TSB Banking Group plc — Annual Report 2021

Feb 3, 2021

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

Registered in Scotland Company Number: SC095237

TSB Bank plc

Annual report and consolidated financial statements For the year ended 31 December 2020

Overview

TSB Bank plc (the ‘Company’), together with its subsidiary undertakings (together the ‘Bank’ or ‘TSB’) offers a range of retail and business banking services in the UK. It is the operating subsidiary of its immediate parent, TSB Banking Group plc, and its ultimate parent company is Banco de Sabadell, S.A.

Contents

Directors and Company Secretary	2
Strategic report	3
Review of business performance	3
Outlook	5
Purpose, business model and key performance indicators	6
Section 172 statement	7
Review of financial performance	9
Principal risks and uncertainties	11
Directors’ report	18
Financial statements	23
Balance sheets	25
Consolidated statement of comprehensive income	26
Statements of changes in equity	27
Cash flow statements	28
Notes to the consolidated financial statements	29
Independent auditors’report to the members of TSB Bank plc	79
Contacts	87

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 1

Directors and Company Secretary

The Directors who served during the year or until the date of their resignation or from the date of their appointment are:

Chairman:	RichardMeddings (independent onappointment)
**Executive Directors: **	Debbie Crosbie (Chief Executive)
	Ralph Coates (Chief Financial Officer)
Independent Non-executive Directors:Paulina Beato
	Libby Chambers (appointed1October 2020)
	Dame Sandra Dawson*(resigned 31 December 2020)
	LynnePeacock*(appointed22 April 2020) (Senior IndependentDirector)
	Mark Rennison (appointed 1 August 2020)
	GraemeHardie (resigned16May2020)
	Stephen Page (resigned 31 October 2020)
	Andy Simmonds
	Polly Williams
Non-executive Directors:	César González-Bueno (appointed 23 March 2020)
	TomásVarela
	David Vegara (appointed 22 January 2020)
Company Secretary:	Keith Hawkins

• Dame Sandra Dawson was Senior Independent Director until her resignation from the Board on 31 December 2020 and was succeeded as Senior Independent Director by Lynne Peacock.

Registered office: TSB Bank plc Henry Duncan House 120 George Street Edinburgh EH2 4LH

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 2

Strategic report

Review of business performance

Introduction

A key responsibility of any company is to prepare for, and respond well to, the unexpected. Few could possibly have foreseen the events that were about to unfold during 2020. TSB has, however, been guided by its new purpose – Money Confidence. For everyone. Every day – and by the plans that were already underway as part of a three-year growth strategy, launched in November 2019.

Although TSB’s 2020 results reflect the scale of the financial costs of the pandemic, it is significant that during this tumultuous year key aspects of trading performance have improved significantly, and that the pace of change within the business has accelerated rapidly. TSB has balanced a wide range of considerations and made good commercial decisions in running the bank prudently. In spite of everything, this has been one of the busiest and most productive years in TSB’s history.

In times of uncertainty, both trust and confidence are at a premium. TSB is well served by an established brand, backed by the experienced leadership team led by Debbie Crosbie, who, at the onset of the pandemic, chose to waive their annual bonuses for 2020. The strength of the bank is underpinned by its modern banking platform, now run independently in the UK, that enables it to respond rapidly to the changing needs of customers. TSB remains a low risk, well capitalised bank with strong net interest margin and opportunities to grow. That potential for growth has been particularly significant in its lending to SMEs where 40,000 new business accounts have been opened over the past year, compared to 14,000 in 2019. In our provision of the Bounce Back Loans Scheme (BBLS) loans TSB have provided over £0.5 billion to over 20,000 SMEs to help them adapt and remain operational during the pandemic.

Doing what matters for society

As the world’s first savings bank, TSB is rooted in social good and in helping to create social as well as economic value. Today, taking forward that commitment is more important than ever.

During 2020, TSB launched its Do What Matters plan, setting out new commitments to address challenges such as climate change, diversity and inclusion. These commitments have led it to become the first high street bank to be accredited by the Good Business Charter, become a signatory of the UN Global Compact and begin to develop a strategic relationship with Citizens Advice. The plan is focused on the areas where TSB can make its most meaningful contribution and its goals are aligned with national and international standards. It is well integrated in the running of the business: five members of the Executive Committee sponsor the key activities in it; hundreds of TSB employees were consulted to help finalise goals and actions; and the Board is kept updated on progress on a monthly basis.

Although doing the right thing has always been part of how TSB works, it has now embarked on a journey to align the business growth of TSB with its social and environmental contribution, and to set high benchmarks for others. This is highlighted through TSB’s contribution to tackling fraud, including being the only bank to offer a Fraud Refund Guarantee. It is simply the right thing to do for customers. In putting right every customer who is an innocent victim of fraud, TSB not only prevent unnecessary harm to thousands of innocent people but also help educate the public on relevant threats of fraud, and help the police with timely evidence to catch the perpetrators.

As the debate intensifies on more effective and collaborative ways to tackle and reduce fraud, based on the TSB experience, TSB encourages other banks to work collectively to better protect customers from fraud and to inspire leaders in other industries to develop further protections.

Financial summary

Like many financial service businesses, the impact of the pandemic is clearly visible in the results for 2020. The statutory result, a loss before tax of £200.5 million, was impacted most significantly by credit impairment charges, which at £164.0 million have increased by £103.5 million compared to 2019. Those charges reflect the UK economic outlook, together with rising unemployment. In addition, income was significantly reduced by supporting customers through the pandemic by waiving interest charges on certain products. The results are further impacted by a provision for restructuring the Bank and the estimated charges relating to the treatment of some customers in arrears.

Importantly however, this is only part of the story. TSB continues to benefit from a relatively low risk balance sheet, with secured lending making up over 92% of all TSB loans. In key areas, the trading performance of the business has improved.

TSB’s loan book has grown strongly by £2.2 billion during 2020, as have customer deposits, with an increase of £4.2 billion this year. As a result, the balance sheet remains strong as does the Bank’s capital position, although capital ratios have reduced significantly in 2020 as a result of the business growth referred to above, current year losses and the adoption of new capital regulations. TSB has also become more efficient as, despite having to invest in new operational measures as a result of the pandemic, operating costs, measured on a management basis (as described on page 9), are down on 2019. For all these reasons and others, it is believed that TSB is well placed to achieve sustainable growth in the coming years.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 3

Strategic report (continued)

- Accelerating the three year strategy

TSB’s three-year growth strategy, introduced in November 2019, has helped it navigate the challenges of 2020. Its goal is to restore the Bank’s competitiveness through a stronger focus on serving customers more effectively. The strategy is built on three pillars: customer focus; simplification and efficiency, and operational excellence. All three have become even more important in the face of the economic disruption during 2020. As changes in consumer behaviour increased, particularly the shift to online services and communications, TSB responded by accelerating the delivery of the strategy.

• TSB Smart Agent, an automated and live chatbot, was launched in March 2020 to extend our support for customers. Working with Adobe, the Bank has provided online alternatives for most of the services traditionally provided in person through branches. Video banking pilots have also been introduced in our branches enabling employees to support customers remotely.

• New products have been launched, such as the Spend and Save current account, mortgages that have been tailored for first-time buyers, as well as ‘Fix and Flex’ mortgages that give customers a more flexible mortgage option combined with the certainty of fixed rates. In addition to its core offering, the Bank is broadening the services available to customers through new partnerships with fintechs such as ApTap and Wealthify. Alongside expanding what the Bank offers customers, it has also prioritised improving the quality of every customer experience, striving to compete better with its peers.

• In September 2020, further changes to the branch network were announced, including the closure of 164 branches in 2021. These plans were already within TSB’s strategy, but were accelerated as consumer behaviour changed during the pandemic. TSB remains committed to its branch network and retains one of the largest in Britain, but these changes were needed to be able to invest in all of channels to serve customers more effectively over the coming years.

• During 2020, work was completed to take direct control of the technology services from the Sabis through its partnership with IBM and, by operating on a UK-based, modern, multi-cloud platform underpinned by strong data capabilities, the Bank can offer more services and introduce new features. TSB has over two million digitally active customers, over 90% of transactions are through our digital or automated channels and over 70% of sales are through our digital channels.

• Core operational services are resilient and the Bank has been able to deliver all operational services flexibly from established locations as well as from employees working from home. Data and digital skills and capabilities are being improved within TSB. Over 100 technology roles have been filled in the Bank’s new technology hub in Edinburgh. The Bank’s apprenticeship scheme has been expanded to include digital and data skills.

Supporting customers during COVID-19

Despite all the challenges faced, TSB continued to serve its five million customers through branches, telephone operations and digital channels throughout the pandemic. That was a result of the dedication and resilience of all TSB employees. As well as providing day-to-day banking services, the Bank responded to what mattered most to customers and employees during this crisis.

Special help for its most vulnerable customers was provided with calls to establish what they needed from TSB. To date, TSB has granted around 114,000 payment holidays, related to £5.9 billion of loans to our customers, as a result of the impact of COVID-19. TSB was also an early member of the schemes arranged by the Government to support businesses, and has now provided over £0.5 billion in Bounce Back loans.

Employees went out of their way to help customers during this difficult time, and the commitment of all employees on the front-line was recognised with a one-off payment of £500. This year TSB also launched new mental health support for employees, with the introduction of free access to Unmind.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Strategic report (continued)

Building on our brand and contributing to society

TSB continues to see improved reputation growth and its brand score is at a three year high. TSB will now develop the brand further as it enters the second year of its strategy. TSB observes customers turning to the safety of established providers and this affords opportunities to an established and well-known brand like TSB.

TSB’s new brand proposition, Life Made More, encapsulates what it offer to communities, and sets out a new identity and direction for TSB. TSB will continue to refurbish branches and invest in new advertising campaigns during 2021.

At the same time, TSB is significantly expanding its social and environmental strategy through the launch of the Do What Matters plan. The plan sets out how TSB will do more to help customers to be more money confident through its iconic and market leading Fraud Refund Guarantee, support small businesses, build a diverse and inclusive workplace, support communities and reduce our environmental impact.

The Do What Matters plan sets out everything TSB will do to contribute to a better society and is designed to align with our strategy and purpose. We continue to collaborate with key stakeholders to make sure the Do What Matters plan, and its actions, remain focused on the most relevant and valuable contributions TSB can make.

We have set clear commitments, with measurable actions aligned to national and international targets, in each of the five areas of our three year plan to do what matters for customers, businesses, employees, communities and the environment. These steps have enabled us to become the first high street bank accredited by the Good Business Charter as well as signatories of the UN Global Compact.

Outlook

The UK enters 2021 in a deep economic downturn with ongoing challenges from the continuing impact of COVID-19, changes as a result of implementing Brexit and a low interest rate environment. But despite this challenging backdrop, TSB believes it is well positioned as its starts a new financial year.

Towards the end of 2020, TSB’s shareholder, Sabadell, announced that they would bring forward a strategic review in 2021. The Board of TSB will ensure that TSB continues to focus on serving customers and revitalising the brand to deliver against its growth strategy. Any decision that results in a change of ownership or governance will be managed with the highest level of rigour and care. However, TSB is a ring-fenced UK bank and its priority is to continue the progress it has made on its growth strategy and maintain its strong capital position.

TSB has the potential for significant value creation in the coming years. The growth strategy is boosting competitiveness and sharpening the cost-to-serve ratio. The Bank’s enhanced digital offerings are underpinned by a modern IT platform and the Bank is right-sizing and modernising its branch network to serve customers across the whole country. With the changes made as part of the strategy, the Bank has taken the action needed to ready it for whatever may happen in 2021. Its priority going forward is delivering on the growth strategy and getting the business back to profitability.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 5

Strategic report (continued)

Purpose, business model and key performance indicators

TSB’s purpose – Money confidence. For everyone. Every day

TSB offers a range of retail banking services and products to individuals and small business banking customers in the UK. TSB has a multi-channel model, including full digital (internet and mobile) and telephony capability and national branch coverage.

TSB’s multi-channel presence creates an opportunity for TSB to serve customers better. Customers want a bank that removes the hassle from banking and provides access to both people and digital tools which can give them confidence in managing their money. TSB continues to develop digital-led products and servicing capabilities that meet customers’ needs, which have significantly enhanced how TSB better supports its customers. It is the importance of the digital opportunities in which TSB will continue to invest, together with the benefits of the multi-channel distribution model, and how TSB serves its customers every day that will make the difference at TSB. At TSB this purpose is called ‘Money confidence. For everyone. Every day.’

Business model and key performance indicators

TSB’s business model reflects a simple retail business and is outlined below:

Component Description Financial statements	Component Description Financial statements	Component Description Financial statements	Key performance indicator
Customer confidence	TSB seeks to deliver a banking experience that is the primary reason for customers to choose and remain with TSB, and which will increasingly set TSB apart from other banks and providers of financial services. Central to this is the development of TSB’s purpose ‘Money confidence. For everyone. Every day.’ through which it will invest in digital capabilities and customer led service strategies.	n/a	Customer advocacy (Net Promoter Score) 2020 2019 (4) 10 Total digitally active customers 2020 2019 66.4% 63.4%
Sources of funding and capital	Money deposited by customers into their bank and savings accounts provides the majority of the funds used to support lending to customers. TSB also raise funds from other sources, including wholesale funding markets, that diversify its funding profile. TSB’s shareholder also provides funding in the form of debt and equity capital.	Page 29	Share of personal bank account gross flow 2020 2019 4.5% 3.9%% Share of PCA stock 2020 2019 4.3% 4.4%
Loans and liquid assets	Funds deposited with TSB are used to support lending to customers who wish to borrow. A portion of funds are held in reserve, in the form of a liquidity portfolio, to meet any unexpected funding requirements.	Page 34	Mortgages gross lending (£m) 2020 2019 6,096.6 5,838.1
Income	TSB earns income in the form of interest that it receive on the loans it makes to customers and from its liquidity portfolio and it pay interest to savings and bank account customers on the money they deposit. TSB also earns other income in the form of fees and charges for the provision of other banking services and commissions from the sale of certain products such as general insurance.	Page 47	Net interest margin 2020 2019 2.47% 2.75%
Charges	The costs of running the Bank include paying TSB employees, running branches, investing in the business (such as developing the digital opportunities) and paying for marketing. Occasionally, customers are unable to repay the money they borrow from TSB; this is also a cost to the Bank in the form of an impairment charge. Finally, TSB complies with its tax obligations to Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC).	Page 49	Cost:income ratio 2020 2019 103.9% 89.3% Assetquality ratio 2020 2019 0.51% 0.20%

Risk management (financial statements on page 54)

Effective risk management underpins TSB’s business model. The Board sets an appetite for risk and monitors the risks arising from delivery of TSB’s strategy through its business model to ensure the Bank remains liquid, solvent, operationally stable, trusted and compliant. When appropriate, the Board in turn will determine whether to return any profits made by the Bank to the shareholder by way of dividend or to reinvest the profit to support the future growth of the Bank.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 6

Strategic report (continued)

Section 172 statement

Overview

In overseeing delivery of TSB’s purpose and strategy, TSB’s directors are always mindful of their duties under the Companies Act 2006, including as set out in section 172. The Board recognises that TSB’s long-term success is only possible through engagement with, and having regard to, the interests of key stakeholders, which for TSB includes our shareholder, customers, employees, wider communities and regulators. TSB’s governance framework seeks to ensure that the Board appropriately considers stakeholder considerations in decision making.

The Board monitors and challenges progress in the performance of the business through its review of balanced scorecard metrics which are structured around TSB’s primary corporate objectives, monitoring performance against risk appetite and reviewing customer management information that measures the execution of customer conduct strategies. These metrics, which form the basis of the KPIs reported on page 6, together with a wider dashboard of management information, are reviewed and discussed. The latter includes a ‘maturity matrix’, which was developed in 2020 and enables the Board to stay abreast of progress in key strategic projects and initiatives. In addition, the Remuneration Committee reviews a subset of balanced scorecard metrics at least twice a year to support its decision making on variable remuneration outcomes. In this way variable remuneration outcomes are directly linked to metrics that support the delivery of strategic objectives.

The proactive oversight and challenge provided by the Board is central to the ongoing development and execution of TSB’s purpose and strategy, including the extent to which the interests of TSB’s key stakeholder groups are listened to. This is further discussed below and demonstrated through the case study in the box to the right.

• TSB’s shareholder, Sabadell. Given Sabadell’s 100% ownership of TSB, it is natural that the promotion of the long term success of TSB, through the development of a clear purpose and strategy, is aligned with the interests of Sabadell, including in the current circumstances where Sabadell is undertaking a strategic review of its international operations. Sabadell’s interests are represented at Board by three shareholder appointed Non-executive Directors. Any circumstances where shareholder and TSB interests are not aligned are managed through the disclosure and management of any such potential conflict. Sabadell’s interests are further represented through the UK Steering & Coordination Committee (UKSCC). The UKSCC seeks to provide Sabadell with a regular overview of the performance of TSB and to ensure that TSB policies and processes are aligned to those of the Sabadell Group where it is appropriate to do so. Certain members of the Bank’s Executive Committee are appointed as members of the UKSCC. During 2020, TSB’s Chief Executive presented the planned acceleration of TSB’s strategy and financial forecasts, taking into account developments during the COVID-19 pandemic, to the Sabadell Board.

• Customers and wider community. The Board takes account of customer interests through regular reviews of key scorecard measures such as NPS and customer conduct metrics. Two ‘focus sessions’ on vulnerable customers were held during 2020, providing the opportunity for the Board to interrogate and challenge management’s plans to enhance the service being provided to such customers as part of the ‘Money Confidence’ programme. The Board has requested that the focus on vulnerable customers continues, with two further progress reports scheduled for the Board during 2021. The interests of customers, as affected by the COVID19 pandemic, particularly in respect of their ability to continue to access their products and services or to receive support where difficulties were experienced in meeting loan repayment obligations, have been fully considered as outlined in the COVID-19 response case study. The Board also fully recognises its obligations to consider the interests of the wider communities in which TSB operates and this is demonstrated in its challenge and support of the Do What Matters plan.

Case Study:

Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 and the consequential restrictions on daily life created very significant and unexpected challenges for our customers and our employees throughout the year.

The Board played a key role in monitoring and challenging the priorities set and steps taken by the Executive Committee to:

• Protect the safety and well-being of our employees while continuing to ensure that our products and services remained available for customers; and

• Make available the appropriate support to customers experiencing short term liquidity concerns or who found themselves in financial difficulty.

TSB managed its response by invoking its highest category of incident management protocols with regular updates provided to the Board. The Board held regular update calls, on a weekly basis during the initial peak of the pandemic, so that its oversight, challenge and support was provided on a timely and regular basis.

The Board also reviewed, challenged and supported proposals from the Executive Committee to accelerate aspects of the strategy, previously approved in November 2019, where it was appropriate to do so following the emergence of the pandemic.

Most notably, the Board supported the proposal to accelerate the transformation of the branch network including the difficult decision to close a further 164 branches, announced on 30 September 2020. This proposal took account of the accelerated migration of customer activity from branch to digital and mobile channels.

The Board challenged the proposed plans to ensure that the appropriate support and options were available for employees placed at risk of redundancy and that the interests of vulnerable customers were properly addressed including a proactive outbound programme of calls tailored for individual customer needs.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 7

Strategic report (continued)

Section 172 statement (continued)

• Suppliers. TSB believes that establishing a close relationship with suppliers (including a clear accountability framework) is a pre-requisite for resilient customer services. The Board approves the outsourcing strategy annually, together with any changes to the boundaries of outsourced critical services. Operational excellence is a critical pillar of TSB’s strategic plan and, as part of this, TSB will work more closely with certain key suppliers, having taken direct control of key relationships formerly managed by Sabis, the previous supplier of TSB’s outsourced IT services.

• Regulators. Open and honest engagement with regulators is a cornerstone principle of the UK regulatory environment. The Chief Risk Officer reports regularly to the Board Risk Committee and the Board on material matters of regulatory liaison and TSB’s assessment of the quality of the relationship with each regulator. Certain Board members maintain a direct relationship with the FCA and PRA through the framework of ‘proactive engagement and continuous assessment’ meetings and report on key themes discussed through committee and Board meetings as appropriate.

• Employees. The Board is proud of the commitment of our employees and the collaborative culture in TSB, particularly in 2020 when our employees, while adopting safe working practices, have adapted the way they work to ensure that customers have been supported throughout the COVID-19 pandemic (as further explained in the Directors’ report on page 20). During this challenging period, employees have continued to support each other and work together to deliver for our customers. The Board operates a framework that takes account of the interests of our employees, including:

• ➢ promoting the role of recognised trade unions in independently representing the interest of employees;

• ➢ the appointment of a Board level whistleblowing champion;

• ➢ providing challenge, through the auspices of the Remuneration Committee, to ensure that remuneration policy is appropriate for all employees, as well as executives, and provides for competitive remuneration strongly aligned to the delivery of TSB’s strategic goals; and

• ➢ undertaking semi-annual reviews of talent and succession, particularly in respect of leadership roles within TSB.

The Board also receives a presentation on an annual basis from The Link to facilitate a direct engagement between the Board and employees. The Link is a forum for employees across all levels and all parts of TSB with five regional groups covering the country. It gathers and builds on employee feedback and enables meaningful dialogue between employees, the Executive leadership and the Board on a wide range of topics. Throughout 2020, The Link focused on areas such as the Do What Matters plan, new products and services, employee wellbeing, engagement and responding to COVID-19, including new ways of working. The outputs from every meeting of The Link are presented to the Executive Committee to help inform TSB’s decision making. The Board plays an active role in promoting and challenging progress in establishing a truly diverse and inclusive culture at TSB and carries out succession planning reviews to ensure continuity of skilled employees.

• Stakeholders and society. The events of 2020 have reinforced the expectations of society on businesses to contribute positively and more widely in the communities in which they operate. Given its origins, TSB has always taken its role in society seriously and in July 2020 launched its Do What Matters plan. This sets out a clear framework of actions aligned to TSB’s purpose and strategy that are intended to meet the expectations of stakeholders so that TSB contributes fully in the communities in which it operates. The Board reviewed and supported the Do What Matters plan and receives updates on progress on a monthly basis and intends to do so over the life of the plan.

TSB’s Do What Matters plan formalises its commitment to reducing its impact on the environment while helping customers and employees do the same. This was agreed with the Board in June 2020 ahead of its launch. As part of this plan we have committed to reduce our environmental impact and progress against our goals is outlined in the Directors’ report on page 21.

Other non-financial disclosures

TSB has a moral, legal and regulatory duty to prevent, detect and deter financial crime and maintains a financial crime framework. This framework is supported and reinforced by TSB systems and behaviours which puts the customer at the heart of every interaction. TSB promotes an environment which is hostile to illicit activity to protect its customers, employees, and communities from financial crime, and continues to invest in further system control enhancements. TSB’s compliance with requirements of the financial crime framework is monitored via ongoing control testing, assurance, audit, and the provision of management information at senior governance committees.

TSB’s Modern Slavery Statement (which is available on our website) sets out the policies we apply and actions we take to ensure that our employees and customers are treated with dignity and respect. This includes raising awareness of issues that could put our customers at risk such as vulnerability and exploitation. The statement also explains how we ensure that TSB’s values are applied within our supply chain including the due diligence we carry out on our suppliers.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 8

Strategic report (continued)

Review of financial performance

The Bank’s performance is presented on a statutory basis, as explained under the basis of presentation on page 23, and structured in a manner consistent with the key elements of the Bank’s business model as explained on page 6.

	2020	2019
Income statement	**£ million **	**£ million **
Netinterestincome	786.4	841.1
Other income	146.5	146.1
Total income	932.9	987.2
Operating expenses	(969.4)	(881.3)
Impairment	(164.0)	(60.5)
**Statutory (loss)/profit before taxation **	(200.5)	45.4
Taxation	44.3	(19.2)
Statutory (loss)/profit for theyear	(156.2)	26.2

TSB incurred a statutory loss before tax for 2020 of £200.5 million (2019: £45.4 million profit) with financial performance significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The four key factors driving the loss before taxation were:

• a reduction in total income of 5.5% to £932.9 million (2019: £987.8 million), primarily reflecting lower income from overdraft pricing changes, the waiving of certain fees and charges resulting from government and regulatory measures in response to COVID-19, and lower interest rates and consumer spending. This was partially offset by strong mortgage trading performance in the second half of the year. The prior year also benefitted from the recognition of fees in respect of changes to card servicing arrangements;

• an increase in credit impairment charges to £164.0 million (2019: £60.5 million), resulting from the expected deterioration in the economic outlook, including a forecast decline in house prices and rise in unemployment;

• restructuring charges of £90.6 million (2019: £43.7 million) (£89.1 million in operating expenses and £1.5 million in other income). These included the costs of the 164 branch closures announced in September 2020 following the acceleration in TSB’s transformation as a consequence of changes in customer behaviour induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Restructuring costs also included severance costs from transformation activity in both the branch network and head office functions; and

• a provision of £55.0 million was recognised for estimated charges relating to the treatment of some customers in arrears while being supported by TSB’s collection and recoveries function.

Income

Net interest income decreased by 6.5% to £786.4 million. This was primarily due to lower income from overdrafts reflecting regulatory driven pricing changes. The reduction was also due to the waiving of interest from customers who required the Banks’s support in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic and from lower overdraft balances as customer spending activity reduced during the COVID-19 lockdowns.

Other income was broadly unchanged at £146.5 million. Lower levels of consumer spending, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in lower interchange income, international payments, foreign exchange and ATM reciprocity. The prior year also benefitted from the recognition of fees in respect of changes to card servicing arrangements. These reductions were, however, mitigated by income relating to the IT systems migration in 2018 which included additional expected receipts from the migration dowry provided by Lloyds Banking Group of £17.6 million and insurance receipts of £17.5 million.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses increased by 10.0%, with ongoing progress on efficiency more than offset by the costs of restructuring the Bank, primarily representing the costs of branch closures announced in September 2020 and costs of reorganising certain head office functions. The increase was also due to a provision of £55.0 million for estimated charges relating to the treatment of some customers in arrears. Excluding these items, operating expenses on an internal management reporting basis decreased by 2.3% to £827.7 million.

	2020	2019
	£ million	£ million
Management basis operating expenses	827.7	847.6
Costs of restructuring theBank	89.1	40.2
Collectionandrecovery conduct charges	55.0	-
Migration relateditems	1.0	(4.0)
Bankingvolatility	(3.4)	(2.5)
Statutory basis operating expenses	969.4	881.3

Impairment charge

The impairment charge increased by 171.1% to £164.0 million, which is linked to the forecast decline in house prices and rise in unemployment under a deteriorating economic outlook. A summary of the economic scenarios used for assessing expected credit losses and related scenario weightings is provided in note 9 on page 39.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 9

Strategic report (continued)

Review of financial performance (continued)

Balance sheet, funding and capital

TSB’s balance sheet remained strong with the loan to deposit ratio and capital ratios remaining broadly stable and TSB maintaining liquid assets in excess of regulatory requirements and internal risk limits.

Balance sheet, funding and capital TSB’s balance sheet remained strong with the loan to deposit ratio and capital ratios remaining broadly stable and TSB maintaining liquid assets in excess of regulatory requirements and internal risk limits.	Balance sheet, funding and capital TSB’s balance sheet remained strong with the loan to deposit ratio and capital ratios remaining broadly stable and TSB maintaining liquid assets in excess of regulatory requirements and internal risk limits.
2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Customerdeposits 34,375.3 30,182.4
Non-customer funding 5,156.3 6,555.7
BorrowingsfromtheBankof England	3,065.8 4,483.5
Debt securitiesin issue	1,699.2 1,676.3
Subordinatedliabilities	391.3 395.9
Shareholder’s equity 1,724.9 1,900.8
Sources of funding 41,256.5 38,638.9
Other liabilities 1,165.9 897.0
Total equity and liabilities 42,422.4 39,535.9
Loans and advances to customers 33,317.9 31,075.8
Liquid assetportfolio(1) 7,530.7 6,764.4
Loans and liquid assets 40,848.6 37,840.2
Other assets 1,573.8 1,695.7
Total assets 42,422.4 39,535.9

(1) Comprises balances at central banks of £4,910.1 million (2019: £4,427.3 million), debt securities of £2,620.6 million (2019: £2,136.0 million) and reverse repurchase agreements of £nil (2019: £201.1 million). Balances at central banks are combined with other cash balances and demand deposits of £146.2 million (2019: £165.5 million) when shown on the balance sheet on page 25.

