Company can only refuse disseminating such information, if received less than seven business days prior to the day of the General Meeting, if the information gives or could give an incorrect or misleading signal or if, in light of the nature of the information, the Company cannot reasonably be required to disseminate it. The General Meeting or the Management Board if authorized by the General Meeting and with the approval of the Supervisory Board may resolve to issues shares and/or grant rights to subscribe for shares and to limit or exclude pre-emptive rights. At the 2023 AGM, the shareholders have delegated this authority to the Management Board for a period of eighteen months, as from 6 April 2023 and subject to approval of the Supervisory Board to repurchase up to 10% of the outstanding shares at that time. The General Meeting or the Management Board with approval of the Supervisory Board may further cause the Company to acquire own shares. At the 2023 AGM, the shareholders have delegated this authority to the Management Board subject to the approval of the Supervisory Board up to a maximum of 10% of the issued share capital on the date of the AGM for a period of 18 months from the date of the AGM on 6 April 2023, i.e. up to and including October 6, 2024. More information about the authority of the General Meeting of Shareholders and the Articles of Association can be found on Alfen’s website. Extra ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders An Extra Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders was announced on 7 August 2023 to be held at the head offices of Alfen N.V., Hefbrugweg 28 in Almere, the Netherlands on Tuesday 19 September 2023 (the “EGM”). During the Extra Ordinary Meeting, only the following agenda item was scheduled, which was put on the agenda for voting: Change to the Supervisory Board: Proposal to appoint Ms. Maria Anhalt as member of the Supervisory Board. During the EGM, the Shareholders voted to appoint Ms. Maria Anhalt for a period of four years, ending at the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders in 2027. Special provisions relating to shares Unless indicated otherwise, there are no restrictions on the transfer of shares, the exercise of voting rights or the term for exercising those rights, and there are no special controlling rights attached to shares. Stakeholder engagement In 2023, Alfen adopted its stakeholder (dialogue) policy. Alfen values the reliable cooperation with its stakeholders. We have mapped employees, customers, investors, suppliers, local communities and society as key stakeholders. They were selected according to who has the greatest influence on the activities of Alfen and who is most affected by the organisation. Alfen employees are an important stakeholder because their commitment, efforts, collective knowledge, performance and development are the basis for our business and ability to create value for our customers and thereby for our investors and society. Alfen customers are an important stakeholder because satisfied customers are the foundation for long-term sustainable growth and profitability. Alfen investors are an important stakeholder because they are together the owners of the company. 45Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Alfen suppliers are an important stakeholder because they are the providers of high quality raw materials and components which need to be delivered timely to create the solutions for our customers. Local communities and broader society are an important stakeholder for Alfen because many of our employees come from the local community and surroundings and vice versa community involvement helps Alfen to maintain a good connection with innovation partners, schools and results in employee satisfaction. 46Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Stakeholder group Their expectations How we engage with them Highlights in 2023 Employees (1) Engaging workplace (2) Personal and professional development (3) Safe and healthy working conditions (1) Works Council Meetings (2) Employee survey (3) Open dialogue between manager and employee (4) Townhall meetings (5) Intranet & monitors throughout buildings (1) Multiple work council meetings to discuss employee policies, working conditions, financial and business aspects of Alfen (2) Feedback of employee survey cascaded throughout the organizations (3) Alfen leadership training (4) Initiated weekly consultations for employees by HR department Customers (1) Engineering, manufacturing, integrating and connecting high quality energy solutions that are innovative, reliable and smart (2) Product Compliance of the deliverables and Certified production (3) Communication and cooperation based on mutual trust and clarity (4) Knowledgeable advice based on the customer situation (5) Deliver (timely) what has been promised (1) Sales process interactions (2) Regular meetings (3) After sales support (4) (Social) media (5) Customer communications and events (1) Customer journey interviews; (2) Customer satisfaction interviews and survey; (3) Introduced Bi-monthly Plugged in to Alfen publication for EV Charging Equipment customers (4) 30+ external events (tradeshows and fairs) (5) Speaking engagements at industry events and forums Investors (1) Transparent financial and non-financial reporting (2) Compliance with laws and regulations (3) A management board with strong oversight that runs the company as efficiently as possible (4) Return on investment (1) Quarterly earnings (2) Half year results and annual report (3) Annual General meeting (4) Analyst and investor calls (5) Conferences and road shows (1) Organized Capital Markets Day to present mid-term strategy and financial objectives (2) Organized 2 roadshows and attended 9 conferences (3) Organized several reverse roadshows (4) Hosted retail investors factory visit in Almere Suppliers (1) Ethical business conduct, (2) Long-lasting partnerships based on trust and mutual feedback (3) Clear communication and cooperation (4) Share our vision (1) Business Review Meetings (2) Supplier Audits (3) Regular meetings and purchase process interactions (4) After purchase support (1) Continued contracting according to Alfens format, including Supplier Code of Conduct (2) Initiate discussions with key suppliers to reduce footprint (3) Aligning of future capacity requirements with our key suppliers (4) Participation in panel discussion of suppliers World Energy Storage Conference in China Local communities and society (1) Respect national and international laws and regulations, (2) Provide employment and education oppurtunities (3) Minimize environmental impact (1) Various sector associations (e.g. Elaad and Energy Storage NL) (2) Events (3) Sponsorship and contributions (4) Alfen Academy (5) Press (1) Submitted science based targets with SBTi and commited to UN Global Pact (2) 24 Alfen Academy graduates (3) Various local sustainability initiatives such as MVO, omgevingsdienst Flevoland Gooi and Vechtstreek (4) Hosted symposium Cybersecurity for EV charging infrastructure (NAL) Diversity Diversity and inclusion are important topics for the Company. On 1 January 2022, the Diversity Act entered into force. Furthermore in November 2022, the EU Parliament adopted the "Women on Board" Directive. In accordance with the Diversity Act and the Corporate Governance Code Alfen has adopted the diversity and inclusion policy, which can be found on the Alfen website. Furthermore, Alfen has set an appropriate target for a balanced number of men and women on the Management Board, the Supervisory Board and the sub-top. For more details regarding diversity and Inclusion and for the target we refer to the previous chapter on Corporate Sustainability Reporting, under Social Topics. In this chapter, all the information is included regarding the best practice principle 2.1.6 of the Corporate Governance Code. Dutch Corporate Governance Code The applicable Dutch Corporate Governance Code 2022 entered into force on, and applies to financial years starting on or after, 1 January 2023, and finds its statutory basis in Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code (the ‘‘Dutch Corporate Governance Code’’). The Dutch Corporate Governance Code applies to Alfen as Alfen has its registered office in the Netherlands and its Ordinary Shares are listed on Euronext Amsterdam. The Dutch Corporate Governance Code is based on the ‘comply or explain’ principle. Accordingly, companies are required to disclose in their management report whether or not they are complying with the various best practice principles of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code that are addressed to the Management Board or, if applicable, the Supervisory Board of a company. If a company deviates from a best practice principle in the Dutch Corporate Governance Code, the reason for such deviation must be properly explained in its management report. No violations of the Corporate Governance Code were reported in the financial year 2023. If Alfen does not indicate below that the Company deviates from a certain best practice principle, the Company complies with the best practice principle of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code. Deviations from the best practice principles of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code The Company acknowledges the importance of good corporate governance. The Company agrees with the general approach and with the majority of the provisions of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code. However, considering Alfen’s interests and the interest of its stakeholders, the Company deviates from one best practice principle, which is the following: The Company is not in compliance with best practice principle 1.3 for an internal audit function. The Supervisory Board has assessed whether adequate alternative measures have been taken, partly on the basis of a recommendation issued by the audit committee. The audit committee and the Supervisory Board have concluded that the size of the Company, the limited number of legal entities and the centralized processes and internal control does not justify the appointment of an internal auditor. Tax practices Alfen regards taxation as part of its social responsibility and follows the principle of responsible tax practices whereby the interests of all stakeholders (including customers, shareholders, local governments and communities in the countries in which Alfen operates) are taken into consideration. We strive to comply with the letter and spirit of applicable laws, are guided by relevant international standards and do not use ‘artificial’ structures in tax haven jurisdictions to avoid taxes. The design of the Alfen organization is based on operational considerations, not on taxation. This means that taxes are paid where factual economic activities are executed and that transactions should have a business rationale. Takeover Directive (Article 10) In the context of the EU Takeover Directive (Article 10) Decree, the following notifications must be given insofar as they are not included in this Annual Report. Capital structure The Company’s share capital at 31 December 2023 of €2,175,000 is divided into 21,750,000 ordinary shares, fully paid-up, with a par value of €0.1 each (the “Ordinary Shares”). 30,388 treasury shares are held by the Company. The remainder of the Ordinary Shares: 21,719,612 are outstanding. Each share confers the right to cast one vote. Limitations on the transfer of shares Alfen has not imposed any limitations on the transfer of its shares and therefore there are no outstanding or potential protection measures against a takeover of control of the company. No depositary receipts for shares have been issued with the cooperation of the company. Substantial holdings See ‘Shareholders’. Material subsidiaries of Alfen Special controlling rights No special controlling rights are attached to the shares in the company. Long term incentive plan The Management Board recognized the importance of its key employees to the future success of the Company. Therefore, on 4 October 2018, a long-term incentive plan (‘LTIP’) was introduced for a number of designated employees within the group of the Company. The fifth grant under this plan was made at 1 January 2023 and comprised of a total of 11,326 Ordinary Shares for no consideration. The conditional rights to acquire existing Ordinary Shares granted will be exercisable in exchange for Ordinary Shares on the day that is four years after the grant date, on the condition that the relevant employee of Alfen continues to be employed by the Company on this date (subject to certain arrangements for exceptional circumstances, such as death of the employee). Besides the aforementioned service vesting condition no other vesting conditions are applicable for the LTIP. None of the outstanding rights related to the LTIP are exercisable at 31 December 2023. 47Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Limitations on voting rights Each share confers the right to cast one vote. The voting rights attached to the shares in the company are not restricted, and neither are the terms in which voting rights may be exercised restricted. Appointment and dismissal of Management Board members and Supervisory Directors and amendment of the Articles of Association The General Meeting appoints the Managing Directors. A resolution of the General Meeting to appoint a Managing Director can be adopted by a majority of the votes cast, without a quorum being required. The Articles of Association provide that a Managing Director may be suspended or dismissed by the General Meeting at any time. A resolution of the General Meeting to suspend or dismiss a Managing Director can be adopted by a majority of the votes cast, without a quorum being required. The Articles of Association provide that the number of Managing Directors is determined by the Supervisory Board after consultation with the Management Board, but there will be at least two Managing Directors. The Supervisory Board has appointed one of the Managing Directors as CEO (chief executive officer). In addition, the Supervisory Board has appointed one of the Managing Directors as CFO (chief financial officer) to specifically oversee the Company’s financial affairs and one of the Managing Directors as CCO (Chief Commercial Officer) to specifically oversee the Company’s commercial affairs. The Supervisory Board Rules provide that the Supervisory Board must consist of a minimum of three members. The exact number of Supervisory Directors shall be determined by the Supervisory Board. The Supervisory Board currently consists of four members. Only natural persons may be appointed as Supervisory Directors. In accordance with the Articles of Association, the Supervisory Board has prepared a profile for its size and composition, taking account the nature and activities of the business, the desired expertise and background of the Supervisory Directors, the desired mixed composition and the size of the Supervisory Board and the independence of the Supervisory Directors. The Supervisory Board profile can be found on the Alfen website and in this profile independence is indicated as an important factor in chapter 2 of the Supervisory Board profile. The Company’s diversity and inclusion policy is also taken into account. The General Meeting appoints the Supervisory Directors. A resolution of the General Meeting to appoint a Supervisory Director can be adopted by a majority of the votes cast. A Supervisory Director may be suspended or dismissed by the General Meeting at any time. The General Meeting may pass a resolution to amend the Articles of Association with an absolute majority of the votes cast, but only (i) on a proposal of the Management Board that has been approved by the Supervisory Board or (ii) in the absence of such a proposal, with the explicit approval of the Management Board and the Supervisory Board or (iii) on the proposal of a Shareholder, or Shareholders acting jointly provided that they belong to the same group, for as long as they solely or jointly represent at least 30% of the issued capital of the Company. Any such proposal must be stated in the notice of the General Meeting. In the event of a proposal to the General Meeting to amend the Articles of Association, a copy of such proposal containing the verbatim text of the proposed amendment will be deposited at the Company’s office, for inspection by shareholders and other persons holding meeting rights, until the end of the meeting. Furthermore, a copy of the proposal will be made available free of charge to shareholders and other persons holding meeting rights from the day it was deposited until the day of the meeting. A resolution by the General Meeting to amend the Articles of Association requires an absolute majority of the votes cast. A resolution of the General Meeting to amend the Articles of Association that has the effect of reducing the rights attributable to holders of shares of a particular class, is subject to approval of the meeting of holders of shares. The Management Board’s powers especially to issue shares On the 6th of April, 2023 the General Meeting of Shareholders granted the Management Board the authority to, subject to the prior approval of the Supervisory Board, (i) issue shares or grant rights to subscribe for shares and/ or (ii) cause the Company to acquire its own shares (including shares issued as stock dividend) both for a period of 18 months following the Annual Meeting. The Management Board did not use this authority in 2023. Significant agreements and changes in the control of the company Alfen’s credit facility agreement, contains events of default customary for this type of facility, including change of control events. Redundancy agreements in the event of a public takeover bid Alfen has not concluded any agreements with a Management Board member or employee that provides for any severance pay in the case of a termination of employment in connection with a public bid within the meaning of Article 5:70 of the Financial Supervision Act. Shareholders As of 31 December 2023, there are 21,750,000 shares outstanding in the market. Pursuant to the Dutch Disclosure of Major Holdings in Listed Companies Act (Wet Melding Zeggenschap, or WMZ), interests (whether it be a capital interest or a voting interest) in the issued capital of Alfen of 3% or more are required to be disclosed to the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM). At year-end 2023, the following shareholders were known to hold an interests of at least 3% directly in the Company on 31 December 2023 as per AFM disclosures: Shareholder Capital Interest Voting Interest Notification date Capital Research and Management Company —% 7.37% 22 November 2023 Smallcap World Fund Inc. 6.24% 6.24% 22 November 2023 Goldman Sachs Group Inc. 5.22% 5.22% 18 December 2023 Schroders PLC —% 5.20% 27 January 2023 Mirova 5.02% 5.02% 20 January 2023 UBS Group SA 4.23% 4.23% 15 November 2023 Societe General SA 3.24% 3.24% 19 April 2023 Candriam 3.18% 3.18% 27 September 2023 Comgest Global Investors S.A.S. 3.04% 3.04% 25 May 2023 Dividend policy The dividend policy is to reserve all profits until the policy is revised. Alfen does not pay dividends to its Shareholders at this moment in time. Financial calendar Date Event 14 February 2024 Publication full year results 2023 9 April 2024 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders 21 May 2024 Q1 2024 trading update 22 August 2024 Publication half-year results 2024 7 November 2024 Q3 2024 trading update 48Alfen - Annual Report 2023 The following closed periods are applicable for transactions directly or indirectly, relating to, shares and other financial instruments in Alfen: • From 14th of January until 14th of February 2024 • From 21st of April until 21st of May 2024 • From 22nd of July until 22nd of August 2024 • From 7th of October until 7th of November 2024 In accordance with best practice provision 1.4.3. of the Corporate Governance Code, the Management Board states to the best of its knowledge that: • The report provides sufficient insight into any failings in the effectiveness of the internal risk management and control systems with regard to the risks as referred to in best practice principle 1.2.1; • The aforementioned systems provide reasonable assurance that the financial reporting does not contain any material inaccuracies; • based on the current state of affairs, it is justified that the financial reporting is prepared on a going concern basis; and • The report states the material risks as referred to in best practice principle 1.2.1 and the uncertainties, to the extent that they are relevant to the expectation of the company’s continuity for the period of twelve months after the preparation of the report. As required by the relevant statutory provisions, the Management Board hereby declares that to the best of its knowledge: • The Report of the Management Board provides a true and fair view of the position of Alfen and its subsidiaries included in the consolidation on the reporting date and of the course of their affairs during the financial year. The Report of the Management Board provides information on any material risks to which Alfen is exposed; • The Consolidated Financial Statements as at and for the year ended 31 December 2023, give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and result of the financial year of Alfen and its subsidiaries included in the consolidation as a whole. Almere, 13 February 2024 Board of Directors Marco Roeleveld (CEO), Jeroen van Rossen (CFO), Michelle Lesh (CCO) 49Alfen - Annual Report 2023 50Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Report of the Supervisory Board ___ Alfen still on track with solid profitable growth, but different pace per business line 2023 in summary The Company is still well on track in realizing sustainable profitable growth. During the capital markets day which was held on the 10th of May this year in London, we reported the achievement of the targets for the previous 5 year plan in growth, profitability and market positioning, all within a solid financial structure. For the upcoming 5 years, the Management Board presented a challenging but realistic plan with a turnover passing 1 billion euros in the period 2025-2027 with an adjusted EBITDA margin in the mid to high teens. 2023 showed a different pattern for the three business lines. The Smart grid solutions business grew substantially partly based on long term agreements with Dutch grid operators. As a consequence, the ramp up of the production of the substations will continue next year. After a period where customers were hesitant to make commitments in the Energy storage segment, 2023 was a turning point with exponential growth in this business for Alfen, partly supported by a clever anticipating sourcing policy for the purchase of batteries. After an extraordinary 2022 for EV charging, we have seen a decline in order intake in 2023 because of destocking by Alfen's customers after corona and challenging market conditions. At the end of 2023, the stock levels at the Alfen customers seem to be at normal levels again. The recruitment of key personnel was as before, a challenge, but it was mastered well. With the different growth patterns of the business lines, the Management Board made maximum use of the flexibility of the organization by transferring personnel between the units where possible. Important optimization steps have been made by the integration of the supply chain of the three business lines under the supervision of one supply chain director. Furthermore, the announcement was made that the Company's leadership will be reinforced with the appointment of a Chief Operating Officer (COO) and the formation of an Executive Team consisting of the Management Board, the COO and a CHRO. Another crucial event in 2023, was the announcement by Jeroen van Rossen to step down as CFO in April 2024. Jeroen joined Alfen in 2015 and has been crucial in the development of the Company. He had a prominent role in the IPO in 2018 and several refinancing activities. He also embedded the investor relations within the Company and developed a proactive approach in strategic and operational sourcing during and after the Corona period. We are more than grateful for his contribution and are happy that we found a qualified successor with Boudewijn Tans. For 2023, the Supervisory Board had selected 4 areas of special attention with the following status: • International growth and personnel The international growth continued especially for EV Charging and Energy Storage. The commercial department made important steps in making a more detailed scan of channels and customer groups in the various countries enabling further segmentation and focus. The local sales and service teams have been established in the core countries in Europe. For the Energy Storage business we have created a cooperation with a subcontractor for on site installation service. Our Finnish subsidiary has been reshaped as a platform to grow the energy storage business in the Nordics and increase turnover in Sweden. • ESG The Company is well on track with the ESG implementation. More details can be found in this annual report. Much attention has been paid to the CSRD, which entered into force and will remain an important topic in the years ahead. • Expansion plans To facilitate the expansion of the Company, a new building is being created which will be leased by the Company and an other existing building was purchased. The realization of the new building is progressing on time and within the financial boundaries. The new building should be available in Q1 of 2024. 