Source of funding

• Customer deposits. Customer deposits increased by £4.2 billion, or 13.9% to £34.4 billion, reflecting lower levels of spending and increased savings as a result of lockdown restrictions and government initiatives in response to COVID19. Retail customer deposits grew by £3.2 billion to £31.9 billion with strong growth in both savings and current account balances. Business banking deposit balances also saw strong growth of £1.0 billion, or 71.9% to £2.5 billion, as a result of the flow of customers from the Incentivised Switching Scheme and business customers maintaining higher levels of liquidity in 2020, supported by funds received through the Bounce Back Loan Scheme.

• Non-customer funding. Non-customer funding decreased by £1.4 billion to £5.2 billion, largely due to a cumulative repayment of £1.4 billion of borrowings under the Bank of England’s Term Funding Scheme. In 2021, TSB expects to utilise the Bank of England’s Term Funding Scheme with additional incentives for SMEs, introduced in March 2020. Debt securities in issue were broadly unchanged reflecting the maturity of all remaining notes issued under TSB’s securitisation programmes offset by the issuance, to Sabadell, in December 2020 of £450 million of senior unsecured debt securities to meet Minimum Requirements for Eligible Liabilities (MREL) requirements.

• Capital resources . TSB’s capital position has remained above regulatory minimum requirements and internal risk appetite thresholds, with a Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital ratio of 14.9% (2019: 20.6%) and a leverage ratio of 3.7% (2019: 4.6%) on a CRD IV fully loaded basis. In 2020, the CET1 capital ratio decreased by 5.7 percentage points reflecting the statutory loss for the year, lending growth, and the effect of the introduction of new capital regulations in 2020 which resulted in an increase in risk weighted assets following a change to the definition of default.

Loans and liquid assets

• Loans and advances to customers . Loans and advances to customers increased by £2.2 billion, or 7.2% to £33.3 billion. Secured retail lending growth of £1.6 billion to £30.8 billion primarily reflects strong trading performance in the second half of 2020, following lower levels of activity in the first half due to the initial COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. Higher mortgage origination activity was driven by competitive pricing, improved customer retention and TSB’s operational readiness during periods of increased demand, offset by the expected reduction in the closed Whistletree portfolio. Business banking loan balances increased by £579.4 million to £708.4 million, primarily due to lending through the Bounce Back Loan Scheme. Unsecured growth was more muted, reflecting lower demand as consumers reduced their spending and increased levels of saving.

• Liquid asset portfolio . TSB’s liquidity portfolio comprises highly liquid assets, primarily cash reserves at the Bank of England, UK gilts, supranational bonds, development bank bonds, and covered bonds, which are available and accessible to meet potential cash outflows. The increase in the liquidity portfolio during 2020 largely reflects customer deposit growth exceeding customer lending growth, partially offset by the partial repayment of borrowings under the Bank of England’s Term Funding Scheme and higher expected outflows as a result of the growth in lending commitments.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Strategic report (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties

Approach to risk

TSB seeks to remain liquid, solvent, operationally stable, trusted, and compliant at all times. The objective of TSB risk management is to support and enable these outcomes. The processes to identify, measure and control the risks inherent in its business model are embedded in TSB’s risk management framework. Risks faced by TSB in delivering its business strategy are managed in the context of the wider communities in which TSB operates and the Do What Matters plan. TSB’s approach to managing these risks is described below. TSB’s principal risks and uncertainties are described starting on page 13.

Risk management framework

The risk management framework creates coherent standards and practices for all risk management activities and processes in TSB. The framework is designed around a simple model for categorising risk, so that all the components of our risk management such as risk appetite, governance, policies, reporting, assurance and organisational design are aligned to the same hierarchy of risks. The five principal risk categories are shown in the table below.

Financial risk	The risk of TSB having inadequate earnings, cash flow or capital to meet current or future requirements and expectations.
Credit risk	The risk that a borrower or counterparty fails to pay the interest or to repay the principal on a loan or other financial instrument as it falls due.
Operational risk	The risk of loss, damage or disruption arising from inadequate or failed processes, people and systems.
Conduct risk	The risk to the delivery of fair customer outcomes and market integrity.
Financial Crime	The risk that systems and controls are not adequate to manage financial crime within TSB’s risk appetite and
risk	regulatoryframework.
Accountability

Risk management is embedded at TSB through clear accountabilities across three independent lines of defence. This enables clear understanding and separation between functions that own and manage risks faced by the business (first line), provides oversight and challenge (second line), and provide independent audit and assurance (third line).

First line of	•Identifies and manages risks in line with prescribed TSB risk management standards.
defence	•Designs and implements control frameworks, preventative measures, processes and strategies to mitigate risks in
	line with risk appetite.
	•Reports on its business unit and risk category risk profile and the effectiveness of control frameworks.
	•Applies and embeds TSB risk management standards throughout the business through its policies, governance
	and control frameworks.
	• Operates day-to-day control activities, tests and monitors the effectiveness of controls and compliance with policies
	and standards includingbusinessperformance reviews,qualitychecking, and scenario analysis.
Second line of	•Sits within TSB’s Risk Division.
defence	•Maintains TSB’s risk management framework and sets enterprise wide standards for risk management activity.
	•Provides independent oversight, support and challenge to the first line in managing risks to these standards.
	•Monitors and oversees risk management activity in the first line and aggregates risk reporting to provide an
	enterprise wide view of TSB’s riskprofile and risk appetite to Board and Executive committees.
Third line of	•Provides independent and objective assessment of the risk management activities of the first and second lines.
defence	•Reports on the effectiveness of risk management activities to the Board and senior management.

Employees in TSB are individually accountable for identifying, assessing and managing risks within their area of responsibility. Risk management responsibilities are embedded through a risk focused culture, supported by efficient governance and achieved through a prudent risk appetite to support TSB’s growth strategy.

Risk culture

TSB culture is monitored by the Executive Committee and Board, and the importance of individual accountability for managing risk is reinforced by the approach to performance management and remuneration for all employees. Our aim is for both our employees and our customers to experience the benefits of a high performing culture, supported by a clear customer focus where employees feel confident that customers receive fair outcomes that meet a genuine need.

The Board measures culture through the Culture Dashboard, which provides insight into TSB’s culture against nine traits so that actions can be identified to enhance a high performing culture. The latest dashboard reflects strengthening in two traits; accountability and speak up which are now in line with the financial services industry. TSB will continue to embed a culture which in 2021 includes a new employee engagement roadmap to help engagement with strategy and purpose, and delivery against our Do What Matters plan commitments to improve team diversity and diversity of thinking. TSB sets a consistent tone from the top, with senior leaders role modelling the TSB culture with actions that match their words, and everyone feeling safe to share ideas and speak up.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Strategic report (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties (continued)

Risk appetite

TSB defines risk appetite as the amount and type of risk that it is willing to take in the pursuit of its objectives. Risk appetite is approved by the Board and is aligned to, and approved by, Sabadell. Through regular meetings and reporting, the Board monitors performance against appetite and, if necessary, has appropriate plans to address any appetite breaches.

TSB has a clearly defined and proportionate risk appetite that supports its strategic objectives and seeks to provide confidence to its customers, regulators and shareholder. TSB is not a specialist lender and does not seek to differentiate itself as a provider of niche products. At the highest level, TSB aligns its risk appetite to UK mainstream retail banking. Risk appetite is calibrated so that it remains within the range of mainstream retail banking peers on every significant measure of risk. TSB aligns its risk appetite to a statement of its attitude to each of its five risk categories and its culture. These, along with appetite measures and thresholds, are articulated in the Risk Appetite Statement.

Risk governance

Risk ownership and accountability sits with individuals, supported by governance and reporting via TSB’s risk committees. These are aligned to the five principal types of risk as described in the table below. Each committee is responsible for monitoring TSB’s risk profile and challenging risk exposures across the relevant risk type in line with the risk appetite set by the Board.

This committee structure enables efficient decision making, providing clear escalation and reporting of risk to senior management and the Board which is responsible for providing oversight of the effectiveness of the risk management framework. A Risk Committee is aligned to each of our Level 1 risk categories to provide a dedicated focus on managing those risks.

Financial Risk (Asset & Liability Committee)

Chaired by the Chief Financial Officer, the committee is responsible for the strategic management of TSB’s balance sheet, the profit and loss implications of balance sheet management actions and the risk management framework for market risk, liquidity risk, capital risk, earnings volatility and economic value.

Credit Risk Committee

Chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, the committee is responsible for the coordination and aggregation of all credit risk management activity, management of TSB’s credit risk profile, including credit risk appetite metrics and credit strategies, and TSB’s compliance with all relevant credit regulation and legislation.

Operational Risk Committee

Chaired by the Chief Operating Officer, the committee is responsible for the aggregation and coordination of operational risk management across the Bank, monitoring and challenging the operational risk profile, including key operational risks and controls, and for ensuring appropriate escalation and visibility of relevant breaches, losses and events.

Conduct Risk Committee

Chaired by the Customer Banking Director, the committee is responsible for the aggregation and coordination of conduct risk management across the Bank including delivery of substantially fair customer outcomes, compliance with relevant conduct regulation and legislation, monitoring and challenging the conduct risk profile, including key conduct risks and controls, and for appropriate escalation and visibility of relevant weaknesses, breaches, losses and events.

Financial Crime Risk Committee

Chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, the committee is responsible for assessing whether the risk of criminal conduct relating to money or financial services or markets is appropriately managed across TSB. The committee monitors and challenges the financial crime risk profile including key financial crime risks and controls, appropriate upward escalation and visibility of relevant breaches, losses and events relating to the financial crime risk categories.

In addition, the Model Governance Committee, chaired by the Chief Risk Officer, is responsible for the development, implementation and effectiveness of the model governance framework (covering policies, methodologies, systems, processes, procedures and people). This includes articulating the extent and type of model risk to which TSB is exposed, acting as the Designated Committee as required by the Capital Requirements Regulation.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Strategic report (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties (continued)

The Board closely monitors risks that have the potential to materially impact execution of strategy. Notwithstanding the improvement in IT stability, the significant impact of the COVID-19 crisis has shifted the focus of our principal risks in 2020.

The Bank’s response to COVID-19 has resulted in enhancements and adjustments to the control environment across the Bank to better support our customers. This included facilitating working from home for most employees, adjusting the working environment for those employees that continued to work on-site, providing support to customers in financial difficulties, policy adjustments, supporting vulnerable customers, accelerating on-line forms for customers, and enhanced monitoring to enable TSB to respond quickly and effectively in supporting customers and employees.

• Credit : TSB has a proactive approach to managing credit exposure with close monitoring and review of new lending, adjusting underwriting criteria where appropriate. The Board has closely monitored adjustments to credit strategies and customer journeys to support customers who require support from our Financial Support Services team. In response to COVID-19, TSB has been assisting customers through relief measures such as payment holidays and the Bounce Back Loan Scheme, whilst actively monitoring and managing the credit and financial risks arising from these financial support measures. The modelling of customer behaviour is supporting an effective operational response and tailored customer treatments when repayment holidays come to an end.

• Operational : TSB’s operational response to COVID-19 has enabled the Bank to continue to operate effectively whilst keeping customers and employees safe. Customers’ needs have been successfully met where fast-paced changes were required, enabling large numbers of employees to work remotely and manage increased operational volumes, requests for payment holidays and new types of business lending. Control has been exercised from the outset through TSB’s incident management framework.

• Conduct: The response to COVID-19, including the assistance provided to customers as they exit COVID-19 related support strategies, has been subject to regular review by the Executive and Board. Areas of significant focus, with Executive and Board oversight, have been the identification and support of customers in financial difficulty, vulnerable customers, rectifications, bereavements and complaints.

• Financial Crime : TSB continues to enhance its fraud control environment and systems detection capabilities. During 2020, significant IT investment included upgrades to core detection systems for transactional fraud.

• Financial : A range of high level potential mitigations for financial risks including pricing actions to manage margins given lower interest rates; possible credit policy actions, particularly if there is a sustained downturn; and potential cost reduction actions involving more discretionary elements of the cost base.

The consequences of Brexit are considered to present potential financial and credit risks to the Bank. No operational continuity risks materialised for TSB as the UK exited the EU but should any other risks materialise, these would be managed through TSB’s risk management framework to maintain operational continuity.

Our financial stability, operational resilience and customer outcomes are also key themes in the risks considered by the Board throughout 2020 and are detailed below .

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 13

Strategic report (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties (continued)
Description	Mitigation
Risk of a systemic crisis
The current COVID-19 crisis continues to evolve while the risk of a new systemic crisis emerging remains. The primary risks to TSB include increased pressure on capital resources, safeguarding and supporting the well-being of customers and employees, and operational resilience. As the crisis continues, more customers will require support through financial difficulty or vulnerability, and our credit and customer strategies and processes will require continued close review.	TSB remains well capitalised. The key risks to capital have been captured in the Bank’s financial forecast, including the implementation of the new mortgages IRB models, and are being closely monitored. TSB continues to focus on identifying and delivering capital optimisation opportunities, as well as being prepared to issue Additional Tier 1 (AT1) instruments if required. TSB has taken a proactive approach to risk management during COVID-19, responding swiftly to customer needs and regulatory guidelines. This has included waiving fees and interest charges, implementation and monitoring of repayment holidays, accelerating the use of on-line forms for customer services, proactive contact for vulnerable customers and implementation and monitoring of other financial support measures such as the Bounce Back Loan Scheme. Customer behaviour modelling has been used to establish an effective operational response and tailored customer treatments when repayment holidays come to an end. While fraud levels increased across the industry, TSB has continued to support customers through the industry’s first ever Fraud Refund Guarantee. TSB used its established incident management framework to respond effectively and efficiently to the pandemic and the associated operational risks. Our response remains flexible to the constantly evolving situation to continue to provide an acceptable level of customer service and operational stability.
Threats to profit resilience
Lower for longer rates, continued market competition and increasing regulatory requirements have reduced profitability across the sector. The emergence of COVID-19 during 2020 has put further pressure on profitability, both in the short term due to increased impairments and the impact of customer treatments on income, and in the medium term if there is an extended period of low or negative interest rates. Should the credit shock from COVID-19 deteriorate significantly, there is risk of a more rapid short-term impact on profit and capital from the associated risks.	Various aspects of TSB’s strategy have been accelerated to mitigate the impact of these risks, such as the digital transformation programme which responds to customer need, reduces costs, and improves efficiency. A robust discipline is maintained so that risk adjusted returns on new business are sufficient and credit adjustments have been made where appropriate so that customers continue to borrow well in the current economic environment. Investment has been made in our Financial Support Services capabilities ahead of an expected increase in volumes of customers requiring support once government support schemes are withdrawn.
Management of customer harm
There are increasing societal and regulatory expectations for higher standards of diligent and proactive management of potential customer harm. Customer harm will have occurred if a customer has experienced material distress and/or inconvenience, obvious detriment or in some instances an unfair outcome. In the main this is likely to occur due to failures in systems, policy, process or controls.	The embedding of our risk management framework and maturing conduct risk management helps both identify where customer harm may occur and has occurred, so proactively managing potential impact on customers. The Executive Committee and Board receive regular management information on potential and actual customer harm, together with actions taken to prevent harm and address any weaknesses. Management is improving practices relating to treatment of some customers in collections and recoveries.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Strategic report (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties (continued)

Description

Mitigation

Data management and security

Without strong data governance practices data could be mis-used, mis-interpreted, incorrect, or not available. This could result in issues under GDPR and BCBS 239 where data should be accurate, available on demand by customers, used for the purpose collected, and be aggregated and reported accurately – potentially leading to customer detriment, poor decision making, incorrect reporting, regulatory censure and fines.

TSB has continued to focus on improving the monitoring and quality of customer data, and the delivery of Big Data and Operational Data Store projects will enable effective use of quality data.

Focus is on maintaining a fully effective security control environment, building further capability to prevent and detect the evolving types of attack with the right tools and technology.

As more services and customer interactions become digital the potential impact of a successful cyber-attack grows. Each year there is an increase in the complexity and sophistication of attacks around the globe and while all industries are targeted, the banking industry remains high on the criminal hacking agenda.

Without effective mitigating controls there is a significant risk that an attack could lead to service downtime and customer disruption, material data loss, financial loss , remediation cost, and reputational damage.

Risk of negative interest rates

The Bank of England published a review of negative interest rates in its August 2020 Monetary Policy Report. The Governor of the Bank of England confirmed that the introduction of negative interest rates is one of many tools under consideration to steer the economy towards its 2% inflation rate target. The Bank of England has subsequently issued a survey across the banking industry to assess operational readiness.

TSB’s capital position could come under pressure due to margin compression and potential reduction in structural hedge income.

TSB is planning for the prospect of negative interest rates. The initial priority is for TSB to be operationally ready.

An assessment is being made of the potential financial impact alongside the potential changes to product design, pricing, and hedging and investment strategies to offset reduced income. Management of the financial impact will be influenced by how the government chooses to implement negative rates, market-wide changes in pricing and products (particularly from price-makers), and any additional regulatory guidance that emerges.

Maintaining technical and operational resilience

Disruption to business activities across TSB, and the banking industry, remains a material inherent risk and an area of high importance to our customers and regulators.

With the reducing reliance on cash by our customers, the ability to maintain digital services to our customers and back office processing grows ever more important to prevent customer detriment, losses through rectifications, remediation costs, and to avoid reputational damage.

Increased competition with failed differentiation Fintech and other technological advances create alternatives to the traditional value chain and ways in which banks currently operate and service customers.

TSB has taken direct control of its technology estate, transitioned services to new third parties, and built further capability in the technology function.

Technology is always evolving and with increased transparency following the technology estate transition, ongoing focus is on an effective and embedded technology control environment, building further resilience into our existing technology estate, and any new technology. Increased regulatory scrutiny is expected in 2021 following the new Operational Resilience regulation, covering process, technology, people, premises, and third parties. The necessary steps are being taken to comply and to demonstrate the resilience and interchangeability of key business services.

A core component of TSB’s strategy is leveraging the technology to improve digital services. TSB has identified its core customer base and development of new products, services, and experiences are aimed specifically at meeting those customers’ needs. Examples include the launch of the Spend and Save current account, new mortgage products and features including digital product transfers, and new partnerships with ApTap and Wealthify help our customers make more of their money. TSB also differentiates itself through the award-winning Fraud Refund Guarantee scheme.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 15

Strategic report (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties (continued)

Emerging risks

The key emerging risks in TSB’s operating environment are described below. TSB regularly considers the likelihood of the relevant risk materialising and the potential impact on its business strategy, customers, employees and shareholder. These risks are considered as part of the business planning cycle.

COVID-19 related horizon risks

COVID-19 has generated significant instability and the full impact of the consequential effects is not yet known. The longerterm effect on market forces and customer behaviours could significantly impact strategy and TSB’s business model. TSB has a strong liquidity and capital position and ensures this includes sufficient MREL resources, with a buffer to cover any disruption. The approach to setting TSB’s strategy considers a range of responsive and flexible strategic initiatives that can be deployed and adjusted as the landscape evolves.

Challenge to attract and retain talent in a competitive market

Demand for highly skilled and experienced employees has resulted in a competitive jobs market. This, together with added uncertainty over TSB’s future ownership model, could have a negative impact on leadership and attrition, resulting in challenges with attracting and retaining talent. A number of projects have been established to deliver people, property and technical solutions and inclusion initiatives and the Board monitors and assesses culture bi-annually.

Climate change risk

Climate change presents several physical and transitional risks that need to be effectively identified and managed to prevent customer harm and adverse financial impacts. In line with PRA and Climate Financial Risk Forum (CFRF) guidance, climate change is positioned as a cross-cutting TSB risk, impacting a range of risk categories to varying degrees. TSB has conducted a high-level assessment of the extent to which risk categories are impacted by climate change. The risk categories expected to be most impacted correlate with the key areas detailed in the CFRF guidance, predominately credit, financial, market, physical, property, supplier, and disclosure risks.

A full assessment of the impact of climate change risks will be undertaken in early 2021, to support the embedding of effective risk management actions ahead of the 2021 PRA deadline to fully embed the approach to managing climaterelated financial risks.

TSB’s Chief Risk Officer has accountability for ensuring financial risks of climate-related change are understood and discussed at Board level, embedded in risk management, and considered in TSB’s strategy. Responsibility for leading TSB’s consideration of the financial risks arising from climate change and its readiness has been assigned to a dedicated Steering Group. The activity plan has been structured around the key CFRF themes:

• Risk management – embedding climate change risk into TSB’s governance framework, developing policies for managing exposure to climate-related financial risks and embedding climate change risk management within the risk management framework.

• Scenario analysis – use of scenario analysis to inform strategic planning and determine the impact of climate change financial risks on TSB’s overall risk profile and business strategy.

• Disclosures – development of robust, decision-useful climate change disclosures.

• Innovation – the Climate Related Business Strategy group established under the Do What Matters plan pillar led by the Chief Operating Officer has responsibility for considering our operational approach to climate change. This includes understanding our environmental footprint as an organisation, both today and in the future, offering ‘green’ products designed to have a positive impact on the environment, considering how we can encourage employees to be more environmentally conscious, and assessing our suppliers’ environmental footprint.

During October 2020, the Chief Risk Officer provided the Board Risk Committee with an update on the progress of TSB’s response to the PRA’s supervisory statement on enhancing banks’ and insurers’ approaches to managing the financial risks from climate change (SS3/19), detailing how planning has evolved following updated guidance from the PRA and the CFRF. A Board workshop is planned for March 2021 to assess progress against developments in industry practice.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 16

Strategic report (continued)

Principal risks and uncertainties (continued)

Emerging risks (continued)

The principal climate change risks to TSB relates to property collateral for secured lending. These are both physical risks (such as flooding), and transitional risks (such as affordability impacts on customers from increased energy efficiency investment requirements). The core mortgage book is the most at risk due to property value, albeit initial assessment has deemed the current impact as low.

The near-term risks are transitional, relating to energy efficiency, with the possibility of stronger energy performance regulation over time. As well as an assessment of the existing mortgage book, we have a new valuation tool that assesses climate change risk at origination and every new property during 2021 will be assessed. We have enhanced our monitoring with two new risk appetite metrics related to flooding and energy performance of our mortgage book. The Steering Group will drive action to mitigate any financial impact.

Strategic report on pages 3 to 17 approved, by order of the Board

==> picture [74 x 34] intentionally omitted <==

Keith Hawkins Company Secretary, 2 February 2021

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 17

Directors’ report

Introduction

The Directors of TSB Bank plc (the ‘Company’) present their report and audited financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2020, in accordance with section 415 of the Companies Act 2006. The information in the section 172 statement (pages 7 to 8) on employee engagement and fostering of business relationships with customers, suppliers and others is incorporated into this Directors’ report.

Principal activities and results

The principal activities and review of the Company are set out in the Strategic report on pages 3 to 17.

Dividends

The Directors do not currently propose to pay a dividend.

Directors

The Directors who served during the year are shown on page 2.

Directors’ indemnities

Each of the Directors has the benefit of a deed of indemnity which constitutes a ‘qualifying third party indemnity provision’. This indemnification for Directors provided by the Company has been arranged in accordance with the Articles and the Companies Act 2006. With the exception of the Non-executive Directors appointed during 2020, the indemnities were in place throughout 2020. The indemnity for David Vegara was executed on 28 January 2020, for César González-Bueno on 2 April 2020, for Lynne Peacock on 28 April 2020, for Mark Rennison on 1 August 2020, and for Libby Chambers on 1 October 2020. Each of the indemnities remain in force at the date of signing these financial statements and are available for inspection at the Company’s registered office.

Corporate governance

Although the Company does not have shares with a premium listing on the London Stock Exchange, and does not need to comply with the UK Corporate Governance Code (Code), the Board has chosen to voluntarily adopt those principles of the Code that are considered appropriate for the Company. Information on how the Company has applied the Code can be found starting on pages 28 of the annual report and accounts of the Company’s parent, TSB Banking Group plc, which is available at www.tsb.co.uk. TSB Banking Group plc’s annual report and accounts also contains further information on the Company’s governance arrangements including reports from TSB’s Nomination Committee and Audit Committee.

Future developments

The development of the Company is set out in the context of the Company’s business model on page 6.

Employee information

Employee voice and a speak up culture

TSB behaviours provide a framework to enable all TSB employees to feel what customers feel, look for better, say it straight and do what matters. Collaboration and open, honest, two-way communication is therefore encouraged at all levels. As employees have adjusted to different ways of working in 2020, TSB has focused on maintaining these channels of communication to support a speak up culture and maintain connection between individuals and teams, supported by TSB’s digital workplace. There are regular all employee events hosted by the Chief Executive and other members of the Executive Committee, and each Executive Committee member also holds conversations within their business areas. TSB’s employee forum, ‘The Link’, has met seven times in 2020, providing a direct connection between employees and executive leadership. ‘The Link’ also reports annually to the Board.

We also continue to work closely with our recognised unions, Accord and Unite, to build strong relationships and, during 2020, conversations occurred weekly in relation to the health, safety and wellbeing of all employees regarding TSB’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our annual employee experience survey, ‘Your Say Matters’, provides all employees the opportunity to feedback on working at TSB, and additional pulse’ surveys have provided timely feedback and insight into the employee experience in relation to COVID-19 and new ways of working. In 2020, each Executive Committee member has also begun a reverse mentoring relationship with an employee from a different background to their own, providing a different perspective and direct connection with individual experiences across TSB.

Training and development

We have continued to build a strong development culture at TSB focused across three strategic pillars of Digital, Money Confidence and Leadership. We launched our investing in people programme in April 2020 and committed, by the end of 2022, to invest more than 100,000 hours of additional formal training on delivering this strategy and an additional 100,000 hours focused on ongoing training including: new to bank induction/training, regulatory and compliance training. So far we have delivered over 50,000 hours towards the strategic target and a further 60,000 hours in additional training.

We have built a robust Money Confidence programme for which we are in the process of obtaining accreditation by the Chartered Banker Institute. This programme focuses on what is expected of our branch employees and how to have a highly engaging customer conversation.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 18

Directors’ report (continued)

Employee information (continued)

Our apprenticeship offering has been amended to reflect our blueprint to become a more data and digitally led bank. Investment in these programmes has increased by 70% to drive and deliver our primary corporate objectives. TSB’s apprenticeship levy was used in full in 2020 which is upper quartile within the financial services sector.

The focus on our new performance management approach has been supported by our new Talking Performance module which brings to life what a performance mindset means at TSB and how it can help us achieve our goals and make the most of our new performance framework. Managers are integral to the performance management process and a series of new signature actions have been established to embed the basics of leadership and develop excellence through coaching with our TSB Manager and Leader as Coach programmes. To support this further, all employees are encouraged to have a personal development plan.

Recognition and reward

Not only do we give a voice to our employees, but we also encourage the recognition and celebration of their contribution and behaviours. This is demonstrated by the introduction of our new recognition programme, Spotlight , in partnership with Achievers. This gives employees the opportunity to recognise exceptional contributions of fellow employees who demonstrate appropriate TSB behaviours. In the period since Spotlight went live, in July 2020, over 64,000 recognitions have been received by employees.

TSB’s approach to reward is driven by its core strategy and supports its employees. The approach is considered to be fair, transparent and consistent for everyone. It includes competitive salary, allowances and benefits plus a single variable pay award that allows our employees to share consistently in the success of the organisation. This enables all employees to be rewarded for the important role they play in the success of our business.

Diversity and inclusion

In 2020 TSB published the Do What Matters plan, providing a new framework to support TSB’s existing ambition to create a truly inclusive workplace. TSB’s commitments are:

1. Creating a TSB for everyone through behaviours and ways of working. TSB is developing an inclusive leadership approach beginning with bias and mental health awareness training for all TSB line managers to be completed by the end 2021.

2. Building a diverse and balanced workforce that reflects the customers we serve. TSB maintains a strong commitment to achieving gender balance. At the time of this report, 40% of senior leaders are female, 42% of Directors are female, well ahead of the Hampton Alexander Review target of 33%, and 30% of the Executive Committee are female. Building genuinely diverse teams is critical to the success of our business. In 2020, TSB has also focused on improving the quality of the diversity data held, enabling a full workforce analysis of disability, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and social mobility as well as better targeting support for those with caring responsibilities. A set of targets for 2025 has been established which seeks to ensure the diversity of TSB’s workforce is aligned with that of the UK working age population. This will allow a more holistic approach to the recruitment, development and engagement of talent and to build diverse teams. For TSB’s Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups this will mean a representation of 14% and Black ethnic representation of 3% to meet the UK working age population. For disability and LGBT+ initial data indicates that TSB’s workforce already reflects the wider population. We will seek to maintain this going forward by continuing to focus on an inclusive culture and monitoring the workforce, including how our hiring and development practices support social mobility. We will also seek to improve the diversity of our senior leadership population, maintaining at least 40% of roles held by women, and improving Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic representation to at least 10%.

3. Putting accessibility at the heart of the approach to inclusion and building confidence to have conversations on mental health internally and with customers. Employees with disabilities are treated fairly and can compete on equal terms for career progression. TSB is a Level 2 Disability Confident Employer with a clear action plan to progress to Level 3 Disability Leader status. TSB commits to offer an interview to disabled people who meet the minimum criteria for a job in terms of the skills needed, thereby giving them the opportunity to present their skills face to face. New training in the accessibility features of TSB’s digital workplace is evidencing that a more digital workplace can be more accessible. We’ve also listened to employees with disabilities and long term health conditions on the benefits and challenges of remote working to help design TSB’s future ways of working. A new Workplace Adjustment passport is supporting improved conversations around adjustments required by employees (including in relation to training and career development). In 2020, TSB launched a new digital tool to support all TSB employees to take proactive care of their mental wellbeing, with one in three employees signed up to use the platform. To support leaders to be confident to have conversations about wellbeing there is a mental health module included in the TSB Manager Programme.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 19

Directors’ report (continued)

Employee information (continued)

Diversity and inclusion (continued)

1. Supporting social mobility in local communities. TSB has participated in the Social Mobility Foundation’s Employer Index for the first time in 2020, placing in the top 100 employers. This has allowed a full gap analysis and clear roadmap for 2021 to support social mobility in local communities, including working with the Government’s Kickstart scheme providing new job placements to young people who are at risk of long-term unemployment in 2021.

TSB also has an active, employee led, intersectional Inclusion Network with executive level sponsors for Disability, Ethnicity, Gender Balance and LGBT+. In 2020, the Inclusion Network ran an extensive programme of events, including LGBT History Month, International Women’s Day, Autism awareness, Mental Health awareness, Ramadan, Virtual Pride, Black History Month and Purple Light Up to further the conversation across TSB to create a truly inclusive workplace.

Supporting our employees during the COVID-19 pandemic

The health and safety of our employees was, and still is, a priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. From March 2020, steps to provide clear guidance and support to all employees were taken. All non-essential travel was stopped and TSB adopted Government advice for citizens in a transparent manner. We ensured no financial impact for permanent employees who needed to self-isolate and allowed employees to take essential (mobile) equipment home in order to maximise productivity, engagement and the continuation of service to our customers. Our Digital Workplace meant that home working was enabled quickly and improvements have continued to be made during 2020. 4,500 employees were enabled to work from home with a peak of 3,500 working fully from home.

For essential workers who continued to travel to TSB locations to maintain essential customer services, precautionary measures were taken through the provision of personal protective equipment, security guards, increased hygiene protocols and screens. The pressure of work was alleviated on those in the front line through the redeployment of employees to support high impact areas (Customer Operations and Business Banking). To say thank you to all those who ensured TSB was able to serve customers through the initial peak of the pandemic, a £500 award was made to front line employees.

Access to mental health support was integral to our approach. Research by the mental health charity Mind reports that one in five adults experienced a decline to their mental health during the pandemic. In March 2020, the digital mental wellbeing platform, UnMind, was launched for all employees to provide easy access to a wide range of scientifically backed tools to proactively support mental wellbeing. So far, one in three employees have registered and we have recently enabled sharing of the tool with employees family members and friends.

We also worked to optimise two-way communication, asking all managers to use their one-to-one conversations with each employee to discuss specific requirements or tailored support. These were supplemented by weekly branch communications and regular ‘all employee’ calls with members of the Executive Committee. Listening remained as important as ever. A ‘pulse’ survey in April 2020 asking specific questions about how employees were feeling, and their reaction to TSB’s initial response. This feedback provided immediate input to decisions around the ongoing response to the pandemic and input into our future ways of working strategy.

Our response to the pandemic is ongoing as we adapt our approach in reaction to Government advice. We continue to track and understand employee feelings through our annual engagement survey and work closely with managers and leaders to ensure adequate support is provided to all employees.

Environmental information

TSB is committed to be a responsible user of resources and continues to consider ways it can reduce its environmental impact. Total emissions have reduced by 20% compared to 2019 (Scope 1, 2 & 3 in the table below). However, since October 2019, TSB has purchased all power from renewable sources, resulting in a 66% reduction in operational (Scope 1 and 2) market-based carbon emissions.. Scope 1 and 2 emissions are those that come directly from the activities of TSB e.g. heating and fleet vehicles (scope 1) and from electricity used by TSB (scope 2). Scope 3 emissions relate to TSB’s business travel.

TSB seeks to mitigate the environmental impact of its property, and where improvements are required, energy efficient equipment is chosen. In 2020, TSB completed the refurbishment of its main corporate site in Edinburgh, Henry Duncan House, investing almost £2 million to reduce energy use by installing new LED lighting and replacing the building’s air conditioning system. Reduced business travel and use of paper and plastic in TSB’s workplaces has also contributed to lower carbon emissions.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 20

Directors’ report (continued)

Environmental information (continued)

The table below shows TSB’s greenhouse gas emissions as required by the UK Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting (SECR) Regulations. TSB reports the mandatory emissions as a ‘large organisation’ and has used the data collated to set a strategy towards a net-zero carbon future, including a decarbonisation plan, travel plan and engagement campaign.

The data has been compiled in accordance with the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, and independently audited by Concept Energy Solutions Limited. Further information on TSB’s methodology can be found at https://www.tsb.co.uk/data-and-methodology-report-2020.pdf.

Summary of Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting

Summary of Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting	2020	2019
Emissions– Location-based(1) in gross tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e(2)):
Scope 1 emissions:
Combustion of gas(3)	2,601	2,645
Fuel for transport purposes	33	164
Heating oil	61	54
Scope2emissions-purchased electricity(3)(4)	**5,561 **	7,139
Total scope 1 and 2 emissions	8,256	10,002
Scope 3 emissions-business travel(5)	221	647
Total emissions	8,477	10,649
Intensity ratio(6)	1.29	1.50
Energy consumption KWH(million)	**38.601 **	43.720

(1) Location-based emissions are those measured using the UK national grid electricity conversion factors, updated annually.

(2) tCO2e – carbon dioxide equivalent is the measure of greenhouse gas emissions.

(3) Estimated consumption rates, based on consumption rates for previous years, have been used to compile data for a small number of properties where meter readings were unavailable.

(4) Scope 2 emissions (for SECR) include only direct commercial electricity supplies and are location-based. The small amount of domestic or cross charged consumption from landlords is not included, but TSB are working on improvements for the next reporting period.

(5) Emissions from rental cars and employee owned vehicles where TSB is responsible for purchasing the fuel.

(6) Calculated as the sum of (SECR) emissions divided by the average number of full time employees of 6,563 (2019: 7,114).

TSB has a Renewable Energy Guarantees Origin (REGO) electricity purchase agreement that started in October 2019 which has supported the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as is show in the table below. TSB are committed to continuing this source of electricity supply.

continuing this source of electricity supply.
**TSB greenhouse gas emissions data **	2020	2019
Measured using market-based(1) emission factors in gross tCO2e(2):
Total Scope 1 & 2 emissions tCO2e (market-based)(1)(3)	2,761	8,283
Scope2emissions–purchased electricity tCO2e (market-based)(1)	–	5,274

(1) Market based emissions are those associated with renewable energy supplies which carry a zero-rated emission.

(2) tCO2e – carbon dioxide equivalent is the measure of greenhouse gas emissions.

(3) Includes additional fugitive emissions (refrigerant gas emissions from air conditioning systems) of 66 tCO2e (2019: 146 tCO2e) not required for SECR, in Scope 1.

Political donations and expenditure

No amounts were given for political purposes during the year.

Financial instruments

Information on financial risk management objectives and policies in relation to the use of financial instruments can be found starting on page 54 of the financial statements.

Principal risks and uncertainties

The principal risks and uncertainties faced by the Company are set out starting on page 13.

Post balance sheet events

There are no significant events affecting the Company that have arisen between 31 December 2020 and the date of this report that require disclosure.

Research and development activities

The Company develops new products and services during the ordinary course of business.

Overseas branches

The Company does not have any branches outside of the United Kingdom.

Registered office

The registered office address for TSB Bank plc is Henry Duncan House, 120 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 4LH.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 21

Directors’ report (continued)

Appointment of external auditor

Following the tender process conducted in 2018, the audit of the 2020 financial statements is the first to have been undertaken by KPMG. Pamela McIntyre was the senior statutory auditor for the audit of the 2020 financial statements. A resolution to re-appoint KPMG for the audit of the financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2021 will be proposed at the 2021 Annual General Meeting.

Disclosure of information to external auditors

In accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006, the Directors serving at the date of approval of this report confirm that, so far as each Director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Company’s auditors are unaware and each Director has taken all the steps that he or she ought to have taken as a Director to make himself or herself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the Company’s auditors are aware of that information.

Going concern

The Directors recognise their responsibility to make an assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, for a period of at least 12 months from the date the financial statements are approved. The Directors, having taken into account the matters noted in the ‘Basis of Preparation’ on page 23, are satisfied that adequate funding, liquidity and capital resources will be in place to allow the financial statements to continue being prepared on a going concern basis and are not aware of any material uncertainties that may cast significant doubt upon TSB’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Viability assessment

The Directors’ assessments of viability and principal and emerging risks can be found on page 48 of the annual report and accounts of the Company’s parent, TSB Banking Group plc, under the heading ‘viability statement.’

Statement of directors' responsibilities in respect of the financial statements

The Directors are responsible for preparing the annual report and the consolidated (Bank) and Company financial statements in accordance with applicable law and regulations.

Company law requires the Directors to prepare the Bank and Company financial statements for each financial year. Under that law they are required to prepare the consolidated financial statements in accordance with international accounting standards in conformity with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 and applicable law and have elected to prepare the Company financial statements on the same basis.

Under company law the Directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Bank and of the Company and of the Bank’s profit or loss for that period. In preparing each of the Bank and Company financial statements, the Directors are required to:

• select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;

• make judgements and estimates that are reasonable, relevant and reliable;

• state whether they have been prepared in accordance with international accounting standards in conformity with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006;

• assess the Bank and Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern; and

• use the going concern basis of accounting unless they either intend to liquidate the Bank or the Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

The Directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Company’s transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Company and enable them to ensure that its financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are responsible for such internal control as they determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and have general responsibility for taking such steps as are reasonably open to them to safeguard the assets of the consolidated group and to prevent and detect fraud and other irregularities.

Under applicable law and regulations, the Directors are also responsible for preparing a Strategic report and a Directors’ report that complies with that law and those regulations.

The Directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity of the corporate and financial information included on the Company’s website. Legislation in the UK governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions.

By order of the Board

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Keith Hawkins

Company Secretary, 2 February 2021

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 22

Financial statements

Basis of preparation

These consolidated financial statements of TSB Bank plc comprise the results of the TSB Bank plc (the ‘Company’), a public limited company limited by shares, consolidated with those of its subsidiaries (together the ‘Bank’). Details of subsidiary undertakings are provided in note 25 to the financial statements on page 72. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with international accounting standards in conformity with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention as modified by the recognition of certain financial assets and financial liabilities, including derivative contracts at fair value through profit or loss and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Going concern

The going concern basis is dependent on maintaining enough capital and funding of the balance sheet. The directors considered a number of factors including the projections for TSB and its capital and liquidity position. TSB’s business activities and objectives, together with the factors likely to affect its future development, performance and position are set out in the Strategic report. A loss before tax for the year of £200.5 million (2019: £45.4 million profit) has been reported. Despite this loss, TSB continues to be in compliance with, and exceeds, its regulatory capital and liquidity requirements. The Directors have also prepared detailed forecasts which show that a surplus over total capital requirements is forecast to be maintained, as is compliance with minimum liquidity ratios.

As part of those forecasts, the Directors have modelled the impact of a severe but plausible downside stress in line with the ‘low rate’ severe downside scenario described in note 9, updated to take into account the Bank of England stress scenario published in January 2021. Based on the forecasts and stresses performed, the Directors are satisfied that TSB will have sufficient regulatory capital and liquidity for a period of at least 12 months from the date of approval of these financial statements. Accordingly they continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements.

Accounting policies

The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are consistent with those applied in 2019 with the exception of the early adoption of ‘ Interest Rate Benchmark Reform – Phase 2 ’ (the Phase 2 Amendment) as described under ‘ IBOR reform’ in note 22. The accounting policies are presented in a manner consistent with TSB’s business model and are included in the relevant sections of the consolidated financial statements. In addition, the following accounting policies relate to the consolidated financial statements as a whole.

Consolidation - Subsidiaries are all entities (including special purpose entities) over which the Company has control. The Company controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Bank and are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases. Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealised gains and losses on transactions between the Bank companies are eliminated.

Foreign currency translation - Foreign currency transactions are translated using the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. Monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rate prevailing at the balance sheet date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the restatement and settlement of such transactions are recognised in other operating income in the income statement.

Significant accounting estimates and judgements

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions in applying the accounting policies that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Due to the inherent uncertainty in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be based upon amounts which differ from those estimates. Estimates, judgements and assumptions are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The significant judgements made by management in applying accounting policies and the key sources of estimation uncertainty in these consolidated financial statements, which together are deemed critical to the results and financial position, are presented within the relevant note disclosures.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 23

Index to the consolidated financial statements

The Bank’s primary consolidated financial statements are presented on pages 25 to 78. The notes to these consolidated financial statements are structured to follow the Bank’s business model as set out on page 6 and are listed below.

Sources of funding

• 1 Customer deposits

• 2 Debt securities in issue

• 3 Subordinated liabilities

• 4 Fair value of financial liabilities

Loans and liquid assets

• 5 Debt securities

• 6 Loans to credit institutions

• 7 Loans and advances to customers 8 Other advances 9 Allowance for credit impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost

• 10 Fair value of financial assets

Income

• 11 Net interest income

• 12 Net fee and commission income

• 13 Other operating income

Charges

• 14 Operating expenses

• 15 Directors’ emoluments

• 16 Share-based payments

• 17 Taxation

• 18 Deferred tax assets

Managing financial risk

• 19 Credit risk

• 20 Liquidity risk

• 21 Capital resources

• 22 Market risk

Other important disclosures

• 23 Shareholder’s equity

• 24 Contingent liabilities

• 25 Related party transactions

• 26 Property and equipment

• 27 Lease liabilities

• 28 Intangible assets

• 29 Other assets

• 30 Provisions 31 Other liabilities 32 Notes to the consolidated cash flow statement

• 33 Restatement – Company only 34 Approval of the financial statements

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 24

Balance sheets as at 31 December 2020

Balance sheets as at 31 December 2020
Note	Bank (Consolidated) Bank (Consolidated) Company Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 Restated(1) **£ million **
Assets
Financial assets at amortised cost:
Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits	5,056.3 4,592.8 5,056.3 4,592.8
Reverse repurchase agreements	– 201.1 – 201.1
Debt securities 5	1,123.7 548.6 1,123.7 548.6
Loans and advances to customers 7	33,317.9 31,075.8 33,317.9 31,075.8
Loans to credit institutions 6	43.3 373.2 – –
Loans to central banks	120.9 96.1 120.9 96.1
Other advances 8	217.5 279.6 217.5 279.6
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Debt securities	1,496.9 1,587.4 1,496.9 1,587.4
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Derivative financial assets not in hedge accounting relationships 22	198.3 111.5 198.3 126.2
Hedging derivative financial assets 22	139.9 93.4 139.9 49.8
Fair value adjustments for portfolio hedged risk 22	80.2 20.5 80.2 20.5
Property and equipment 26	258.9 293.2 258.9 293.2
Intangible assets 28	49.5 20.3 49.5 20.3
Deferred tax assets 18	144.5 96.1 144.5 92.1
Other assets 29	174.6 146.3 217.8 146.3
Total assets	42,422.4 39,535.9 42,422.3 39,129.8
Liabilities
Financial liabilities at amortised cost:
Customer deposits 1	34,375.3 30,182.4 34,375.3 30,182.4
Borrowings from central banks	3,065.8 4,483.5 3,065.8 4,483.5
Debt securities in issue 2	1,699.2 1,676.3 1,699.2 1,249.8
Subordinated liabilities 3	391.3 395.9 391.3 395.9
Lease liabilities 27	123.3 141.8 123.3 141.8
Other financial liabilities	51.6 80.7 51.6 80.7
_Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss: _
Derivative financial liabilities not in hedge accounting relationships 22	299.7 127.9 299.7 127.9
Hedging derivative financial liabilities 22	225.2 288.5 225.2 288.5
Fair value adjustments for portfolio hedged risk 22	117.0 52.2 117.0 52.2
Provisions 30	153.1 51.8 153.1 51.8
Other liabilities 31	196.0 154.1 195.9 163.6
Total liabilities	40,697.5 37,635.1 40,697.4 37,218.1
Equity
Share capital 23	79.4 79.4 79.4 79.4
Share premium 23	195.6 195.6 195.6 195.6
Other reserves 23	412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8
Retained profits brought forward 23	1,201.9 1,175.7 1,212.6 1,169.1
(Loss)/profit attributable to the shareholder for the current year 23	(156.2) 26.2 (166.9) 43.5
Fair value reserve 23	11.6 13.6 11.6 13.6
Cash flow hedging reserve 23	(20.2) (2.5) (20.2) (2.3)
Shareholder’s equity	1,724.9 1,900.8 1,724.9 1,911.7
Total equity and liabilities	42,422.4 39,535.9 42,422.3 39,129.8
(1) Restated as described in note 33.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. No statement of comprehensive income has been shown for the Company, as permitted by section 408 of the Companies Act 2006. The consolidated and Company financial statements on pages 23 to 78 were approved by the Board of Directors on 2 February 2021 and signed on its behalf by:

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Debbie Crosbie Chief Executive

==> picture [58 x 35] intentionally omitted <==

Ralph Coates Chief Financial Officer

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 25

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2020

for the year ended 31 December 2020
**Income statement: **	Note	Bank Bank
		2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Interest and similar income:
Interestincome calculated using the effectiveinterestmethod	11	922.0 1,050.6
Other interest income	11	(41.0) (5.8)
Total interest and similar income		881.0 1,044.8
Interest and similar expense	11	(94.6) (203.7)
Net interest income	11	786.4 841.1
Fee and commission income	12	122.4 159.8
Fee and commission expense	12	(36.5) (41.5)
Netfee and commission income	12	85.9 118.3
Net gains/(losses) on financialassets andliabilities:
Gains on derecognition of financial assets measured at fair value through othercomprehensiveincome		21.8 24.6
Losses onderivativefinancialassets atfair value throughprofit or loss		(1.3) (15.3)
Gainsfrom hedge accounting	22	5.8 20.8
Losses onderecognitionof non-financialassets		(3.5) (3.5)
Other operating income	13	37.8 1.2
Other income		146.5 146.1
Total income		932.9 987.2
Total operating expenses	14	(969.4) (881.3)
**Operating (loss)/profit before impairment losses and taxation **		(36.5) 105.9
Impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost	9	(162.7) (60.9)
Impairment(losses)/credit on loan commitments	30	(1.3) 0.4
Total impairment losses		(164.0) (60.5)
**(Loss)/profit before taxation **		(200.5) 45.4
Taxation	17	44.3 (19.2)
(Loss)/profit for theyear	23	(156.2) 26.2
**Other comprehensive (loss)/profit: **
Items that maybe subsequentlyreclassified toprofit or loss:
Change in fair value reserve:
Change in fair value		14.8 17.3
Transfers to the income statement		(17.0) (24.6)
Taxation thereon	18	0.2 2.3
	23	(2.0) (5.0)
_Change incash flow hedging reserve: _
Changeinthefair value ofderivativesincash flow hedges		(21.5) (24.4)
Transfers to theincome statement		(2.9) 24.4
Taxation thereon	18	6.7 0.7
	23	(17.7) 0.7
Other comprehensive loss for theyear, net of taxation		(19.7) (4.3)
Total comprehensive(loss)/income for theyear		(175.9) 21.9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 26

Statements of changes in equity

for the year ended 31 December 2020

					Cash flow
Bank (consolidated)	Share	Share	Merger	Fair value	hedging	Retained	Shareholder’s
	capital	premium	reserve	reserve	reserve	profit	equity
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Balance at 1January 2019	79.4	195.6	412.8	18.6	(3.2)	1,175.7	1,878.9
**Comprehensive income/(loss): **
Profit for theyear	–	–	–	–	–	26.2	26.2
Other comprehensive(loss)/income	–	–	–	(5.0)	0.7	–	(4.3)
Total comprehensive(loss)/income	–	–	–	(5.0)	0.7	26.2	21.9
Balance at 31 December 2019	79.4	195.6	412.8	13.6	(2.5)	1,201.9	1,900.8
**Comprehensive loss: **
Loss for theyear	–	–	–	–	–	(156.2)	(156.2)
Other comprehensive loss	–	–	–	(2.0)	(17.7)	–	(19.7)
Total comprehensive loss	–	–	–	(2.0)	(17.7)	(156.2)	(175.9)
Balance at 31 December 2020	79.4	195.6	412.8	11.6	(20.2)	1,045.7	1,724.9

Company		Share capital £ million Share premium £ million Merger reserve £ million Fair value reserve £ million Cash flow hedging reserve £ million Retained profit £ million Shareholder’s equity **£ million **
At 31 December 2018		79.4 195.6 412.8 18.6 (2.5) 1,175.7 1,879.6
Restatement(1)		– – – – – (6.6) (6.6)
At1January2019- restated		79.4 195.6 412.8 18.6 (2.5) 1,169.1 1,873.0
Comprehensive profit:
Profit for theyear		– – – – – 26.2 26.2
Restatement(1)		– – – – – 17.3 17.3
Profit for theyear – restated		– – – – – 43.5 43.5
Other comprehensive(loss)/income		– – – (5.0) 0.2 – (4.8)
Total comprehensive(loss)/income		– – – (5.0) 0.2 43.5 38.7
Balance at 31 December 2019		79.4 195.6 412.8 13.6 (2.3) 1,212.6 1,911.7
**Comprehensive loss: **
Loss for theyear		– – – – – (166.9) (166.9)
Other comprehensive loss		– – – (2.0) (17.9) – (19.9)
Total comprehensive loss		– – – (2.0) (17.9) (166.9) (186.8)
Balance at 31 December 2020		79.4 195.6 412.8 11.6 (20.2) 1,045.7 1,724.9

(1) Restated as described in note 33.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 27

Cash flow statements

for the year ended 31 December 2020

Cash flow statements for the year ended 31 December 2020
Note	Bank (Consolidated) Bank (consolidated) Company Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 Restated(1) *£ million **
Cash flows from operating activities
(Loss)/profit before taxation	(200.5) 45.4 (215.2) 69.1
Adjustmentsfor:
Changeinoperating assets andliabilities 32	2,255.6 (596.3) 1,897.0 (637.9)
Non-cashand other items 32	264.6 170.1 207.3 190.3
Taxation /received	– 20.5 – 20.5
Net cash used inoperating activities	2,319.7 (360.3) 1,889.1 (358.0)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase ofproperty and equipment	(30.2) (18.0) (30.2) (18.0)
Purchase and development of intangible assets	(35.9) (7.6) (35.9) (7.6)
Purchase ofdebt securities	(1,341.3) (994.9) (1,341.3) (994.9)
Sale of debt securities	977.8 1,424.3 977.8 1,424.3
Net cash (used in)/provided by in investing activities	(429.6) 403.8 (429.6) 403.8
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayments ofborrowingfromcentralbanks	(1,410.0) (1,995.0) (1,410.0) (1,995.0)
Issue ofdebt securitiesin issue	450.0 750.0 450.0 750.0
Repayment ofdebt securitiesin issue	(440.2) (177.5) – –
Repayments of repurchase agreements	– (1,084.5) – (1,084.5)
Net securitisation funding	– – (9.7) (179.8)
Leasepayments	(26.4) (38.8) (26.4) (38.8)
Net cash used in financing activities	(1,426.6) (2,545.8) (996.1) (2,548.1)
Changeincashand cashequivalents	463.5 (2,543.1) 463.5 (2,543.1)
Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 32	4,592.8 7,135.9 4,592.8 7,135.9
Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 32	5,056.3 4,592.8 5,056.3 4,592.8

(1) Restated as described in note 33. Comparative information for 2019 has also been reclassified to align with the current year presentation. This has resulted in interest received on debt securities of £53.2 million and interest paid on borrowings from central banks, debt securities in issue and subordinated liabilities of £(94.0) million being reclassified from investing activities and financing activities, respectively, and presented in net cash used in operating activities.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 28

Notes to the financial statements

Sources of funding

Money deposited by customers into their bank and savings accounts provides the majority of the funds we use to support lending to customers. We also raise funds from other sources, including wholesale markets, that diversify our funding profile. Our shareholder also provides some funding in the form of debt and equity capital.

Accounting policies relevant to sources of funding

(a) Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities include customer deposits, deposits from credit institutions, borrowings from central banks, debt securities in issue, subordinated liabilities, other financial liabilities and derivative financial liabilities (see accounting policy (j) under Managing financial risk).

Financial liabilities which are not derivatives are measured at amortised cost. Issues of financial liabilities measured at amortised cost are recognised on the date that the Bank becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. A financial liability is derecognised from the balance sheet when the Bank has discharged its obligations, the contract is cancelled or the contract expires, or where the terms of the debt instrument have been significantly modified.

Borrowings (which include deposits from credit institutions, customer deposits, debt securities in issue and subordinated liabilities) are recognised initially at fair value, being their issue proceeds net of transaction costs incurred. These instruments are subsequently stated at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method.

1. Customer deposits

1. Customer deposits
Bankaccounts Instant access saving deposits Depositswithagreedmaturity Business bankingdeposits Total customer deposits	Bank Bank Company Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 *£ million **
	13,235.6 10.860.9 13,235.6 10.860.9
	16,209.8 14,952.8 16,209.8 14,952.8
	2,454.5 2,934.5 2,454.5 2,934.5
	2,475.4 1,434.2 2,475.4 1,434.2
	34,375.3 30,182.4 34,375.3 30,182.4

2. Debt securities in issue

2. Debt securities in issue
			Exchange
			rate and
2020	Balance at 1	(Repayments)/	other	Balance at
	Jan 2020	Issues	adjustments	31 Dec 2020
Bank	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Securitisationprogrammes:
Duncan Funding2015-1plc	355.7	(369.0)	13.3	–
Duncan Funding2016-1plc	70.8	(71.2)	0.4	–
	426.5	(440.2)	13.7	–
Covered bond programme:
Series2017-1CoveredBonds	498.9	–	0.1	499.0
Series 2019-1 Covered Bonds	750.9	–	(0.8)	750.1
	1,249.8	–	(0.7)	1,249.1
Senior unsecured debt securities	–	450.0	0.1	450.1
Total debt securities in issue	1,676.3	9.8	13.1	1,699.2

			Exchange
			rate and
2019	Balance at 1	(Repayments)/	other	Balance at
	Jan 2019	Issues	adjustments	31 Dec 2019
Bank	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Securitisationprogrammes:
Duncan Funding2015-1plc	418.6	(48.2)	(14.7)	355.7
Duncan Funding2016-1plc	205.6	(129.3)	(5.5)	70.8
	624.2	(177.5)	(20.2)	426.5
Covered bond programme:
Series 2017-1 Covered Bonds	498.4		0.5	498.9
Series 2019-1 Covered Bonds		750.0	0.9	750.9
Total debt securities in issue	1,122.6	572.5	(18.8)	1,676.3

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 29

Notes to the financial statements

Sources of funding (continued)

2. Debt securities in issue (continued)

2. Debt securities in issue (continued)
		31 Dec 2020	31 Dec 2019	Interest rate at		Issue
Bank	Date of issue	**£ million **	**£ million **	31 Dec 2020	Maturity date	currency
Issuing entity
Duncan Funding2015-1plc	11/2015	–	101.5	n/a	09/2020	GBR
Duncan Funding2015-1plc	11/2015	–	254.2	n/a	09/2020	EUR
Duncan Funding2016-1plc	05/2016	–	15.8	n/a	07/2020	EUR
Duncan Funding2016-1plc	05/2016	–	55.0	n/a	07/2020	GBR
TSB Bankplc–covered bonds	12/2017	499.0	498.9	0.42%	12/2022	GBR
TSB Bankplc–covered bonds	02/2019	750.1	750.9	0.92%	02/2024	GBR
TSB Bankplc – senior unsecured debt securities	12/2020	450.1	–	2.15%	06/2023	GBR
Total debt securities in issue		1,699.2	1,676.3

			Exchange
			rate and
	Balance at	Issues/	other	Balance at
	1 Jan 2020	(Repayments)	adjustments	31 Dec 2020
Company	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Series2017-1CoveredBonds	498.9	–	0.1	499.0
Series2019-1CoveredBonds	750.9	–	(0.8)	750.1
Senior unsecured debt securities	–	450.0	0.1	450.1
Total debt securities in issue	1,249.8	450.0	(0.6)	1,699.2

						Exchange	Exchange
							rate and
		Balance at			Issues/		other	Balance at
		1	Jan 2019	(Repayments)		adjustments		31	Dec 2019
Company			**£ million **		**£ million **		**£ million **		**£ million **
Series2017-1CoveredBonds			498.4				0.5		498.9
Series 2019-1 Covered Bonds			–		750.0		0.9		750.9
Total debt securities in issue			498.4		750.0		1.4		1,249.8
		31 Dec 2020	31 Dec 2019		Interest rate at				Issue
Company	Date of issue	**£ million **	**£ million **		31 Dec 2020		**Maturity **	date	currency
Issuing entity
TSB Bankplc–covered bonds	12/2017	499.0	498.9		0.42%		12/2022		GBR
TSB Bankplc–covered bonds	02/2019	750.1	750.9		0.92%		02/2024		GBR
TSB Bankplc – senior unsecured debt securities	12/2020	450.1		–	2.15%		06/2023		GBR
Total debt securities in issue		1,699.2	1,249.8

Securitisation programmes

During 2020, all securitisation notes issued under the Bank’s securitisation programmes matured. At 31 December 2019, loans and advances to customers included loans securitised under these securitisation programmes, the majority of which had been sold to bankruptcy remote structured entities. As the structured entities were funded by the issue of debt on terms whereby the majority of the risks and rewards of the portfolio were retained by the Bank, the structured entities were consolidated fully and all of these loans were retained on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the externally issued notes in issue included within debt securities in issue. The balances of the advances subject to these arrangements and the carrying value of the notes in issue at 31 December 2019 are listed below.