51Alfen - Annual Report 2023 • Employee satisfaction survey The outcome of the employee satisfaction survey was encouraging and generally better than the benchmark index for the industry. Participation was 67%, which is good. A challenge to address is the fact that Alfen has 40 + different nationalities in its workforce. The improvement items and feedback have been discussed with the department leaders and have been followed up with a special training for key personnel. The intention is to repeat the employee survey periodically. For 2024, the Supervisory Board will pay special attention to the following topics: • Monitoring Research and Development Research and development is a cornerstone within the Company. The department will continue to expand to keep Alfen in its position as a technology leader. Extra attention will be paid to the division of the R&D work between research, add on development and engineering support. Further focus needs to be to deliver to promise. A last relevant point is to find alternative solutions to fulfil crucial specialist positions in a tight labour market. • Monitoring Integrated Solutions Alfen is unique in the ability to offer Smart grid solutions, EV Charging and energy storage solutions either separately or in combination with each other. Management has started with a more proactive approach to offer these integrated solutions, which will require more focus and maybe some organizational modifications. • Dynamics Leadership team Early 2024, Alfen will have a new CFO and a new COO, who will participate with the Management and the CHRO in a new Executive team. The dynamics and interaction within this team will get extra attention. • Committees In 2023, we started with an audit and an HR committee. In 2024, we will further monitor the role and interactions between the committees and the full Supervisory Board and the Management Board to create the right balance between governance and legal requirements and efficiency. Responsibility and composition The Supervisory Board provides oversight, evaluates progress and performance, maintains a sound and transparent system of checks and balances and advises the Management Board, when appropriate. The focus is on long-term value creation to the best interest of all stakeholders of the Company. In the AGM of 2023, Eline Oudenbroek stepped down as a Supervisory Board Member. We are grateful for her contribution to the Alfen business during her term. In an extra ordinary shareholders meeting on 19 September 2023, Maria Anhalt was appointed as the fourth member of the Supervisory Board. Next to basic requirements for a Supervisory Board position, she brings ample international and digital knowledge and experience. We are happy to have her on the Supervisory Board. With this team of 4 Supervisory Board members, we introduced Audit and HR Committees. Further information can be found below. For more information regarding the Supervisory Board Members, reference is made to the Corporate Governance section of this annual report. The Supervisory Board members operate independently from (a) each other, (b) the Management Board and (c) any other stakeholders. Each of the Supervisory Board members has the necessary expertise, experience and background to perform his or her tasks and responsibilities. All four members of the Supervisory Board are independent within the meaning of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code and the Supervisory Board is of the opinion that the independence requirements of best practice provisions 2.1.7 to 2.1.9 of the Corporate Governance Code have been fulfilled. Meetings and Attendance In 2023, the Supervisory Board held 7 regular meetings, all with an attendance of 100%. The basic agenda of the meetings covered standard items like safety, financials, personnel and organisation, governance, compliance and risks. During every meeting we invite a business leader to explain status and progress about his or her territory. This year, we covered the following additional topics: QHSE, EU Taxonomy, CSRD, Corporate Governance, the employee engagement survey, the IT strategy, an update on research and development and several aspects of the ACE organization (including sales, operations and services) and a strategic discussion regarding the key managers. One of the 7 meetings concerned the budget for 2024, where the opportunities and challenges for the upcoming year were discussed. A special strategy meeting was held in July to align with the Management Board on the strategy for sustainable long term value creation, but the Supervisory Board regularly discussed and monitors the strategy, the implementation of the strategy and the principal risk associated with it, all in accordance with best practice principle 1.1.3 of the Corporate Governance Code. In addition to the regular meetings, the Chairman holds monthly meetings with the CEO and once a year with the top 20 key managers reporting to the Management Board. Willem Ackermans, as Chairman of the audit committee, meets with the CFO and the CCO a few times per year. Until April 2023, Eline Oudenbroek, as specialist in the areas of remuneration, selection and appointments, met with the CFO regarding this focus area on a regular basis. After the introduction of the HR committee, these separate meetings regarding HR matters with the CFO were replaced by the HR committee meetings. Evaluation Supervisory Board and the Management Board Every year an evaluation of the Supervisory Board takes place, whereby once per three years such evaluation is organised by an external advisor. This year the evaluation of the Supervisory Board was done with a self-evaluation questionnaire. The main takeaways are the following: With the introduction of the two committees we need to create the right balance in the various agenda's to avoid duplication and/or undesirable gaps. In 2024 education will be higher on the agenda covering items like governance, CSRD and digital/ Artificial Intelligence developments and its possible impact longer term. The frequency of the Supervisory Board meetings, including the pre-meetings without the Management Board, was considered sufficient. The Supervisory Board is happy with the content of the meetings and the input of the Management Board. The regular contributions and presentations by other key managers are appreciated as well. The dialogue with the Management Board, in and outside the meetings, is perceived as open, transparent and constructive. With the fourth member in the Supervisory Board, it was possible to to establish an audit and a selection and remuneration committee. The evaluation and performance of the Management Board took place on an individual basis. We discussed last year’s performance, targets for the budget and for the year, personal development and career ambitions. Audit Committee In 2023 in accordance with the bylaws of the Supervisory Board, the Supervisory Board has appointed an audit committee. The Supervisory Board members of the audit committee are Willem Ackermans (as chair) and Maria Anhalt (as a member). The audit committee was established on 3 July 2023. Until the establishment of the audit committee, Willem Ackermans paid special attention to all finance related matters. 52Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Name Age Position Member since Committees End of current term Mr Henk ten Hove 71 Chairman 22 March 2018 HR Committee Member AGM of 2026 Mr Willem Ackermans 68 Member 6 July 2020 Audit Committee Chair AGM of 2024 Ms Jeanine van der Vlist 59 Member 21 November 2022 HR Committee Chair AGM of 2027 Ms Eline Oudenbroek 54 Member 6 July 2020 N.A. AGM of 2023 Ms Maria Anhalt 53 Member 19 September 2023 Audit Committee Member AGM of 2027 The Audit Committee formally convened three times during 2023 with a 100% attendance. In addition, there were several informal and ad hoc meetings between the Audit Committee members, in some instances together with members of the Management Board. Topics on the agendas of the meetings included the institution of the Audit Committee, the Semi-Annual report, the audit plan, the assessment on the need of an internal audit function, the update of the general financial strategy, the interim audit findings, the assessment of the performance of the external independent auditor, the risk assessment including fraud risks, the budget 2024 and updates on CSRD and the EU Taxonomy. The audit plan and the interim audit findings were discussed in the presence of our external independent auditor PwC. In accordance with the Dutch Corporate Governance Code best practice principle 1.7.4 the Audit Committee and the external independent auditor PwC had a meeting without the Management Board members being present. The Audit Committee reported back to the full Supervisory Board and made recommendations for the adoption of decisions (e.g. in relation to approving the budget for 2024). The audit committee reported during the December meeting on the functioning of and the developments in the relationship with the external independent auditor and has given due consideration to the Management Board's observations. The committee indicated that there is a good collaboration with the external auditor, they are independent and skilled, the team is stable on all levels which makes the audit efficient and effective. Therefore the audit committee will advise the general meeting of shareholders to appoint the external independent auditor for the financial year 2025. HR Committee In 2023 in accordance with the bylaws of the Supervisory Board, the Supervisory Board has appointed an HR Committee, which serves as a combined committee for remuneration and selection and appointment matters. The Supervisory Board members of the HR committee are Jeanine van der Vlist (as chair) and Henk ten Hove (as a member). The HR committee was established by the Supervisory Board on 3 July 2023. The HR Committee formally convened three times during 2023 with a 100% attendance. In addition, there were several informal and ad hoc meetings between the HR Committee members, in some instances together with members of the Management Board. Topics on the agendas of the meetings included the institution of the HR Committee, a review of the organization design of the company, the search, selection and nomination of a new CFO, the review of the Management Board remuneration policy, the STIP and LTIP target setting and target realization and succession planning within the Supervisory Board. The HR Committee reported back to the full Supervisory Board and made recommendations for the adoption of decisions (e.g. in relation to CFO nomination and variable pay). The Supervisory Board is satisfied with the additional attention and time spent on topics such as remuneration, selection and appointment but also organizational developments. Remuneration report Chair Letter Dear Shareholders, On behalf of the HR Committee, I am pleased to present our 2023 Remuneration report. In 2023, the Supervisory Board installed an HR Committee with specific focus on topics like Selection, Appointment and Remuneration matters. As Chair of this new Committee, I am happy to report on the Remuneration Policies and the execution thereof in 2023. In 2023, Alfen continued its journey of sustainable profitable growth. The Management Board expressed Alfen’s further growth ambitions during the Capital Markets Day in May 2023. Attracting and retaining talent across the board, but specifically at senior and executive level is critical for Alfen’s continued success. Therefore, the HR Committee performed a thorough review of executive pay at Management Board level. As a result, we will propose an amended Remuneration Policy to the Annual Meeting of Shareholders of 2024. The Supervisory Board believes that the reward of the Management Board in 2023 is fair. Although market conditions were challenging, the Management Board did an excellent job in quickly adapting and remaining a long term sustainable and profitable growth focus. We have structured the report in three sections: • The first part of this report provides context and insight into factors that shaped remuneration in 2023. • Secondly, we briefly touch upon the policy which forms the basis for the 2023 outcomes. • In the final chapter, we dive into the actual 2023 outcomes for the Management Board and the Supervisory Board. Business highlights In line with recent years and our sustainable profitable growth ambitions, we believe that the most suitable criteria to measure our business performance is through revenue and adjusted EBITDA. As such these metrics have been used to quantify and reflect our financial performance in both the STI and LTI plans of our executives. It is important to reflect briefly on the stand-alone performance of these metrics prior to evaluating the overall performance and related pay of our executives against the thresholds laid out in this report. Since our IPO in 2018, Alfen has grown significantly and the context in which we operate has expanded. Alfen’s executives have overseen a steady performance above financial targets in the short- and long term. In 2023, Alfen faced the consequences of the challenges in the EV charging market. As a result, Revenues and EBITDA outcomes were under pressure. The Management Board maintained a long term focus, managed costs and achieved growth in the substation and energy storage system business units. In parallel, we have also moved forward on our non- financial objectives. In 2023, Alfen successfully introduced two new products: The Mobile X and Stedin substation. Over the full year 2023 Alfen reached a significant decline in kgCO2e per average FTE compared with FY19. Also important cost savings related to purchasing were achieved. Due to the market effects of EV charging, the further internationalization ambitions for 2023 were not met according to plan. As the company matures, we strive to be equipped with the required talent in both our Management and Supervisory Board to facilitate the next stage(s) of our development, and as such are content with the appointment of Maria Anhalt as a new member of the Supervisory board as per September 19, 2023. Stakeholder Engagement Last year, we were content that our shareholders voted to approve our 2022 Remuneration Report at our 2023 AGM as the report received 86.89% of favourable votes. Nevertheless, we continuously aim to improve our understanding of the key challenges around remuneration and the perspectives of various stakeholders involved. Throughout the year we have engaged with various stakeholders, discussing remuneration, societal context and the development of Alfen as a company. In the last months, we have set up additional engagements with amongst others large investors, our Works Council, Eumedion, ISS, Glass Lewis and the VEB addressing our intention to update the Remuneration Policy. These discussions revealed that they were generally supportive and we look back on constructive and effective dialogues, which helped us further finetune the policy. Looking Forward We are entering the next phase of our growth in the midst of the global energy transition, where we have set ambitious medium term financial objectives to reflect this. Between 2025 and 2027, we are striving to achieve an annual revenue of at least € 1 billion, and an adjusted EBITDA margin in the range of 15-20%. At the same time, we will strive to maintain an asset light business model, remain at the forefront of technology with business innovative solutions, and simultaneously grow and educate our people. Against this background, we have evaluated the current remuneration policy and the Supervisory Board has initiated a full review of the remuneration policy, involving external advice. The purpose of the review was to draft a new fit-for-purpose remuneration policy that reflects Alfen’s current profile and has the flexibility to evolve as the company grows if – and only if – the ambitious goals are met. The new Remuneration Policy will be submitted at the 2024 AGM and further details about the intended changes can be found in AGM agenda and appendices. Kind regards, Jeanine van der Vlist Chair of the HR Committee 53Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Total Remuneration at a glance Policy at a glance The HR Committee believes remuneration to be a strategic instrument to support the long-term (business) strategy and interests of the company, allowing to create focus and alignment of interests through pay-for-performance. In addition to fixed remuneration, specific short- and long-term targets link each Managing Director’s variable pay to the success of the Company. As such, both the short-term and long-term incentive plans are linked to the business strategy and accordingly to longer term value creation and sustainability of the Company. Variable remuneration is higher when targets are exceeded and no variable remuneration is payable if threshold targets are not met. This helps to ensure the alignment of the Managing Directors’ interests with that of the Company's stakeholders and create a true pay-for-performance culture. Before setting proposed targets the Supervisory Board carried out scenario analyses of the possible financial outcomes of meeting target levels as well as maximum performance levels and how they may affect the total remuneration of the Management Board. During the annual general meeting of shareholders of the Company on 7 April 2022 the Shareholders adopted (i) the Company’s amended remuneration policy for the Management Board with effect as from 1 January 2022 (the Remuneration Policy) and (ii) the long-term incentive plan for the Management Board. In conformity with paragraph 3.4.2 of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code, the essential elements of the agreements between the Company and the Managing Directors are summarized below and the amounts for 2023 are specified. Actual 2023 outcomes Fixed remuneration In accordance with the Remuneration policy, the fixed gross remuneration for the Management Board is as follows: 54Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Board Member Annual base fee as per 1 January 2023 Annual base fee as per 1 January 2022 Percentage of Change Marco Roeleveld - CEO 432,000 392,000 10% Jeroen van Rossen - CFO 366,000 332,000 10% Michelle Lesh - CCO 324,000 294,000 10% Remuneration element Description Strategic role Base Fixed cash payments intend to attract and retain executives of the highest caliber and to reflect their experience and scope of responsibilities. Rewards performance of day to day activities. STI Variable (cash) bonus incentive of which achievement is tied to specific financial and non- financial targets derived from the company’s (annual) strategic plan. The STI allows the company to apply focus on short-term business critical goals and drive behavior. LTI Variable equity incentive of which achievement is tied to targets reflecting long-term stakeholder value creation. This enhances the pay-for-performance narrative and aligns recipients with the shareholder experience. Pension and other benefits Pension and benefits offered intend to contribute to the attraction and retention of executives, encourage long-term saving and planning for retirement. Board Member Remuneration Summary - Target versus Actual CEO - Marco Roeleveld CFO - Jeroen van Rossen CCO - Michelle Lesh Pensions and other benefits The Managing Directors will participate in the pension scheme of the industry wide pension fund for Metalektro, whereby the pensionable compensation is capped in line with the Dutch fiscal regime. Other benefits are a company car and participation in a collective health insurance plan. The Company has also arranged a Director liability insurance for the members of the Management Board. The variable remuneration The variable remuneration consists of a short-term incentive (“STI”) and a long-term incentive (“LTI”). STI Plan summary • The STI allows Managing Directors to receive annual awards in cash; • The ‘at target’ amount of the STI is 30% of the annual base fee with a bandwidth of 20-40%, whereby the performance conditions, weighting and bonus percentages for 2023 are set out below; • A one-year performance period applies. for reasons of commercial sensitivity, we do not disclose the details of our procurement target setting and/or realization. As demonstrated above, the financial objectives for the CEO, CFO, and CCO are the same, and are weighted the same. The revenues and other income in 2023 amount to €504.5 million. The on target bonus was set on €550 million and the maximum bonus was set on €605 million thus resulting in a bonus of 21.73%. The adjusted EBITDA in 2023 amounts to €57.1 million. The on target bonus was set on €79.5 million and the threshold bonus on €63.6 million thus resulting in a bonus of 0%. Marco Roeleveld's non-financial performance The new product introductions are evaluated by the Supervisory Board as an on target performance, resulting in a bonus of 30.00%. With regard to the footprint reduction the maximum bonus of 40.00% is achieved. Based on the realised STI bonus percentage multiplied by the fixed remuneration the cash bonus for 2023 amounts to €83 thousand (2022: €150 thousand). Jeroen van Rossen's non-financial performance With regard to procurement as well as to the footprint reduction for both items the maximum bonus of 40.00% is achieved. Based on the realised STI bonus percentage multiplied by the fixed remuneration the cash bonus for 2023 amounts to €77 thousand (2022: €133 thousand). Michelle Lesh' non-financial performance Regarding the internationalisation item the revenue outside of the Netherlands in 2023 amounts to €212 million. The threshold was set on €250 million thus resulting in a bonus of 0%. With regard to the footprint reduction the maximum bonus of 40.00% is achieved. Based on the realised STI bonus percentage multiplied by the fixed remuneration the cash bonus for 2023 amounts to €45 thousand (2022: €118 thousand). LTI Plan Summary • The LTI allows Managing Directors to receive annual conditional awards of performance shares, i.e. fully paid ordinary shares in the capital of the Company; • The value of the ‘at target’ number of performance shares is 40% of the annual base fee at the start of the performance period with a bandwidth of 30-50% taking into account the value of a fully paid ordinary share in the capital of the Company, based on the average closing share price of the last three trading days of the preceding year, at the start of the performance period; • A three year performance period applies. 55Alfen - Annual Report 2023 STI Weight Threshold Target Max Actual Result Financial Revenues and other income 32.5% 495.0 550.0 605.0 504.5 21.73% Adjusted EBITDA 32.5% 63.6 79.5 95.4 57.1 —% Executive KPI Non- financial CEO Marco Roeleveld New product introductions 17.5% 1 2 3 2 30.0% Footprint reduction 17.5% (3)% (9)% (15)% (60)% 40.0% CFO Jeroen van Rossen Procurement 17.5% * * * * 40.0% Footprint reduction 17.5% (3)% (9)% (15)% (60)% 40.0% CCO Michelle Lesh Internationalisation 17.5% 250 275 300 212 —% Footprint reduction 17.5% (3)% (9)% (15)% (60)% 40.0% Please note that the realisation of the LTI grant of 2023 and 2022 will be based on the outcome of financial year 2025 and 2024, respectively, and thus cannot be determined yet. The revenues and other income in 2023 amount to €504.5 million. The maximum bonus was set on €472.8 million thus resulting in a bonus of 50%. The adjusted EBITDA percentage in 2023 amounts to 11.3%. The threshold bonus was set on 14.0% thus resulting in a bonus of 0%. The revenue outside of the Netherlands as percentage of the overall revenue is 42%. The on target bonus was set on 45% thus resulting in a bonus of 34%. The HSE item is evaluated by the Supervisory Board as an above target performance, resulting in a bonus of 50.00%. With regard to the footprint reduction the maximum bonus of 50.00% is achieved. Marco Roeleveld Based on the realised LTI bonus percentage multiplied by the on target number of shares of 1,752 the LTI bonus for 2023 amounts to 1,397 shares. Jeroen van Rossen Based on the realised LTI bonus percentage multiplied by the on target number of shares of 1,363 the LTI bonus for 2023 amounts to 1,087 shares. Michelle Lesh Based on the realised LTI bonus percentage multiplied by the on target number of shares of 638 the LTI bonus for 2023 amounts to 509 shares. Please note that LTI bonus is 50% based on the start date of 1 July 2021. Outstanding LTI grants The LTI grants for the financial year 2023 and 2022 are subject to the following selection of performance conditions as determined by the Supervisory Board: LTI performance KPI’s for the Management Board (i.e. under the long-term incentive plan) Weight Financial performance conditions Revenues and other income 32,50% Adjusted EBITDA percentage 32,50% Non-financial performance conditions Internationalisation 11,67% HSE evaluation 11,67% Footprint reduction and CO2 emissions 11,67% Dependent on the actual achievement of the performance criteria after the three years performance period and, subject to continued engagement, the Managing Directors will be granted an unconditional award of performance shares. In case the performance shares are unconditionally granted, an additional holding period of two years applies. The following grants, comprising of Ordinary Shares in the Company, have been made under this plan. Board Member Grant date Number of Awards Granted * Grant date fair value Exercise price CEO - Marco Roeleveld 29 April 2021 1,752 €68.75 Nil CEO - Marco Roeleveld 26 April 2022 1,818 €82.54 Nil CEO - Marco Roeleveld 25 April 2023 2,042 €74.70 Nil CFO - Jeroen van Rossen 29 April 2021 1,363 €68.75 Nil CFO - Jeroen van Rossen 26 April 2022 1,539 €82.54 Nil CFO - Jeroen van Rossen 25 April 2023 1,736 €74.70 Nil CCO Michelle Lesh 22 July 2021 638 €80.25 Nil CCO Michelle Lesh 26 April 2022 1,363 €82.54 Nil CCO Michelle Lesh 25 April 2023 1,532 €74.70 Nil * At 100% realisation of the applicable performance conditions. The actual number of Awards that will vest can range between 0% realisation and 125% realisation. 