Bank	31 December 2019
	Loans and advances securitised(1) £ million Liability **£ million **
Duncan Funding2015-1plc	1,191.7 1,293.5
Duncan Funding2016-1plc	2,086.6 2,241.7
	3,278.3 3,535.2
Less retained notes held bythe Bank	(3,108.7)
Total securitisation notes	426.5

(1) Due to the nature of the securitisation programmes, cash arising from mortgage repayments was retained for periods of time before being invested in replacement mortgage assets or being distributed to note holders.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 30

Notes to the financial statements

Sources of funding (continued)

2. Debt Securities in issue (continued)

Securitisation programmes (continued)

Cash deposits of £342.5 million (note 6) held by the Bank at 31 December 2019 were restricted in use to repayment of the debt securities issued by the structured entities and other legal obligations. The Bank recognised the full liabilities associated with its securitisation programmes within debt securities in issue, although the obligations of the Bank are limited to the cash flows generated from the underlying assets.

Covered bond programmes

Loans and advances to customers of £1,815.0 million (2019: £1,802.2 million) have been assigned to a limited liability partnership to provide security for the issuance of covered bonds of £1,249.1 million (2019: £1,249.8 million) by the Bank. The Bank retains all of the risks and rewards associated with these loans and the partnership is consolidated fully with the loans retained on the Bank’s balance sheet, and the related covered bonds in issue included within debt securities in issue.

Cash deposits of £43.3 million (2019: £30.7 million) held by the Bank are restricted in use to repayment of the term advances related to covered bonds and other legal obligations (note 6). At 31 December 2020, the Bank had over-collateralised the covered bond programmes in order to: meet the programme terms; secure the rating of the covered bonds; and to provide operational flexibility. The obligations of the Bank to provide collateral may increase due to the formal requirements of the programmes. The Bank may also voluntarily contribute collateral to support the ratings of the covered bonds but did not do so during 2020 or 2019. During 2020 and 2019, there were no defaults on any principal or interest or any other breaches with respect to borrowings under the covered bond programmes.

IBOR reform

In July 2020, the terms of £500.0 million of covered bonds, where interest was calculated based on LIBOR, were modified to use SONIA from the September 2020 interest reset date and thereafter. This was undertaken on an economically equivalent basis as at the date of the modification and the covered bonds continue to be recognised on the balance sheet with no modification gain or loss being recognised. At 31 December 2020, all covered bonds issued by TSB reference SONIA to determine the rate of interest payable on notes issued.

Senior unsecured debt securities in issue

In December 2020, the Company issued £450.0 million floating rate notes due to mature in June 2023 to its parent company, TSB Banking Group plc, to satisfy MREL requirements. These were issued at a price of 100% of the principal amount. The notes pay interest at SONIA plus 2.1% payable quarterly in arears. The Company has the option to redeem these notes in June 2022 and quarterly thereafter, subject to approval of the PRA.

3. Subordinated liabilities

3. Subordinated liabilities
	Bank Bank Company Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Fixed/floatingratereset callable subordinatedTier 2 notes dueMay2026	385.0 385.0 385.0 385.0
Unamortised discount	(0.1) (0.4) (0.1) (0.4)
Accruedinterest	3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
Fair value hedge accountingadjustment(note 23)	3.0 7.9 3.0 7.9
Total subordinated liabilities	391.3 395.9 391.3 395.9

The Company issued, in 2014, £385.0 million of fixed/floating rate reset callable subordinated Tier 2 notes at an issue price of 99.493% of the principal amount to TSB Banking Group plc. The notes pay interest at a rate of 5.75% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears until 6 May 2021 at which time the interest rate becomes 3 month LIBOR plus 3.43% per annum payable quarterly in arrears. The Company has the option to redeem these notes on 6 May 2021 and quarterly thereafter, subject to approval of the PRA.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 31

Notes to the financial statements

Sources of Funding (continued)

4. Fair value of financial liabilities

The following table summarises the carrying values, fair values, and valuation hierarchy of financial liabilities. The fair values presented in the table are at a specific date and may be significantly different from the amount which will actually be paid on the maturity or settlement date.

Bank Note	2020 2019
	Carrying value £ million Fair value £ million Carrying value £ million Fair value **£ million **
Financial liabilities
Customerdeposits	34,375.3 34,405.230,182.430,214.6
Debt securitiesin issue	1,699.2 1,717.2 1,676.3 1,684.4
Subordinatedliabilities	391.3 394.0 395.9 398.3
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss	299.7 299.7 127.9 127.9
Hedging derivativeliabilities	225.2 225.2 288.5 288.5

Company Note	2020 2019
	Carrying value £ million Fair value £ million Carrying value £ million Fair value **£ million **
Financial liabilities
Customerdeposits	34,375.3 34,405.230,182.430,214.6
Debt securitiesin issue	1,699.2 1,717.2 1,249.8 1,257.3
Subordinatedliabilities	391.3 394.0 395.9 398.3
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss	299.7 299.7 127.9 127.9
Hedging derivativeliabilities	225.2 225.2 288.5 288.5

The carrying amount of borrowings from central banks, deposits from credit institutions, and other financial liabilities is a reasonable approximation of fair value, as these balances are either on demand or variable rate. Fair value is the price that would be paid to transfer a liability (or sell an asset) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

The fair value of customer deposits repayable on demand is considered to be equal to their carrying value given they are short term in nature. The fair value for all other customer deposits is estimated using discounted cash flows applying either market rates, where applicable, or current rates for deposits of similar remaining maturities. The Bank’s subordinated liabilities and derivative financial liabilities are primarily valued using discounted cash flows where the most significant input is interest yield curves developed from publicly quoted rates and by reference to instruments with risk characteristics similar to those held by the Bank. Derivative financial instruments are the only financial liabilities of the Bank that are carried at fair value.

Valuation hierarchy of financial instruments

Financial instruments carried at fair value, or for which fair values are disclosed, have been classified into three levels according to the quality and reliability of information used to determine the fair values.

Level 1 - Level 1 fair value measurements are those derived from unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Level 2 valuations are those where quoted market prices are not available, for example where the instrument is traded in a market that is not considered to be active or valuation techniques are used to determine fair value and where these techniques use inputs that are based significantly on observable market data.

Level 3 - Level 3 portfolios are those where at least one input which could have a significant effect on the instrument’s valuation is not based on observable market data.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 32

Notes to the financial statements

Sources of Funding (continued)

4. Fair value of financial liabilities (continued)

The table below analyses the fair values of the Bank’s financial liabilities between valuation hierarchies. There were no transfers between levels in 2020 or 2019.

				Total fair	Total carrying
Bank	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	value	value
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At 31 December 2020
Customerdeposits	–	34,405.2	–	34,405.2	34,375.3
Debt securitiesin issue	1,267.1	450.1	–	1,717.2	1,699.2
Subordinatedliabilities	–	394.0	–	394.0	391.3
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss	–	299.7	–	299.7	299.7
Hedging derivativeliabilities	–	225.2	–	225.2	225.2
At 31 December 2019
Customerdeposits	–	30,214.6	–	30,214.6	30,182.4
Debt securitiesin issue	1,684.4	–	–	1,684.4	1,676.3
Subordinatedliabilities	–	398.3	–	398.3	395.9
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss		127.9	–	127.9	127.9
Hedging derivativeliabilities		288.5	–	288.5	288.5

The table below analyses the fair values of the Company’s financial liabilities.

				Total fair	Total carrying
Company	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	value	value
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At 31 December 2020
Customerdeposits	–	34,405.2	–	34,405.2	34,375.3
Debt securitiesin issue	1,267.1	450.1	–	1,717.2	1,699.2
Subordinatedliabilities	–	394.0	–	394.0	391.3
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss	–	299.7	–	299.7	299.7
Hedging derivativeliabilities	–	225.2	–	225.2	225.2
At 31 December 2019
Customerdeposits	–	30,214.6	–	30,214.6	30,182.4
Debt securitiesin issue	1,257.3	–	–	1,257.3	1,249.8
Subordinatedliabilities	–	398.3	–	398.3	395.9
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss		127.9	–	127.9	127.9
Hedging derivativeliabilities		288.5	–	288.5	288.5

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 33

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets

Funds deposited with the Bank are primarily used to support lending to customers. The Bank lends money to customers using different products, including mortgages, credit cards, unsecured personal loans and overdrafts. A portion of the funds are held in reserve – we call that our liquidity portfolio, which enables the Bank to meet unexpected future funding requirements.

Accounting policies effective for the year ended December 2020

(b) Classification and measurement of financial assets

Financial assets is the term used to describe the Bank’s loans to customers and other institutions. It includes loans and advances to customers, credit institutions and central banks, financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, cash and balances with central banks and other demand deposits, derivative financial assets (see accounting policy (j) under Managing financial risk), and other advances. A financial asset is recognised on the balance sheet when the cash is advanced to the borrower, or in the case of purchases of debt securities, on the settlement date.

Classification and measurement

On initial recognition, financial assets are classified into one of three measurement categories, amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income, or fair value through profit or loss depending on the Bank’s business model for managing the financial assets and whether the cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest.

The Bank assesses its business models at a portfolio level based on its objectives for the relevant portfolio, how performance of the portfolio is measured and reported, how management are compensated and the frequency and the reasons for asset sales from the portfolio. The Bank reclassifies financial assets only when its business model for managing the portfolio of assets changes.

Financial assets that are debt instruments measured at amortised cost

Financial assets in portfolios where the business model is to hold the assets to collect the contractual cash flows and where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Cash flows are considered to represent solely payments of principal and interest where they are consistent with a basic lending arrangement. Where the contractual cash flows introduce exposures to risk or volatility unrelated to a basic lending arrangement, such as from changes in equity prices, the cash flows are not considered to be solely payments of principal and interest.

Financial assets measured at amortised cost are initially recognised when the cash is advanced to the borrower at fair value including transaction costs. Subsequent measurement is at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method. Amortised cost is the amount at which a financial asset is initially recognised, minus principal repayments, plus or minus the unamortised amount of any difference between the initial amount recognised and the maturity amount, calculated using the effective interest rate method. The carrying amount of these assets is adjusted by an expected credit loss allowance.

Financial assets that are debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)

Financial assets in portfolios where the business model is to hold the assets to collect the contractual cash flows and to generate cash flows from selling assets are measured at fair value including transaction costs. Where the cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are recognised directly in other comprehensive income. When the financial asset is either sold or matures, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in other comprehensive income is recognised in the income statement. Interest income is calculated using the effective interest method and is recognised in the income statement in net interest income. Foreign exchange gains and losses on financial assets denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the income statement in exchange gains or losses. Impairment losses are recognised in the income statement.

Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL)

Financial assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured at fair value on initial recognition and subsequently. Fair value gains and losses are recognised in the income statement within other income. Derivative financial assets are measured at FVPL (see accounting policy (j) under Managing financial risk). All equity instruments are measured at FVPL with dividends continuing to be recognised in other income in the income statement.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 34

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

Accounting policies effective for the year ended December 2020 (continued)

(c) Impairment of financial assets

The impairment requirements of IFRS 9 apply to financial assets measured at amortised cost and debt instruments measured at FVOCI. At initial recognition, an impairment allowance is required for expected credit losses (ECL) resulting from default events expected within the next 12 months (12 month ECL). In the event of a significant increase in credit risk, allowance is required for ECL resulting from default events expected over the estimated life of the financial instrument (lifetime ECL). IFRS 9 requires the financial asset to be allocated to one of the following three ‘stages’:

• ➢ Stage 1 - Financial assets which have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk since they were originated. Recognition of a 12 month ECL is required. Interest income on stage 1 financial assets is calculated on the gross carrying amount of the financial asset;

• ➢ Stage 2 – Financial assets which have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. For financial assets in stage 2, recognition of a lifetime ECL impairment allowance is required. Interest income on stage 2 financial assets is calculated on the gross carrying amount of the financial asset; and

• ➢ Stage 3 - Financial assets which have experienced one or more events that have had a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows and are considered to be credit impaired. Like stage 2, recognition of a lifetime expected ECL impairment allowance is required. However, interest income on stage 3 loans is calculated on the financial asset balance net of the impairment allowance.

Financial assets that are credit impaired at the date of their purchase or origination will be reported in a separate ‘purchased or originated as credit impaired’ (POCI) category until the loan is derecognised. The cumulative change in lifetime expected credit loss since the purchase or origination of the financial asset is recognised as a loss allowance.

Definition of default for IFRS 9

Loans and advances that are more than 90 days past due, or considered by management as unlikely to pay their obligations, are considered to be in default and credit impaired (stage 3) for IFRS 9. Examples of loans considered unlikely to pay include customers in bankruptcy or subject to an individual voluntary arrangement, customers undergoing repossession, and customers who have received a forbearance treatment, generally within the previous two years, and have either now returned to early arrears or have received an additional forbearance measure, Customers who have cured but who were 90 days past due, or considered unlikely to pay, in the previous six months are also considered to remain in default and classified as credit impaired. The Bank policy is not to rebut the presumption in IFRS 9 that loans which are more than 90 days past due are in default.

Grouping of financial assets for credit impairment losses measured on a collective basis

Expected credit losses are assessed and measured on a collective basis for homogenous groups where the financial assets within that group share similar credit risk characteristics. Given the predominant retail nature of TSB’s loans, groupings are determined using product type, such as secured (retail), unsecured, and business banking exposures. The appropriateness of the groupings is monitored and reviewed on a periodic basis. TSB does not currently assess any material exposures on an individual basis.

Significant increase in credit risk

Financial assets are considered to be in stage 2 when their credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition. The main factor that is considered by The Bank is an increase in the residual lifetime Probability of Default (PD) since initial recognition. A loan will be considered to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk, and be transferred from stage 1 to stage 2 if the residual lifetime PD has increased by a factor of 2 times the origination PD and the increase is between 10bps and 410bps (for different cohorts of secured retail), between 250bps and 770bps for unsecured products, and more than 50bps for business banking assets. As a secondary qualitative assessment criterion, financial assets that are in forbearance but not credit impaired are considered to have experienced significant increase in credit risk and will be in stage 2. As a backstop, The Bank does not rebut the presumption in IFRS 9 that all financial assets that are more than 30 days past due have experienced a significant increase in credit risk.

Consequently, in respect of loans and advances to customers, The Bank does not use the practical expedient in IFRS 9 which permits low credit risk loans (i.e. those considered investment grade) to remain in stage 1 without an assessment of significant increase (‘low credit risk exemption’). However, in respect of all other categories of financial assets at amortised cost and financial assets to fair value through other comprehensive income, the Bank uses the low credit risk exemption and categorises these financial assets as stage 1.

Credit Impaired (stage 3)

Financial assets are considered to be credit impaired and included in stage 3 when there is objective evidence of credit impairment which is consistent with the definition of default for IFRS 9 as described above.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 35

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

Accounting policies effective for the year ended December 2020 (continued)

(c) Impairment of financial assets (continued)

Purchased or originated credit impaired (POCI)

Financial assets that are credit impaired at the date of their purchase or origination will be reported in a separate POCI category. For such assets, lifetime ECL are incorporated into the calculation of the effective interest rate on initial recognition. Consequently, POCI assets do not carry an impairment allowance on initial recognition. The amount recognised as a loss subsequent to initial recognition is equal to the change in lifetime ECL since initial recognition of the asset. Subsequent to origination, POCI financial assets that no longer meet the stage 3 criteria will no longer be considered to be credit impaired but will continue to be reported as POCI.

Write offs

A loan or advance is normally written off, either partially or in full, against the related allowance when the proceeds from realising any available security have been received or there is no realistic prospect of recovery (as a result of the customer's insolvency, ceasing to trade or other reason) and the amount of the loss has been determined. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off decrease the amount of impairment losses recorded in the statement of comprehensive income. Financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with TSB’s procedures for recovery of amounts due. In the event of significant improvements in expected recoveries on stage 3 assets, impairment reversals are recognised as a credit to impairment losses in the income statement.

Modified financial assets and derecognition

A financial asset that is renegotiated is derecognised if the existing agreement is cancelled and a new agreement made on substantially different terms. Where the contractual cash flows of a financial asset have been modified and the financial asset was not derecognised, its gross carrying amount is recalculated as the present value of the modified contractual cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate with a gain or loss recognised in the income statement. The contractual terms of a loan may be modified for a number of reasons, primarily due to customers being granted a concession due to their financial difficulty and the loan being considered in forbearance.

Methodology for measuring expected credit losses

The allowance for ECLs is calculated using three main components: a probability of default (PD), a loss given default (LGD); and the exposure at default (EAD).For accounting purposes, the 12 month and lifetime PDs represent the probability of a default occurring over the next 12 months or the lifetime of the financial instruments, respectively, based on conditions existing at the balance sheet date and expected future economic conditions that affect credit risk.

The LGD represents losses expected on default, taking into account the mitigating effect of collateral, its expected value when realised and the time value of money and is discounted using the effective interest rate. The EAD represents the expected balance at default, taking into account the repayment of principal and interest from the balance sheet date to the default event together with any expected drawdown of a committed facility.

ECL is calculated by multiplying the PD (12 month or lifetime depending on the staging of the loan), LGD and EAD. In respect of TSB’s mortgages and unsecured personal loans, ECL is calculated from the initial recognition of the loan for the maximum period that TSB is exposed to credit risk, which takes into account expected customer repayment behaviour. In respect of revolving loans, such as overdrafts and credit cards, TSB’s exposure to credit risk is not limited to the contractual period and the expected life is calculated based on the estimated behavioural life of the loan and associated undrawn facility which is currently ten years. The measurement of ECL also takes into account all reasonable and supportable information, including forward looking economic scenarios to calculate a probability weighted forward looking estimate.

(d) Derecognition of financial assets

Financial assets are derecognised when the contractual right to receive cash flows from those assets has expired or when the Bank has transferred its contractual right to receive the cash flows from the assets and either (i) substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred; or (ii) The Bank has neither retained nor transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards, but has transferred control.

Where the Bank enters into securitisation transactions to finance certain loans and advances to customers using a structured entity funded by the issue of debt, these loans and advances continue to be recognised, as TSB has not transferred substantially all the risks and rewards. A corresponding liability for the funding is also recognised.

Financial instruments sold under a repurchase agreement, under which substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are retained by the Bank, continue to be recognised on the balance sheet and the sale proceeds are recognised as a financial liability. The difference between the sale and repurchase price is recognised over the life of the agreement as interest expense using the effective interest method.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 36

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

5. Debt securities

5. Debt securities
Bank and Company
	2020	2019
Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)	**£ million **	**£ million **
UKGilts	1,405.4	1,171.4
Supranational and development bank bonds	91.5	416.0
Total debt securities at FVOCI	1,496.9	1,587.4
	2020	2019
Amortised cost	**£ million **	**£ million **
UKGilts	555.3	102.9
Supranationaland development bankbonds	356.9	279.4
Covered bonds	211.5	166.3
Total debt securities at amortised cost	1,123.7	548.6

Debt securities of £1,496.9 million (2019: £1,587.4 million) are held as part of the liquid asset portfolio, where the business model is to hold the assets to collect the contractual cash flows and to generate cash flows from selling the assets. These assets are carried at FVOCI.

Debt securities of £1,123.7 million (2019: £548.6 million) are held as part of a second, separate liquid asset portfolio, where the business model is solely to hold the assets to collect the contractual cash flows. These assets are carried at amortised cost.

At 31 December 2020 UK gilts at FVOCI with a carrying value of £225.8 million (2019: £nil) were subject to repurchase agreements. A further £190.1 million had been pledged as collateral (2019: £131.7 million).

6. Loans to credit institutions

6. Loans to credit institutions
	Bank Bank Company Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Cash deposits held	43.3 373.2 – –
Total loans to credit institutions	43.3 373.2 – –

At 31 December 2020, restricted cash deposits were held in respect of the Bank’s covered bond programme. At 31 December 2019, cash deposits were held for both TSB securitisation programmes (£342.5 million) and covered bond programmes (£30.7 million). As described in note 2, during 2020, TSB’s securitisation programmes matured and the associated deposit balances were no longer required.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 37

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

7. Loans and advances to customers

7. Loans and advances to customers
	Bank Bank Company Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Secured (retail)	30,790.4 29,189.2 30,790.4 29,189.2
Unsecured portfolios	1,992.7 1,855.1 1,992.7 1,855.1
Business banking	715.3 131.1 715.3 131.1
	33,498.4 31,175.4 33,498.4 31,175.4
Valuation adjustments(1)	58.5 63.4 58.5 63.4
Gross loans and advances to customers	33,556.9 31,238.8 33,556.9 31,238.8
Allowance for credit impairment losses(2) (note 9)	(239.0) (163.0) (239.0) (163.0)
Loans and advances to customers	33,317.9 31,075.8 33,317.9 31,075.8

(1) Comprises accrued interest of £19.1 million (2019: £14.2 million) and effective interest rate adjustments of £39.4 million (2019: £49.2 million).

(2) Comprises allowance for credit impairment losses on secured lending of £43.4 million (2019: £34.7 million), unsecured lending of £187.6 million (2019: £125.1 million) and business banking lending of £8.0million (2019: £3.2 million).

In the normal course of business, the Bank provides commitments to lend to its customers as presented below.

	Bank BankCompany Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Credit cards	2,956.9 2,697.5 2,956.9 2,697.5
Mortgage offersmade	2,164.1 1,164.5 2,164.1 1,164.5
Current accounts and other lending	1,130.5 1,091.61,130.5 1,091.6
Total commitments	6,251.5 4,953.66,251.5 4,953.6

The credit impairment provision in respect of total loan commitments is shown in note 30.

8. Other advances

8. Other advances
	Bank Bank Company Company 2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Itemsinthe course ofcollection fromcreditinstitutions	21.7 16.6 21.7 16.6
Itemsinthe course ofcollection from non-creditinstitutions	2.8 0.4 2.8 0.4
Collateralplaced at centralclearinghouses	190.8 257.3 190.8 257.3
Collateralplaced with credit institutions	2.2 5.3 2.2 5.3
Total other advances	217.5 279.6 217.5 279.6

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 38

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

9. Allowance for credit impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost

The following tables detail changes in the gross carrying value of loans and advances to customers and the allowance for credit impairment losses. In addition, the movement in expected credit loss provisions in respect of off balance sheet exposures is shown in note 30. For all other classes of financial assets to which TSB is exposed to credit risk (as listed in note 19(i) on page 55), expected credit losses have been assessed as immaterial.

TSB	Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 POCI (1) **Total **
	Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses **£ million **
At 1 January2019	26,678.8 (50.8) 2,877.9 (69.7) 398.3 (71.0) 190.0 (7.2) 30,145.0 (198.7)
Changes reflected in impairment losses:
Increases due to originations	6,206.7 (23.3) 34.8 – 11.2 – 5.7 – 6,258.4 (23.3)
Decreases due to repayments	(4,400.8) 10.5 (612.7) 3.4 (72.4) 2.2 (34.4) 0.1 (5,120.3) 16.2
Changes in credit risk(2)	– 75.1 – (82.5) – (23.7) – 4.9 – (26.2)
Amounts written off	(0.1) – (0.8) 0.7 (106.8) 68.3 – – (107.7) 69.0
Transfers between stages:	(302.9) (63.8) 150.7 87.3 152.2 (23.5) – – – –
To stage 1	3,433.0 (80.6) (3,413.5) 77.4 (19.5) 3.2 – – – –
To stage 2	(3,710.8) 16.2 3,784.3 (22.2) (73.5) 6.0 – – – –
To stage 3	(25.1) 0.6 (220.1) 32.1 245.2 (32.7) – – – –
At 31 December 2019	28,181.7 (52.3) 2,449.9 (60.8) 382.5 (47.7) 161.3 (2.2) 31,175.4 (163.0)
Transfers to credit impairmentprovisions(note 30) – 8.6 – 6.5 – 0.2 – – – 15.3
Changes reflected in impairment losses:
Increases due to originations 7,594.3 (48.1) 80.0 (0.3) 15.5 – 6.3 – 7,696.1 (48.4)
Decreases due to repayments (4,725.5) 16.9 (480.2) 4.0 (76.8) 2.5 (23.6) – (5,306.1) 23.4
Changes in credit risk(2) – 30.1 – (116.6) – (22.6) – (0.6) - (109.7)
Amounts written off – – – - (67.0) 43.4 – – (67.0) 43.4
Transfers between stages: (1,297.0) (22.1) 1,151.7 48.0 145.3 (25.9) – – – –
To stage 1	3,469.8 (107.9) (3,454.0) 104.9 (15.8) 3.0 – – – –
To stage 2	(4,746.3) 85.2 4,824.3 (90.7) (78.0) 5.5 – – – –
To stage 3	(20.5) 0.6 (218.6) 33.8 239.1 (34.4) – – – –
At 31 December 2020 29,753.5 (66.9) 3,201.4 (119.2) 399.5 (50.1) 144.0 (2.8) 33,498.4 (239.0)

(1) Purchased or originated as credit impaired. (2) Includes changes to the allowance for credit impairment losses arising from stage transfers and other changes to risk parameters.

Impairment losses recognised in the income statement of £162.7 million comprise of changes in the impairment allowance reflected in the lines under the heading ‘changes reflected in impairment losses’ together with the net amounts written off as reflected in the table above. In addition, impairment losses includes the subsequent recovery of amounts previously written off and other amounts charged directly to the income statement.

Gross loans balances increased by £2,323.0 million to £33,498.4 million. This was driven by secured (retail) lending which increased by £1,601.2 million reflecting strong trading performance, particularly in the second half of 2020 following lower levels of activity in the first half due to the initial COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. In addition, business banking increased by £584.1 million, primarily due to lending through the Bounce Back Loan Scheme. Growth in unsecured balances was more muted, increasing £137.7 million, reflecting lower demand as consumers reduced spending during 2020.

Stage 1 gross loans increased by £1,571.8 million reflecting the increase described above partially offset by a net transfer of £1,297.0 million to stages 2 and 3. This reflected the deterioration in the economic outlook from COVID-19. Gross transfers from stage 1 to stage 2 of £4,746.3 million reflect the initial impact of COVID-19. This was partially offset by balances transferring back from stage 2 to stage 1 in the second half of the year as customer behaviour and economic forecasts settled and the effect of the change to the thresholds for assessing significant increase in credit risk, as described on page 44. Determining the threshold between stage 1 and 2 requires judgment in assessing significant increase in credit risk as also described on page 44.

Stage 2 balances increased by £751.5 million reflecting the net transfers in from stage 1, partially offset by ongoing customer repayments of balances. Stage 3 balances increased by £17.0 million reflecting the deteriorating economic environment in 2020 but this was largely offset by loan balances written off and customer repayments.

Gross loans written off during 2020 of £67.0 million (2019: £107.7 million) continue to be subject to the right to undertake enforcement activities, despite there being no realistic prospect of recovery.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 39

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

9. Allowance for credit impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost (continued)

The tables below set out movements analysed between TSB’s mortgage portfolios and other lending classes.	The tables below set out movements analysed between TSB’s mortgage portfolios and other lending classes.
Secured (retail)	Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 POCI **Total **
	Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses **£ million **
At 1 January2019	25,202.3 (17.6) 2,250.9 (4.4) 287.3 (7.5) 189.8 (7.0) 27,930.3 (36.5)
Changes reflected in impairment losses:
Increases due to originations	5,823.1 (18.3) 6.3 – 3.0 – 3.4 – 5,835.8 (18.3)
Decreases due to repayments	(4,054.6) 9.7 (425.6) 0.8 (62.8) 1.0 (32.0) – (4,575.0) 11.5
Changes in credit risk	– 12.8 – (7.7) – (1.4) – 4.9 – 8.6
Amounts written off	– – – – (1.9) – – – (1.9) –
Transfers between stages	(223.4) (2.9) 145.3 3.8 78.1 (0.9) – – – –
To stage 1	2,776.5 (5.6) (2,762.9) 5.5 (13.6) 0.1 – – – –
To stage 2	(2,990.1) 2.7 3,055.7 (3.9) (65.6) 1.2 – – – –
To stage 3	(9.8) (147.5) 2.2 157.3 (2.2) – – – –
At 31 December 2019	26,747.4 (16.3) 1,976.9 (7.5) 303.7 (8.8) 161.2 (2.1) 29,189.2 (34.7)
Transfers to credit impairmentprovisions(note 30) – – – – – 0.1 – – – 0.1
Changes reflected in impairment losses:
Increases due to originations 6,164.0 (32.4) 13.1 (0.3) 6.0 – 4.5 – 6,187.6 (32.7)
Decreases due to repayments (4,193.9) 15.9 (317.1) 1.3 (53.0) 2.3 (21.9) - (4,585.9) 19.5
Changes in credit risk – 10.3 – (5.3) – 0.1 – (0.7) – 4.4
Amounts written off – – – – (0.5) – – – (0.5) –
Transfers between stages: (943.7) 11.9 867.3 (8.0) 76.4 (3.9) – – – –
To stage 1	2,667.8 (7.8) (2,656.9) 7.5 (10.9) 0.3 – – – –
To stage 2	(3,607.4) 19.6 3,679.7 (21.3) (72.3) 1.7 – – – –
To stage 3	(4.1) 0.1 (155.5) 5.8 159.6 (5.9) – – – –
At 31 December 2020 27,773.8 (10.6) 2,540.2 (19.8) 332.6 (10.2) 143.8 (2.8) 30,790.4 (43.4)
Unsecured and business banking £million £million £million £million £million £million £million £million £million £million
At 1 January2019 1476.5 (33.2) 627.0 (65.3) 111.0 (63.5) 0.2 (0.2) 2,214.7 (162.2)
Changes reflected in impairment losses:
Increases due to originations 383.6 (5.0) 28.5 – 8.2 – 2.3 – 422.6 (5.0)
Decreases due to repayments (346.2) 0.8 (187.1) 2.6 (9.6) 1.2 (2.4) 0.1 (545.3) 4.7
Changes in credit risk – 62.3 – (74.8) – (22.3) – – – (34.8)
Amounts written off (0.1) – (0.8) 0.7 (104.9) 68.3 – – (105.8) 69.0
Transfers between stages: (79.5) (60.9) 5.4 83.5 74.1 (22.6) – – – –
To stage 1	656.5 (75.0) (650.6) 71.9 (5.9) 3.1 – – – –
To stage 2	(720.7) 13.5 728.6 (18.3) (7.9) 4.8 – – – –
To stage 3	(15.3) 0.6 (72.6) 29.9 87.9 (30.5) – – – –
At 31 December 2019 1,434.3 (36.0) 473.0 (53.3) 78.8 (38.9) 0.1 (0.1) 1,986.2 (128.3)
Business banking portfolio(1) (118.1) 1.7 (9.6) 0.7 (3.5) 0.8 - - (131.2) 3.2
Unsecured - at 1 January 2020 1,316.2 (34.3) 463.4 (52.6) 75.3 (38.1) 0.1 (0.1) 1,855.0 (125.1)
Transfers to credit impairmentprovisions – 8.3 – 6.4 – 0.1 – – – 14.8
Changes reflected in impairment losses:
Increases due to originations 708.0 (13.1) 10.8 – 7.0 – 1.8 - 727.6 (13.1)
Decreases due to repayments (357.3) 1.0 (143.8) 2.6 (20.9) 0.1 (1.7) - (523.7) 3.7
Changes in credit risk – 8.2 – (96.9) – (22.7) – 0.1 - (111.3)
Amounts written off – – – – (66.2) 43.4 – – (66.2) 43.4
Transfers between stages: (271.2) (21.2) 204.4 42.7 66.8 (21.5) – – – –
To stage 1	676.5 (81.8) (672.1) 79.5 (4.4) 2.3 – – – –
To stage 2	(931.5) 60.1 936.6 (63.7) (5.1) 3.6 – – – –
To stage 3	(16.2) 0.5 (60.1) 26.9 76.3 (27.4) – – – –
Unsecured - At 31 December 2020 1,395.7 (51.1) 534.8 (97.8) 62.0 (38.7) 0.2 – 1,992.7 (187.6)

(1) Business banking is presented as a separate class of financial instrument in 2020 .

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 40

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

9. Allowance for credit impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost (continued)

During 2020, the business banking portfolio increased significantly as a result of lending under the Bounce Back Loan Scheme. Given the different risk characteristics in this portfolio relative to the unsecured portfolios, business banking is considered to be a separate asset class of financial instrument and movements during 2020 in gross loans and allowances have been presented separately.

Business banking	Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 POCI **Total **
	Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million Gross Loans £ million Allow. for credit impair- ment losses £ million
At 31 December 2019	118.1 (1.7) 9.6 (0.7) 3.5 (0.8) – – 131.2 (3.2)
Transfers to credit impairmentprovisions	– 0.3 – 0.1 – – – – 0.4
Changes reflected in impairment losses:
Increases due to originations	722.3 (2.6) 56.1 – 2.5 – - – 780.9 (2.6)
Decreases due to repayments	(174.3) – (19.3) 0.1 (2.9) 0.1 – – (196.5) 0.2
Changes in credit risk	– 11.6 – (14.4) – – – – – (2.8)
Amounts written off	– – – – (0.3) – – – (0.3) –
Transfers between stages:	(82.1) (12.8) 80.0 13.3 2.1 (0.5) – – – –
To stage 1	125.5 (18.3) (125.0) 17.9 (0.5) 0.4 – – – –
To stage 2	(207.4) 5.5 208.0 (5.7) (0.6) 0.2 – – – –
To stage 3	(0.2) – (3.0) 1.1 3.2 (1.1) – – – –
At 31 December 2020	584.0 (5.2) 126.4 (1.6) 4.9 (1.2) – – 715.3 (8.0)

As described on page 44, a post model adjustment (PMA) of £2.3 million was recognised in the impairment allowance in relation to Bounce Back Loan Scheme loans underwritten in the year where it has been assessed that there is a possibility TSB will not be able to call on the government guarantee. This reflects a risk that there may be additional Bounce Back Loan exposures where TSB might not be able to call on the government guarantee. TSB has sought to mitigate this risk through a number of internal actions which include scheme eligibility assessments for individual loans and proactive discussions with the British Business Bank.

Significant estimates - measurement uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of expected credit losses

The measurement of the allowance for credit impairment losses is complex and involves the use of significant judgement and estimation uncertainty as follows:

• Estimation uncertainty from the use of multiple forward-looking economic scenarios and associated weightings;

• Judgements required to adjust modelled outcomes to reflect where they are not considered to fully capture expected credit losses (referred to as PMAs); and

• Judgements required to assess when a financial asset has experienced a significant increase in credit risk.

Forecast economic scenarios

TSB currently uses four economic scenarios, representative of management’s view of forecast economic conditions. Key scenario assumptions are set internally for GDP, house prices, unemployment, and interest rates. The forecast for GDP is compared with data published by the Bank of England and other external sources to ensure the scenarios are free from bias and reflect independent external information.

Severe downside scenarios, when considered appropriate, are typically aligned with those used for ICAAP purposes and are considered to be tail risk scenarios, used to capture non-linearity in expected credit losses. This is where the relationship of credit losses to the relevant economic variables which influence credit losses (e.g. house prices or unemployment) is such that each unit of change in an economic variable does not lead to a uniform change in expected credit losses. For example, credit losses in secured portfolios may remain subdued in an environment where house prices exhibit only a small decrease. However, after a certain level of house price fall credit losses would be forecast to increase more meaningfully where collateral values fall below the level of the customer loan.

Scenarios and associated weightings are reviewed monthly by an internal forum and updated, as necessary, to enable significant developments to be taken into account in measuring credit impairment provisions. The scenarios and weightings are presented quarterly for review and approval for use by the Audit Committee.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 41

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

9. Allowance for credit impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost (continued)

The four scenarios, together with the weightings applied at December 2020, are described below. By necessity, these scenarios have been updated significantly from the scenarios used in 2019 to reflect the impact in 2020 of COVID-19. At the date of this report, GDP was expected to have decreased by 11.5% in 2020 while house prices remained buoyant and unemployment stable, reflecting support from the government through measures such as the various job protection schemes and relaxations to stamp duty on house purchases. Throughout 2020, the potential outcomes from the UK:EU trade agreement negotiations were monitored and reflected in the suite of economic scenarios used throughout the year. Subsequent to the agreement reached in December, scenarios that considered the specific risks of ‘no deal’ Brexit were removed.

Base case scenario: Cautious recovery following the COVID-19 economic ‘shock’ in 2020

• Following a significant fall in 2020, a recovery in GDP commences from early 2021 with a return to pre-pandemic levels in the first half of 2022. Employment levels continue to be maintained by government support schemes, with unemployment forecast to peak in the second quarter of 2021 at 7.3%. Forecast house prices are expected to suffer a peak to trough fall of 12% by the second half of 2021, reflecting the anticipated increase in unemployment and the end of the current temporary concession in stamp duty.

Downside scenario: Recovery stalls in the first half of 2021

• GDP begins to recover in H1 2021, but at a slower rate than the base case scenario, as restrictions remain in place. Certain sectors, such as hospitality and leisure, are particularly damaged. Unemployment rises sharply, peaking at 8.7% in the second quarter of 2021 due to weak recovery and the ending of the Government’s support schemes. Unemployment eventually begins to fall but remains higher than the base case due to long-term scarring effects. In response, the BoE cuts Bank Rate to zero. House prices suffer a peak to trough fall of 15% in this scenario.

Severe downside (low interest rate) scenario: Uncontrolled pandemic

• Designed to capture the risks of a high impact, low probability scenario where the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be controlled. Confidence collapses and there is a significant flight from higher risk assets. GDP stagnates in 2021 after another decrease in Q1 2021. Unemployment rises to a peak of 10.8% in Q2 2021 and drives a house price fall of 23%, despite Bank Rate being cut to zero.

Upside: Rapid Recovery

• Developments in health/technology eradicate the COVID-19 virus more quickly than in the base case scenario and the economy is boosted by supportive fiscal and monetary policies. Unemployment rises less sharply in H1 2021 than in the base case and reverses more quickly due to the stronger recovery. The BoE leaves Bank Rate on hold until Q4 2022. By this time, GDP has comfortably surpassed its Q4 2019 level, and unemployment is below 4%. House prices fall in 2021 but recover more rapidly than the base case in 2022 and beyond.

The table below shows the weightings applied to each of the economic scenarios applied in measuring the allowance for credit impairment losses, together with ranges of the most sensitive inputs of unemployment, house prices, and interest rates:

	At 31 December 2020
	Base case Upside Downside Severe Downside
Scenarioweighting	50 % 10 % 35 % 5 %
Unemployment Peak rate	7.3 % 6.1% 8.7% 10.8 %
House prices Peak-to-trough fall	(11.8)% (6.9)% (15.2)% (22.5)%
Interestrates Most extreme rate(1)	0.25 % 1.25 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
	At 31 December 2019
	Base case Upside MildDown Downside Severe Down%
Scenarioweighting	40% 10% 20% 25% 5%
Unemployment Peak rate	3.8% 3.8% 5.1% 6.3% 9.2%
House prices Peak-to-trough fall	+ve +ve (14.0)% (20.5)% (34.5)%
Interestrates Most extreme rate(1)	0.75% 2.0% 0.25% 0.0% 4.0%

(1) The most extreme rate is the interest rate furthest from the current rate, either positive or negative.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 42

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

9. Allowance for credit impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost (continued)

The table below sets out the key economic variables used in the scenarios, together with their weighted averages.

Scenario Weighting	Economic measure(1) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Upside 10%	GDP 9.3% 6.7% 1.7% 1.6% 1.6%
	Unemployment 4.3% 3.4% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3%
	House prices (5.8)% 4.4% 4.8% 5.0% 3.6%
	Interestrates 0.1% 0.25% 0.75% 1.25% 1.25%
Base 50%	GDP 6.1% 5.8% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4%
	Unemployment 6.8% 5.0% 4.5% 4.2% 4.0%
	House prices (11.8)% 7.3% 5.6% 5.0% 3.6%
	Interestrates 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.25%
Downside 35%	GDP 3.5% 4.9% 1.3% 1.4% 1.4%
	Unemployment 8.0% 6.4% 5.6% 5.0% 5.0%
	House prices (13.5)% 3.1% 5.6% 5.0% 3.6%
	Interestrates 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Severe Down 5%	GDP 0.8% 3.6% 1.2% 1.4% 1.4%
	Unemployment 9.3% 7.1% 6.5% 6.1% 5.6%
	House prices (13.5)% (10.3)% 0% 0% 3.4%
	Interestrates 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Weighted average n/a	GDP 5.2% 5.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4%
	Unemployment 7.0% 5.4% 4.9% 4.5% 4.4%
	House prices (11.9)% 4.7% 5.2% 4.8% 3.6%
	Interestrates 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.25%

(1) GDP is presented as the annual change in forecast quarterly average GDP for each year. Unemployment and interest rates are presented as the Q4 forecast for each year. House price changes are presented as the year-on-year change in Q4 forecast house prices in each year.

Key variables in each of the scenarios, as set out above, are assumed to revert to a long term constant rate over a period of up to two years after the end of the initial forecast period. The long term reversionary rates used are forecast as follows: GDP 1.5% (2019: 1.5%), unemployment 4.0% (2019: 3.6%); interest rates 1.0% (2019: 1.25%); and house price growth of 3.75% (2019: 3.75%) per annum.

Sensitivity to alternative weightings

The calculation of the allowance for credit impairment losses is sensitive to changes in the chosen weightings. The table below summarises the impact on the allowance for credit impairment losses from the use of alternative scenario weightings. The probability-weighted allowance for credit impairment losses was 10% higher (2019: 21% higher) than if it had been measured using only the base case scenario assumptions.

	2020	2019
	£ million	£ million
Allowance for credit losses	239.0	163.0
Provision foroffbalance sheet exposures (note 30)	19.2	2.6
Combined on and off balance sheet-using weighted forecast	258.2	165.6
Increase/(decrease) if a 100% weighting was applied to each scenario:
Upside	(50.0)	(34.0)
Base case	(23.0)	(29.0)
Downside	33.0	20.0
Severe down – low rate	177.0	208.0

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 43

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

9. Allowance for credit impairment losses on financial assets at amortised cost (continued)

Judgements required in assessing post model adjustments

At 31 December 2020, the allowance of £239.0 million (2019: £163.0 million) included PMAs of £41.2 million (2019: £57.6 million) as shown in the table below:

million) as shown in the table below:
	2020	2019
	£million	£million
COVID-19 related (consumer behaviour)	38.0	–
Impairment default triggers	14.7	17.4
Model performance	19.9	16.8
Operational matters	13.0	23.4
Economic scenarios	(11.2)	–
BounceBack LoanScheme	(33.2)	–
**Total **	41.2	57.6

The suite of methodologies used to calculate PMAs are grounded in similar principles to those adopted for the core impairment models, with the inputs and PMA methodologies subject to regular oversight and PMA outputs reviewed in a consistent manner to the output from the core impairment models. The key categories of PMAs are as follows:

• COVID-19 related PMAs capture the increased risk of credit losses in all portfolios arising from changes in consumer behaviour which have not been considered in conditioning the impairment models. For example, circumstances, such as customer repayment holidays, static bureau data reporting, and associated exclusion from forbearance classifications, together with changes in customer spending patterns are changing the indicators of underlying credit risk but are not being captured by the impairment models.

• Impairment default trigger PMAs primarily reflect management’s judgement that impairment models do not fully capture the risks of credit losses arising from interest only mortgage redemptions and certain mortgage customer’s current affordability benefitting from low interest rates.

• Model performance PMAs capture adjustments for known weaknesses in the impairment models for secured (retail) and unsecured portfolios. These have been temporarily remediated through PMAs until a rebuild of the model or model component can be completed and implemented within the core ECL model framework.

• PMAs to address operational matters have reduced significantly in 2020 reflecting the clearance of historical, migration related delays to unsecured loan charge offs and the adoption during 2020 of updated house price indexation data.

• The economic scenarios PMA was required to reflect late changes in economic scenarios that took account of Brexit negotiations and COVID-19 developments in the finalisation of the approved economic scenarios and associated weightings, as described starting on page 41.

• A PMA to reduce the modelled allowance for credit impairment losses by £35.5 million in respect of Bounce Back loans was required as the government guarantee is not a feature of the associated business banking loss given default model. This was partially offset by a £2.3 million PMA that increased the impairment allowance to reflect the risk of reduced recovery under the government guarantee arising from potential deficiencies in operational processes.

Judgements required in assessing significant increase in credit risk

TSB’s policy for determining when a financial asset has experienced a significant increase in credit risk is explained on page 35. In applying this policy, the key judgement is the level of increase in the residual lifetime probability of default (PD) as compared to the equivalent position at the origination of the financial asset. At 31 December 2020, secured (retail) loans were considered to have experienced a significant increase in credit risk (and be in stage 2) when the residual lifetime PD had increased by a factor of 2 times the origination PD and the increase was between 10bps and 410bps (2019: 10bps). In addition , the threshold was 2 times the origination PD and the increase was between 250bps and 770bps (2019: 30bps100bps) for unsecured and more than 50bps for business banking. In assessing the appropriateness of this judgement, management applied a framework that considers a number of quantitative factors, including the accuracy of the thresholds and their predictive ability. In the light of analysis undertaken during 2020, changes in thresholds resulted in £578.6 million of gross loans being transferred from stage 2 to stage 1, together with the associated impairment allowance of £0.1 million.

Consistent with the COVID-19 related PMA described above, a PMA was applied to the modelled stage allocation of gross loans to capture the increased risk of credit losses arising from changes in consumer behaviour which have not been considered in conditioning the impairment models. This resulted in the transfer of £1,193.1 million of gross balances from stage 1 to stage 2 and £24.3 million from stage 2 to stage 3.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 44

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

10. Fair value of financial assets

The following table summarises the carrying values of financial assets presented on the balance sheet and the fair value of these financial instruments. The fair values presented are at a specific date and may be significantly different from the amount which will actually be received on the maturity or settlement date.

amount which will actually be received on the maturity or settlement date.
Bank Note	2020 2019
	Carrying value £ million Fair value £ million Carrying value £ million Fair value **£ million **
Financial assets
Debt securities at amortised cost	1,123.7 1,127.9 548.6 549.9
Loans and advances to customers	33,317.9 33,315.0 31,075.8 31,040.7
Financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	1,496.9 1,496.9 1,587.4 1,587.4
Derivativefinancialassets atfair value throughprofit or loss	198.3 198.3 111.5 111.5
Hedging derivativefinancialassets	139.9 139.9 93.4 93.4

Company Note	2020 2019
	Carrying value £ million Fair value £ million Carrying value Restated(1) £ million Fair value Restated(1) **£ million **
Financial assets
Debt securities at amortised cost	1,123.7 1,127.9 548.6 549.9
Loans and advances to customers	33,317.9 33,315.0 31,075.8 31,040.7
Financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	1,496.9 1,496.9 1,587.4 1,587.4
Derivativefinancialassets atfair value throughprofit or loss	198.3 198.3 126.2 126.2
Hedging derivativefinancialassets	139.9 139.9 49.8 49.8

(1) Restated as described in note 33.

Cash, cash balances at central banks and other demand deposits; loans and advances to central banks; loans and advances to credit institutions and other advances are generally short term in nature and to counterparties with a high credit quality and the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

The Bank provides loans at both fixed and variable rates. Fair value is principally estimated by discounting anticipated cash flows (including interest at contractual rates) at market rates for similar loans offered by the Bank and other financial institutions. Certain loans secured on residential properties are made at a fixed rate for a limited period, typically two to five years, after which the loans revert to the relevant variable rate. The fair value of such loans is estimated by reference to the market rates for similar loans of maturity equal to the remaining fixed interest rate period.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 45

Notes to the financial statements

Loans and liquid assets (continued)

10. Fair value of financial assets (continued)

Valuation hierarchy of financial assets carried at amortised cost

The table below analyses the fair values of financial assets carried at amortised cost and for which fair value is disclosed.

					Total
Bank and Company				Total fair	carrying
	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	value	value
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Debt securities at amortised cost	1,127.9	–	–	1,127.9	1,123.7
Loans and advances to customers	–	–	33,315.0	33,315.0	33,317.9
At 31 December 2020	1,127.9	–	33,315.0	34,442.9	34,441.6
At 31 December 2019	549.9	–	31,040.7	31,590.6	31,624.4

Valuation hierarchy of financial assets carried at fair value

The table below analyses the fair values of the financial assets of the Bank which are carried at fair value.

					Total
Bank				Total fair	carrying
	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	value	value
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At 31 December 2020
Financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	1,496.9	–	–	1,496.9	1,496.9
Derivative assets atfair value throughprofit or loss	–	198.3	–	198.3	198.3
Hedgingderivative assets	–	139.9	–	139.9	139.9
Total	1,496.9	338.2	–	1,835.1	1,835.1
At 31 December 2019
Financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	1,587.4	–	–	1,587.4	1,587.4
Derivative assets atfair value throughprofit or loss	–	111.5	–	111.5	111.5
Hedgingderivative assets	–	93.4	–	93.4	93.4
Total	1,587.4	204.9	–	1,792.3	1,792.3
					Total
Company				Total fair	carrying
	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	value	value
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At 31 December 2020
Financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	1,496.9	–	–	1,496.9	1,496.9
Derivative assets atfair value throughprofit or loss	–	198.3	–	198.3	198.3
Hedgingderivative assets	–	139.9	–	139.9	139.9
Total	1,496.9	338.2	–	1,835.1	1,835.1
At 31 December 2019
Financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	1,587.4	–	–	1,587.4	1,587.4
Derivative assets atfair value throughprofit or loss(1)	–	126.2	–	126.2	126.2
Hedgingderivative assets	–	49.8	–	49.8	49.8
Total	1,587.4	161.3	–	1,763.4	1,763.4

(1) Restated as described in note 33.

A description of the fair value levels is included in note 4.

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income are valued using quoted market prices and are therefore classified as Level 1 assets. Derivative financial assets are primarily collateralised interest rate swaps and are valued using a discounted cash flow model where the most significant input is interest yield curves which are developed from publicly quoted LIBOR and SONIA rates. As such derivative financial instruments are classified as Level 2 assets.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 46

Notes to the financial statements

Income

We earn income in the form of interest that we receive on the loans we make to customers and from our liquidity portfolio and we pay interest to savings and bank account customers on the money they deposit with us and to providers of other forms of funding. We also earn other income in the form of fees and charges from the provision of banking services and commissions from the sale of certain third party products such as general insurance.

Accounting policies relevant to recognising income

(e) Interest income and expense

Financial instruments classified as amortised cost and fair value through other comprehensive income

Interest income and expense are recognised in the income statement for all interest-bearing financial instruments using the EIR method. The EIR method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or liability and of allocating the interest income or interest expense. The EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability.

The effective interest rate is calculated on initial recognition of the financial asset or liability, estimating the future cash flows after considering all the contractual terms of the instrument but not future credit losses. The calculation includes all amounts paid or received by the bank that are an integral part of the overall return, direct incremental transaction costs related to the acquisition, issue or disposal of a financial instrument and all other premiums or discounts. Reversionary interest is not included in the assessment of the effective interest rate on secured products. Once a financial asset or a group of similar financial assets has been written down as a result of an impairment loss, interest income is recognised using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss (see accounting policy (c) on impairment of financial assets).

For financial assets, interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset. There are two exceptions to this as follows:

(i) Interest income in respect of financial assets that have become credit impaired (stage 3) subsequent to their initial recognition is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to their amortised cost, net of expected loss provision; and

(ii) Interest income in respect of financial assets classified as purchased or originated credit impaired (POCI) is calculated by applying the original credit adjusted effective interest rate to the amortised cost of the financial asset.

Derivative financial instruments

Interest income and expense on derivative financial instruments in qualifying hedge accounting relationships, where the hedged item is a financial asset, is recognised in interest income. Where the hedged item is a financial liability, the derivative interest income or expense is recognised in interest expense. Interest income and expense on derivatives classified as held for trading is recognised in interest income.

(f) Other operating income

Other operating income, including fees and commissions, which are not an integral part of the EIR are generally recognised over time as the service is provided and TSB satisfies its performance obligations.

Renewal commission income is recognised when TSB satisfies its performance obligations under the relevant contract and management concludes that there is a high probability that there will be no significant reversal of the estimated income.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 47

Notes to the financial statements

Income (continued)

11. Net interest income

11. Net interest income
Bank	2020	2019
	£ million	£ million
Interest and similar income
Interestincome calculated using the effectiveinterestmethod:
Cash, cashbalances at centralbanks and otherdemand deposits	9.8	47.0
Financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	15.1	24.5
Debt securities at amortised cost	7.6	4.3
Loans to creditinstitutions	0.5	2.1
Loans and advances to customers	889.0	972.7
	922.0	1,050.6
Derivative financial instruments	(41.0)	(5.8)
Total interest and similar income	881.0	1,044.8
Interest and similar expense
Interest expense calculated using the effectiveinterestmethod:
Borrowingsfromcentralbanks	(9.5)	(46.0)
Depositsfromcreditinstitutions	(0.1)	(0.2)
Customerdeposits	(74.7)	(116.4)
Repurchase agreements	–	(1.8)
Debt securitiesin issue	(13.8)	(21.8)
Subordinatedliabilities	(22.4)	(22.4)
Lease liabilities	(1.3)	(1.6)
	(121.8)	(210.2)
Derivative financial instruments	27.2	6.5
Total interest and similar expense	(94.6)	(203.7)
Net interest income	786.4	841.1

Included within interest and similar income is £15.9 million (2019: £18.7 million) in respect of impaired financial assets.

12. Net fee and commission income

12. Net fee and commission income
Bank	2020	2019
	£ million	£ million
Fee and commission income
Bankaccounts	43.8	47.8
Credit and debit cardfeeincome	55.4	85.7
Insurance commission income	9.2	11.0
Other	14.0	15.3
	122.4	159.8
Fee and commission expense
Bankaccounts	(19.5)	(28.2)
Credit and debit cardfee expense	(1.4)	(0.2)
Other	(15.6)	(13.1)
	(36.5)	(41.5)
Net fee and commission income	85.9	118.3

The decrease in fee and commission income in 2020 was primarily driven by lower levels of consumer spending resulting from COVID-19, which crystallised in the form of lower interchange income, international payments, foreign exchange and ATM reciprocity. The prior year also benefitted from a non recurring £22.0 million in respect of changes made to card servicing arrangements. Fees and commissions which are an integral part of the EIR are recognised in net interest income.

13. Other operating income

13. Other operating income
Bank	2020	2019
	£ million	£ million
Migration relatedincome (1)	35.1	–
Rental income	0.6	0.8
Other income	2.1	0.4
Total other operating income	37.8	1.2

(1) Migration related income from Lloyds Banking Group of £17.6 million and insurance recoveries of post migration losses of £17.5 million.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 48

Notes to the financial statements

Charges

Running a bank with 5 million customers comes with overheads. Charges we incur include the costs of paying our employees, running our branches, investing in our business, paying for advertising and marketing. Occasionally, our customers’ circumstances change and they are expected to be unable to repay the money they borrow from us causing us to incur impairment losses. Finally, the Bank complies with its tax obligations to HMRC.

Accounting policies relevant to recognising charges

(g) Pensions and other post-retirement benefits

The Bank operates defined contribution pension plans under which fixed contributions are paid. The costs of the Bank’s defined contribution plans are charged to the income statement, as an operating expense, in the period in which they fall due.

(h) Share-based compensation

The Bank operates a number of cash settled share-based compensation plans, in respect of services received from certain of its employees. The total expense is recognised over the vesting period, which is the period over which all of the specified vesting conditions are to be satisfied. A corresponding credit is recognised as a liability. In addition, in some circumstances employees may provide services in advance of the grant date and therefore the liability is estimated for the purposes of recognising the expense during the period between service commencement period and grant date.