56Alfen - Annual Report 2023 LTI Weight Threshold Target Max Actual Result Financial Revenues and other income 32.50% 315.0 393.9 472.8 504.5 50% Adjusted EBITDA 32.50% 14% 17% 20% 11.3% —% Non- financial Internationalisation 11.67% 40% 45% 55% 42% 34% HSE evaluation 11.67% 6 8 10 10 50% Footprint reduction and CO2 emissions 11.67% (3)% (9)% (15)% (60)% 50% LTI - Total realisation percentage 31.9% Total remuneration The total remuneration of the Management Board, split by component and presented in relative proportion between fixed and variable remuneration is as follows: M. Roeleveld - CEO J. van Rossen - CFO M. Lesh - CCO In EUR '000 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 Salaries and wages 432 392 366 332 324 294 Short-term incentive plan 83 150 77 133 45 118 Social security contributions 14 16 15 14 16 13 Pension contributions (DC) 26 23 21 18 19 16 Share-based payments 86 211 72 165 60 56 Other 8 25 14 13 15 13 Total 649 817 565 675 479 510 Percentage of variable remuneration 26% 44% 26% 44% 22% 34% Internal pay ratio In EUR '000 2023 2022 CEO compensation Salaries and wages 432 392 Short-term incentive plan 83 150 Social security contributions 14 16 Pension contributions (DC) 26 23 Share-based payments 86 211 Total 641 792 Average number of FTE's — — Average compensation 641 792 Employee compensation Salaries and wages 56,380 45,233 Social security contributions 9,058 6,978 Pension contributions (DC) 6,652 4,637 Share-based payments 968 784 Total 73,058 57,632 Average number of FTE's 941 786 Average compensation 78 73 Internal pay ratio 8.2 10.8 Pay Ratio The internal Pay ratio is an important factor for remuneration of the Management Board. The Alfen internal (CEO) pay ratio is calculated by dividing the CEO compensation by the average employee compensation. The average employee compensation is based on the total personnel cost (defined as salaries and wages, social security contributions, pension contributions and share-based payment costs) and the average number of FTE’s excluding the CEO (see also Note 9, Note 11 and Note 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements). The internal pay ratio decreased from 10.8 in 2022 to 8.2 in 2023 as a result of below target compensation for the LTI 2021 and the STI 2023. Although the pay ratio is reflective of our current situation, we do note that it is relatively low compared to other manufacturing / industrial companies in The Netherlands. 5-year comparison (in EUR '000) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Actual △ (%) Actual △ (%) Actual △ (%) Actual △ (%) Actual △ (%) Revenue and other income 504,477 15% 439,876 76% 249,679 32% 189,010 32% 143,169 41% Adjusted EBITDA 57,070 (28)% 79,370 115% 36,845 51% 24,374 68% 14,525 301% CEO compensation 641 (19)% 792 51% 523 19% 439 46% 301 3% Average employee compensation 78 7% 73 7% 68 6% 64 2% 63 15% The business performance of Alfen is related to the strategy of profitable growth. The suitable criteria to measure the business performance are defined as growth in revenue and other income as well as growth in adjusted EBITDA. Notice Period The management agreements for the CEO and CFO are entered into for an indefinite term. The management agreement for the CCO is up to and including the AGM of 2026. The notice period for the Managing Directors is three months and for the Company six months. 57Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Severance Payment Based on contracts concluded before the IPO in 2018, the maximum severance payment for the current CEO and CFO is one year base pay in the proceeding financial year. For the CCO and future appointments of Board Members the maximum severance payment is six months of the base pay in the proceeding financial year. No severance payment will be paid if the agreement is terminated earlier at the request or in the event of a seriously negligent behaviour of the Director. No such severance payments were made in 2023. Remuneration information for the Supervisory Board The remuneration of the Supervisory Board is not dependent on the company’s results. The members will not receive ordinary shares or rights to ordinary shares as remuneration. The total remuneration of the members of the Supervisory Board is shown below: In EUR '000 2023 2022 H. ten Hove 60 50 W.W.M. Ackermans 47 40 J. van der Vlist 47 4 M. Anhalt - Date of entry: 19 September 2023 13 — E.M. Oudenbroek - Date of discharge: 6 April 2023 10 40 Total 177 134 No options have been awarded to the Supervisory Board, nor any loans, advances or guarantees. Internal audit function Alfen does not have an internal audit function. The Supervisory Board has assessed whether adequate measures have been taken, partly on the basis of the recommendation issued by the Audit committee. The Supervisory Board has concluded that the size of the Company and the limited number of legal entities justify the absence of an internal auditor. Furthermore, most processes are centralised. Alternative measures are in place due to the fact that two members of the finance department are former auditors and Willem Ackermans paid special attention to internal audit. On behalf of the Supervisory Board he is also paying special attention to risk management and other financial and IT items. Financial statements and auditor’s opinion The financial statements 2023, included in this Annual report, have been audited by PwC who have given their unqualified opinion. They have discussed their audit and conclusions in detail with the Supervisory Board. As a result, the Supervisory Board is of the opinion that the financial statements meet all the necessary requirements for transparency and correctness. Therefore the Supervisory Board will recommend to the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, to be held on 9 April 2024, to approve the financial statements. Related Party Transactions assessment The transactions which were carried out with related parties are set out in Note 30 in the Consolidated Financial Statements. During Supervisory Board meetings, the Supervisory Board periodically assesses if these Related Party Transactions are concluded in the ordinary course of business and on normal market conditions. The conclusion of the Supervisory Board is that the Related Party Transactions are all concluded at arm’s length in the ordinary course of business. Result appropriation Over 2023 Alfen realised a profit of €29.7 million. The proposal to the Annual General Meeting is to recognise this profit as retained earnings. The members of the Supervisory Board have signed the financial statements to comply with their statutory obligation pursuant to article 2:101, paragraph 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. In summary The year 2023 was again an exciting year with the capital markets day as a pivot point between the last and the coming 5 years. The Alfen ship is heading in the right direction being in the middle of the energy transition. Alfen's long term direction is clear, but speed and short term priorities can change because of political and other external influences. We are happy that Alfen has a competent and involved workforce, but above all an organization which is flexible and able to change priorities when required. We are also more than content with the solid customer base where the percentage of recurring business is growing consistently which is a clear sign of confidence. Last but not least, we want to thank especially the long term shareholders who have their trust and believe in the Alfen strategy and the realization of our plans. Almere, 13 February 2024 The Supervisory Board Henk ten Hove (Chairman) Maria Anhalt Jeanine van der Vlist Willem Ackermans 58Alfen - Annual Report 2023 59Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Alfen N.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2023 Consolidated financial statements Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income .................................................................................... 61 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position .............................................................................................. 61 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity .............................................................................................. 62 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows ......................................................................................................... 62 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements .......................................................................................... 63 60Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income In EUR '000 Note 2023 2022 Continuing operations Revenue 8 504,477 439,876 504,477 439,876 Operating expenses Costs of raw materials and consumables (324,477) (262,957) Costs of outsourced work and other external costs (28,911) (23,407) Personnel expenses 9 (68,511) (53,749) Amortisation on intangible assets 17 (5,619) (3,883) Depreciation on property, plant and equipment 16 (8,537) (6,275) Impairment loss on trade receivables and contract assets 3 (74) (563) Other operating costs 10 (26,489) (21,296) (462,618) (372,130) Operating profit 41,859 67,746 Finance income 12 21 3 Finance costs 12 (3,398) (976) Finance income (costs) - net (3,377) (973) Profit (loss) before income tax 38,482 66,773 Income tax expense 13 (8,798) (13,726) Profit (loss) for the period 29,684 53,047 Other comprehensive income for the period — — Total comprehensive income for the period 29,684 53,047 Total comprehensive income for the period (attributable to the owners of the Company) 29,684 53,047 Earnings per share for profit attributable to the ordinary equity holders 14 Basic earnings per share 1.37 2.45 Diluted earnings per share 1.36 2.43 Weighted average number of outstanding ordinary shares 14 Basic 21,718,170 21,695,256 Diluted 21,773,241 21,786,054 The above statement of comprehensive income should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes. Consolidated Statement of Financial Position In EUR '000 Note 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment 16 52,550 33,556 Intangible assets and goodwill 17 28,621 23,533 Deferred tax assets 18 — — Other financial assets 19 297 1,589 Total non-current assets 81,468 58,678 Current assets Inventories 20 150,776 131,815 Trade and other receivables 22 135,935 107,686 Other financial assets 19 25,717 — Current tax receivables — 54 Cash and cash equivalents 23 2,073 22,841 Total current assets 314,501 262,396 Total assets 395,969 321,074 Group equity 24 Share capital 2,175 2,175 Share premium 48,943 50,651 Retained earnings 98,811 44,710 Result for the year 29,684 53,047 Total group equity 179,613 150,583 Liabilities Non-current liabilities Borrowings 25 18,507 12,793 Deferred tax liabilities 18 7,096 5,742 Provisions 26 50 47 Total non-current liabilities 25,653 18,582 Current liabilities Trade and other payables 27 148,567 136,077 Current tax liabilities 3,471 10,221 Bank overdrafts 6,402 — Borrowings 25 32,263 5,611 Total current liabilities 190,703 151,909 Total liabilities 216,356 170,491 Total equity and liabilities 395,969 321,074 The above statement of financial position should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes. 61Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity In EUR '000 Note Attributable to equity owners of Alfen N.V. Share capital * Share premium Retained earnings Result for the year Total equity Balance - 1 January 2022 2,175 50,429 22,265 21,450 96,319 Profit (loss) for the period — — — 53,047 53,047 Other comprehensive income (loss) — — — — — Total comprehensive income (loss) for the period — — — 53,047 53,047 Transactions with owners in their capacity as owners Issuance of ordinary shares, net of tax — — — — — Purchase of treasury shares, net of tax — 222 — — 222 Share-based payment transactions 11 — — 995 — 995 Dividend — — — — — Allocation of profit (loss) — — 21,450 (21,450) — Balance - 31 December 2022 2,175 50,651 44,710 53,047 150,583 Profit (loss) for the period — — — 29,684 29,684 Other comprehensive income (loss) — — — — — Total comprehensive income (loss) for the period — — — 29,684 29,684 Transactions with owners in their capacity as owners Issuance of ordinary shares, net of tax — — — — — Purchase of treasury shares, net of tax — (1,708) — — (1,708) Share-based payment transactions 11 — — 1,054 — 1,054 Dividend — — — — — Allocation of profit (loss) — — 53,047 (53,047) — Balance - 31 December 2023 24 2,175 48,943 98,811 29,684 179,613 * The outstanding ordinary shares of 21,750,000 includes 30,388 treasury shares as per 31 December 2023 (2022: 54,643) The above statement of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes. Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows In EUR '000 Note 2023 2022 Cash flows from operating activities Operating profit 41,859 67,746 Adjustments for: - Depreciation, amortisation and impairment expenses 16/17 14,156 10,158 - Change in provision 26 3 (9) - Change other financial assets 19 (21) (1,273) - Share-based payment expenses 11 1,054 995 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: - (Increase)/decrease inventories 20 (18,961) (90,233) - (Increase)/decrease contract balances 22 (225) 12,001 - (Increase)/decrease trade and other receivables 22 (17,294) (34,741) - Increase/(decrease) trade and other payables 27 1,182 42,079 Cash generated from operations 21,753 6,723 Income taxes (paid)/ received 13 (13,781) (5,567) Interest (paid) 12/25 (2,356) (730) Interest received 12 21 3 Net cash inflow/ (outflow) from operating activities 5,637 429 Cash flows from investing activities Payment for property, plant and equipment 16 (23,992) (11,457) Payment for intangible assets 17 (10,707) (9,568) Issued loans 19 (24,404) — Net cash inflow/ (outflow) from investing activities (59,103) (21,025) Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of shares — — Purchase of treasury shares (2,071) (42) Proceeds from borrowings 4/25 35,000 — Repayments of borrowings 4/25 (6,633) (3,798) Dividends paid to company's shareholders — — Net cash inflow/ (outflow) from financing activities 26,296 (3,840) Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (27,170) (24,436) Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 22,841 47,277 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year (4,329) 22,841 The above statement of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes. 62Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Notes to the consolidated financial statements ___ Note 1 General information Alfen N.V. (hereafter “Alfen” or “the Company”) is a public limited liability company (N.V.) which main activity is to develop, produce and sell products, systems and services related to the electricity grid, including smart grid solutions, charging equipment for electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Alfen’s main geographic focus is the Netherlands, followed by Germany, Belgium, Finland, the United Kingdom, France and the rest of Europe. Alfen is the holding company of the Group. The companies included in the consolidated financial statements are the following: Company name Location and country of incorporation Shareholding in % Alfen B.V. Almere, The Netherlands 100 % Alfen ICU B.V. Almere, The Netherlands 100 % Alfen Projects B.V. Almere, The Netherlands 100 % Alfen België BV Gent, Belgium 100 % Alfen International B.V. Almere, The Netherlands 100 % Alfen Elkamo Oy Ab Pietarsaari, Finland 100 % Alfen was listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on 22 March 2018 and has its registered office at Hefbrugweg 28, 1332 AP, Almere, the Netherlands. Before the listing, Alfen was a private limited liability company named Alfen Beheer B.V. with its statutory seat in Almere, the Netherlands. Alfen converted into a public company with limited liability with its statutory seat in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and was renamed to Alfen N.V. as per the date of the listing. Alfen is registered in the Chamber of Commerce under number 644.62.846. The Group’s financial year covers the first day of January and ends on the last day of December of each year. This annual report was authorised for issue by the Company’s Board of Directors and approved by the Supervisory Board on 13 February 2024. The annual report will be presented to the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders for their adoption on 9 April 2024. Note 2 Summary of material accounting policies The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. Basis of preparation The consolidated financial statements of Alfen N.V. have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union. They also comply with the financial reporting requirements included in section 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Company’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the financial statements are disclosed in Note 6. The consolidated financial statements are prepared on the basis that it will continue to operate as a going concern. Basis of measurement The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost convention, unless stated otherwise. The consolidated financial statements are presented in euro, which is the Company’s functional currency. All amounts have been rounded to the nearest thousand, unless otherwise indicated. Changes in accounting policies and disclosures New standards and interpretations adopted A number of new amendments to standards are effective from 1 January 2023 but they do not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. New standards and interpretations not yet adopted Certain new accounting standards and amendments to standards have been published that are not mandatory for reporting periods starting on or after 1 January 2023 and have not been early adopted by the Company. For none of these standards that are not yet effective it is expected that they have a material impact on the Company in the current or future reporting periods and on foreseeable future transactions. Principles for consolidation Subsidiaries Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. Subsidiaries are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases. The financial data of the subsidiaries and other entities included in the consolidation have been included in full, to the exclusion of intercompany relationships, intercompany profit and intercompany receivables and liabilities between subsidiaries and other entities included in the consolidation, to the extent that the results are not realised by a third party outside the Group. Unrealised losses on intercompany transactions are eliminated unless they concern impairments. 63Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Business combinations The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method when control is transferred to the Group. Goodwill arises on the acquisition of subsidiaries and represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the Group’s interest in the net fair value of the net identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the acquiree and the fair value of the non-controlling interest in the acquiree. Negative goodwill arising from an acquisition is recognised directly in the income statement. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred, except if related to the issue of debt or equity securities. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair value of the assets transferred and the liabilities incurred to the former shareholders of the acquiree. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Subsequent changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration that is deemed to be an asset or liability are recognised in the income statement. If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree is remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date. Any gains or losses arising from such remeasurement are recognised in the income statement. Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries without change of control Transactions with subsidiaries that do not result in loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions that is, as transactions with the owners in their capacity as owners. The difference between fair value of any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity. Disposal of subsidiaries If the Group ceases to have control of an entity, any retained interest in the entity is remeasured to fair value at the date when control is lost with the change in carrying amount recognised in the income statement. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purpose of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or other financial asset. Amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss. Deconsolidation occurs when the Group no longer controls a subsidiary. Foreign currency translation Functional and presentational currency Items included in the financial statements are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (‘the functional currency’). The financial statements are presented in euro, which is the functional currency of all companies within the Group and the Group’s presentation currency. Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year-end exchange rates are generally recognised in profit or loss. Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings and cash and cash equivalents are presented in the statement of comprehensive income, within finance costs. Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences on assets and liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment are carried at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of any component accounted for as a separate asset is derecognised when replaced. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the reporting period in which they are incurred. Depreciation on assets is calculated by recognising the difference between historical cost and the estimated residual values using the straight-line method over their estimated useful life in profit or loss. The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment for current and comparable periods are as follows: Building 5 - 30 years Furniture, fittings and equipment 5 - 10 years Other fixed operating assets 5 years The assets’ residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period. The costs of future replacement are capitalised based on the component approach. Under this approach the total costs are allocated to the ‘component assets’. Government grants on investments are deducted from the purchase price or manufacturing price of the assets to which the government grants relate. An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is higher than its estimated recoverable amount. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognised within the income statement. Intangible assets Goodwill Goodwill arising on the acquisition of subsidiaries is measured at historical cost less accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill is not amortised but it is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. Other intangible assets Research and development Development costs that are directly attributable to the design and testing of identifiable and unique products and systems controlled by the Company are recognised as intangible assets only if all of the following conditions are met: • it is technically feasible to complete the product or system so that it will be available for use; • management intends to complete the product or system and use or sell it; • there is an ability to use or sell the product or system; • it can be demonstrated how the product or system will generate probable future economic benefits; • adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the product or system are available; and • the expenditure attributable to the product or system during its development can be reliably measured. Directly attributable costs that are capitalised as part of the product include the development employee costs and an appropriate portion of relevant overheads. Other development expenditures that do not meet these criteria are recognised as an expense as incurred. Development costs previously recognised as an expense are not recognised as an asset in a subsequent period. Expenditure on research activities is recognised as expense in the period in which it is incurred. 64Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Customer related intangibles Customer related intangibles that are acquired by the Company with finite useful lives are recognised at fair value at the acquisition date and are subsequently carried at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment losses. Amortisation Amortisation of intangible assets is calculated by recognising the difference between historical cost and the estimated residual values using the straight- line method over their estimated useful lives in the income statement. Amortisation is recognised in the income statement on a straight-line basis and commences as soon as the assets are ready for use. The estimated useful lives of intangible assets for current and comparable periods are as follows: Development costs 5 years Customer related intangibles 1 - 7 years The expected useful life and the amortisation method are reviewed each reporting period. Impairment of non-financial assets Non-financial assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Capitalised development projects in progress are not amortised but are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows which are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial instruments Financial assets - Classification and measurement The Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories: (i) those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through OCI or through profit or loss), and (ii) those to be measured at amortised cost. The classification depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows. Financial assets - Recognition and derecognition Regular purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on the trade-date, the date on which the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. Financial assets - Measurements At initial recognition the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss. Debt instruments Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. There are three measurement categories into which the Company classifies its debt instruments: (i) Amortised cost, (ii) Fair value through profit or loss; and (iii) Fair value through other comprehensive income. The Company only has financial assets at amortised cost and makes no use of derivative financial instruments. Amortised costs Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition is recognised directly in profit or loss and presented in other gains/losses together with foreign exchange gains and losses. Financial assets - Impairment The Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its debt instruments carried at amortised cost. The Company has no trade receivables nor amounts due from customers for contract work including a significant finance component and is therefore required to apply the simplified approach under IFRS 9, in which the credit losses are measured using a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work. Information about the Company’s exposure to credit risk and measurement of impairment losses for trade receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work is included in Note 3. Financial liabilities - Recognition and measurement Financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the financial instrument. The Company only has financial liabilities at amortised cost and makes no use of derivative financial instruments. Financial liabilities at amortised costs Financial liabilities at amortised cost include trade and other payables and long-term debt. Trade and other payables and long-term debt are initially recognised at fair value equalling the amount required to be paid, less, when material, a discount to reduce the payables to fair value. Subsequently, trade and other payables and long-term debt are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Trade and other payables are classified as current liabilities due to their short-term nature, except for maturities greater than 12 months after the end of the reporting period. These are classified as non- current liabilities. Financial liabilities - Derecognition The Company derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire. On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognised in the income statement. The Company also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different, in which case a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. However, when the cash flows of the modified liability are not substantially different, the Company (i) recalculates the amortised cost of the modified financial liability by discounting the modified contractual cash flows using the original effective interest rate and (ii) recognises any adjustment in the income statement. Offsetting financial instruments Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The Company does not have any legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts in the balance sheet. 65Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Inventories Inventories mainly relate to raw materials and are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Costs comprise direct materials and, where applicable, costs that have been incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Costs are determined using the weighted average price method. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price less all estimated costs of completion and costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution. Contract assets and liabilities Contract assets and liabilities comprise of revenue recognised (based on the costs for contract work performed plus the profit recognised to date) less progress billings when the Company constructs an asset that is built on the customers site or when the costs incurred are related to a product or project with no alternative use and for which the Company has an enforceable right to payment. Contract assets are stated as a receivable (amounts due from customers for contract work) when the balance is positive. If negative, it is stated as a contract liability (amounts due to customers for contract work). Contract assets are subject to the expected credit losses, for which the Company applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance in line with trade and other receivables. Please refer to note 3 for further information. Trade and other receivables Trade and other receivables are amounts due from customers for products delivered and services performed in the ordinary course of business. If collection is expected in one year or less, they are classified as current assets. If not, they are presented as non-current assets. Trade receivables are generally due for settlement immediately and therefore all classified as current assets. Trade and other receivables are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are recognised at nominal value. Cash and cash equivalents include cash at banks and cash in hand. In the cash flow statement cash and cash equivalents comprises cash at banks, cash in hand and bank overdrafts. Share capital Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new ordinary shares or options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds. Dividends Dividends are recognised as a liability in the period in which they are declared. Borrowings Borrowings are initially recognised at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognised in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. Borrowings are removed from the balance sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability that has been extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in profit or loss as other income or finance costs. Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Company has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the end of the reporting period. Provisions Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; it is more likely than not that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are measured at management’s best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period, and are discounted where the effect is material using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. Jubilee provision Based on the collective labour agreement, a provision for jubilee benefits for employees is recognised based on the estimated future cost, using actuarial calculations to determine the amount to be recognised. Onerous contracts A provision for onerous contracts is measured at the present value of the lower of expected costs of terminating the contract and the expected net costs of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognises any impairment loss on the asset associated with that contract. Trade and other payables These amounts represent liabilities provided to the Company prior to the end of the financial year which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities unless payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognised initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Revenue recognition Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer. The Company recognises revenue when it transfers control over a good or service to a customer. The Company has no specific obligations for returns, refund clauses nor any other similar obligations specified in the contract with customers. However, standard product compliance warranty is provided to customers, which is not considered a separate performance obligation. The following paragraphs provide information about the nature and timing of the satisfaction of performance obligations in contracts with customers and the related revenue recognition policies per business line. For all revenue streams, invoices are usually payable within 30 days. In general there are no variable consideration clauses, such are volume related discounts, included in the contracts with customers. However, direct discounts can be provided on a customer-by-customer basis. Smart grid solutions Revenue within the Smart grid solutions business line is classified as contract manufacturing, meaning that every designed and manufactured transformer substation or series of transformer substations by the Company is tailor-made for a specific customer and has as such no alternative use. If in addition, the Company has an enforceable right to payment, revenue is recognised over time - i.e. before delivered to the customers’ premises - in the income statement using the cost-to-cost method. In case the Company does not have an enforceable right to payment, revenue is recognised at a point-in- time when control of the products are transferred to the customer, being when the goods are delivered to the customer and when there is no unfulfilled obligation that could affect the customers’ acceptance of the product. Within the Smart grid solutions business line, the Company always acts as a principal, because all purchased (input) materials are subsequently integrated into end products for which the Company provides significant integration services. Uninvoiced amounts are presented as amounts due from customers for contract work, while advances received are included in the amounts due to customers for contract work. 66Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Service related revenue within Smart grid solutions comprises additional service and/or maintenance sold to a customer by means of a separate contract for periods up to 4 years. Revenues generated through services rendered are recognised over time in the income statement as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits when the Company performs the services. Energy storage systems Energy storage systems revenue comprise of tailor- made energy storage systems for a specific customer or a commingling of multiple tailor-made energy storage systems designed and manufactured by the Company in combination with third party purchased manufactured products for which the Company subsequently provides overall project management and significant system integration services. For this reason, the Company acts as a principle for the third party purchased manufactured products. Energy storage systems are always tailor-made for a specific customer and have as such no alternative use. For these contracts, the Company always has an enforceable right to payment. Consequently, revenue is recognised over time - i.e. before delivered to the customers’ premises - in the income statement using the cost-to-cost method. Uninvoiced amounts are presented as amounts due from customers for contract work, while advances received are included in the amounts due to customers for contract work. Service related revenue within Energy storage systems comprises additional service and/or maintenance sold to a customer by means of a separate contract for periods usually up to 5 years. Revenues generated through services rendered are recognised over time in the income statement as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits when the Company performs the services. EV charging equipment The Company sells products related to charging equipment for electric vehicles. Revenue from the sale of these goods sold is recognised at a point-in- time when control of the products is transferred to the customer, being when the goods are delivered to the customer and when there is no unfulfilled obligation that could affect the customers’ acceptance of the product. Service related revenue within EV charging equipment comprises additional service and/or maintenance sold to a customer by means of a separate contract for periods usually between 3 and 5 years. Revenues generated through services rendered are recognised over time on a straight-line basis in the income statement as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits when the Company performs the services. Employee benefits Salaries, wages and social security contributions are charged to the income statement based on the terms of employment, when they are due to employees and the tax authorities respectively. Termination benefits are expensed at the earlier of when the Company can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits and when the Company recognises costs for a restructuring. Pension obligations The Company has a multi-employer pension plan which is a defined benefit plan for which there is insufficient information available for the Company to account for the pension plan as a defined benefit plan. There is not sufficient information available as the pension fund does not administer the pension plan on a company-by-company basis. Therefore, the Company accounts for this pension plan as a defined contribution plan. For the defined contribution plans, the Company pays contributions to publicly or privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory and contractual basis. The Company has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognised as employee benefit expense when they are due. Prepaid contributions are recognised as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments is available. Share-based payments The grant-date fair value of equity-settled share- based payment awards granted to employees is recognised as an expense, with a corresponding increase in equity, over the vesting period of the awards. The amount recognised as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of awards for which the related service and non-market performance conditions are expected to be met, such that the amount ultimately recognised is based on the number of awards that meet the related service and non-market performance conditions at the vesting date. The Company has no share-based payment awards with non-vesting conditions nor with market performance conditions. Government grants Grants from the government are recognised at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Company will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants relating to costs are recognised in the statement of income over the period necessary to match them with the costs they are intended to compensate. Expenses Expenses arising from the Company’s business operations are accounted for in the year incurred. Leases At the inception of an agreement, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company uses the definition of a lease in IFRS 16. The Company, as a lessee, recognises a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments at the lease commencement date. However, the Company elected to apply the recognition exemption for both short-term and low value leases – e.g. office equipment. As such, the Company recognises lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received. The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Company by the end of the lease term or the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the Company will exercise a purchase option. In that case the right-of-use asset will be depreciated over the useful life of the underlying asset, which is determined on the same basis as those of property, plant and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Subsequently, the lease liability is increased by the interest costs on the lease liability and decreased by lease payments made. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following: • fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments; • variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date; • amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee; and 67Alfen - Annual Report 2023 • the exercise price under a purchase option that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Company is reasonably certain not to terminate early. The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The lease liability is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in index or rate, a change in the estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or as appropriate, changes in the assessment whether a purchase or renewal option is reasonably certain to be exercised or a termination option is reasonably certain not to be exercised. When the lease liability is remeasured as abovementioned, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero. The Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are presented under Property, plant and equipment and Borrowings, respectively. Finance income and expenses Finance income and expenses are recognised using the effective interest method. Financial expenses include interest incurred on borrowings calculated using the effective interest method and interest accruals for provisions that are recognised in the income statement. In calculating finance income and expense, the effective interest rate is applied to the gross carrying amount of the asset (when the asset is not credit- impaired) or to the amortised cost of the liability. However, for financial assets that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition, interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the amortised cost of the financial asset. If the asset is no longer credit-impaired, then the calculation of interest income reverts to the gross basis. Corporate income tax The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses. The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period in the countries where the Company’s subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income. Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognised if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred income tax is also not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognised only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilise those temporary differences and losses. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are not recognised for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of investments in foreign operations where the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Current and deferred tax is recognised in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively. Notes to the cash flow statement The cash flow statement has been prepared using the indirect method, whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. Bank overdrafts repayable on demand are included in cash and cash equivalents in the cash flow statement to the extent that they are integral part of The Company's cash management. Non-cash transactions are not included in the statement of cash flows. Note 3 Financial risk management As result of regular business practices, the Company holds positions in a variety of financial instruments. The financial instruments are presented in the balance sheet and consists of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and other receivables, interest-bearing loans, trade payables and other payables. The Company does not use foreign exchange contracts and/or foreign exchange options and does not deal with such financial derivatives. On each balance date, financial instruments are reviewed to see whether or not an objective indication exists for the impairment of a financial asset or a group of financial assets. If an objective indication for impairment exists, the company determines the amount of impairment losses and charges this amount to the income statement. As a result of the use of financial instruments, the company incurs credit risks, liquidity risks and market risks. The market risks consist of currency risks, price risks and interest risks. The company has a strict policy that aims to minimise and control these risks as much as possible. Credit risk Credit risk is the risk of a financial loss in case a customer does not comply with the contractual obligations. Credit risks are mainly incurred from receivables to customers. The company executes a strict policy to minimise credit risks. To control these risks, the company makes use of information from licensed credit agencies. If necessary, credit risks will be mitigated by the use of credit insurances, bank guarantees, prepayments and other insurances. Cash- and cash equivalents may be placed by a number of banks. The company determines the credit risk of cash- and cash equivalents that are placed with these banks, by solely doing business with highly respectable banks. The Company evaluates the concentration risk with respect to trade receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work as low. Expected credit losses The Company has two types of financial assets that are subject to the expected credit loss model: • Trade and other receivables • Amounts due from customers for contract work Trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work The Company applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work. To measure the expected credit losses, trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work have been grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the days past due. The amounts due from customers for contract work relate to unbilled work in progress and have substantially the same risk characteristics as the trade receivables for the same types of contracts. 68Alfen - Annual Report 2023 The Company has therefore concluded that the expected loss rates for trade and other receivables are a reasonable approximation of the loss rates for the amounts due from customers for contract work. The expected loss rates used at 31 December 2023 and at 31 December 2022 are based on the payment profiles of sales over a period of 12 months of the preceding financial year and the corresponding historical credit losses experienced related to these sales. The historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current and forward-looking information based on macro- economic factors affecting the ability of the customers to settle the receivables. The Company retrieves the latter from externally available information from credit rating agencies. Credit insured amounts are excluded from the determination of the loss allowance. On that basis, the loss allowance as at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022 was determined as follows for both trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work: In EUR '000 31 December 2023 Current Overdue < Overdue Overdue Overdue > amount 30 days 31-60 days 61-90 days 90 days Expected loss rate 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 4.0% 5.0% Gross carrying amount – trade receivables and other receivables 72,906 22,959 3,578 759 8,237 Gross carrying amount – amounts due from customers for contract work 28,195 — — — — Loss allowance 195 35 8 30 412 31 December 2022 Current Overdue < Overdue Overdue Overdue > amount 30 days 31-60 days 61-90 days 90 days Expected loss rate 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 4.8% 7.0% Gross carrying amount – trade receivables and other receivables 64,399 14,600 4,945 3,439 3,688 Gross carrying amount – amounts due from customers for contract work 17,240 — — — — Loss allowance 161 29 10 166 259 The movement in the loss allowance in respect of trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work during the year was as follows: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Balance - At 1 January 625 62 Amounts written off — — Net remeasurement of loss allowance 74 563 Balance – At 31 December 699 625 Trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work are written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. Indicators that there is no reasonable expectation of recovery include, amongst others, the failure of a debtor to engage in a repayment plan with the Company and a failure to make contractual payments. Impairment losses on trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work are recognised in the income statement as a separate line item. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited against the same line item. Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations. The Company’s approach to managing liquidity is to ensure that, as far as possible, it will always have sufficient liquidity to meet its obligations when they become due, avoiding unacceptable losses or damages to the Company’s reputation. The Company monitors its liquidity risk on an ongoing basis. Management believes the current capital structure of the Group will safeguard the Group's ability to continue as a going concern. The liquidity planning considers the maturity of the financial assets (e.g. accounts receivable and other financial assets) and projected cash flows from operations. Due to the nature of the business, the use of cash- and cash equivalents is not highly sensitive to liquidity risks. However, the Company does notice a seasonal pattern in liquidity risks. 