At the end of each reporting period, the fair value of the liability is measured with any changes in fair value recognised in operating expenses.

(i) Taxation

Current corporation tax which is payable or receivable on taxable profits or losses is recognised as a tax expense or credit in the period in which the profits or losses arise.

Deferred tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements.

Deferred tax is determined using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date that are expected to apply when the related deferred tax asset is realised or the deferred tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax assets are recognised where it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred and current tax assets and liabilities are offset when they arise in the same tax reporting group and where there is both a legal right of offset and the intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 49

Notes to the financial statements

Charges (continued)

14. Operating expenses

14. Operating expenses
Bank	2020	2019
	**£ million **	**£ million **
Staffcosts
Wages and salaries	239.8	260.0
Socialsecurity costs	25.7	26.6
Otherpensioncosts	32.1	34.4
Severance costs	45.1	34.3
Other staff costs	6.3	13.0
Total staffcosts	349.0	368.3
Premises expenses
Rent	7.3	5.4
Rates,maintenance and otherpremises expenses	63.4	48.3
Total premises expenses	70.7	53.7
Other expenses
ITservicing andlicense costs	231.7	194.1
Regulatory,legaland consultancy costs	58.9	72.7
Collectionandrecovery conduct charges (note 30)	55.0	–
Marketing	42.3	40.3
Otherexpenses(1)	87.5	131.6
Recoveryof additionalpost migration charges	–	(39.6)
Total other expenses	475.4	399.1
Depreciationofproperty and equipment	41.8	26.3
Depreciationof right ofuse asset	25.8	28.2
Amortisation of intangible assets	6.7	5.7
Total operating expenses	969.4	881.3

(1) Other expenses primarily comprise of the costs of various operational contracts, costs of non-staff contractors, fraud and operational losses.

The monthly average number of employees on a headcount basis during the year was 7,068 (2019: 8,198), all of whom were employed in the UK. Included in employee costs is remuneration paid to key management personnel as set out in note 25(i).

Included in other expenses are fees payable to TSB’s auditors as set out in the table below:

	2020	2019
	**£ million **	**£ million **
Feespayable to the Company’s auditor for the audit of the Company’s annual accounts	3.1	4.1
Feespayable to the Company’s auditor and its associates for other services:
Audit related assurance services	1.3	0.2
Total feespayable to TSB’s auditors	4.4	4.3

Audit related assurance services in 2020 reflect fees payable to the Company’s auditor for the audit the half year accounts, as required by TSB’s parent, Sabadell. In 2019, such fees were disclosed within amounts for the audit of the Company’s annual accounts.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 50

Notes to the financial statements

Charges (continued)

15. Directors’ emoluments

The aggregate remuneration of the Directors during the year was as follows:

	2020	2019
	£ 000	£ 000
Remunerationpaid toDirectorsin respect ofqualifying services	2,699	2,660
Employercontributions to pensionschemes (including cashpaidin lieu)	**287 **	232
Cash received under long-term incentive arrangements	–	481
Total	2,986	3,373

The aggregate remuneration, including cash received under long-term incentive arrangements (2019 only), of the highest paid director was £1,166,327 (2019: £1,442,660) for qualifying services as a TSB director.

The table below presents the number of Directors , who:
	2020	2019
	**Number **	Number
Exercised share options	–	–
Received shares under long term incentive schemes	–	1
Accrued pensionbenefits underdefined contributionpensionschemes	2	2

16. Share-based payments

During 2020, expenses of £2.7 million (2019: £1.3 million) were recognised in respect of share based compensation arrangements. Such arrangements are limited to the operation of a Share Incentive Plan (SIP) which provide employees with the opportunity to own shares in Sabadell and the granting, where relevant, of shares to certain senior employees as part of their recruitment arrangements.

As all share-based compensation arrangements involve an award of Sabadell shares, these arrangements are accounted for as cash settled share-based payment arrangements resulting in the recognition of a liability. This liability is remeasured monthly, with changes recognised in operating expenses, to reflect the latest Sabadell share price and the estimated number of shares expected to vest. At 31 December 2020, £4.1 million (2019: £5.4 million) was recognised in respect of share-based payment liabilities. An explanation of the instruments transacted to economically hedge TSB’s exposure to share based payment liabilities is set out in note 25(ii).

TSB also operated a Sharesave scheme where eligible employees had the opportunity to enter into a contract to save up to £500 per month and, at the maturity date, three years from the start of the savings contract, had the option to use these savings to acquire shares in Sabadell. The options under the scheme vested on 1 October 2019 and employees had until 31 March 2020 to exercise their options after which time all remaining unvested options lapsed. Any participants who had taken a payment holiday had a later maturity date. At 31 December 2020 no options remained outstanding. At 31 December 2019, the fair value of the options, determined using a Black Scholes option pricing model, was 8.0 pence and a liability of £2.3 million was recognised on the consolidated balance sheet.

Bank	2020 2019
	Number of options (Sabadell) (000’s) Weighted average exercise price (pence) Number of options (Sabadell) (000’s) Weighted average exercise price (pence)
Outstanding at1January	7,955 77.68 11,990 77.68
Granted	– – – –
Exercised	(1,204) 77.68 (2,619) 77.68
Forfeited	(6,751) 77.68 (780) 77.68
Cancelled	– – (636) 77.68
Outstanding at 31 December	– – 7,955 77.68
Exercisable at 31 December	– – 7,955 77.68

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 51

Notes to the financial statements

Charges (continued)

17. Taxation

The table below sets out the credit/(charge) to UK corporation tax recognised in the income statement:

Bank	2020	2019
	**£ million **	£ million
**UK corporation tax **
Current taxcharge on(loss)/profitforthe year	–	–
Adjustments in respect ofprioryears	–	0.7
Current tax credit	–	0.7
Deferred tax (note 18)
Originationandreversaloftemporary differences:
Deferred taxcharge onbusiness transfers	(20.5)	(20.9)
ChangeinUKcorporationtax rate	7.7	–
Accelerated capitalallowances	0.7	0.5
Adjustmentsin respect ofprioryears	1.7	(0.7)
Deferred taxcreditin relationto tradinglosses	57.3	3.8
Other	(2.6)	(2.6)
Deferred tax credit/(charge)	44.3	(19.9)
Taxation credit/(charge)	44.3	(19.2)
A reconciliation of the credit/(charge) that would result from applying the UK corporation	tax rate to (loss)/profit	before
taxation to the actual taxation credit/(charge) for the year is presented below:
Bank	2020	2019
	**£ million **	£ million
(Loss)/profit before taxation	(200.5)	45.4
Taxationcredit/(charge) at applied UKcorporationtax rate of 27.0% (2019: 27.0%)	54.1	(12.3)
**Factors affecting charge: **
Disallowed costs	(19.7)	(6.1)
Changes to UKcorporationtax rates	7.7	(0.7)
Adjustmentsin respect ofprioryears	1.7	(0.1)
Other	0.5	–
Taxation credit/(charge)	44.3	(19.2)

The applied UK corporation tax rate of 27% includes the 8% bank surcharge on profits in excess of £25 million together with the UK corporation tax rate of 19%. Disallowed costs primarily reflect estimated customer redress costs and certain other costs associated with restructuring the Bank. Disallowed costs in 2019 primarily reflect restructuring costs.

During 2020, the UK corporation tax was substantively enacted at 19% for 2020 and for subsequent years. Prior to this, the rate had been scheduled to reduce from 19% to 17% with effect from 1 April 2020. The effect of this was to increase the value of the carried forward tax losses and temporary differences that will now be utilised when the rate is higher than previous expected which increased the deferred tax asset by £7.7 million.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 52

Notes to the financial statements

Charges (continued)

18. Deferred tax assets

The movement in deferred tax assets is as follows:

	Bank	Bank	Company	Company
	2020	2019	2020	2019
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At 1January	96.1	113.0	96.1	113.0
Restatement(1)	–	–	(4.0)	2.4
Opening balance– restated	96.1	113.0	92.1	115.4
Income statement credit/(charge) (note17)	44.3	(19.9)	48.3	(26.3)
Grouprelief	(2.8)	–	(2.8)	–
Amounts charged to equity:
Movementsin fair valuereserve	0.2	2.3	0.2	2.3
Movementsincash flow hedgereserve	6.7	0.7	6.7	0.7
At 31 December	144.5	96.1	144.5	92.1
Deferred tax assets are comprised as follows:

Deferred tax assets are comprised as follows:
	Bank	Bank	Company	Company
				2019
	2020	2019	2020	Restated(1)
	£ million	£ million	**£ million **	**£ million **
Deferred taxarising oncarriedforward tradinglosses	102.0	46.0	102.0	42.0
Deferred taxarising onbusiness transfers	20.5	38.0	20.5	38.0
Deferred tax in respect ofthe transitiontoIFRS 9	18.2	19.3	18.2	19.3
Deferred taxarising oncash flow hedgereserve	7.4	0.7	7.4	0.7
Revaluations of financialassets atfair value throughothercomprehensiveincome	(4.4)	(4.6)	(4.4)	(4.6)
Other temporarydifferences	0.8	(3.3)	0.8	(3.3)
Total deferred tax assets	144.5	96.1	144.5	92.1

(1) Restated as described in note 33.

Significant judgement

The valuation and assessment of recovery of deferred tax assets requires an estimate of the amount and timing of future taxable profits. The level of estimated future taxable profits takes into account the Board approved medium term plan and associated risk factors which estimated that the asset was recoverable within seven years. A number of sensitivities were considered, including alternative forecast assumptions and execution risks associated with the Bank’s strategy, which could result in a potential two year extension to the estimated recovery period. Based on this, management concluded it remains appropriate to recognise the deferred tax asset in full.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 53

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk

Financial instruments are fundamental to the Bank’s activities and, as a consequence, the risks associated with financial instruments represent a significant component of the risks faced by TSB. The primary risks affecting the Bank through its use of financial instruments are: credit risk, liquidity risk, and market risk. A summary of the Bank’s use of financial instruments and information about the management of these risks is presented below.

Accounting policies relevant to managing financial risk

(j) Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

All derivative financial instruments are recognised at their fair value. Fair values are obtained from quoted market prices in active markets, including recent market transactions, and using valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow as appropriate. Fair value is the exit price from the perspective of market participants who hold the asset or owe the liability at the measurement date. Derivatives are carried on the balance sheet as assets when their fair value is positive and as liabilities when their fair value is negative.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recognised immediately in the income statement, with the exception of derivatives designated in a cash flow hedge. For derivatives in cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the change in fair value is recognised in other comprehensive income until the point at which the hedged item affects profit or loss.

Hedge accounting

TSB elected to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39 on adoption of IFRS 9. Hedge accounting allows one financial instrument, generally a derivative such as an interest rate swap, to be designated as a hedge of another financial instrument such as a loan or deposit or a portfolio of such instruments. At the inception of the hedge relationship, formal documentation is drawn up specifying the hedging strategy, the hedged item and the hedging instrument and the methodology that will be used to measure the effectiveness of the hedge relationship in offsetting changes in the fair value of the cash flows.

In its application of the hedge accounting policy, TSB follows the requirements of the EU endorsed version of IAS 39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement ’ which are not available in the version issued by the IASB specifically relating to hedging core deposits, and the relaxation of effectiveness testing, such that a layer approach can be used in a macro fair value hedge. The effectiveness of the hedging relationship is tested both at inception and throughout its life and if at any point it is concluded that it is no longer highly effective in achieving its documented objective, hedge accounting is discontinued. TSB designates certain derivatives as either hedges of the fair value of recognised assets or liabilities (fair value hedges) or hedges of highly probable future cash flows attributable to recognised assets or liabilities (cash flow hedges).

Fair value hedges

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recorded in the income statement, together with the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk. If the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are no longer recognised in the income statement. The cumulative adjustment that has been made to the carrying amount of the hedged item is amortised to the income statement using a straight line method over the period to maturity. For micro fair value hedges, this is applied using a straight line method over the period to maturity, and for macro fair value hedges, the cumulative adjustment is amortised over the period to expiry of the relevant repricing period.

Cash flow hedges

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognised in other comprehensive income in the cash flow hedging reserve. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the income statement. Amounts accumulated in equity are reclassified to the income statement in the periods in which the hedged item affects profit or loss. When a hedging instrument expires or is sold, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss existing in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognised in the income statement when the previously hedged cash flow is ultimately recognised in the income statement.

Hedge accounting – IBOR reform

TSB’s accounting policy in respect of hedge accounting relationships directly affected by IBOR reform is on page 63 under the heading IBOR reform.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 54

Notes to the financial statements Managing financial risk (continued)

19. Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations. Credit risk appetite is set at Board level and is described and reported through a suite of metrics devised from credit portfolio performance measures, and includes the use of various credit risk rating systems to measure the credit risk of loans and advances to customers and banks at a counterparty level using three components: (i) the probability of default by the counterparty on its contractual obligations; (ii) the exposure to the counterparty at default; and (iii) the likely loss ratio on the defaulted obligations, the loss given default. The Bank uses a range of approaches to mitigate credit risk, including policies, obtaining collateral, using master netting agreements and other credit risk transfers, such as asset sales. The Bank’s credit risk exposure, which arises primarily in the United Kingdom, is set out below.

(i) Maximum credit exposure

The maximum credit risk exposure in the event of other parties failing to perform their obligations is presented below. No account is taken of any collateral held and the maximum exposure to loss is considered to be the balance sheet carrying amount or, for non-derivative off-balance sheet transactions, their contractual nominal amounts. The maximum exposure to credit risk for financial assets that are subject to impairment requirements is set out below:

Bank	2020 2020 2019 2019
	Exposure £ million Credit Quality Exposure £ million Credit Quality
Financialassets at amortised cost:
Cash, cashbalances at centralbanks and otherdemand deposits:
Cash	143.6 Not rated 160.1 Not rated
Balanceswithcentralbanks	4,910.1 AA- 4,427.3 AA-
Ondemand deposits	2.6 At least A 5.4At least BBB
Reverserepurchase agreements	– – 201.1 AA-
Debt securities at amortised cost(1)	1,123.7 At least AA- 548.6 At least A
Loans and advances to customers	33,317.9 Note 19(ii) 31,075.8 Note 19(ii)
Loans to creditinstitutions	43.3 A+ 373.2 At least A+
Loans to centralbanks	120.9 AA- 96.1 AA-
Otheradvances	217.5 At least A- 279.6 At least BBB
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income(2)	1,496.9 At least AA- 1,587.4 At least A
Financial assets subject to expected credit loss requirements	41,376.5 38,754.6
Derivative financial assets(3)	338.2 204.9
Total on-balance sheet financial assets	41,714.7 38,959.5
Lendingcommitments	6,251.5 Note 19(ii) 4,953.6 Note 19(ii)
Maximum credit risk exposure	47,966.2 43,913.1
Company	2020 2020 2019 2019
	Exposure £ million Credit Quality Exposure £ million Credit Quality
Financialassets at amortised cost:
Cash, cashbalances at centralbanks and otherdemand deposits:
Cash	143.6 Not rated 160.1 Not rated
Balanceswithcentralbanks	4,910.1 AA- 4,427.3 AA-
Ondemand deposits	2.6 At least A 5.4At least BBB
Reverserepurchase agreements	– – 201.1 AA-
Debt securities at amortised cost(1)	1,123.7 At least AA- 548.6 At least A
Loans and advances to customers	33,317.9 Note 19(ii) 31,075.8 Note 19(ii)
Loans to creditinstitutions	– – – At least A+
Loans to centralbanks	120.9 AA- 96.1 AA-
Otheradvances	217.5 At least A- 279.6 At least BBB
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income(2)	1,496.9 At least AA- 1,587.4 At least A
Financial assets subject to expected credit loss requirements	41,333.2 38,381.4
Derivative financial assets(3)	338.2 176.0
Total on-balance sheet financial assets	41,671.4 38,557.4
Lendingcommitments	6,251.5 Note 19(ii) 4,953.6 Note 19(ii)
Maximum credit risk exposure	47,922.9 43,511.0

(1) Includes £482.7 million (2019: £362.3 million) rated AAA.

(2) Includes £317.2 million (2019: £416.1 million) rated AAA.

(3) At 31 December 2020, the net uncollateralised balance of derivative financial instruments was nil (2019: £43.4 million, as set out in note 22, with counterparties rated A+).

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 55

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

19. Credit risk (continued)

(ii) Credit quality of loans and advances to customers and lending commitments

In assessing the credit quality of loans and advances to customers and lending commitments, TSB uses an internal rating scale which assigns a grade based on a customer’s 12 month expected probability of default (PD). The PDs used to assign a risk grade, as shown in the table below, are point in time PDs. This is different to the IFRS 9 PDs used to assess IFRS 9 staging and expected credit loss measurement which are adjusted to reflect the effect of forward looking economic scenarios.

	PD range	PD range	Internal
	**Lower **	**Upper **	grading
Excellentquality	0%	1.200%	1-4
Goodquality	1.201%	4.500%	5-6
Satisfactory quality	4.501%	14.000%	7-9
Lowerquality	14.001%	20.000%	10
Below standard(includingin default)	20.001%	100%	11-13

The table below sets out the credit quality, by stage, of gross loan and advances to customers:

Secured (retail)	2020 2019
	Stage 1 £ million Stage 2 £ million Stage 3 £ million POCI £ million Total £ million Stage 1 £million Stage 2 £million Stage 3 £million POCI £million Total £million
Excellentquality	27,000.4 119.6 – 1.9 27,121.9 26,712.4 1,725.7 – 1.2 28,439.3
Goodquality	451.9 382.5 – 69.5 903.9 29.2 102.2 – 65.9 197.3
Satisfactory quality	317.7 1,466.3 – 5.5 1,789.5 2.2 108.8 – 7.8 118.8
Lowerquality	2.7 65.1 – 0.6 68.4 – 15.0 – 1.1 16.1
Below standard(includingin default)	1.1 506.7 332.6 66.3 906.7 3.7 25.2 303.6 85.2 417.7
Gross carrying amount	27,773.8 2,540.2 332.6 143.8 30,790.4 26,747.5 1,976.9 303.6 161.2 29,189.2
Unsecured
Excellentquality	1,138.7 165.2 3.4 – 1,307.3 455.7 56.6 0.8 – 513.1
Goodquality	219.2 257.9 4.2 – 481.3 734.3 241.0 2.4 – 977.7
Satisfactory quality	33.6 80.2 4.5 – 118.3 111.8 113.8 3.3 – 228.9
Lowerquality	3.1 11.9 1.6 – 16.6 9.5 22.1 1.8 – 33.4
Below standard(includingin default)	1.1 19.6 48.3 0.2 69.2 5.1 29.7 67.1 0.1 102.0
Gross carrying amount	1,395.7 534.8 62.0 0.2 1,992.7 1,316.4 463.2 75.4 0.1 1,855.1
Business banking
Excellentquality	198.1 – – – 198.1 68.9 3.3 – – 72.2
Goodquality	123.3 0.9 0.1 124.3 37.7 0.9 – – 38.6
Satisfactory quality	232.5 15.1 – – 247.6 11.4 5.4 – – 16.8
Lowerquality	29.9 29.9 – – 59.8 – – – – –
Below standard(includingin default)	0.2 80.5 4.8 – 85.5 – – 3.5 – 3.5
Gross carrying amount	584.0 126.4 4.9 – 715.3 118.0 9.6 3.5 – 131.1

The table below sets out the credit quality, by stage, of lending commitments.

Commitments	2020 2019
	Stage 1 £ million Stage 2 £ million Stage 3 £ million POCI £ million Total £ million Stage 1 £million Stage 2 £million Stage 3 £million POCI £million Total £million
Excellentquality	5,512.5 142.0 5.0 0.3 5,659.8 4,037.5 461.1 2.1 0.5 4,501.2
Goodquality	294.6 173.4 1.9 18.0 487.9 220.0 76.7 1.5 16.4 314.6
Satisfactory quality	47.6 24.8 1.2 0.6 74.2 51.4 29.3 1.0 0.5 82.2
Lowerquality	1.3 3.5 0.2 – 5.0 1.2 11.2 0.4 0.1 12.9
Below standard(includingin default)	– 2.2 21.0 1.4 24.6 0.5 3.3 36.7 2.2 42.7
Total	5,856.0 345.9 29.3 20.3 6,251.5 4,310.6 581.6 41.7 19.7 4,953.6

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 56

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

19. Credit risk (continued)

(iii) Collateral held as security for financial assets

Financial assets subject to expected credit loss requirements

The Bank holds collateral against loans and advances to customers in the form of mortgages over residential property and second charges over business assets, including commercial and residential property.

An analysis by loan-to-value (LTV) ratio of the Bank’s retail mortgage lending is presented below. The value of collateral used in determining the LTV ratios has been estimated based upon the last actual valuation, adjusted to take into account subsequent movements in house prices.

LTVof Secured (retail	2020 2019
	Stage 1 £ million Stage 2 £ million Stage 3 £ million POCI £million Total £ million Stage 1 £million Stage 2 £million Stage 3 £ million POCI £million Total £million
Less than 70%	19,364.2 2,270.2 250.2 112.1 21,996.7 18,880.4 1,593.0 211.8 114.0 20,799.2
70% to 80%	5,539.9 189.4 40.9 20.7 5,790.9 4,476.4 212.4 48.3 25.2 4,762.3
80% to 90%	2,778.5 70.2 20.6 6.7 2,876.0 2,839.2 125.2 24.4 14.5 3,003.3
90% to 100%	79.1 5.5 14.1 3.7 102.4 537.6 35.2 9.7 5.4 587.9
Greater than 100%	12.1 4.9 6.8 0.6 24.4 13.8 11.1 9.5 2.1 36.5
Secured(retail)	27,773.8 2,540.2 332.6 143.8 30,790.4 26,747.4 1,976.9 303.7 161.2 29,189.2

The Bank does not take physical possession of properties or other assets held as collateral and uses external agents to realise the value as soon as practicable to settle indebtedness. Any surplus funds are returned to the borrower or are otherwise dealt with in accordance with appropriate insolvency regulations. No collateral is held in respect of retail credit cards, overdrafts, or unsecured personal loans.

For business banking lending, collateral primarily consists of second charges over commercial and residential property. Where collateral is held, lending decisions are predominantly based on an obligor’s ability to repay from normal business operations rather than reliance on any collateral provided. Collateral values are assessed at the time of loan origination and reassessed if there is observable evidence of distress of the borrower. In respect of the £576.8 million of Bounce Back loans, TSB benefits from a 100% guarantee from the British Business Bank.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (not subject to expected credit loss requirements) Derivative financial assets of £338.2 million (2019: £205.4 million) are largely cash collateralised interest rate swaps transacted through central clearing houses. The effect of the collateralisation is shown in note 22 under the heading ‘Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities’.

(iv) Forbearance and loan modifications

The Bank operates a number of schemes to assist borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulties. Forbearance solutions may offer relief in the form of reductions to contractual payments including freezes to interest payments, and for customers who have longer term financial difficulties, term extensions and capitalisation of arrears.

The Bank applies the European Banking Authority definition of forbearance and at 31 December 2020, forborne loans were £301.3 million (2019: £301.8 million), of which £170.6 million (2019: £163.4 million) were credit impaired. At 31 December 2020, the allowance for loan losses held in respect of forborne loans was £26.3 million (2019: £20.2 million).

During 2020 gross balances of £14.7 million (2019: £12.9 million) in respect of unsecured loans were subject to modification of the original terms through the temporary freezing of customer interest obligations. At the time, the loans were categorised as either stage 2 or 3 and the allowance for expected credit losses was measured at lifetime expected credit loss. These resulted in modification losses of £0.8 million (2019: £0.7 million).

(v) COVID-19

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, TSB introduced repayment holidays to enable customers to take a temporary break from making loan repayments where they are experiencing, or are reasonably expected to experience, payment difficulties caused by COVID-19. During the period of the repayment holiday, no further arrears are reported on customers’ records although interest on the deferred payments continues to accrue. At 31 December 2020, loans and advances to customers include £5,140.4 million (secured retail: £4,922.7 million, unsecured: £204.4 million and business banking: £13.3 million) where a repayment holiday had been granted in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Of this total £3,015.4 million were stage 1, £1,898.2 million were stage 2, and £226.8 million were stage 3.

At 31 December 2020, £411.5 million (secured retail: £371.8 million, unsecured: £26.4 million, and business banking: £13.3 million) relates to loans where the payment holidays remained in effect at the year end.

As repayment holidays are available to all customers impacted by COVID-19 and are not tailored to individual borrower circumstances, they are not included in the forbearance totals. As described on page 44, PMAs were applied to both the gross loan stage and the allowance for loan losses to reflect the increased risk of credit losses due to payment holidays.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 57

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

20. Liquidity risk

Definition and exposure

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Bank is unable to meet its liabilities as they fall due, or is unable to maintain regulator, investor, customer or stakeholder confidence that this will be achieved. Liquidity risk is managed, monitored and measured from both an internal and regulatory perspective.

Sources of funding

The Bank’s funding position is underpinned by its significant customer deposit base. The deposit base is made up of customer current and savings accounts which, although mostly repayable on demand, have historically provided a stable source of funding.

Risk appetite

The funding and liquidity risk appetite for the Bank is set and approved annually by the Board. Risk is reported against this appetite through various metrics to enable the Bank to manage the funding and liquidity position. The risk appetite is established under a liquidity risk management framework designed with the aim that the Bank has sufficient financial resources of appropriate quality.

Measurement and monitoring

A series of measures are used across the Bank to monitor both short term and long term liquidity. Liquidity is measured on a daily basis and reported internally. Daily liquidity reporting is supplemented by early warning indicators and a Liquidity Contingency Plan. Monthly reporting procedures are in place to update and inform senior management. All liquidity policies and procedures are subject to periodic independent internal oversight.

The table below presents the contractual residual maturities of the Bank assets and liabilities on the balance sheet:

Bank At 31 December 2020 Up to 1 month £ million 1-3 months £ million 3-12 months £ million 1-5 years £ million Over 5 years **£ million **	Total **£ million **
Financial liabilitiesmeasured at amortised cost:
Customerdeposits 32,041.5 342.4 875.2 1,116.2 –	34,375.3
Borrowingsfromcentralbanks 0.8 900.0 1,315.0 850.0 –	3,065.8
Debt securitiesin issue – 0.4 – 1,698.8 –	1,699.2
Subordinatedliabilities – – 3.4 387.9 –	391.3
Leaseliabilities – – 2.6 34.3 86.4	123.3
Other financial liabilities 51.6 – – – –	51.6
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss 2.4 0.3 9.8 157.0 130.2	299.7
Hedging derivativeliabilities – 3.2 4.9 71.9 145.2	225.2
Other liabilities(1) 196.0 – 87.0 66.1 117.0	466.1
Total liabilities 32,292.3 1,246.3 2,297.9 4,382.2 478.8	40,697.5
Financialassets at amortised cost:
Cash, cashbalances at centralbanks 5,056.3 – – – –	5,056.3
Debt securities 3.1 0.6 1.5 379.7 738.8	1,123.7
Loans and advances to customers 877.1 288.6 1,354.6 6,676.4 24,121.2	33,317.9
Loans to creditinstitutions 41.8 – – 1.5 –	43.3
Loans to centralbanks 120.9 – – – –	120.9
Otheradvances 217.5 – – – –	217.5
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensiveincome 0.3 2.7 7.4 – 1,486.5	1,496.9
Derivative assets atfair value throughprofit or loss 0.8 0.6 5.8 180.7 10.4	198.3
Hedging derivative assets – – 4.4 70.6 64.9	139.9
Other assets(2) 175.3 3.4 21.2 168.7 339.1	707.7
Total assets 6,493.1 295.9 1,394.9 7,477.6 26,760.9	42,422.4

(1) Other liabilities comprise provisions, fair value adjustments for portfolio hedged risk and other liabilities.

(2) Other assets comprise fair value adjustments for portfolio hedged risk, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, deferred tax assets and other assets.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 58

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

20. Liquidity risk (continued)

Bank	Up to 1	1-3	3-12		Over
	month	months	months	1-5 years	5 years	Total
At 31 December 2019	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Financial liabilitiesmeasured at amortised cost:
Customerdeposits	27,325.5	220.3	1,094.9	1,541.7	–	30,182.4
Borrowingsfromcentralbanks	8.5	–	10.0	4,465.0	–	4,483.5
Debt securitiesin issue	–	44.5	383.3	1,248.5	–	1,676.3
Subordinatedliabilities	–	–	3.4	392.5	–	395.9
Leaseliabilities	2.1	4.3	17.8	55.0	62.6	141.8
Other financial liabilities	80.7	–	–	–	–	80.7
Derivativeliabilities atfair value throughprofit or loss	0.1	0.4	3.3	65.6	58.5	127.9
Hedging derivativeliabilities	–	–	6.0	15.9	266.6	288.5
Other liabilities	205.9	–	–	–	52.2	258.1
Total liabilities	27,622.8	269.5	1,518.7	7,784.2	439.9	37,635.1
Financialassets at amortised cost:
ReverseRepurchase agreements	–	201.1	–	–	–	201.1
Debt securities	1.1	0.2	1.1	119.4	426.8	548.6
Loans and advances to customers	903.6	289.7	1,242.2	5,608.3	23,032.0	31,075.8
Loans to creditinstitutions	–	247.8	64.6	60.8	–	373.2
Loans to centralbanks	96.1	–	–	–	–	96.1
Otheradvances	279.6	–	–	–	–	279.6
Financial assets at fair value through other comp,
income	0.3	1.9	8.4	-	1,576.8	1,587.4
Derivative assets atfair value throughprofit or loss	0.2	0.7	3.1	72.6	34.9	111.5
Hedging derivative assets	–	–	46.5	26.2	20.7	93.4
Other assets	4,740.5	2.4	10.5	81.8	334.0	5,169.2
Total assets	6,021.4	743.8	1,376.4	5,969.1	25,425.2	39,535.9

Expected cash flows on customer deposits and loans and advances to customers vary significantly from the contractual cash flows shown in the table above. Customer deposits are largely repayable on demand but have proven to be a stable source of funding. Loans and advances to customers comprise of a large proportion of mortgages which mature earlier than the contractual maturity as customers take advantage of early redemption options.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 59

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

20. Liquidity risk (continued)

Contractual maturities for financial liabilities form an important source of information for the management of liquidity risk. The table below analyses financial liabilities and commitments by relevant contractual maturity grouping on an undiscounted future cash flow basis, which includes estimated interest payments.

Bank		Up to 1	1-3	3-12		Over
		month	months	months	1-5 years	5 years	Total
At 31 December 2020		**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Liabilities
Financial liabilitiesmeasured at amortised cost:
Customerdeposits		32,043.7	343.5	900.7	1,127.1	–	34,415.0
Borrowingsfromcentralbanks		0.8	900.2	1,316.6	850.3	–	3,067.9
Debt securitiesin issue		–	7.6	23.0	1,750.1	–	1,780.7
Subordinatedliabilities		–	–	396.1	–	–	396.1
Leaseliabilities	–	0.2	6.4	17.3	75.5	29.4	128.8
Other financial liabilities		51.6	–	–	–	–	51.6
Loan commitments		3,847.4	172.0	1,972.4	25.7	234.0	6,251.5
		35,943.7	1,429.7	4,626.1	3,828.7	263.4	46,091.6
Derivativefinancial instruments-outflows		15.3	97.6	97.7	282.4	205.4	698.4
Derivative financial instruments - inflows		(1.2)	(1.9)	(4.4)	(45.0)	(121.0)	(173.5)
Total financial liabilities		35,957.8	1,525.4	4,719.4	4,066.1	347.8	46,616.5
Bank		Up to 1	1-3	3-12		Over
		month	months	months	1-5 years	5 years	Total
At 31 December 2019		**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Liabilities
Financial liabilitiesmeasured at amortised cost:
Customerdeposits		27,348.6	224.7	1,110.9	1,561.3	–	30,245.5
Borrowingsfromcentralbanks		8.5	–	10.0	4,465.0	–	4,483.5
Debt securitiesin issue		30.4	15.8	354.9	1,298.9	–	1,700.0
Subordinatedliabilities		–	–	22.1	396.1	–	418.2
Leaseliabilities		2.6	5.1	21.1	61.0	68.0	157.8
Other financial liabilities		81.3	–	–	–	–	81.3
Loan commitments		3,523.4	162.8	1,012.9	30.8	223.7	4,953.6
		30,994.8	408.4	2,531.9	7,813.1	291.7	42,039.9
Derivativefinancial instruments-outflows		20.5	63.8	154.6	422.1	370.7	1,031.7
Derivative financial instruments - inflows		(15.7)	(23.0)	(97.5)	(261.6)	(201.8)	(599.6)
Total financial liabilities		30,999.6	449.2	2,589.0	7,973.6	460.6	42,472.0

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 60

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

20. Liquidity risk (continued)

The table below analyses financial liabilities and commitments by relevant contractual maturity grouping on an undiscounted future cash flow basis, which includes an estimated interest payment.

Company	Up to 1	1-3	3-12		Over
	month	months	months	1-5 years	5 years	Total
At 31 December 2020	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Liabilities
Financial liabilitiesmeasured at amortised cost:
Customerdeposits	32,043.7	343.5	900.7	1,127.1	–	34,415.0
Borrowingsfromcentralbanks	0.8	900.2	1,316.6	850.3	–	3,067.9
Debt securitiesin issue	–	7.6	23.0	1,750.1	–	1,780.7
Subordinatedliabilities	–	–	396.1	–	–	396.1
Leaseliabilities	0.2	6.4	17.3	75.5	29.4	128.8
Other financial liabilities	51.6	–	–	–	–	51.6
Loan commitments	3,847.4	172.0	1,972.4	25.7	234.0	6,251.5
	35,943.7	1,429.7	4,626.1	3,828.7	263.4	46,091.6
Derivativefinancial instruments-outflows	15.3	97.6	97.7	282.4	205.4	698.4
Derivative financial instruments - inflows	(1.2)	(1.9)	(4.4)	(45.0)	(121.0)	(173.5)
Total financial liabilities	35,957.8	1,525.4	4,719.4	4,066.1	347.8	46,616.5
Company	Up to 1	1-3	3-12		Over
	month	months	months	1-5 years	5 years	Total
At 31 December 2019	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Liabilities
Financial liabilitiesmeasured at amortised cost:
Customerdeposits	27,348.6	224.7	1,110.9	1,561.3	–	30,245.5
Borrowingsfromcentralbanks	8.5	–	10.0	4,465.0	–	4,483.5
Debt securitiesin issue	–	4.3	12.7	1,298.9	–	1,315.9
Subordinatedliabilities	–	–	22.1	396.1	–	418.2
Leaseliabilities	2.6	5.1	21.1	61.0	68.0	157.8
Other financial liabilities	81.3	–	–	–	–	81.3
Loan commitments	3,523.4	162.8	1,012.9	30.8	223.7	4,953.6
	30,964.4	396.9	2,189.7	7,813.1	291.7	41,655.8
Derivativefinancial instruments-outflows	20.5	63.8	154.6	422.1	370.7	1,031.7
Derivative financial instruments - inflows	(15.7)	(23.0)	(97.5)	(261.6)	(201.8)	(599.6)
Total financial liabilities	30,969.2	437.7	2,246.8	7,973.64	460.6	42,087.9

The amounts shown are the net amounts for those derivatives that are net settled, which comprises the majority of TSB’s derivative financial instruments. Gross nominal inflows and outflows are presented for derivatives that have simultaneous gross settlement such as cross currency swaps

21. Capital resources

TSB maintains capital resources which exceed regulatory requirements and which seek to support the strategic growth of the business, and ensure that TSB is able to absorb losses under stressed conditions. Capital risk is managed under a framework where risk appetite is set and approved annually by the Board. A series of metrics are used to monitor capital against early warning indicators with regular reporting in place to update and inform senior management. The table below presents the Bank’s regulatory capital resources.

	Bank Bank Company Company 2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 Restated(1) **£ million **
Shareholder’s equity	1,724.9 1,900.8 1,724.9 1,911.7
Regulatorydeductions	(124.5) (66.5) (124.5) (62.7)
Common EquityTier 1/Total Tier 1capital	1,600.4 1,834.3 1,600.4 1,849.0
Tier 2 capital	432.8 393.5 432.8 393.5
Total capital resources	2,033.2 2,227.8 2,033.2 2,242.5

(1) Restated as described in note 33.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 61

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

22. Market risk

Definition and exposure

Market risk is the risk of a reduction in earnings, value or reserves caused by changes in the prices of financial instruments. The Bank’s market risk consists primarily of exposure to changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk is the risk that the net value of, or net income arising from, the firm’s assets and liabilities is impacted as a result of changes to interest rates. Interest rate risk can arise as a result of changes in customer behaviour, which may affect the maturity profiles of the Bank’s assets and liabilities. The Bank’s exposure to changes in interest rates includes the margin between customer and market rates. This includes the potential impact on earnings and value that could occur when, if rates fall, liabilities cannot be re-priced as quickly or by as much as assets.

Management and measurement

Risk exposure across the Bank is monitored monthly using, primarily, net interest income and earnings sensitivity. This methodology considers all re-pricing mismatches in the current balance sheet and calculates the change in net interest income that would result from a set of defined interest rate shocks. A limit structure exists to ensure that risks stemming from residual positions or from changes in assumptions about customer behaviour remain within risk appetite.

A 12 month view of the sensitivity of net interest income is calculated on the basis of TSB’s current consolidated balance sheet with re-pricing dates adjusted according to behavioural assumptions. At 31 December 2020, the projected change in 12 month net interest income in response to an immediate parallel shift in all relevant interest rates, market and administered, would be an increase of £18.4 million (2019: £12.8 million) from a 25bps increase in rates, and a decrease of £18.6 million (2019: £13.1 million) from a 25bps decrease. The measure assumes all interest rates, for all currencies and maturities, move at the same time and by the same amount and does not take into account potential management actions.

Derivative financial instruments

The Bank holds derivative financial instruments in the normal course of its banking business largely for interest rate risk management and margin stabilisation purposes. The fair values and notional amounts of derivative instruments are presented in the following table:

Bank Derivative financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss	2020 2019 Contract/ notional amount £ million Assets fair value £ million Liabilities fair value £ million Gain/(loss) recognised in profit or loss £ million Contract/ notional amount £ million Assets fair value £ million Liabilities fair value £ million Gain(loss) recognised in profit or loss £ million 20,790.4 198.3 (299.7) (0.5) 22,917.2 110.7 (127.9) (14.7) – – – – – – – 0.4 – – – (0.8) 6.5 0.8 – (1.0) 20,790.4 198.3 (299.7) (1.3) 22,923.7 111.5 (127.9) (15.3)
Interestrate swaps
Foreignexchangeforwards
Equityforwards and options
Total
Company Derivative financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss	2020 2019 Contract/ notional amount £ million Assets fair value £ million Liabilities fair value £ million Gain/(loss) recognised in profit or loss £ million Contract/ notional amount(1) £ million Assets fair value(1) £ million Liabilities fair value £ million Gain(loss) recognised in profit or loss(1) £ million 20,790.4 198.3 (299.7) (0.5) 25,290.0 125.4 (127.9) 9.0 – – – – – – – 0.4 – – – (0.8) 6.5 0.8 – (1.0) 20,790.4 198.3 (299.7) (1.3) 25,296.5 126.2 (127.9) 8.4
Interestrate swaps
Foreignexchangeforwards
Equityforwards and options
Total

(1) Restated as described in note 33.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 62

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

22. Market risk (continued)

Bank and Company Hedging derivative financial instruments	2020 2019
	Contract/ notional amount £ million Assets fair value £ million Liabilities fair value £ million Change in fair value used for calculating hedge ineffectiveness £ million Contract/ notional amount £ million Assets fair value £ million Liabilities fair value £ million Change in fair value used for calculating hedge ineffectiveness **£ million **
(Fair value hedges) Interest rate risk
Interestrate swaps	18,658.5 139.9 (216.7) (116.8) 14,292.8 44.6 (281.1) (82.0)
(Cash flow hedges) Interest rate and credit risk
Forward settlement contracts	140.9 – (2.2) (12.9) 190.0 2.9 – 1.8
**Interest rate risk **
Interestrate swaps	185.0 – (6.3) (21.4) 404.9 2.3 (7.4) (6.2)
Foreign exchange risk(1)
Cross currencyrate swaps	– – – – 270.1 43.6 – (20.0)
Total	18,984.4 139.9 (225.2) (151.1) 15,157.8 93.4 (288.5) (106.4)

(1) Foreign exchange risk is only in respect of the Bank and is not included in the Company financial statements.

Risk management

Where all relevant criteria are met, hedge accounting is applied to remove the accounting mismatch between the hedging instrument and the hedged item. Where derivatives do not meet the hedge accounting criteria they are classified as 'fair value through profit or loss’.

The Bank transacts derivatives largely to economically hedge interest rate risk. The Bank hedges LIBOR and SONIA benchmark interest rate risk using both fair value hedges and cash flow hedges. As a result of the Bank’s dynamic hedging strategies described below, the loss on derivatives at fair value through profit or loss in respect of interest rate risk of £0.5 million (2019: £14.7 million) should be considered in conjunction with the gain of £7.7 million (2019: £18.2 million) from the amortisation of accumulated adjustments on the hedged items for which hedge accounting no longer applies.

IBOR reform

Background

IBOR reform refers to the global reform and replacement of interbank offered rates (IBOR) with alternative interest rate benchmark reference rates. In order to manage TSB’s response, in 2019, a cross-functional Reference Rate Replacement Steering Committee was established, reporting to the Asset & Liability Committee. The committee has primarily focused on evaluating TSB’s exposure to financial instruments and other contracts that are impacted by IBOR reform and to oversee their amendment or replacement. In addition the committee has considered the impact of IBOR reform on its interest rate risk management to enable TSB to take the necessary actions in response ahead of the transition deadline.

The committee concluded that financial instruments impacted by IBOR reform were limited to two classes of financial instruments, being a portfolio of interest rate swaps and the £500 million covered bond issued by TSB in December 2017. These referenced LIBOR which is being replaced by the end of 2021.

In respect of the interest rate swaps that reference LIBOR, during 2020, swaps with a notional amount of £1,517.5 million were replaced with economically equivalent swaps that reference SONIA. At 31 December 2020, the residual portfolio had a notional amount of £17,144.2 million. Of these, £16,206.7 million mature within the next five years, £598.9 million mature after five years but before ten years, and £338.6 million mature after ten years. Plans have been established to replace the remaining swaps during 2021. As explained in note 2, during 2020 the terms of the covered bond were modified and since September 2020 have referenced SONIA.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 63

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

22. Market risk (continued)

Hedge accounting policy

At 31 December 2020, interest rate swaps that reference LIBOR with a notional amount of £8,187.7 million (2019: £11,771.3 million) were designated as fair value hedges of fixed rate exposures. The LIBOR linked covered bond was previously in a cash flow hedge relationship that hedged the LIBOR based expected future cash flows. This hedge relationship was dedesignated during 2020 when the covered bond was modified to SONIA. TSB considers these hedge accounting relationships to be directly affected by IBOR reform as the interest rate risk designated in the fair value hedging relationship is based on LIBOR, and the timing and amount of covered bond LIBOR cash flows are uncertain.

TSB applies the reliefs permitted by ‘Interest Rate Benchmark Reform – Amendments to IFRS 9, IAS 39 and IFRS 9’ (the Phase 1 Amendment). As such, in assessing whether fair value hedge relationships are expected to be highly effective (applying a prospective effectiveness assessment), it is assumed that the benchmark interest rate is not altered as a result of IBOR reform. For a cash flow hedge of a forecast transaction, it is assumed that the benchmark interest rate will not be altered as a result of IBOR reform for the purpose of asserting that the forecast transaction is highly probable. In determining whether a previously designated forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, TSB assumes that the hedged interest rate benchmark cash flows will not be altered as a result of IBOR reform.

In 2020, the IASB issued ‘Interest Rate Benchmark Reform – Phase 2’ (the Phase 2 Amendment) which is effective from 1 January 2021, with early adoption permitted. This permits TSB’s fair value hedge relationships to persist where the LIBOR swap was replaced with a SONIA equivalent, as the replacement is considered to be undertaken solely due to IBOR reform and the replacement SONIA swap is economically equivalent to the original LIBOR swap. In addition, TSB has applied the relief which permits amendment of the hedging documentation to reference SONIA and to revise the description of the hedged item. TSB has also applied the relief which permits the amount in the cash flow hedge reserve relating to a dedesignated hedge to be deemed to be based on the alternative benchmark rate, on which the future cash flows will be based. TSB has elected to early adopt the Phase 2 Amendment, applying it retrospectively to its hedge accounting relationships.

Hedge accounting overview

The profile of interest risk being managed is dynamic, changing in response to business activity and is economically hedged with derivatives. Where natural offsets occur, these derivatives are not designated in hedge accounting relationships. The remaining derivatives may be designated in a hedge accounting relationship to minimise profit volatility.

Hedge relationships are considered effective where changes in the hedged item offset changes in the hedging instrument to within an 80% to 125% ratio. Effectiveness tests are performed at inception and on a monthly basis using either dollar offset, linear regression or critical terms match, depending on the nature of the hedged items. Ineffectiveness arising on hedge relationships can arise due to a number of factors which include, basis mismatch, maturity mismatch, credit valuation adjustments and cash flow timing mismatch between the hedged item and hedging instrument.

Macro fair value hedge accounting –fixed rate mortgages and demand deposits

Pay fixed, receive floating interest rate swaps are typically designated as a portfolio fair value hedge of fixed rate mortgage assets and receive fixed, pay floating derivatives are typically designated as a portfolio fair value hedge of fixed rate customer deposits. As interest rate risk management is dynamic, the Bank’s approach is to dedesignate these hedge relationships and redesignate new relationships on a monthly basis. The provisions of the EU endorsed version of IAS 39 mean that ineffectiveness arising due to unexpected prepayments need not be recognised though profit or loss, so long as hedge designations are made in such a way to minimise their impact.

Micro fair value hedge accounting –subordinated debt and debt securities

The Bank has issued fixed rate subordinated debt and purchased fixed rate debt securities as part of its Treasury management strategy, and these are hedged with interest rate swaps and designated in a fair value hedge.

Cash flow hedge accounting – forward bond sales

The Bank seeks to minimise interest rate and credit risk arising on purchased hold to collect and sell debt securities, using forward settlement contracts. The sales proceeds represent a forecast transaction which is hedged by the forward contract. At 31 December 2020, forward settlement agreements with a notional amount of £140.9 million (2019: £190.0 million) were expected to mature within one year (2019: within one year) at a price of 160% of the notional amount (2019: 123%).

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 64

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

22. Market risk (continued)

Cash flow hedge accounting – covered bond s

Interest rate risk on issued floating rate covered bonds is hedged using interest rate swaps that exchange floating rate cash flows for fixed rate cash flows. At 31 December 2020, hedged forecast covered bond cash flows were expected to mature after five years.

Cash flow hedge accounting – foreign currency debt securities in issue:

TSB previously issued Euro denominated floating rate securitisation notes and as a result was exposed to foreign currency risk as the Bank’s functional currency is pounds sterling. The Bank hedged the foreign currency exposure via cross currency interest rate swaps that exchanged floating rate euro cash flows and principal for floating rate sterling cash flows and principal. At 31 December 2020, these issuances had matured, however in 2019, cross currency swaps with a notional amount of: £270.1 million were expected to mature within 1 year. The average exchange rate applicable to these cross currency swaps in 2019 was £1/€1.14.

Exposures covered by hedging accounting strategies

The following table contains details of the hedged exposures covered by The Bank’s hedging strategy.

Bank and Company	Carrying	Accumulated		Change in fair	Cash flow
	amount of hedged	fair value		value for	hedge reserve
	item	hedge adj.		calculating hedge	continuing
	assets/(liability)	on hedged item	Balance sheet line item	ineffectiveness	hedges
2020	**£ million **	**£ million **	**that includes the hedged item **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Interest rate risk (Fair value hedges)
Portfoliohedgedrisk:
Demand deposits	(6,123.5)	(117.0)	Customer deposits	(69.9)	n/a
Fixedratemortgages	10,545.4	80.2	Loans & adv to customers	58.4	n/a
Individual hedgedrisk:
Fixedrate subordinatedliabilities	(391.3)	(3.0)	Subordinated liabilities	4.9	n/a
Debt securities	1,271.0	–	Financial assets at FVOCI	102.3	n/a
Debt securities	898.0	31.2	Financial assets at amortised cost	19.8	n/a
				115.5	n/a
Interest rate / credit risk(Cash flow hedges)
Debt securities	225.8	n/a	Financial assets at FVOCI	12.9	(2.2)
Interest rate(Cash flow hedges)
Covered bonds issued	185.0	n/a	Debt securities in issue	21.1	(25.3)
			Balance sheet line item
2019	**£ million **	**£ million **	**that includes the hedged item **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Interest rate risk (Fair value hedges)
Portfoliohedgedrisk:
Demand deposits	(6,335.9)	(52.2)	Customer deposits	(53.6)	n/a
Fixedratemortgages	6,309.2	20.5	Loans & adv to customers	48.0	n/a
Individual hedgedrisk:
Fixedrate subordinatedliabilities	(395.9)	(7.9)	Subordinated liabilities	2.5	n/a
Debt securities	1,354.7	–	Financial assets at FVOCI	78.6	n/a
Debt securities	317.3	11.4	Financial assets at amortised cost	9.1	n/a
	1,249.4	(28.2)		84.6	n/a
Interest rate / credit risk(Cash flow hedges)
Debt securities	232.8	n/a	Financial assets at FVOCI	(6.2)	2.9
Interest rate(Cash flow hedges)
Covered bondsissued	404.9	n/a	Debt securities in issue	2.9	(5.8)
Foreign exchange risk(Cash flow	hedges)(1)
Securitisation notes issued	270.1	n/a	Debt securities in issue	20.0	0.2

(1) Foreign exchange risk is only in respect of the Bank and is not included in the Company financial statements.

The amount of fair value hedge adjustments remaining on the balance sheet for hedged items that have ceased to be adjusted for hedging losses is £116.0 million (2019: £108.8 million).

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 65

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

22. Market risk (continued)

Hedge accounting ineffectiveness

The following table contains information regarding the effectiveness of the hedging relationships designated by the Group, as well as the impacts on profit or loss and other comprehensive income:

Bank and Company 2020 Hedge ineffectiveness recognised in P&L £ million Gain/(loss) recognised in OCI £ million P&L line item that includes hedge ineffectiveness	Amounts reclassified from **reserves to P&L as: **
	Hedged item affected P&L £ million P&L line item that includes reclassified amount **£ million **
Interest rate risk(Fair value hedges) (1.3) – Gains from hedge accounting n/a n/a
Interest rate / credit risk(Cash flow hedges) – (12.9) n/a 7.7 Other income
Interest rate(Cash flow hedges) (0.3) (21.1) Gains from hedge accounting 1.7 Other income
Foreign exchange risk(Cash flow hedges)(1) – 12.5 n/a (12.3) Other income
(1.6) (21.5) n/a (2.9)
2019
Interest rate risk(Fair value hedges) 2.6 – Gains from hedge accounting n/a
Interest rate / credit risk(Cash flow hedges) – 1.8 n/a 3.6 Other income
Interest rate risk(Cash flow hedges) – (6.2) n/a 0.3 Other income
Foreign exchange risk(Cash flow hedges)(1) – (20.0) n/a 20.5 Other income
2.6 (24.4) n/a 24.4

(1) Foreign exchange risk is only in respect of the Bank and is not included in the Company financial statements.

Gains from hedge accounting in the income statement of £5.8 million (2019: £20.8 million) comprise hedge ineffectiveness of £(1.6) million (2019: £2.6 million) and £7.4 million (2019: £18.2 million) of amortisation of de-designated cash flow hedges and fair value hedge adjustments on hedged items for which hedge accounting had previously been discontinued.

Reconciliation of reserves in respect of hedge accounting

The following table shows a reconciliation of each component of equity and an analysis of other comprehensive income in respect of hedge accounting:

respect of hedge accounting:
Bank and Company	2020	2020	2019	2019
	Fair value	Cash flow	Fair value	Cash flow
	reserve	hedge reserve(1)	reserve	hedge reserve(1)
	£ million	£ million	£ million	£ million
Balance as at 1 January	13.6	(2.5)	18.6	(3.2)
Amounts recognised in other comprehensive income:
Interest rate risk(fair value hedge)
Changes in fair value ofpurchased debt securities	117.0	n/a	95.9	n/a
Accumulated fair value hedge adjustment	(102.2)	n/a	(78.6)	n/a
Net amounts reclassified toprofit or loss	(17.0)	n/a	(24.6)	n/a
Taxation	0.2	n/a	2.3	n/a
Interest rate and credit risk(cash flow hedges)
Effectiveportion of changes in fair value of forward contracts	n/a	(12.9)	n/a	1.8
Amounts reclassified from reserves toprofit or loss	n/a	7.7	n/a	3.6
Taxation	n/a	1.4	n/a	(0.7)
Interest rate(cash flow hedges)
Effectiveportion of changes in fair value of interest rate swaps	n/a	(21.1)	n/a	(6.2)
Amounts reclassified from reserves toprofit or loss	n/a	1.7	n/a	0.3
Taxation	n/a	5.3	n/a	1.4
Foreign exchange risk(cash flow hedges)
Effectiveportion of changes in fair value of cross currencyswaps	n/a	12.5	n/a	(20.0)
Amounts reclassified from reserves toprofit or loss	n/a	(12.3)	n/a	20.5
Balance as at 31 December	11.6	(20.2)	13.6	(2.5)

(1) The cash flow hedge reserve in respect of the Company had a balance of £20.2 million (2019: £(2.3) million. Movements during 2020 are set out in the table above with the exception of foreign exchange risk.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 66

Notes to the financial statements

Managing financial risk (continued)

22. Market risk (continued)

Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities

The following information relates to financial assets and liabilities which have not been set off but for which there are enforceable master netting agreements in place with counterparties.

enforceable master netting agreements in place with counterparties.
Bank At 31 December 2020 Gross amounts £ million Amounts offset £ million Net amounts reported on the balance sheet £ million	Related amounts where set off in the balance sheet is notpermitted Related financial instrument amounts not offset £ million Cash collateral received/ pledged(1) £ million Potential Net amount £ million
Derivativefinancialassets 338.2 – 338.2	(338.2) – –
Reverserepurchase agreements 225.8 (225.8) –	– – –
Otherassets 367.2 (192.6) 174.6	– – 174.6
Derivativefinancial liabilities (524.9) – (524.9) 338.2 186.7 –
Repurchase agreements (225.8) 225.8 – – – –
Other liabilities(note 31) (388.6) 192.6 (196.0) – – (196.0)
At 31 December 2019
Derivativefinancialassets 204.9 – 204.9 (157.9) (3.6) 43.4
Reverserepurchase agreements 201.1 – 201.1 (190.7) (0.4) 10.0
Otherassets 338.9 (192.6) 146.3 – – 146.3
Derivativefinancial liabilities (416.4) – (416.4) 157.9 258.5 –
Other liabilities(note 31) (346.7) 192.6 (154.1) – – (154.1)

(1) Collateral amounts (cash and non-cash financial collateral) are reflected at their fair value and this amount is limited to the net balance sheet exposure in order to exclude any over collateralisation. The collateral amount presented includes non-cash collateral of £8.4 million.

Company At 31 December 2020 Gross amounts £ million Amounts offset £ million Net amounts reported on the balance sheet £ million	Related amounts where set off in the balance sheet is notpermitted Related financial instrument amounts not offset £ million Cash collateral received/ pledged(1) £ million Potential Net amount £ million
Derivativefinancialassets 338.2 – 338.2	(338.2) – –
Reverserepurchase agreements 225.8 (225.8) –	– – –
Otherassets 410.4 (192.6) 217.8	– – 217.8
Derivativefinancial liabilities (524.9) – (524.9) 338.2 186.7 –
Repurchase agreements (225.8) 225.8 – – – –
Other liabilities(note 31) (388.5) 192.6 (195.9) – – (195.9)
At 31 December 2019
Derivativefinancialassets(2) 176.0 – 176.0 (157.6) (3.6) 14.8
Reverserepurchase agreements 201.1 – 201.1 (190.7) (0.4) 10.0
Otherassets 338.9 (192.6) 146.3 – – 146.3
Derivativefinancial liabilities (416.4) – (416.4) 157.6 258.8 –
Other liabilities(note 31) (356.2) 192.6 (163.6) – – (163.6)

(1) Collateral amounts (cash and non-cash financial collateral) are reflected at their fair value and this amount is limited to the net balance sheet exposure in order to exclude any over collateralisation. The collateral amount presented includes non-cash collateral of £8.4 million

(2) Restated as described in note 33.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 67

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures

Accounting policies relevant to this section

(k) Share capital

Shares are classified as equity instruments when there is no contractual obligation to deliver cash or other assets to another entity and the shares present a residual interest in the net assets of the issuer. Ordinary shares are classified as equity.