69Alfen - Annual Report 2023 The tables below analyses the Company’s financial liabilities on their contractual maturities for all non- derivative financial liabilities for which the contractual maturities are essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows. In EUR '000 31 December 2023 Less than 3 months 3 months to 1 year Between 1 and 5 years Over 5 years Total Trade and other payables (excluding deferred revenue) 148,154 413 — — 148,567 Borrowings 26,126 2,700 8,534 1,494 38,854 Factoring Alfen Elkamo 986 — — — 986 Lease liabilities 937 2,701 7,840 2,640 14,118 Total non-derivatives 176,203 5,814 16,374 4,134 202,525 31 December 2022 Less than 3 months 3 months to 1 year Between 1 and 5 years Over 5 years Total Trade and other payables (excluding deferred revenue) 135,683 394 — — 136,077 Borrowings 281 832 1,697 1,124 3,934 Factoring Alfen Elkamo 1,817 — — — 1,817 Lease liabilities 716 2,035 8,341 1,765 12,857 Total non-derivatives 138,497 3,261 10,038 2,889 154,685 Market risk Foreign exchange risk The Company mainly operates in the European Union, in which the Euro is the basis currency (see Note 22 and 27 for further details). The currency risk is limited and largely concerns positions and (future) transactions in euros. Management has determined, based on a risk assessment, that these currency risks do not need to be hedged. The Company's net exposure at 31 December 2023 to other foreign exchange movements is €159 thousand in case foreign currency exchange rates are increasing with 1% and is mainly concentrated in the following currency: USD (i.e. procurement) and GBP (i.e. sales). Price risk The Company incurs price risks on the purchase of (raw) materials and subcontracting for the difference between the market price at the time of the purchase and during the actual performance. For purchases related to larger projects, the companies policy aims to use indexation clauses in its sales contracts. If indexation is impossible, prices and conditions are negotiated with existing (key) suppliers to minimise price risk. In addition, the company controls price risk by using framework purchase agreements, tender procedures and other high valued information sources. The Company evaluates the concentration risk with respect to prices as low. In case the costs of raw materials and consumables and costs of outsourced work and other external costs prices increase with 1%, the impact on profit before tax is €3.5 million. Interest rate risk The Company is exposed to interest rate risks on its borrowings. Management has determined, based on a risk assessment, that the interest rate risks on its borrowings do not need to be hedged. In case the Company’s interest rate increases with 1%, the impact on profit before tax is € 555 thousand. Note 4 Capital management The Company’s objectives when managing capital is to safeguard the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern and maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. In order to maintain the Company’s capital structure, the Company may adjust its dividend policy, issue new shares or sell assets to reduce debt. The Company monitors capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total equity. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings (including ‘current and non-current borrowings’ as shown in the balance sheet) less cash and cash equivalents. Total capital is calculated as ‘equity’ as shown in the balance sheet plus net debt. The gearing ratios at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022 were as follows: In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Borrowings (note 25) 50,770 18,404 Plus: bank overdrafts 6,402 — Less: cash and cash equivalents (note 23) (2,073) (22,841) Net debt (cash) 55,099 (4,437) Total equity 179,613 150,583 Total capital 234,712 146,146 Gearing ratio 31% (3)% The gearing ratio increased during 2023 due to increased working capital, which is mainly caused by our increased inventory levels. This effect is further amplified by increased bank loans related to the construction of a new warehouse/production facility (Hefbrugweg 79) and the purchase of a new production facility (Damsluisweg 70). 70Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Below table sets out an analysis of net cash/(debt) and the movements in net cash/(debt) for each of the periods presented. In EUR '000 Cash and bank overdrafts Borrowings Factoring Alfen Elkamo Lease liabilities Net cash/ (debt) Net cash/(debt) - 1 January 2022 47,277 (4,778) (1,186) (12,436) 28,877 Cash flows (24,436) 1,048 (628) 3,378 (20,638) New leases and remeasurements — — — (3,419) (3,419) Other changes — (8) — (375) (383) Net cash/(debt) - 31 December 2022 22,841 (3,738) (1,814) (12,852) 4,437 Cash flows (27,170) (32,953) 840 3,746 (55,537) New leases and remeasurements — — — (3,539) (3,539) Other changes — (6) — (454) (460) Net cash/(debt) - 31 December 2023 (4,329) (36,697) (974) (13,099) (55,099) Other changes comprise a non-cash movement and relates to effective interest accounting on borrowings and lease liabilities. Note 5 Fair value estimation The Company has no financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value. At 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022 the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables and trade and other payables approximated their fair values due to the short-term maturities of these assets and liabilities. The fair values of the long-term debt are not materially different from the carrying amounts as the interest rate risk is a floating rate plus spread where the spread equals the current market spread. Note 6 Critical accounting estimates and judgements The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experiences and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Development costs The capitalised development costs are based on management judgements taken into account: • it is technically feasible to complete the product or system so that it will be available for use; • management intends to complete the product or system and use or sell it; • there is an ability to use or sell the product or system; • it can be demonstrated how the product or system will generate probable future economic benefits; • adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the product or system are available; and • the expenditure attributable to the product or system during its development can be reliably measured In determining the development costs to be capitalised, the Company estimates the expected future economic benefits of the respective product or system that is the result of a development project. Furthermore management estimates the useful life of such product or system. The carrying amount of capitalised development costs is €27.9 and €22.4 million at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022, respectively. The Company estimates the useful life of the development costs to be at 5 years based on the expected lifetime of such assets. However, the actual useful life may be shorter or longer than 5 years, depending on innovations, market developments and competitor actions. Impairment of non-financial assets The Company assesses whether there are any indicators of impairment for all non-financial assets at each reporting date. Goodwill and intangibles not yet put in use are tested for impairment annually and at other times when such indicators exist. Other non- financial assets are tested for impairment when there are indicators that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. When value-in-use calculations are undertaken, management estimates the expected future cash flows from the asset or cash-generating unit and determines a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value of those cash flows. Further details about impairment testing are included in Note 17. Estimates in contract work The Company recognises revenue and costs over time - i.e. before delivered to the customers’ premises - in the income statement using the cost-to-cost method. Under this method, actual costs are compared with the total estimated costs to measure progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. To measure the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, the Company has a robust process and system for cost estimating, forecasting and revenue and costs reporting. The system also requires a consistent forecast of the project profitability, including variance analyses of forecasted profitability compared to budget and earlier assessment dates. Estimates are an inherent part of this assessment and actual future outcome may deviate from the estimated outcome, specifically for major and complex contracts. However, historical experience has shown that estimates in total are sufficiently reliable. 71Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 7 Segment information Operating segments The Company is engaged in the business of developing, producing and selling various products, systems and services related to the electricity grid. There is a strong interrelationship between our three product groups - i.e. Smart grid solutions, EV charging equipment and Energy storage systems. IFRS 8 requires disclosures of segment information in alignment with internal management reporting to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (‘CODM’). Alfen’s CEO is considered the CODM, who is ultimately responsible for reviewing and assessing the performance of the three separately identified product groups. The CODM monitors the performance of the three product groups, despite the split in revenue, solely on an aggregated basis for resource allocation and overall performance measurement. All financial segment information can therefore be found in the consolidated financial statements. Entity wide disclosures Geographic information The following table is summarising (i) revenue and other income and (ii) non-current assets, excluding financial instruments and deferred tax assets, attributable to the Company’s countries of domicile. In EUR '000 Revenue 2023 2022 The Netherlands 467,226 413,476 Finland 23,772 20,284 Belgium 13,479 6,116 Total 504,477 439,876 Non-current assets 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 The Netherlands 75,552 50,754 Finland 5,112 5,761 Belgium 507 574 Total 81,171 57,089 Revenue and other income by region based on the destination of products and location of projects is presented in Note 8. Major customers There are no customers who individually account for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated revenue. Note 8 Revenue The Company derives the following revenues and other income per business line: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Smart grid solutions 188,378 142,617 Energy storage systems 162,979 45,498 EV charging equipment 153,120 251,761 Total 504,477 439,876 Smart grid solutions and Energy storage systems revenue generated by entities domiciling in the Netherlands and Belgium amounting to €314.1 and €13.5 million, respectively, is considered to be over time revenue for which the cost-to-cost method is applied by the Company. Smart grid solutions revenue generated by Alfen Elkamo - i.e. €23.8 million - as well as the Company’s EV charging equipment revenue of €153.1 million is considered to be point-in-time revenue. Revenue and other income by region based on the destination of products and location of projects: In EUR '000 2023 2022 The Netherlands 292,448 217,189 Other European Union countries 203,725 195,028 Rest of Europe 8,270 27,622 Outside Europe 34 37 Total 504,477 439,876 72Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 9 Personnel expenses The personnel expenses can be divided into the following cost categories: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Salaries and wages 56,895 45,775 Social security contributions 9,072 6,994 Pension contributions (DC) 6,678 4,660 Hire indirect personnel 5,484 4,141 Capitalised personnel expense (9,618) (7,821) Total 68,511 53,749 The average number of FTE's are: 2023 2022 Direct Employees 435 399 Indirect Employees 507 388 Total 942 787 As per 31 December 2023, a total of 122 employees were employed outside the Netherlands. Dutch pensions The company has a defined contribution scheme and a defined benefit scheme. The defined benefit plan is a multi-employer (industry) pension plan, based on average salary pay, for which insufficient information is available to account for as a defined benefit plan. Therefore, the Company accounts for this pension plan as a defined contribution plan. The pension schemes are financed through monthly contributions to the pension providers, being the insurance companies and the industry pension fund (PME). The contribution with the industry pension fund is calculated using a maximum annual gross salary level and a premium of approximately 28% for 2023. The base premium for 2024 is set at approximately 28%. Total expected contributions for 2024 amount to €8.3 million. The company applies the liability approach for all pension schemes. The premium payable during the financial year is charged to the income statement and is classified as costs of personnel. Alfen has approximately 870 active participants in the industry pension plan, which has 170,000 active participants in the total plan. The industry pension fund has a surplus and the coverage ratio per December 2023 is 113.3%. The company does not have any commitments for additional contributions in case of a deficit of the pension fund, other than paying increased future premiums. If applicable, the industry-wide pension fund applies an annual indexation for the pension fund. Aside from the premium payables, the company does not have any additional obligations in respect to the pension schemes. Finnish pensions Alfen Elkamo has a defined contribution scheme, in which the pension contribution is predetermined and based on the gross salary of the individual employee. The annual net contribution for 2023 is 18% (2022: 18%). The pension contributions are paid on a monthly basis to the pension fund. The expected net contribution for 2024 amounts to €666 thousand. The premium payable during the financial year is charged to the income statement and is classified as costs of personnel. Aside from premium payables, Alfen Elkamo does not have any additional obligations in respect to the pension schemes. Key management compensation Key management includes directors, having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Company. In EUR '000 2023 2022 Salaries and wages 1,122 1,018 Short-term incentive plan(s) 205 401 Social security contributions 45 43 Pension costs 66 57 Share-based payments 218 432 Other 37 51 Total 1,693 2,002 Key management collectively hold 115,817 Ordinary Shares (2022: 107,851) in the share capital of the Company. In addition, key management collectively hold conditional rights, granted under the long-term incentive plan for the Board of Directors and subject to certain performance conditions, to receive 2,993 (at actual realisation based on the LTIP 2021) and 10,030 (at 100% realisation based on the LTIP 2022-2023) Ordinary Shares. Reference is made to Note 11 for further details. 73Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 10 Other operating costs The operating costs can be divided into the following cost categories: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Housing expenses 2,880 2,285 Other personnel expenses 4,471 4,355 Development expenses 1,811 830 Other general expenses 17,327 13,826 Total 26,489 21,296 Note 11 Share-based payments Share award plans Long-term incentive plan – Key employees The Management Board of Alfen recognises the importance of its key employees to the future success of the Company. Therefore, on 4 October 2018, a long-term incentive plan (‘LTIP Key employees’) was introduced for a number of designated employees within the group of the Company. The following unvested grants, comprising of Ordinary Shares in the Company, have been made under this plan: Grant date Number of Awards Granted * Exercise price 1 January 2020 38,434 Nil 1 January 2021 8,147 Nil 1 January 2022 9,747 Nil 1 January 2023 14,806 Nil The conditional rights to receive existing Ordinary Shares granted will be exercisable in exchange for Ordinary Shares on the day that is four years after the grant date, on the condition that the relevant employee of Alfen continues to be employed by the Company on this date (subject to certain arrangements for exceptional circumstances, such as death of the employee). Besides the aforementioned service vesting condition no other vesting conditions are applicable for the LTIP Key employees. Long-term incentive plan – Board of Directors As part of the remuneration policy, which has been adopted by the general meeting of shareholders on 7 April 2022, a long-term incentive plan for the Board of Directors is applicable in order to increase the alignment between shareholder’s interest and the interest of the Board of Directors. The following unvested grants, comprising of Ordinary Shares in the Company, have been made under this plan: Grant date Number of Awards Granted * Exercise price 29 April 2021 3,115 Nil 22 July 2021** 638 Nil 26 April 2022 4,720 Nil 25 April 2023 5,310 Nil * At 100% realisation of the applicable performance conditions. The actual number of Awards that will vest can range between nil (at 0% realisation) and 17,228 (at 125% realisation). ** Transferred from Key employees to Board of Directors in alignment with the appointment of Michelle Lesh (CCO) as member of the Board of Directors. The conditional rights to receive existing Ordinary Shares granted will be exercisable in exchange for Ordinary Shares on the day that is three years after inception of the service and performance period, subject to continued employment as a member of the Board of Directors and certain non-market based performance vesting conditions. The service and performance period are starting on the 1st of January of the applicable financial year, in which the grant has been made. Besides the aforementioned service and performance vesting conditions there is one additional condition in place, which is an one year and a two year holding period after vesting date for grants made in 2021 and 2022-2023, respectively. 74Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Summary of changes in outstanding shares Changes in outstanding shares for the period: LTIP Key employees LTIP Board of Directors Balance – 1 January 2022 79,633 16,898 Granted 9,747 4,720 Performance adjustment — 1,974 Forfeited (5,787) — Exercised (1,225) — Transferred * (638) 638 Expired — — Balance – 31 December 2022 81,730 24,230 Granted 14,806 5,310 Performance adjustment — (760) Forfeited (5,539) — Exercised (32,698) (15,757) Transferred — — Expired — — Balance – 31 December 2023 58,299 13,023 * Transferred from Key employees to Board of Directors in alignment with the appointment of Michelle Lesh (CCO) as member of the Board of Directors. None of the outstanding shares related to the LTIP Key employees and LTIP Board of Directors are exercisable at 31 December 2023. Fair value measurement The Company used the Black & Scholes model to determine the fair value of the share-based payments plans at grant date. The market price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares for the different plans at grant date was: Share award Plans Grant date Grant date fair value Long-term Incentive Plan - Key employees 1 January 2020 €16.44 Long-term Incentive Plan - Key employees 1 January 2021 €82.60 Long-term Incentive Plan - Key employees 1 January 2022 €88.25 Long-term Incentive Plan - Key employees 1 January 2023 €84.20 Long-term Incentive Plan - Board of Directors 29 April 2021 €68.75 Long-term Incentive Plan - Board of Directors * 22 July 2021 €80.25 Long-term Incentive Plan - Board of Directors 26 April 2022 €82.54 Long-term Incentive Plan - Board of Directors 25 April 2023 €74.70 * Transferred from Key employees to Board of Directors in alignment with the appointment of Michelle Lesh (CCO) as member of the Board of Directors. The present value for expected dividend over the vesting period for all plans is nil, because the Company has currently no intention to distribute dividends in the foreseeable future in order to be able to further invest in the growth of the Company. Consequently and in conjunction with an exercise price of nil, both the expected volatility and risk-free- rate have no impact on the fair value determination at grant date. Share-based payment expenses Share-based payment expenses recognised as other operating costs in the statement of comprehensive income: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Long-term Incentive Plan - Key employees 836 563 Long-term Incentive Plan - Board of Directors 218 432 Total 1,054 995 Note 12 Finance income and costs In EUR '000 2023 2022 Finance costs Interest expenses related to lease liabilities (454) (375) Other interest expenses (2,944) (601) Total finance costs (3,398) (976) Finance income Other interest income 21 3 Total finance income 21 3 Net finance income/ (costs) (3,377) (973) Note 13 Income tax expense This note provides an analysis of the Company’s income tax expense, showing how the tax expense is affected by non-deductible items. It also explains significant estimates made in relation to the Company’s tax position. 75Alfen - Annual Report 2023 In EUR '000 2023 2022 Current tax: Current tax on profits for the year (7,383) (12,109) Adjustments for previous years (61) (96) Total current tax expense (7,444) (12,205) Deferred income tax: Income tax on continuing operations (1,354) (1,521) Change in tax rates — — Total deferred tax (expense) benefit (1,354) (1,521) Total income tax expense (8,798) (13,726) The tax on the Company’s profit before tax differs from the statutory amount that would arise using the tax rate applicable to profits of the entity. The reconciliation of the effective tax rate is as follows: In EUR '000 2023 2022 Result from continuing operations 29,684 53,047 Total income tax (8,798) (13,726) Profit (loss) before income tax 38,482 66,773 Tax calculated based on Dutch tax rate 25.8% 25.8% Tax effects of: - adjustments for previous years 0.2% 0.1% - effect of tax rates in other countries (0.2%) 0.1% - effect of tax incentives (3.4%) (6.0%) - non-taxable expenses 0.8% 0.4% - change in tax rates 0.0% 0.0% - other differences (0.3%) 0.2% Effective tax rate 22.9% 20.6% Applicable tax rate 25.8% 25.8% Effect of tax incentives To drive innovation, Dutch corporate income tax law provides a specific tax incentive scheme known as the Innovation Box facility. Based on this facility, qualified income associated with R&D activities is subject to an effective tax rate of 9% as compared to the Dutch statutory rate of 25.8%. In financial year 2021, Alfen concluded an agreement with the Dutch tax authorities, in which the application of the innovation box benefit is determined in alignment with Dutch corporate income tax law. This agreement applies for the years 2019 through 2024 assuming facts and circumstances do not change. The total tax effect of applying the innovation box is 3.4% for financial year 2023. Non-taxable expenses Non-taxable items are mainly related to non- deductible share-based payment expenses relating to the Long-term incentive plans. Note 14 Earnings per share 2023 2022 Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue (x1) 21,718,170 21,695,256 Net result attributable to shareholders 29,684,167 53,047,054 Basic earnings per share 1.37 2.45 Allowing for dilution, the earnings per share are as follows: Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue (x1) 21,773,241 21,786,054 Net result attributable to shareholders 29,684,167 53,047,054 Diluted earnings per share 1.36 2.43 76Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 15 Remuneration of the Management Board and Supervisory Board Management Board The following statement shows how the remuneration policy was applied in practice during the reporting period. M. Roeleveld - CEO J. van Rossen - CFO M. Lesh - CCO In EUR '000 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 Salaries and wages 432 392 366 332 324 294 Short-term incentive plan 83 150 77 133 45 118 Social security contributions 14 16 15 14 16 13 Pension contributions (DC) 26 23 21 18 19 16 Share-based payments 86 211 72 165 60 56 Other 8 25 14 13 15 13 Total 649 817 565 675 479 510 The following table sets out the shareholdings of the Management Board. Number of Ordinary Shares M. Roeleveld - CEO 105,113 J. van Rossen - CFO 10,156 M. Lesh - CCO 548 The following table sets out the grant made under the long-term incentive plan for the Management Board. Number of Awards Granted * 2023 2022 M. Roeleveld - CEO 2,042 1,818 J. van Rossen - CFO 1,736 1,539 M. Lesh - CCO 1,532 1,363 * At 100% realisation of the applicable performance conditions. The actual number of Awards that will vest can range between 0% realisation and 125% realisation. The number of Awards granted to the Management Board are subject to certain performance conditions as described in Note 11. No other options have been awarded to the Management Board, nor any loans, advances or guarantees. Supervisory Board The total remuneration of the members of the Supervisory Board is shown below: In EUR '000 2023 2022 H. ten Hove 60 50 W.W.M. Ackermans 47 40 J. van der Vlist 47 4 M. Anhalt - Date of entry: 19 September 2023 13 — E.M. Oudenbroek - Date of discharge: 6 April 2023 10 40 Total 177 134 No options have been awarded to the Supervisory Board, nor any loans, advances or guarantees. Note 16 Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment can be divided into: In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Property, plant and equipment - Owned 39,753 20,862 Property, plant and equipment - Right-of-Use 12,797 12,694 Total net book value 52,550 33,556 The movement in property, plant and equipment during the years was as follows: 77Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Owned assets In EUR '000 Buildings Furniture, fittings and equipment Assets under construction Total At 1 January 2022 Cost 7,972 13,129 636 21,737 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (3,537) (5,565) — (9,102) Net book value 4,435 7,564 636 12,635 Year ended 31 December 2022 Opening net book value 4,435 7,564 636 12,635 Additions 134 10,786 537 11,457 Reclassification assets under construction 156 7 (163) — Disposal — (142) — (142) Depreciation for the year (453) (2,777) — (3,230) Depreciation of disposal — 142 — 142 Consolidation and deconsolidation — — — — Closing net book value 4,272 15,580 1,010 20,862 At 1 January 2023 Cost 8,262 23,780 1,010 33,052 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (3,990) (8,200) — (12,190) Closing net book value 4,272 15,580 1,010 20,862 Year ended 31 December 2023 Opening net book value 4,272 15,580 1,010 20,862 Additions 9,992 7,894 6,106 23,992 Reclassification assets under construction 682 296 (978) — Disposal — (82) — (82) Depreciation for the year (493) (4,608) — (5,101) Depreciation of disposal — 82 — 82 Consolidation and deconsolidation — — — — Closing net book value 14,453 19,162 6,138 39,753 At 31 December 2023 Cost 18,936 31,888 6,138 56,962 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (4,483) (12,726) — (17,209) Closing net book value 14,453 19,162 6,138 39,753 Right-of-use assets In EUR '000 Land & buildings Manufacturing equipment Cars Total At 1 January 2022 Cost 11,811 1,702 5,091 18,604 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (2,836) (525) (2,923) (6,284) Net book value 8,975 1,177 2,168 12,320 Year ended 31 December 2022 Opening net book value 8,975 1,177 2,168 12,320 Additions 1,592 220 1,607 3,419 Disposal — — — — Depreciation for the year (1,625) (246) (1,174) (3,045) Depreciation of disposal — — — — Consolidation and deconsolidation — — — — Closing net book value 8,942 1,151 2,601 12,694 At 1 January 2023 Cost 13,403 1,922 6,698 22,023 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (4,461) (771) (4,097) (9,329) Closing net book value 8,942 1,151 2,601 12,694 Year ended 31 December 2023 Opening net book value 8,942 1,151 2,601 12,694 Additions 720 48 2,771 3,539 Disposal — — — — Depreciation for the year (1,620) (261) (1,555) (3,436) Depreciation of disposal — — — — Consolidation and deconsolidation — — — — Closing net book value 8,042 938 3,817 12,797 At 31 December 2023 Cost 14,123 1,970 9,469 25,562 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (6,081) (1,032) (5,652) (12,765) Closing net book value 8,042 938 3,817 12,797 At 31 December 2023, the net carrying amount of leased equipment held under finance lease was €177 thousand (31 December 2022: €236 thousand). 78Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 17 Intangible assets and goodwill The movement in intangible assets and goodwill during the years was as follows: In EUR '000 Goodwill Customer related intangibles Development costs Total At 1 January 2022 Cost 127 3,302 27,132 30,561 Accumulated impairments and amortisation — (1,877) (10,836) (12,713) Net book value 127 1,425 16,296 17,848 Year ended 31 December 2022 Opening net book value 127 1,425 16,296 17,848 Additions — — 9,568 9,568 Acquisitions — — — — Amortisation for the year — (407) (3,476) (3,883) Consolidation and deconsolidation — — — — Closing net book value 127 1,018 22,388 23,533 At 1 January 2023 Cost 127 3,302 36,700 40,129 Accumulated impairments and amortisation — (2,284) (14,312) (16,596) Net book value 127 1,018 22,388 23,533 Year ended 31 December 2023 Opening net book value 127 1,018 22,388 23,533 Additions — — 10,707 10,707 Acquisitions — — — — Amortisation for the year — (407) (5,212) (5,619) Consolidation and deconsolidation — — — — Closing net book value 127 611 27,883 28,621 At 31 December 2023 Cost 127 3,302 47,407 50,836 Accumulated impairments and amortisation — (2,691) (19,524) (22,215) Net book value 127 611 27,883 28,621 Goodwill Goodwill is completely allocated to the cash- generating unit (hereinafter: ‘CGU’) Alfen Elkamo. The recoverable amount of this CGU was determined on the higher of the value-in-use calculation or fair value less costs of disposal. The valuation uses future cash flows, based on the financial budgets and forecasts of the CGU over a period of 5 years and a terminal growth rate thereafter. The key assumptions used in the estimation of value in use were as follows: • Revenue growth rate: based on actual experience and an analysis of expected market growth within the energy transition sector. • Discount rate: based on the historical industry average weighted-average cost of capital, by using the capital asset pricing model (“CAPM”). The applied discount rate for 2023 was 17.6% (2022: 17.1%). • Residual value: based on a terminal growth rate of 2.0% (2022: 2.0%). Considering the limited amount of Goodwill, the Company’s impairment exposure is not significant and therefore no sensitivity analysis is included. Customer related intangibles Customer related intangibles comprise the customer list and order backlog related to the acquisition of Alfen Elkamo as at 1 July 2018 and are amortised over a period of 7 years and 0.5 year, respectively. Consequently, the remaining amortisation period for the customer list is 1.5 years and for the order backlog nil. Development costs Additions to intangible fixed assets relate to development projects for new products or systems or development projects for new features to existing products and systems for amongst others; smart grid solutions, electric vehicle charging equipment and energy storage. The closing net book value amounts € 27.9 million for the year ended 31 December 2023 (2022: 22.4 million) and includes €14.4 million (2022: €3.7 million) of development projects still in progress. Total costs for R&D, including amortisation of the capitalised development costs amount to €16.2 and €10.7 million for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022, respectively. 79Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 18 Deferred tax balances The balance comprises temporary differences attributable to: In EUR '000 Deferred tax assets 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Property, plant and equipment — — Carry forward losses — — Goodwill 77 116 Lease liabilities 103 79 Total 180 195 Of which: Current (< 1 year) 38 38 Non-current (> 1 year) 142 157 Deferred tax liabilities 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Property, plant and equipment — — Intangible assets 7,276 5,937 Total 7,276 5,937 Of which: Current (< 1 year) 1,237 1,472 Non-current (> 1 year) 6,039 4,465 Net deferred tax assets — — Net deferred tax liabilities 7,096 5,742 Note 19 Other financial assets Other financial assets comprise of long-term deposits paid to international payroll service providers of €297 thousand (2022: €276 thousand) and a short-term loan of €25.7 million (2022: €1.3 million presented as long-term) with the lessor responsible for the construction of a new production location and office building. At 7 July 2021, Alfen concluded a lease contract for a new production location and office building. During the construction period of the new production location and office building, financing will be provided by Alfen. The construction period is expected to be finalised in the first quarter of 2024. After finalisation of the construction period the financing provided by Alfen will be repaid. At that same moment, a lease will start for a period of 15 years, comprising the land, the production location and the office building. Note 20 Inventories In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Raw materials and components 150,776 131,815 Total 150,776 131,815 During 2023 inventories amounting to €667 are written down. Note 21 Financial instruments by category In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Assets Financial assets at amortised cost Financial assets at amortised cost Other financial assets 297 1,589 Trade and other receivables 135,935 107,686 Cash and cash equivalents 2,073 22,841 Total 138,305 132,116 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Liabilities Financial liabilities at amortised cost Financial liabilities at amortised cost Borrowings 50,770 18,404 Trade and other payables 148,567 136,077 Total 199,337 154,481 Note 22 Trade and other receivables In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Trade receivables 79,880 71,943 Less: loss allowance (699) (625) Trade receivables – net 79,181 71,318 Amounts due from customers for contract work 28,195 17,240 Other taxes 673 364 Other receivables 27,886 18,764 Total 135,935 107,686 Less non-current portion: — — Current portion 135,935 107,686 80Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Given the growth perspective within our Energy storage business line, other receivables increased primarily due to strategic stock down payments for batteries, inverters and containers for both our TheBattery Elements and Mobile storage solutions. The fair value of the receivables approximates the carrying amounts. No breakdown of the fair values of trade and other receivables and the non-current portion of the receivables has been included as the differences between the carrying amounts and the fair values are insignificant. Information about the Company’s exposure to credit and market risks, and impairment losses for trade and other receivables and amounts due from customers for contract work is included in Note 3. The carrying amounts of the Company’s trade and other receivables are denominated in the following currencies: In EUR '000 Currency 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 EURO 133,861 102,835 GBP 1,969 4,849 USD 105 — Transfer of trade receivables In order to manage seasonality, Alfen Elkamo sold its trade receivables with recourse to a bank for cash proceeds - i.e. factoring. These trade receivables have not been derecognised from the statement of financial position, because Alfen Elkamo retains substantially all of the risks and rewards - i.e. primarily credit risk. The amount received on the transfer of trade receivables has been recognised as a factoring liability under short-term borrowings (see Note 25). The arrangement with the bank is such that the customers remit cash directly to the bank. The receivables are considered to be held within a held-to-collect business model consistent with the Group’s continuing recognition of the receivables. The following information shows the carrying amount of trade receivables at the reporting date that have been transferred but not derecognised and the associated liabilities. In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Carrying amount of trade receivables transferred to a bank 1,217 2,267 Carrying amount of associated liabilities (974) (1,814) Contract assets and liabilities The net balance sheet position for contract work is as follows: In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Amounts due from customers for contract work 28,195 17,240 Amounts due to customers for contract work (43,104) (32,374) Total (14,909) (15,134) The net position relates to: Revenue recognised to date 206,051 79,238 Less: progress billings (220,960) (94,372) Total (14,909) (15,134) Amounts due from customers for contract work concern the Company’s right to consideration for work completed but not invoiced at 31 December 2023, for both the Smart grid solutions and Energy storage solutions business lines. Amounts due from customers for contract work will be transferred to trade receivables when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. This usually occurs when the Company issues an invoice to the customer. Amounts due to customers for contract work concern received prepayments for performance obligations, which are not yet realised at year-end. The amount of €32.4 million recognised in the amounts due to customers for contract work at the beginning of the reporting period has been recognised as revenue for the period ended 31 December 2023. Both amounts due from customers and amounts due to customers have a remaining term of less than one year. The amount of revenue recognised in the period ended 31 December 2023 from performance obligations satisfied (or partly satisfied) in prior reporting period is € nil. No information is provided about remaining performance obligations at 31 December 2023 that have an original expected duration of one year or less, as allowed by IFRS 15. 81Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 23 Cash and cash equivalents In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Cash and cash equivalents 2,073 22,841 Total 2,073 22,841 The cash and cash equivalents are freely disposable to the Company, except for an amount of €549 thousand on so called G-accounts. Note 24 Equity Share capital Share capital at 31 December 2023 of €2,175,000 (2022: €2,175,000) is divided into 21,750,000 ordinary shares (2022: 21,750,000), fully paid-up, with a par value of €0.1 each (2022: €0.1). Total shares authorised comprise of 40,000,000 ordinary shares (2022: 40,000,000). The outstanding ordinary shares of 21,750,000 includes 30,388 treasury shares as per 31 December 2023 (2022: 54,643). Share premium The share premium reserve relates to contribution on issued shares in excess of the nominal value of the shares (above par value). Retained earnings The retained earnings of €98.8 million are restricted due to a legal reserve of €27.9 million (2022: €22.4 million) which is not available for distribution. Result for the year The proposal to the General Meeting is that an amount of €29.7 million will be recognised in retained earnings. Note 25 Borrowings In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Borrowings 36,697 3,738 Factoring Alfen Elkamo 974 1,814 Lease liabilities 13,099 12,852 Total 50,770 18,404 The repayment obligations as per 31 December 2023 are as follows: In EUR '000 31 December 2023 Repayment obligation in 2024 Remaining term > 1 year and <5 year Remaining term >5years Borrowings 36,697 28,048 7,616 1,033 Factoring Alfen Elkamo 974 974 — — Lease liabilities 13,099 3,241 8,512 1,346 Total 50,770 32,263 16,128 2,379 The fair values of the long-term debt are not materially different from the carrying amounts as the interest rate risk is a floating rate plus spread where the spread equals the current market spread. Alfen N.V. holds a group credit facility for all entities located in the Netherlands. The credit facility consists of: (i) a mortgage loan with a duration of 10 years and a principal amount of €1.5 million used for the purchase of the building located at the Hefbrugweg Almere; (ii) a mortgage loan with a duration of 15 years and a principal amount of €900 thousand used for the purchase of the building located at the Vlotbrugweg Almere; (iii) two loans with each a principal amount of €875 thousand and a duration of 10 years used for the refurbishment of the buildings located at the Hefbrugweg Almere; (iv) a loan with a principle amount of €5 million and a redemption period of 7 years used for the acquisition of Alfen Elkamo at 1 July 2018; (v) a CapEx facility up to €27.5 million that will be used to finance our new production location and office building (see note 19); and (vi) a committed revolving credit facility ("RCF") up to €100 million (2022: €100 million) and a separate committed facility of €40 million (2022: € 40 million) for bank guarantees starting from 31 October 2022. The duration of the RCF is three years with two extension options, each for one year. In 2023 the first extension option has been concluded; (vii) a mortgage loan with a duration of 5 years and a principal amount of €10 million used for the purchase of the building located at the Damsluisweg Almere. The 2023 interest rate is 6.1% (2022: 2.5%). The bank has first ranked mortgages on the real estate owned by the Company with a carrying amount of €12.0 million per 31 December 2023. The real estate has an economic value of €14.9 million. The following securities have been issued: • a first ranked mortgage of €1.8 million for land and buildings on the Hefbrugweg 28, 1332 AP Almere cadastral known as section M number 70, Almere; • a first ranked mortgage of €900 thousand for land and buildings on the Vlotbrugweg 24, 1332 AJ Almere, cadastral known as section M number 60, Almere; • a second mortgage right on the abovementioned buildings of €1.7 million; 82Alfen - Annual Report 2023 • a first ranked mortgage of €10 million for land and buildings on the Damsluisweg 70, 1332 EJ Almere cadastral known as section M number 1524 and 1589 Almere; • a first pledge for ◦ all current and future equipment of the Company; ◦ all current and future inventory of the Company; ◦ all current and future rights and receivables whether or not resulting from current and future relationships, including the rights from insurance agreements. • a mandatory redemption clause in case the Company decides to sell its interest in Alfen Elkamo, which is capped at the proceeds from selling the interest. Other specific conditions related to the CAPEX-facility are: • a negative pledge and the “pari passu”; • comply with a Net Debt-to-EBITDA Ratio (adjusted for capitalised development costs) that shall not exceed 3.00:1.00, except for a period of six months after an acquisition, during which period the ratio shall not exceed 3.50:1.00. This covenant was met at 31 December 2023. Other specific conditions related to the revolving credit facility are: • a negative pledge and the “pari passu”; • comply with a Net Debt-to-EBITDA Ratio that shall not exceed 3.00:1.00. This covenant was met at 31 December 2023. Alfen Elkamo Oy Ab holds a separate working capital credit facility up to €1.5 million (2022: €1.5 million) for which a solvency-convenant of 25% is applicable. This solvency-convenant was met at 31 December 2023. Note 26 Provisions In EUR '000 Balance – 1 January 2023 47 Balance – 1 January 2022 56 Additions — Additions — Deductions (19) Deductions (4) Other 22 Other (5) Balance – 31 December 2023 50 Balance – 31 December 2022 47 Of which: Of which: Current(< 1 year) 14 Current(< 1 year) 11 Non-current (> 1 year) 36 Non-current (> 1 year) 36 The provision relates to a jubilee provision and is calculated based on the discounted value of future jubilee payments to the Company’s employees. The calculation includes estimated remaining employment terms and a discount rate of 4%. Note 27 Trade and other payables In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Trade payables 75,287 71,500 Amounts due to customers for contract work 43,104 32,374 Other taxes 6,776 2,316 Other liabilities 23,400 29,887 Total 148,567 136,077 All current liabilities fall due in less than one year. The fair value of the current liabilities approximates the carrying amount due to its short term character. The carrying amounts of the Company’s trade and other payables are denominated in the following currencies: In EUR '000 Currency 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 EURO 130,618 119,709 USD 17,263 13,990 GBP 686 2,378 83Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 28 Leases The Company leases several assets, which can be combined into the asset classes: (i) Land & Buildings, (ii) Manufacturing equipment, (iii) Office equipment and (iv) Company cars. These contracts are typically entered into for a period between 3 and 10 years, but some leases may include renewal and/or termination options. The Company leases Office equipment (e.g. printers). These leases are considered low-value leases for which the Company has elected not to recognise right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Right-of-use assets Right-of-use assets relate to leases that do not meet the definition of investment property are presented as property, plant and equipment, which are separately disclosed in Note 16. The Company has no right-of-use assets that meet the definition of investment property. Amounts recognised in the statement of comprehensive income and cash flows Besides the interest expenses related to lease liabilities and depreciation charges on right-of-use assets as disclosed in Note 12 and Note 16, respectively, the Company recognised within the statement of comprehensive income €0.3 million (2022: €0.2 million) relating to leases of low value leases and short-term leases. Total cash outflow for leases in 2023 was €4.0 million (2022: €3.6 million). Extension and termination options The Company has several contracts within asset class Land & Buildings and Manufacturing equipment that include renewal and termination options or a combination of both. At 31 December 2023, all renewal options are included in the measurement of the lease liabilities. Consequently, no termination options are included. Note 29 Contingencies and commitments Bank guarantees Bank guarantees amounting to €24.1 million are outstanding at 31 December 2023 with different end dates in financial year 2024 and further. Fiscal unity The Company forms a fiscal unity with Alfen B.V., Alfen ICU B.V. Alfen International B.V. and Alfen Projects B.V. for corporate income tax (CIT). For value-added tax (VAT) purposes the fiscal unity consists of Alfen N.V., Alfen B.V., Alfen ICU B.V. and Alfen Projects B.V. Pursuant to the Collection of State Taxes Act, the Company, along with the subsidiary that is part of the fiscal entity, is wholly and severally liable for taxation payable by the fiscal unity. Joint and several liabilities Alfen N.V. has assumed joint and several liabilities in accordance with article 403 Part 9 of Book 2 of The Dutch Civil Code with respect to its subsidiaries Alfen B.V. and Alfen ICU B.V. Note 30 Related party transactions All legal entities that can be controlled, jointly controlled or significantly influenced are considered to be a related party. Also, entities which can control, jointly control or significantly influence the Company are considered a related party. In addition, statutory and supervisory directors and close relatives are regarded as related parties. Intercompany transactions are carried out at arm’s length. The following transactions were carried out with related parties: • Key management compensation (Note 9); • Share-based payments (Note 11); • Remuneration of the Management Board and Supervisory Board (Note 15). Note 31 Events after reporting period There are no events after the reporting period. 84Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Alfen N.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Company financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2023 Company financial statements Company balance sheet ................................................................................................................................... 86 Company income statement ........................................................................................................................... 86 Notes to the company financial statements ................................................................................................... 87 85Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Company balance sheet In EUR '000 Note 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 (before appropiation of profit) Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment 4 982 1,051 Investments in subsidiaries 5 138,342 108,590 139,324 109,641 Current assets Receivables 6 62,152 28,820 Cash and cash equivalents 7 — 26,496 62,152 55,316 Total assets 201,476 164,957 Equity and liabilities Shareholders' equity 8 Share capital 2,175 2,175 Share premium 48,943 50,651 Legal and statutory reserves 27,883 22,388 Retained earnings 70,928 22,322 Result for the year 29,684 53,047 179,613 150,583 Provisions 5 2,133 2,888 Non-current liabilities 9 384 440 Current liabilities 10 19,346 11,046 Total equity and liabilities 201,476 164,957 Company income statement In EUR '000 Note 2023 2022 Depreciation on property, plant and equipment 4 (69) (71) General expenses 88 67 Operating profit (loss) 19 (4) Finance income — — Finance expenses — — Finance income (costs) - net — — Profit (loss) before income tax 19 (4) Income tax expense (7) — Share of net profit of investments in subsidiaries 5 29,672 53,051 Profit (loss) for the period after income tax 29,684 53,047 86Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Notes to the Company financial statements ___ Note 1 General information The company financial statements are part of the consolidated financial statements of Alfen N.V. (hereafter: the Company). Note 2 Basis of preparation The Company financial statements of Alfen N.V. have been prepared in accordance with Part 9, Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. In accordance with sub 8 of article 362, Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code, the Company financial statements are prepared based on the accounting principles of recognition, measurement and determination of profit, as applied in the consolidated financial statements. These principles also include the classification and presentation of financial instruments, being equity instruments or financial liabilities. In case no other policies are mentioned, refer to the accounting policies as described in the accounting policies in the consolidated financial statements of this Annual Report. For an appropriate interpretation, the company financial statements of Alfen N.V. should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements. All amounts have been rounded to the nearest thousand, unless otherwise indicated. The balance sheet and income statement include references. These refer to the notes. The company prepared its consolidated financial statements in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (‘IFRS’) as adopted by the European Union. Note 3 Financial fixed assets Investments in consolidated subsidiaries Consolidated subsidiaries are all entities (including intermediate subsidiaries) over which the Company has control. The Company controls an entity when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the subsidiary and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the subsidiary. Subsidiaries are recognised from the date on which control is transferred to the company or its intermediate holding entities. They are derecognised from the date control ceases. Investments in consolidated subsidiaries are measured at net asset value. Net asset value is based on the measurement of assets, provisions and liabilities and determination of profit based on the principles applied in the consolidated financial statements. In case of a negative net equity value of a subsidiary, the negative value is initially deducted from loans due from the respective subsidiary, if any, and subsequently, when and only when the parent company is liable for the underlying obligations, accounted for as a provision for loss making subsidiaries. Note 4 Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment concerns solely owned assets. The movement in property, plant and equipment during the years was as follows: In EUR '000 Buildings At 1 January 2022 Cost 1,468 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (346) Net book value 1,122 Movements in book value Additions — Disposals — Depreciation for the year (71) Depreciation of disposals — (71) At 31 December 2022 Cost 1,468 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (417) Closing net book value 1,051 At 1 January 2023 Cost 1,468 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (417) Net book value 1,051 Movements in book value Additions — Disposals — Depreciation for the year (69) Depreciation of disposals — (69) At 31 December 2023 Cost 1,468 Accumulated impairments and depreciation (486) Closing net book value 982 87Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 5 Investments in subsidiaries The movement in subsidiaries during the years was as follows: In EUR '000 Investment in subsidiaries At 1 January 2022 Investment in subsidiaries 53,965 Movements in book value Investments 545 Share of profit in participations 53,051 Negative equity adjustments / (reversals) 1,029 Capital contribution — Dividend received — 54,625 At 31 December 2022 Investment in subsidiaries 108,590 At 1 January 2023 Investment in subsidiaries 108,590 Movements in book value Investments 835 Share of profit in participations 29,672 Negative equity adjustments / (reversals) (755) Capital contribution — Dividend received — 29,752 At 31 December 2023 Investment in subsidiaries 138,342 The negative equity adjustment / reversal of €755 thousand (2022: €1,029 thousand) from the provision for loss making subsidiaries is related to the positive result of Alfen International B.V. The Company is wholly and severally liable for the loans of Alfen International B.V. Consequently, a provision for loss making subsidiaries of €2,133 thousand (2022: €2,888 thousand) is recognised related to the negative equity value of Alfen International B.V. The share in the equity of the subsidiaries was as follows: Share in Issued share capital 31 December 2023 Alfen B.V., Almere 100% Alfen ICU B.V., Almere 100% Alfen International B.V., Almere 100% Alfen Projects B.V., Almere 100% Alfen België BV, Gent 100% Alfen Elkamo Oy Ab, Pietarsaari 100% Note 6 Receivables In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Due from affiliated companies 61,825 28,361 Other receivables 327 459 Total 62,152 28,820 Receivables all have a remaining term to maturity of less than one year, unless stated otherwise. The fair value of the receivables approximates the carrying amount. No breakdown of the fair values of the receivables has been included as the differences between the carrying amounts and the fair values are insignificant. The receivables due from affiliated companies bear no interest. With respect to repayment and securities nothing has been agreed. Note 7 Cash and cash equivalents In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Cash and cash equivalents — 26,496 Total — 26,496 The cash and cash equivalents are freely disposable to the Company. 88Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 8 Shareholders' equity Share capital Share capital at 31 December 2023 of €2,175,000 (2022: €2,175,000) is divided into 21,750,000 ordinary shares (2022: 21,750,000), fully paid-up, with a par value of €0.1 each (2022: €0.1). Total shares authorised comprise of 40,000,000 ordinary shares (2022: 40,000,000). The outstanding ordinary shares of 21,750,000 includes 30,388 treasury shares as per 31 December 2023 (2022: 54,643). In EUR '000 Share capital Share premium Legal and statutory reserves Retained earnings Result for the year Total equity Balance – 1 January 2022 2,175 50,429 16,296 5,969 21,450 96,319 Issuance of ordinary shares, net of tax — — — — — — Purchase of treasury shares — 222 — — — 222 Share-based payment transactions — — — 995 — 995 Dividend — — — — — — Allocation of prior result — — — 21,450 (21,450) — Additions — — 6,092 (6,092) — — Profit (loss) for the period — — — — 53,047 53,047 Balance – 31 December 2022 2,175 50,651 22,388 22,322 53,047 150,583 Issuance of ordinary shares, net of tax — — — — — — Purchase of treasury shares — (1,708) — — — (1,708) Share-based payment transactions — — — 1,054 — 1,054 Dividend — — — — — — Allocation of prior result — — — 53,047 (53,047) — Additions — — 5,495 (5,495) — — Profit (loss) for the period — — — — 29,684 29,684 Balance – 31 December 2023 2,175 48,943 27,883 70,928 29,684 179,613 Share premium The share premium reserve relates to contribution on issued shares in excess of the nominal value of the shares (above par value). Retained earnings The retained earnings of €98.8 million are restricted due to a legal reserve of €27.9 million (2022: €22.4 million) which is not available for distribution. Result for the year The proposal to the General Meeting is that an amount of €29.7 million will be recognised in retained earnings. Note 9 Non-current liabilities In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Borrowings 444 500 Total 444 500 The repayment obligation as per 31 December 2023 is as follows: In EUR '000 31 December 2023 Repayment obligation in 2024 Remaining term > 1 year and <5 year Remaining term >5years Borrowings 444 60 240 144 Total 444 60 240 144 Repayments due within 12 months of the reporting date in the sum of €60 thousand (2022: €60 thousand) have been recognised as current liabilities. Reference is made to Note 25 of the consolidated financial statements. Note 10 Current liabilities In EUR '000 31 December 2023 31 December 2022 Repayment obligation borrowings 60 60 Trade payables 70 30 Due to affiliated companies 329 145 Corporate income tax 3,183 10,155 Other taxes 47 55 Bank overdrafts 15,125 56 Other liabilities and accrued expenses 532 601 Total 19,346 11,102 All current liabilities fall due in less than one year. The fair value of the current liabilities approximates the carrying amounts due to its short term character. The payables due to affiliated companies bear no interest. With respect to repayment and securities nothing has been agreed. Reference is made to Note 27 of the consolidated financial statements. 89Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Note 11 Contingencies and commitments Fiscal unity The Company forms a fiscal unity with Alfen B.V., Alfen ICU B.V. Alfen International B.V. and Alfen Projects B.V. for corporate income tax (CIT). For value-added tax (VAT) purposes the fiscal unity consists of Alfen N.V., Alfen B.V., Alfen ICU B.V. and Alfen Projects B.V. Pursuant to the Collection of State Taxes Act, the Company, along with the subsidiary that is part of the fiscal entity, is wholly and severally liable for taxation payable by the fiscal unity. Joint and several liabilities Alfen N.V. has assumed joint and several liabilities in accordance with article 403 Part 9 of Book 2 of The Dutch Civil Code with respect to its subsidiaries Alfen B.V. and Alfen ICU B.V. Note 12 Audit fees The following audit fees were expensed in the income statement in the reporting period: In EUR '000 PricewaterhouseCoopers Accountants N.V. Other network Total network 2023 2022 2023 2022 2023 2022 Audit of the financial statements 229 210 — — 229 210 Other audit procedures — — 5 5 5 5 Tax services — — — — — — Other non-audit services — — — — — — Total 229 210 5 5 234 215 These fees relate to the audit of the 2023 and 2022 financial statements, regardless of whether the work was performed during the financial year. Note 13 Average number of employees During the year 2023, the average number of employees, based on full-time equivalents, was 3 (2022: 3). Of these employees no employees were employed outside the Netherlands. Note 14 Events after reporting date There are no events after the reporting period. 90Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Authorisation of the financial statements Almere, 13 February 2024 Alfen N.V. Board of Directors, Marco Roeleveld Jeroen van Rossen Michelle Lesh CEO CFO CCO Supervisory Board, Henk ten Hove Maria Anhalt Willem Ackermans Jeanine van der Vlist 91Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Alfen N.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Other information for the year ended 31 December 2023 Other information Provision in the Articles of Association relating to profit appropriation ......................................................................... 93 Independent auditor's report ............................................................................................................................................. 94 92Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Provision in the Articles of Association relating to profit appropriation Article 31 in the articles of association include the following information concerning profit appropriation: 1. The Management Board, with the approval of the Supervisory Board, may decide that the profits realised during a financial year fully or partially be appropriated to increase and/or form reserves. 2. The profits remaining after application of Article 31.1 shall be put at the disposal of the General Meeting. The Management Board, with the approval of the Supervisory Board, shall make a proposal for that purpose. A proposal to pay a dividend shall be dealt with as a separate agenda item at the General Meeting of Shareholders. 3. Distributions from the Company's distributable reserves are made pursuant to a resolution of the Management Board, with the approval of the Supervisory Board. 4. Provided it appears from an interim statement of assets signed by the Management Board that the requirement mentioned in Article 31.7 concerning the position of the Company's assets has been fulfilled, the Management Board may, with the approval of the Supervisory Board, make one or more interim distributions to the holders of Shares. 5. The Management Board may, with the approval of the Supervisory Board, decide that a distribution on Shares shall not take place as a cash payment but as a payment in Shares, or decide that holders of Shares shall have the option to receive a distribution as a cash payment and/or as a payment in Shares, out of the profit and/or at the expense of reserves, provided that the Management Board is designated by the General Meeting pursuant to Articles 6.2. With the approval of the Supervisory Board, the Management Board shall determine the conditions applicable to the aforementioned choices. 6. The Company's policy on reserves and dividends shall be determined and can be amended by the Management Board, subject to the approval of the Supervisory Board. The adoption and thereafter each amendment of the policy on reserves and dividends shall be discussed and accounted for at the General Meeting of Shareholders under a separate agenda item. 7. Distributions may be made only insofar as the Company's equity exceeds the amount of the paid in and called up part of the issued capital, increased by the reserves which must be kept by virtue of the law or these Articles of Association. Independent auditor’s report We refer to the following page. 93Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Independent auditor's report ___ To: the general meeting and the supervisory board of Alfen N.V. Report on the financial statements 2023 Our opinion In our opinion: • the consolidated financial statements of Alfen N.V. together with its subsidiaries (‘the Group’) give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Group as at 31 December 2023 and of its result and cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted in the European Union (‘EU- IFRS’) and with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code; • the company financial statements of Alfen (‘the Company’) give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Company as at 31 December 2023 and of its result for the year then ended in accordance with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. What we have audited We have audited the accompanying financial statements 2023 of Alfen N.V., Amsterdam. The financial statements comprise the consolidated financial statements of the Group and the company financial statements. The financial statements comprise: • the consolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2023; • the following statements for 2023: the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the consolidated, changes in equity and cash flows; and • the notes to the consolidated financial statements, including material accounting policy information and other explanatory information. The company financial statements comprise: • the company balance sheet as at 31 December 2023; • the company income statement for the year then ended; and • the notes to the company financial statements, comprising a summary of the accounting policies applied and other and other explanatory information. The financial reporting framework applied in the preparation of the financial statements is EU-IFRS and the relevant provisions of Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code for the consolidated financial statements and Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code for the company financial statements. The basis for our opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with Dutch law, including the Dutch Standards on Auditing. We have further described our responsibilities under those standards in the section ‘Our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements’ of our report. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. Independence We are independent of Alfen N.V. in accordance with the European Union Regulation on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public- interest entities, the ‘Wet toezicht accountantsorganisaties’ (Wta, Audit firms supervision act), the ‘Verordening inzake de onafhankelijkheid van accountants bij assuranceopdrachten’ (ViO, Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, a regulation with respect to independence) and other relevant independence regulations in the Netherlands. Furthermore, we have complied with the ‘Verordening gedrags- en beroepsregels accountants’ (VGBA, Dutch Code of Ethics). Our audit approach We designed our audit procedures with respect to the key audit matters, fraud and going concern, and the matters resulting from that, in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole and in forming our opinion thereon. The information in support of our opinion, such as our findings and observations related to individual key audit matters, the audit approach fraud risk and the audit approach going concern was addressed in this context, and we do not provide separate opinions or conclusions on these matters. Overview and context Alfen N.V. (hereafter: ‘Alfen’ or ‘the Company’) is a public limited liability Company (N.V.) which main activity is to develop, produce and sell products, systems and services related to the electricity grid, including smart grid solutions, charging equipment for electrical vehicles and energy storage systems. The Group is comprised of several components and therefore we considered our group audit scope and approach as set out in the section ‘The scope of our group audit’. As part of designing our audit, we determined materiality and assessed the risks of material misstatement in the financial statements. We considered where the management board made important judgements, for example, in respect of significant accounting estimates that involved making assumptions and considering future events that are inherently uncertain. In these considerations, we paid attention to, amongst others, the assumptions underlying the physical and transition risk related to climate change. In note 6 of the financial statements, the Company describes the areas of judgement in applying accounting policies and the key sources of estimation uncertainty. Given the estimation uncertainty and the related higher inherent risks of material misstatement in the estimate in contract work, we considered this matter as key audit matter as set out in the section ‘Key audit matters’ of this report. Furthermore, we identified the capitalisation of development costs as key audit matter given the judgement involved in determining whether such costs should be capitalised. Finally, we considered the inventories as key audit matter due to the increase and magnitude of the inventory balance at 31 December 2023. Alfen N.V. assessed the possible effects of climate change on its financial position, refer to the report of the management board, section ‘EU Taxonomy’ and ‘Corporate Sustainability Reporting’. We discussed Alfen N.V.’s assessment and governance thereof with the management board and the audit committee and evaluated the potential impact on the financial position including underlying assumptions and estimates. The expected effects of climate change are not considered to impact the key audit matters. We ensured that the audit teams at both group and component level included the appropriate skills and competences which are needed for the audit of Alfen. 94Alfen - Annual Report 2023 The outline of our audit approach was as follows: Materiality The scope of our audit was influenced by the application of materiality, which is further explained in the section ‘Our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements’. Based on our professional judgement we determined certain quantitative thresholds for materiality, including the overall materiality for the financial statements as a whole as set out in the table below. These, together with qualitative considerations, helped us to determine the nature, timing and extent of our audit procedures on the individual financial statement line items and disclosures and to evaluate the effect of identified misstatements, both individually and in aggregate, on the financial statements as a whole and on our opinion. Overall group materiality €4,035,000 (2022: €3,515,000). Basis for determining materiality We used our professional judgement to determine overall materiality. As a basis for our judgement, we used 0.8% of total revenues. Rationale for benchmark applied We used total revenues as the primary benchmark, a generally accepted auditing practice, based on our analysis of the common information needs of the users of the financial statements. On this basis, we believe that total revenues is the most relevant metric for the financial performance of the Company, as the Company is currently investing in the execution of its growth strategy, resulting in top-line growth. Component materiality Based on our judgement, we allocate materiality to each component in our audit scope that is less than our overall group materiality. The range of materiality allocated across components was between €580,000 and €4,035,000. Materiality • Overall materiality: €4,035,000. Audit scope • We conducted audit work in the Netherlands and in Finland. • Audit coverage: 97% of consolidated revenue, 98% of consolidated total assets and 98% of consolidated profit before tax. Key audit matters • Estimates in contract work • Capitalisation of development costs • Inventories We also take misstatements and/or possible misstatements into account that, in our judgement, are material for qualitative reasons. We agreed with the supervisory board that we would report to them any misstatement identified during our audit above €201,750 (2022: €175,750) as well as misstatements below that amount that, in our view, warranted reporting for qualitative reasons. The scope of our group audit Alfen N.V. is the parent company of a group of entities. The financial information of this group is included in the consolidated financial statements of Alfen N.V. We tailored the scope of our audit to ensure that we, in aggregate, performed sufficient work on the financial statements to enable us to provide an opinion on the financial statements as a whole, taking into account the management structure of the Group, the nature of operations of its components, the accounting processes and controls, and the markets in which the components of the Group operate. In establishing the overall group audit strategy and plan, we determined the type of work required to be performed at component level by the group engagement team and by each component auditor. We subjected four components, Alfen N.V., Alfen B.V., Alfen ICU B.V. and Alfen Elkamo Oy Ab, to audits of their complete financial information, to achieve appropriate coverage on financial line items in the consolidated financial statements. In total, in performing these procedures, we achieved the following coverage on the financial line items: Revenue 97% Total assets 98% Profit before tax 98% None of the remaining components represented more than 1% of total group revenue or total group assets. For those remaining components we performed, among other things, analytical procedures to corroborate our assessment that there were no significant risks of material misstatements within those components. The group engagement team performed the audit work for the components: Alfen N.V., Alfen B.V. and Alfen ICU B.V. For the component Alfen Elkamo Oy Ab we used a component auditor, who is familiar with the local laws and regulations to perform the audit work. Where component auditors performed the work, we determined the level of involvement we needed to have in their work to be able to conclude whether we had obtained sufficient and appropriate audit evidence as a basis for our opinion on the consolidated financial statements as a whole. We issued instructions to the Elkamo Oy Ab component audit team in our audit scope. These instructions included amongst others our risk analysis, materiality and the scope of the work. We explained to the component audit team the structure of the Group, the main developments that were relevant for the component auditor, the risks identified, the materiality levels to be applied and our global audit approach. We held calls with the Elkamo Oy Ab component audit team during the year and upon conclusion of their work. During these calls, we discussed the significant accounting and audit issues identified by the component auditor, their reports, the findings of their procedures and other matters, that could be of relevance for the consolidated financial statements. The group engagement team performed the audit work on the group consolidation, financial statement disclosures and a number of more complex items at the head office. By performing the procedures outlined above at the components, combined with additional procedures exercised at group level, we have been able to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence on the Group’s financial information, to provide a basis for our opinion on the financial statements. 95Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Audit approach fraud risks We identified and assessed the risks of material misstatements of the financial statements due to fraud. During our audit we obtained an understanding of Alfen N.V. and its environment and the components of the internal control system. This included the management board’s risk assessment process, the management board’s process for responding to the risks of fraud and monitoring the internal control system and how the supervisory board and audit committee exercised oversight, as well as the outcomes. We refer to section ‘Risk management and control systems’ of the report of the management board for management’s fraud risk assessment and section ‘Audit Committee’ of the supervisory board report in which the supervisory board reflects on this fraud risk assessment. We evaluated the design and relevant aspects of the internal control system with respect to the risks of material misstatements due to fraud and in particular the fraud risk assessment, as well as the code of conduct and whistleblower procedures, among other things. We evaluated the design and the implementation and, where considered appropriate, tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls designed to mitigate fraud risks. We asked members of the management board, the supervisory board and audit committee whether they are aware of any actual or suspected fraud. This did not result in signals of actual or suspected fraud that may lead to a material misstatement. As part of our process of identifying fraud risks, we evaluated fraud risk factors with respect to financial reporting fraud, misappropriation of assets and bribery and corruption. We evaluated whether these factors indicate that a risk of material misstatement due to fraud is present. We identified the following fraud risks and performed the following specific procedures: Identified fraud risk Our audit work and observations The risk of management override of controls In all our audits, we pay attention to the risk of management override of controls, including risks of potential misstatements due to fraud based on an analysis of potential interest of management. In this context, we paid attention to: • estimates in the valuation of construction contracts; • judgements applied in the capitalisation of development costs; • manual journal entries. Where relevant to our audit, we evaluated the design of the internal control measures that are intended to mitigate the risks of management override of controls. We also paid specific attention to the access safeguards in the IT system and the possibility that these lead to violations of the segregation of duties. We conclude that, in the context of our audit, we could rely on this risk relevant measures of internal control. We performed data analysis on high-risk journal entries. Where we identified instances of unexpected journal entries or other risks through our data analysis, we performed additional audit procedures to address each risk. We also conducted specific audit activities for these entries, as part of which we paid attention to significant transactions outside the normal course of business. We evaluated key estimates and judgements for bias by the management board of Alfen, including retrospective review of prior year’s estimates related to important estimates of the management board. This includes the valuation of construction contracts and capitalisation of development costs. We also refer to the key audit matters including our audit work and observations on these estimates. We considered the outcome of our other audit procedures and evaluated whether any findings or misstatements were indicative of fraud. Our procedures did not identify any material misstatements in the information provided by the management board in the financial statements and the report of the management board compared with the financial statements. Our procedures did not lead to specific indications of fraud or suspicions of fraud with respect to management override of controls. Identified fraud risk Our audit work and observations The risk of fraudulent financial reporting due to overstating the revenues Alfen’s objective is to grow, to be innovative in energy products and to realise increase in revenue/results in the future in order to increase shareholder’s value. In general, there might be pressure on management to achieve results and increase market share, creating an incentive for management to overstate revenues. Where relevant to our audit, we evaluated the design and effectiveness of the internal control measures related to revenues and in the process for generating and processing journal entries related to revenues. We conclude that, in the context of our audit, we could rely on this risk relevant measures of internal control. We selected journal entries based on risk criteria and performed specific audit procedures for these entries, as part of which we also paid attention to significant transactions outside the normal course of business. We selected a sample of revenue transactions and reconciled these to the contracts or orders, the sales invoices, the shipping documents and the payments. In addition, we evaluated the performance indicators as included in the contracts of Alfen and the accurate recognition of the revenues overtime versus point-in-time. In addition, we selected a sample of accounts receivable for confirmation. Our procedures did not identify any material misstatement in the information provided by the management board in the financial statements and the report of the management board compared with the financial statements. Our procedures did not lead to specific indications of fraud or suspicions of fraud with respect to accuracy and existence/occurrence of revenue. 96Alfen - Annual Report 2023 We incorporated an element of unpredictability in our audit. During the audit, we remained alert to indications of fraud. Furthermore, we considered the outcome of our other audit procedures and evaluated whether any findings were indicative of fraud or non- compliance with laws and regulations. Audit approach going concern The management board performed their assessment of the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least twelve months from the date of preparation of the financial statements and has not identified events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern (hereafter: going concern risks). Our procedures to evaluate the management board’s going concern assessment included, amongst others: • considering whether the management board’s going concern assessment included all relevant information of which we were aware as a result of our audit and inquiring with the management board regarding the management board’s most important assumptions underlying its going concern assessment. • analysing the financial position as at balance sheet date in relation to the financial position as at prior year’s balance sheet date to assess whether events or circumstances exist that may lead to a going-concern risk; • evaluating the management board’s current budget including cash flows for at least twelve months from the date of preparation of the financial statements, taken into account current developments in the industry and all relevant information of which we were aware as a result of our audit; • analysing whether the current and the required financing has been secured to enable the continuation of the entirety of the entity’s operations, including compliance with relevant covenants; • performing inquiries of the management board as to its knowledge of going concern risks beyond the period of the management board’s assessment. Our procedures did not result in outcomes contrary to the management board’s assumptions and judgements used in the application of the going concern assumption. Based on our procedures performed, we concluded that the management board’s use of the going concern basis of accounting is appropriate, and based on the audit evidence obtained, that no material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Key audit matters Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements. We have communicated the key audit matters to the supervisory board. The key audit matters are not a comprehensive reflection of all matters identified by our audit and that we discussed. In this section, we described the key audit matters and included a summary of the audit procedures we performed on those matters. Key audit matter Our audit work and observations Estimates in contract work Refer to note 6 to the financial statements Contract assets and liabilities are recognised when the Group builds an asset on the customer site or when the costs incurred are related to a product with no alternative use and for which the Company has an enforceable right to payment. The net balance sheet position of contract work amounts to €14.9 million and consists of smart grid solutions and energy storage systems. This net balance consists of €206.1 million of revenue recognised to date less €221 million progress billing. For recognition contract work and the identification of performance obligations satisfied over time, Alfen uses the costs incurred on the contract in relation to the estimated total costs. The estimated total costs are a critical estimate for Alfen for determining measurement towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, as well as for assessing the need for provision for loss-making contracts. The estimated total costs comprise the materials used for production and hours needed for production and transportation costs. Due to the magnitude, the most critical estimated total costs relate to the materials used for production and consequently satisfying its performance obligation. The contracts of the Company generally contain one performance obligation and include client-specific and detailed technical descriptions and breakdowns of expected costs. The management board periodically monitors the financial and technical progress of the performance obligation by analysing project profitability and variance analyses of forecasted profitability compared to budget and earlier assessments. The estimates in contract work are considered a key audit matter due to the estimate required from the management board to determine the estimated total costs. We gained an understanding of Alfen’s contract work, including significant estimates made by the management board, such as those regarding the estimated total costs, the measurement of progress towards complete satisfaction of performance obligations and contract modifications. We determined that the estimated total costs is the most critical input to determine the measurement of progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. In addition, we gained an understanding of and evaluated Alfen’s internal controls and processes including IT-systems, relevant to the estimates in contract work. We evaluated how estimation uncertainty is addressed by the management board in their monthly detailed review of project progress. As part of our risk assessment procedures, we performed look-back procedures to assess the quality of the management board’s estimates, by comparing actual costs in the current financial year to the estimated total costs in prior year’s financial statements. Based on these procedures, we assessed the management board’s estimate in prior year to be well-balanced. We used our risk assessment procedures, understanding and assessment of the effectiveness of the internal controls to determine our audit approach. We primarily relied on substantive testing procedures, based on efficiency considerations. We selected a sample of contracts to test the progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, based on qualitative factors, such as the risk profile and the stage of the project and quantitative factors, such as the revenue attributable to the performance obligation and the balance of the contract asset as at 31 December 2023. In our selections, we included energy storage systems projects and smart grid solutions projects with a high contract balance or with a higher estimation uncertainty. For the remaining projects, smart grid solutions projects and energy storage systems projects were included on a haphazard basis. We performed audit procedures on the accuracy of the costs, which serve as the input for the management board’s measurement of the progress towards the completion of the contract. We performed audit procedures on the estimated total costs and challenged the management board’s estimates applied by comparing the inputs to supporting evidence, such as external prices of materials in inventory or other projects, progress reports and progress meetings held. In addition, we performed audit procedures on the mathematical accuracy of the budgets and progress reports used and reconciled these to the project administration. Furthermore, we performed look-back/subsequent testing procedures to assess whether events took place which impacts the margin at balance sheet date. Based on our audit procedures, we consider the management board’s estimate in contract work to be supported by available evidence. In addition, we consider the related disclosure to be adequate. 97Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Key audit matter Our audit work and observations Capitalisation of development costs Refer to note 6 to the financial statements The intangible assets of Alfen amount to €28.6 million of which €27.9 million relates to capitalised development costs for smart grid solutions, electric vehicle charging equipment and energy storage solutions. During 2023, Alfen capitalised €10.7 million of development costs related to new products and systems or related to new features of existing products and systems. The management board applies significant judgement regarding the determination on whether to capitalise development costs. The determination is highly dependent on the following, which is in line with IAS 38.57: • the technical feasibility to complete the product or system so that it will be available for use; • the management board’s intention to complete the product or system and use or sell it; • the ability to use or sell the product or system; • the probability that the product or system will generate probable future economic benefits; • the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development; and • the reliability of the measurement of expenditures attributable to the product or system during its development. Given the level of judgement required from the management board to determine whether or not the capitalisation criteria are met, we considered this area to be a key audit matter. We gained an understanding of and evaluated Alfen’s process with regard to the capitalisation of development costs. We primarily relied on substantive testing procedures, based on efficiency considerations. As part of our risk assessment procedures, we performed look-back procedures: We verified that the products or systems capitalised in prior years were sold in 2023 or were being further developed to generate sales in the upcoming period. We obtained a listing of all projects for which development costs were capitalised in the period. We selected several projects based on the amount of capitalised development costs and obtained explanations and documentation from the management board and the R&D manager on how criteria for capitalisation of development costs were met. We obtained the technical business plan for the projects and discussed this with the R&D manager. The technical business plans indicate that the projects are technically feasible to be completed and the products and systems will be available for use. We evaluated the reasonableness of future economic benefits and the management board’s intention to sell the products and systems by obtaining evidence such as new contracts with customers. The future economic benefits and the management board’s intention were supported with available evidence. We discussed the ability of the Company to sell the products and systems with the R&D manager and determined that the new products are strongly related to the products and systems currently produced by the Company. We performed procedures to confirm that the R&D department employees are engaged in the projects. We performed procedures to confirm that the Company has sufficient room in the financial position, resulting in sufficient financial and technical resources to complete the development. We performed audit procedures on the accuracy of directly attributable costs that are capitalised by tracing a sample of external costs back to the invoices received. In addition, we assessed the hourly rate used for the development employee costs and traced the capitalised hours back to the time registration. No differences were noted in these procedures. Based on the procedures performed, we found the capitalised development costs to be supported with available evidence. Key audit matter Our audit work and observations Inventories Refer to note 20 to the financial statements The inventory value related to energy storage systems has significantly increased compared to previous years. Inventories amount to €150.8 million as of 31 December 2023 which represents 38% of total assets which amounts to €396 million. Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Costs are determined using the weighted average price method. The inventories are considered a key audit matter due to the magnitude and increase of the inventory balance at 31 December 2023 compared to the total assets. We gained an understanding regarding the inventories of Alfen, assessed the internal control procedures relating to inventories and reconciled the inventory subledger with the general ledger. For the inventories located at Alfen’s warehouses, our audit procedures related to the existence of inventories consist of understanding and assessing the internal control procedures to ensure the existence of inventories. We have performed a year-end stock count and reconciled the outcome of the stock count with the inventory subledger. For the inventories at external locations, our audit procedures related to the existence of inventories consist either of reconciling third party confirmations with the accounting records of Alfen or performed a physical stock count. We selected a sample of inventory items to test the accuracy of the recorded costs, based on the weighted average price method. For these items, we reconciled the cost calculation with the underlying invoices. We performed audit procedures regarding the valuation of inventories, by assessing and testing the assumptions (e.g. we tested a sample of the last change date of inventory items compared to the sales subledger) regarding the provision for obsolete inventories. These procedures include assessing the stock rotation analyses and observations during the year-end stock count. Based on the procedures performed, we found the inventories to be supported by sufficient audit evidence. In addition, we consider the related disclosure to be adequate. 98Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Report on the other information included in the annual report The annual report contains other information. This includes all information in the annual report in addition to the financial statements and our auditor’s report thereon. Based on the procedures performed as set out below, we conclude that the other information: • is consistent with the financial statements and does not contain material misstatements; and • contains all the information regarding the directors’ report and the other information that is required by Part 9 of Book 2 and regarding the remuneration report required by the sections 2:135b and 2:145 subsection 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. We have read the other information. Based on our knowledge and the understanding obtained in our audit of the financial statements or otherwise, we have considered whether the other information contains material misstatements. By performing our procedures, we comply with the requirements of Part 9 of Book 2 and section 2:135b subsection 7 of the Dutch Civil Code and the Dutch Standard 720. The scope of such procedures was substantially less than the scope of those procedures performed in our audit of the financial statements. The management board is responsible for the preparation of the other information, including the directors’ report and the other information in accordance with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. The management board and the supervisory board are responsible for ensuring that the remuneration report is drawn up and published in accordance with sections 2:135b and 2:145 subsection 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. Report on other legal and regulatory requirements and ESEF Our appointment We were appointed as auditors of Alfen N.V. on 11 March 2018 by the supervisory board. This followed the passing of a resolution by the shareholders at the annual general meeting held on 11 March 2018. Our appointment has been renewed annually by shareholders and now represents a total period of uninterrupted engagement of six years. European Single Electronic Format (ESEF) Alfen N.V. has prepared the annual report in ESEF. The requirements for this are set out in the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/815 with regard to regulatory technical standards on the specification of a single electronic reporting format (hereinafter: the RTS on ESEF). In our opinion, the annual report prepared in XHTML format, including the marked-up consolidated financial statements, as included in the reporting package by Alfen N.V., complies in all material respects with the RTS on ESEF. The management board is responsible for preparing the annual report, including the financial statements in accordance with the RTS on ESEF, whereby the management board combines the various components into a single reporting package. Our responsibility is to obtain reasonable assurance for our opinion whether the annual report in this reporting package complies with the RTS on ESEF. We performed our examination in accordance with Dutch law, including Dutch Standard 3950N ‘Assuranceopdrachten inzake het voldoen aan de criteria voor het opstellen van een digitaal verantwoordingsdocument’ (assurance engagements relating to compliance with criteria for digital reporting). Our examination included amongst others: • Obtaining an understanding of the entity’s financial reporting process, including the preparation of the reporting package. • Identifying and assessing the risks that the annual report does not comply in all material respects with the RTS on ESEF and designing and performing further assurance procedures responsive to those risks to provide a basis for our opinion, including: ◦ obtaining the reporting package and performing validations to determine whether the reporting package containing the Inline XBRL instance document and the XBRL extension taxonomy files have been prepared in accordance with the technical specifications as included in the RTS on ESEF; ◦ examining the information related to the consolidated financial statements in the reporting package to determine whether all required mark-ups have been applied and whether these are in accordance with the RTS on ESEF. No prohibited non-audit services To the best of our knowledge and belief, we have not provided prohibited non-audit services as referred to in article 5(1) of the European Regulation on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public- interest entities. Responsibilities for the financial statements and the audit Responsibilities of the management board and the supervisory board for the financial statements The management board is responsible for: • the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with EU-IFRS and Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code; and for • such internal control as the management board determines is necessary to enable the preparation of the financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the management board is responsible for assessing the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Based on the financial reporting frameworks mentioned, the management board should prepare the financial statements using the going-concern basis of accounting unless the management board either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations or has no realistic alternative but to do so. The management board should disclose in the financial statements any event and circumstances that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The supervisory board is responsible for overseeing the Company’s financial reporting process. Our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements Our responsibility is to plan and perform an audit engagement in a manner that allows us to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for our opinion. Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high but not absolute level of assurance and is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with the Dutch Standards on Auditing will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements may arise due to fraud or error. They are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. Materiality affects the nature, timing and extent of our audit procedures and the evaluation of the effect of identified misstatements on our opinion. A more detailed description of our responsibilities is set out in the appendix to our report. Zwolle, 13 February 2024 PricewaterhouseCoopers Accountants N.V. F.S. van der Ploeg RA 99Alfen - Annual Report 2023 Appendix to our auditor’s report on the financial statements 2023 of Alfen N.V. In addition to what is included in our auditor’s report, we have further set out in this appendix our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements and explained what an audit involves. The auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements We have exercised professional judgement and have maintained professional scepticism throughout the audit in accordance with Dutch Standards on Auditing, ethical requirements and independence requirements. Our audit consisted, among other things of the following: • Identifying and assessing the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, designing and performing audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtaining audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the intentional override of internal control. • Obtaining an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control. • Evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by the management board. • Concluding on the appropriateness of the management board’s use of the going-concern basis of accounting, and based on the audit evidence obtained, concluding whether a material uncertainty exists related to events and/or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor’s report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor’s report and are made in the context of our opinion on the financial statements as a whole. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern. • Evaluating the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures, and evaluating whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation. Considering our ultimate responsibility for the opinion on the consolidated financial statements, we are responsible for the direction, supervision and performance of the group audit. In this context, we have determined the nature and extent of the audit procedures for components of the Group to ensure that we performed enough work to be able to give an opinion on the financial statements as a whole. Determining factors are the geographic structure of the Group, the significance and/or risk profile of group entities or activities, the accounting processes and controls, and the industry in which the Group operates. On this basis, we selected group entities for which an audit or review of financial information or specific balances was considered necessary. We communicate with the supervisory board regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit. In this respect, we also issue an additional report to the audit committee in accordance with article 11 of the EU Regulation on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities. The information included in this additional report is consistent with our audit opinion in this auditor’s report. We provide the supervisory board with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related actions taken to eliminate threats or safeguards applied. From the matters communicated with the supervisory board, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditor’s report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication. 100Alfen - Annual Report 2023 101Alfen - Annual Report 2023

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