(l) Provisions and contingent liabilities and assets

Provisions are recognised in respect of present obligations arising from past events where it is probable that outflows of resources will be required to settle the obligations and they can be reliably estimated.

Contingent liabilities are possible obligations whose existence depends on the outcome of uncertain future events or those present obligations where the outflows of resources are uncertain or cannot be measured reliably. Contingent liabilities are not recognised in the financial statements but are disclosed unless they are remote.

Contingent assets are possible assets that arise from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within TSB's control. These are recognised only when it is virtually certain that an inflow of economic benefits will arise.

(m) Premises and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recognised at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes the original purchase price of the assets and the costs attributable to bringing the asset into working condition for its intended use. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to TSB. The value of land (included in premises) is not depreciated. Depreciation on other premises and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate the difference between the cost and the residual value over their estimated useful lives, as follows:

• Freehold premises and leasehold right of use assets: shorter of 50 years or the remaining period of the lease.

• Leasehold improvements: shorter of 10 years and, if lease renewal is not likely, the remaining period of the lease.

• • Fixtures and furnishings: 0-10 years.

• Other equipment and motor vehicles: 2-8 years.

The assets' residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each balance sheet date. Assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In the event that an asset’s carrying amount is determined to be greater than its recoverable amount it is written down immediately. The recoverable amount is the higher of the asset’s fair value less costs to sell and its value in use.

(n) Leases

At inception of a contract TSB assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, TSB assesses whether: (a) the contract involves the use of an identified asset; (b) TSB has the right to substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset throughout the period of use; and (c) TSB has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, TSB allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices.

TSB recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The estimated useful lives of rightof-use assets are determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. The right-of-use asset is written down by any impairment losses, for example where a leased property will be closed before the end of the lease term, and is adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. No lease liability or related right of use asset is recognised in respect of short term leases, of less than one year, or leases of low value assets. As permitted by accounting standards, the cost of such leases are expensed as incurred.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 68

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

Accounting policies relevant to this section (continued)

(n) Leases (continued)

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using TSB Group’s incremental borrowing rate. The lease liability is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recognised in the consolidated income statement if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

(o) Intangible assets

Intangible assets held by TSB consist of internally developed computer software which is held at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment. Software development costs are capitalised if it is probable that the asset created will generate future economic benefits. Costs incurred to establish technological feasibility or to maintain existing levels of performance are recognised as an expense.

Computer software intangible assets are amortised using the straight line method over their estimated useful lives of between 3 and 5 years. Amortisation commences when the assets are ready for their intended use. Estimated useful lives are reviewed annually and adjusted, if appropriate, in the light of technological developments, usage and other relevant factors. Computer software is reviewed for indicators of impairment at each reporting date and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Where the carrying amount is not recoverable the asset is written down immediately to the estimated recoverable amount.

23. Shareholder’s equity

23. Shareholder’s equity
Bank	Share	Share	Capital	Fair value	Cash flow	Retained
	capital	premium	reserve	reserve	hedging reserve	profit
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Balance at1January2019	79.4	195.6	412.8	18.6	(3.2)	1,175.7
Net changein fair valuereserve	–	–	–	(5.0)	–	–
Net changeincash flow hedgingreserve	–	–	–	–	0.7	–
Profit for theyear	–	–	–	–	–	26.2
Balance at 31 December 2019	79.4	195.6	412.8	13.6	(2.5)	1,201.9
Net changein fair valuereserve	–	–	–	(2.0)	–	–
Net changeincash flow hedgingreserve	–	–	–	–	(17.7)	–
Loss for theyear	–	–	–	–	–	(156.2)
At 31 December 2020	79.4	195.6	412.8	11.6	(20.2)	1,045.7
						Retained
Company	Share	Share	Capital	Fair value	Cash flow	Profit
	capital	premium	reserve	reserve	hedging reserve	Restated(1)
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At1January2019	79.4	195.6	412.8	18.6	(2.5)	1,175.7
Restatement(1)	–	–	–	–	–	(6.6)
At1January2019- restated	79.4	195.6	412.8	18.6	(2.5)	1,169.1
Net changein fair valuereserve	–	–	–	(5.0)	–	–
Net changeincash flow hedgingreserve	–	–	–	–	0.2	–
Profit for theyear(restated)	–	–	–	–	–	43.5
At 31 December 2019	79.4	195.6	412.8	13.6	(2.3)	1,212.6
Net changein fair valuereserve	–	–	–	(2.0)	–	–
Net changeincash flow hedgingreserve	–	–	–	–	(17.9)	–
Loss for theyear	–	–	–	–	–	(166.9)
At 31 December 2020	79.4	195.6	412.8	11.6	(20.2)	1,045.7

(1) Restated as described in note 33.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 69

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

23. Shareholder’s equity (continued)

At 31 December 2020 and 2019, TSB Bank plc had in issue 7,945,000,100 one pence ordinary shares authorised, allotted and fully paid up.

The capital reserve represents a capital contribution received in 2013 from a, then, parent company.

The fair value reserve represents the unrealised change in the value of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income since the instrument’s initial recognition.

The cash flow hedging reserve represents the cumulative gains and losses on effective cash flow hedging instruments that will be recycled to the income statement when the hedged transactions affect profit or loss.

24. Contingent liabilities

Significant judgement

Regulatory and conduct matters

During 2018, the FCA and PRA commenced a formal joint investigation in connection with the handling of the migration of data and IT systems. This investigation is ongoing and it is not yet possible to determine its outcome

Further, as explained in note 30, management and the FCA is investigating conduct related matters in TSB’s collection and recoveries function for which a provision covering the estimated redress costs has been recognised. It is not, however, currently possible to conclude if any regulatory penalty will be levied and therefore no costs for an estimated penalty have been recognised in these financial statements.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 70

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

25. Related party transactions

The Bank’s related parties include key management personnel, Sabadell and other Sabadell Group companies.

(i) Key management personnel

Key management personnel are those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Bank which is the Board and Executive Committee. Key management personnel compensation is shown in the table below.

	Bank Bank Company Company 2020 £ 000 2019 £ 000 2020 £ 000 2019 £ 000
Short termemployee benefits	5,597 7,448 5,597 7,448
Post-employment benefits	730 808 730 808
Other long termbenefits	– 765 – 765
Share-based payments	– 1,084 – 1,084
Payments for loss of office	459 1,170 459 1,170
Total	6,786 11,275 6,786 11,275

The decrease in compensation payable to key management personal in 2020 largely reflects the absence of variable reward costs.

The tables below detail, on an aggregated basis, related party transactions, balances outstanding at the year end and related income and expense in respect of key management personnel.

	Bank Bank Company Company
	2020 £ 000 2019 £ 000 2020 £ 000 2019 £ 000
Loans
At1January	11 5 11 5
Advances (includeskeymanagement personnelappointed during the year)	216 87 216 87
Interest charged during the year	– – – –
Repayments made during the year (including key management personnel resigned duringtheyear)	(194) (81) (194) (81)
At 31 December	33 11 33 11

The loans attracted interest at customer rates and were made in the ordinary course of business. Expected credit losses are assessed to be immaterial.

	Bank Bank Company Company
	2020 £ 000 2019 £ 000 2020 £ 000 2019 £ 000
Deposits
At1January	1,797 1,377 1,797 1,377
Deposits made during the year (includes key management personnel appointed during the year)	4,471 5,900 4,471 5,900
Interest expense ondeposits	7 6 7 6
Withdrawals made during the year (including key management personnel resigned duringtheyear)	(4,361) (5,486) (4,361) (5,486)
At 31 December	1,914 1,797 1,914 1,797

Deposits placed by key management personnel are at customer rates and were made in the ordinary course of business.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 71

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

25. Related party transactions (continued)

(ii) Transactions and balances with TSB Group companies

Amounts due from TSB Banking Group plc, the Company’s immediate parent company, totalled £18.3 million (2019: £14.9 million) primarily arise from the payment and recharge, in the normal course of business, of certain costs of TSB Banking Group plc and the funding by the Company of collateral balances required to be deposited by TSB Banking Group plc.

Amounts due from TSB Banking Group Employee Share Trust (EST) totalled £1.6 million (2019: £3.6 million) reflecting an interest free loan to enable the EST to acquire shares in respect of the Bank’s share based compensation schemes.

Amounts receivable from/(due to) other Bank companies by the Company were £43.2 million (2019: £(10.4) million).

(iii) Transactions and balances with Sabadell Group companies

Operational IT costs

Operating expenses of £124.8 million (2019: £167.0 million) were incurred in respect of services provided by Sabis, TSB’s parent company’s IT supplier, under the OSA for running and developing the banking platform. The decrease during 2020 reflects that in December 2019, as part of the strategy to take direct management of suppliers of IT services, TSB entered into an agreement with IBM to provide IT services to TSB. The contract became effective from 1 January 2020 and these services became operational on a phased basis throughout 2020. These services were previously provided by Sabis under the OSA which has been amended to remove the relevant services with effect from the date that IBM’s service became operational.

Residual IT Migration related balances

In connection with the IT migration in 2018, the MSA and OSA contracts provide TSB with the right to seek recovery of eligible losses for breach of contract up to the level of liability caps in each agreement. The respective parties have reached provisional agreement, subject to mutual reservations of rights while negotiations are concluded, to recognise an aggregate estimated recovery under the agreements of £192.6 million (2019: £192.6 million), reflecting the maximum recovery amount under the contracts. TSB intends to settle on a net basis and consequently, the residual MSA liability of £100.0 million (2019: £100.0 million) has been presented on the statement of financial position net of the recovery of £100.0 million (2019: £100.0 million). The amount payable to Sabis in respect of the OSA and other change services of £113.9 million (2019: £95.2 million) is presented net of recovery of £92.6 million (2019: £92.6 million). Taken together, the aggregate liability to Sabis recognised on the consolidated balance sheet is £21.3 million (2019: £2.6 million) (note 31).

Issuance of senior unsecured debt securities

In December 2020, the Company issued £450.0 million of floating rate notes June 2023 to its parent company, TSB Banking Group plc, at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount. The notes pay interest at SONIA plus 2.1%. Interest expense of £0.1 million was recognised in 2020 and was payable at 31 December 2020.

Economic hedging of share based compensation liability

At 31 December 2019, TSB held options from Sabadell to acquire 8.3 million Sabadell shares at an exercise price of 77.68p in order to hedge the risk associated with the TSB Sharesave scheme. These options had a fair value of £0.8 million at 31 December 2019 and Sabadell had placed cash collateral of £1.4 million. At 31 December 2020, no options remained outstanding under the TSB Sharesave scheme (note 16).

Other transactions and balances

The Company’s ultimate parent, Sabadell, acts as an intermediary in respect of international payments and the Company has nostro accounts as a result of this arrangement which had a net balance due from Sabadell of £1.9 million (2019: £4.9 million).

(iv) Subsidiary undertakings

The following entities are accounted for as subsidiary companies of TSB Bank plc as it exercises control of each entity under IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements. The registered office of each of these entities is 35 Great St Helen’s, London, EC3A 6AP :

• Duncan Holdings 2015-1 Limited and its subsidiary Duncan Funding 2015-1 plc (in liquidation);

• Duncan Holdings 2016-1 Limited and its subsidiary Duncan Funding 2016-1 plc (in liquidation);

• TSB Covered Bonds LLP, TSB Covered Bonds (LM) Limited; and TSB Covered Bonds (Holdings) Limited.

TSB Bank plc

Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 72

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

26. Property and equipment

26. Property and equipment
			Right of use
			leasing
Bank and Company	Property	Equipment	asset	Total
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
Cost
At1January2019	231.7	111.7	163.0	506.4
Additions	17.1	4.7	13.7	35.5
Disposals	(3.0)	(5.0)	–	(8.0)
Lease term remeasurement	–	–	(6.6)	(6.6)
Write-offs	–	–	(2.8)	(2.8)
At 31 December 2019	245.8	111.4	167.3	524.5
Additions	10.5	23.8	5.1	39.4
Disposals	(22.3)	(12.4)	(5.2)	(39.9)
Lease term remeasurement	–	–	1.5	1.5
At 31 December 2020	234.0	122.8	168.7	525.5
**Accumulated depreciation **
At1January2019	108.1	72.2	–	180.3
Depreciationchargeforproperty and equipment (note14)	19.1	7.2	–	26.3
Depreciationchargefor right ofuse asset (note14)	–	–	28.2	28.2
Write-offs	(1.4)	(1.6)	(0.5)	(3.5)
At 31 December 2019	125.8	77.8	27.7	231.3
Depreciationchargeforproperty and equipment (note14)	27.8	14.0	–	41.8
Depreciationchargefor right ofuse asset (note14)	–	–	25.8	25.8
Disposals	(19.3)	(12.3)	(0.7)	(32.3)
At 31 December 2020	134.3	79.5	52.8	266.6
Carrying amount
At 31 December 2019	120.0	33.6	139.6	293.2
At 31 December 2020	99.7	43.3	115.9	258.9

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

27. Lease liabilities

TSB Group’s leasing activity primarily reflects leases of various offices and bank branch properties. These lease arrangements will often contain renewal options and rent escalation clauses, although the effect of these is not material. No arrangements have been entered into for contingent rental payments. The tables below set out details of the amounts recognised in the financial statements in respect of leases:

	Property	Property
	2020	2019
Lease liability	£ million	£ million
Balance at 1January	141.8	171.9
Additions	5.1	13.7
Lease term remeasurement	1.5	(6.6)
Interest expenseforthe year	1.3	1.6
Leasepayments made in theyear	(26.4)	(38.8)
Carrying amount at 31 December	123.3	141.8

28. Intangible assets

28. Intangible assets
	2020	2019
Bankand Company	**£ million **	**£ million **
Cost
At1January	30.5	22.9
Additions	35.9	7.6
At 31 December	66.4	30.5
**Accumulated amortisation **
At1January	10.2	4.5
Amortisation charge for theyear(note 14)	6.7	5.7
**At 31 December **	16.9	10.2
Carrying amount	49.5	20.3

29. Other assets

29. Other assets
	Bank BankCompany Company
	2020 £ million 2019 £ million 2020 £ million 2019 **£ million **
Otherassets and prepayments	143.8 113.4 143.8 113.4
Amountsrecoverable undercustomer remediation indemnity (note 30)	10.9 14.4 10.9 14.4
Amounts due from other TSB Groupcompanies(note 25)	19.9 18.5 63.1 18.5
Total other assets	174.6 146.3 217.8 146.3

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 74

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

30. Provisions

30. Provisions
Bank and Company		Customer	Operational	Credit
	Restructuring	redress	losses	impairment
	provision(2)	provisions	provision	provisions	Total
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At1January2020	28.5	19.6	1.1	2.6	51.8
Transfers(1)	–	–	–	15.3	15.3
Charge to theincome statement	64.0	56.2	–	1.3	121.5
Reversals to theincome statement	(2.3)	(2.9)	–	–	(5.2)
Utilisation	(22.4)	(6.8)	(1.1)	–	(30.3)
At 31 December 2020	67.8	66.1	–	19.2	153.1

(1) During 2020, the methodology for allocating expected credit losses on revolving facilities was changed such that ECL in excess of a customer’s drawn balance is now presented in the credit impairment provision. This change resulted in the transfer of £15.3 million from the allowance for credit impairment losses to the credit impairment provision.

(2) Included in the net charge to the income statement of £61.7 million, is £39.7 million reported in severance costs and £22.0 million reported in rates, maintenance and other premises expenses in note 14.

Significant estimates

Customer redress provisions

During 2020, management and the FCA commenced a review of support treatments offered to some customers who are, or were, in arrears and being serviced by TSB’s collections and recoveries department. While not yet complete, this has identified an indicative early view of potentially impacted customers over a period from 2013 to 2020 who may have suffered either financial loss or distress and inconvenience. The assessment of the potential cost of customer redress, including compensatory interest, and related operational costs are estimated to lie within a range of £53.1 million to £57.4 million and are dependent on the assumed rates of redress and range of remediation strategies deployed. A provision of £55.0 million has been recognised and is expected to be utilised over the next two to three years. As the assessment of the potential costs of redress continues to take place, estimating the amount of the provision requires judgement, particularly with respect to the number of customers who may have been affected, the estimated financial loss suffered by customers and the estimated rates of redress.

In respect of other customer redress matters, TSB is largely protected from losses arising from historic misconduct under an indemnity provided by Lloyds Bank plc. However, TSB retains the primary liability for the alleged misconduct to its customers and a provision for customer remediation of £11.1 million (2019: £19.6 million) is carried. A recoverable of £10.9 million (2019: £14.4 million) has been recognised under the indemnity provided by Lloyds Bank plc (note 29). The size of the liability follows an assessment of emerging themes in customer complaints, an assessment of broader industry commentary and discussions with regulators. The ultimate cost and timing of payments are uncertain as a result of the inherent difficulties in estimating factors such as future levels of customer complaints and remediation settlements. The provision represents management’s current best estimate.

Restructuring provision

At 31 December 2020, TSB carried provisions of £67.8 million (2019: £28.5 million) in respect of estimated costs to restructure the Bank as part of TSB’s strategy. This included estimated costs in respect of the closure of 164 branches that were announced in September 2020, residual costs in respect of an earlier phase of branches closures announced in 2019 and the estimated severance costs arising from organisational change across a number of head office functions. The amounts are expected to be settled in 2021.

Estimating the amount of the provision requires judgement, particularly with respect to the estimated costs of branch decommissioning costs and dilapidation costs in respect of leasehold properties. In estimating the provision, experience gained from recent branch closures was used, together with supporting evidence from property advisors. An increase/decrease of 10% to the average branch decommissioning costs and to the dilapidation rate per leasehold branch would have increased/decreased the provision balance at 31 December 2020 by £2.4 million.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 75

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

31. Other liabilities

31. Other liabilities
	2020	2019
Bank	**£ million **	**£ million **
Amountspayable to Sabadell Groupcompanies(note 25)	21.3	2.6
Amountspayable to other TSB Groupcompanies	–	0.7
Accruals and deferred income	87.6	70.1
Share based paymentliability	4.1	5.4
Other creditors	83.0	75.3
Total other liabilities	196.0	154.1
	2020	2019
Company	**£ million **	**£ million **
Amounts payable to SabadellGroup companies (note25)	21.3	2.6
Amounts payable to other TSBGroup companies (note25)	–	10.4
Accruals and deferredincome	87.6	70.1
Share based paymentliability	4.1	5.4
Other creditors	82.9	75.1
Total other liabilities	195.9	163.6

Significant judgement – MSA and OSA contract liabilities

The MSA and OSA contracts provide TSB with the right to seek recovery of eligible losses for breach of contract up to the level of liability caps in each agreement. The parties have reached provisional agreement, subject to mutual reservation of rights while negotiations are concluded, where TSB will recover an aggregate of £192.6 million (2019: £192.6 million) under the respective contracts.

As the parties have the legal right and intend to settle these amounts net, the amounts payable to Sabis under the MSA and OSA contracts are presented on the statement of financial position net of the estimated recovery of £192.6 million (2019: £192.6 million).

32. Notes to the consolidated cash flow statement

The table below presents the change in liabilities arising from financing activities.

					Amounts due
	Borrowings	Debt			from other	Total
Bank	from central	securities in	Subordinated	Repurchase	TSB Group	non customer
	banks	issue	liabilities	agreements	companies	funding
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At1January2019	6,482.2	1,122.6	398.2	1,084.8	–	9,087.8
Repayment ofborrowingsfromcentralbanks (net)	(1,995.0)	–	–	–	–	(1,995.0)
Repayment ofsecuritisation funding(1)	–	(177.5)	–	–	–	(177.5)
Issuance ofcovered bonds	–	750.0	–	–	–	750.0
Repayments of repurchase agreements (net)	–	–	–	(1,084.8)	–	(1,084.8)
Exchange differences(1)		(20.5)				(20.5)
Non-cash movements	(3.7)	1.7	(2.3)	–	–	(4.3)
At 31 December 2019	4,483.5	1,676.3	395.9	–	–	6,555.7
Repayment ofborrowingsfromcentralbanks (net)	(1,410.0)	–	–	–	–	(1,410.0)
Repayment ofsecuritisation funding	–	(440.2)	–	–	–	(440.2)
Issuance ofseniorunsecured debt securities	–	450.0	–	–	–	450.0
Exchange differences		13.7				13.7
Non-cash movements	(7.7)	(0.6)	(4.6)	–	–	(12.9)
At 31 December 2020	3,065.8	1,699.2	391.3	–	–	5,156.3

(1) In order to align with the current year presentation, exchange differences in 2019 have been presented separately.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

32. Notes to the consolidated cash flow statement (continued)

					Amounts due
	Borrowings	Debt			from other	Total
Company	from central	securities in	Subordinated	Repurchase	TSB Group	non customer
	banks	issue	liabilities	agreements	companies	funding
	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **	**£ million **
At1January2019	6,482.2	498.4	398.2	1,084.8	189.6	8,653.2
Repayment ofborrowingsfromcentralbanks (net)	(1,995.0)	–	–	–	–	(1,995.0)
Repayment ofsecuritisation funding	–	–	–	–	(179.2)	(179.2)
Issuance ofcovered bonds	–	750.0	–	–	–	750.0
Proceedsfrom repurchase agreements (net)	–	–	–	(1,084.8)	–	(1,084.8)
Non-cash movements	(3.7)	1.4	(2.3)	–	–	(4.6)
At 31 December 2019	4,483.5	1,249.8	395.9		10.4	6,139.6
Repayment ofborrowingsfromcentralbanks (net)	(1,410.0)	–	–	–	–	(1,410.0)
Repayment ofsecuritisation funding	–	–	–	–	(10.4)	(10.4)
Issuance ofseniorunsecured debt securities	–	450.0	–	–	–	450.0
Non-cash movements	(7.7)	(0.6)	(4.6)	–	–	(12.9)
At 31 December 2020	3,065.8	1,699.2	391.3	–	–	5,156.3

The following table presents further analysis of balances in the consolidated cash flow statement:

	Bank Bank Company Company 2020 £ million 2019(1) £ million 2020 £ million 2019 Restated(1) **£ million **
Increasein loans to centralbanks	(24.8) (8.3) (24.8) (8.3)
Decrease/(increase)in loans to creditinstitutions	329.9 (2.6) – –
Increasein loans and advances to customers	(2,402.4) (1,132.8) (2,402.4) (1,132.8)
Decrease/(increase)in reverse purchase agreements	201.1 (201.1) 201.1 (201.1)
Decreaseinotheradvances	62.1 101.8 62.1 101.8
Net change in derivative financial instruments and fair value adjustment for portfoliohedgedrisk(1)	(216.0) (161.7) (201.5) (205.8)
(Increase)/decreaseinotherassets	(25.4) 52.3 (68.6) 52.3
Increase/(decrease)indepositsfromcreditinstitutions	4.2 (2.7) 4.2 (2.8)
Increaseincustomerdeposits	4,217.0 1,089.9 4,217.0 1,089.9
(Decrease)/increaseinother financial liabilities	(33.3) 13.6 (33.3) 13.6
Increase/(decrease)inprovisions	101.3 (11.8) 101.3 (11.8)
Increase/(decrease)in other liabilities	41.9 (332.9) 41.9 (332.9)
Change in operating assets and liabilities(1)	2,255.6 (596.3) 1,897.0 (637.9)
Depreciationand amortisation	74.3 60.2 74.3 60.2
Impairmentlosses on loans and advances to customers	162.7 60.9 162.7 60.9
Exchange differences(2)	13.7 (20.5) – –
Other non-cash items(2)(3)	13.9 69.5 (29.7) 69.2
Non-cash and other items	264.6 170.1 207.3 190.3
Analysis of cash and cash equivalents as shown inthe balance sheet
Cash	143.6 160.1 143.6 160.1
Balanceswithcentralbanks	4,910.1 4,427.3 4,910.1 4,427.3
On demand deposits	2.6 5.4 2.6 5.4
Total cash and cash equivalents	5,056.3 4,592.8 5,056.3 4,592.8

(1) 2019 Company comparative amounts have been restated as described in note 33.

(2) In order to align with the current year presentation, exchange differences, previously included in other non-cash items, have been presented separately. (3) Interest received on debt securities of £53.2 million in 2019 and interest paid on borrowings from central banks, debt securities in issue and subordinated liabilities of £(94.0) million have been reclassified from investing activities and financing activities, respectively, and presented in other non-cash items.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 77

Notes to the financial statements

Other important disclosures (continued)

33. Restatement – Company only

In respect of TSB’s securitisation programmes, in previous years, swaps between the Company and 3rd party swap providers (and the associated back-to-back swaps between the 3rd party swap providers and the consolidated securitisation entities) have been accounted in the Company financial statements as part of the deemed loan payable to the securitisation entities. As such they were not recognised separately in the Company’s financial statements. In 2020, in the period until September 2020, when the securitisation programmes ended, such swaps were recognised separately from the deemed loan and, consequently, recognised as derivative financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss on the balance sheet.

The effect of this change has been reflected in the Company financial statements, with prior period amounts restated, where applicable, as shown in the table below. No restatement has been required to the Bank’s consolidated financial statements.

Company	At 31 December 2019	At 1January 2019
	As presented £ million Restatement £ million Restated **£ million **	As presented £ million Restatement £ million Restated **£ million **
Assets
Derivative assets atfair value throughprofit or loss	111.5 14.7 126.2	88.4 - 88.4
Deferred taxassets	96.1 (4.0) 92.1	113.0 2.4 115.4
All other assets	38,911.5 - 38.911.5	40,503.1 - 40,503.1
Total assets	39,119.1 10.7 39,129.8	40,704.5 2.4 40,706.9
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities at fair value through profit or loss 127.9 - 127.9		93.1 9.0 102.1
Allother liabilities 37,090.2 - 37,090.2		38,731.8 - 38,731.8
Total liabilities 37,218.1 - 37,218.1		38,824.9 9.0 38,833.9
Shareholder’s equity
Share capital 79.4 - 79.4		79.4 - 79.4
Share premium 195.6 - 195.6		195.6 - 195.6
Merger reserve 412.8 - 412.8		412.8 - 412.8
Retained profits 1,201.9 10.7 1,212.6		1,175.7 (6.6) 1,169.1
Valuation adjustments:
Fair value reserve 13.6 - 13.6		18.6 - 18.6
Cash flow hedgingreserve (2.3) - (2.3) (2.5) - (2.5)
Shareholder’s equity 1,901.0 10.7 1,911.7 1,879.6 (6.6) 1,873.0
Total shareholder’s equity and liabilities 39,119.1 10.7 39,129.8 40,704.5 (6.6) 40,706.9

34. Approval of the financial statements

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on 2 February 2021.

The Company’s ultimate parent company and ultimate controlling party is Banco de Sabadell, S.A. (incorporated in Spain), which is also the parent undertaking of the largest group of undertakings for which consolidated financial statements are drawn up and of which Company is a member. TSB Banking Group plc is the Company’s immediate parent undertaking and the parent undertaking of the smallest such group of undertakings for which consolidated financial statements are drawn up and of which the Company is a member. Copies of the consolidated annual report and accounts of Banco de Sabadell, S.A. are expected to be available in due course from www.grupbancsabadell.com/en/.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

page 78

Independent auditor’s report to the members of TSB Bank plc

1. Our opinion is unmodified

We have audited the financial statements of TSB Bank plc (‘the Parent Company’) for the year ended 31 December 2020 which comprise the consolidated balance sheet, consolidated statement of comprehensive income, consolidated statement of changes in equity, consolidated cash flow statement, Parent Company balance sheet, Parent Company statement of changes in equity, Parent Company cash flow statement, and the related notes, including the accounting policies.

In our opinion:

• the financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of the Group’s and of the Parent Company’s affairs as at 31 December 2020 and of the Group’s loss for the year then ended;

• the Group financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with international accounting standards in conformity with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006;

• the Parent Company financial statements have been properly prepared in accordance with international accounting standards in conformity with the requirements of, and as applied in accordance with the provisions of, the Companies Act 2006; and

• the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 and, as regards the Group financial statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation to the extent applicable.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (‘ISAs (UK)’) and applicable law. Our responsibilities are described below. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is a sufficient and appropriate basis for our opinion. Our audit opinion is consistent with our report to the Audit Committee.

We were first appointed as auditor by the shareholders on 5 May 2020. The period of total uninterrupted engagement is one year for the financial year ended 31 December 2020. We have fulfilled our ethical responsibilities under, and we remain independent of the Group in accordance with, UK ethical requirements including the FRC Ethical Standard as applied to public interest entities. No non-audit services prohibited by that standard were provided.

2. Key audit matters: our assessment of risks of material misstatement

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements and include the most significant assessed risks of material misstatement (whether or not due to fraud) identified by us, including those which had the greatest effect on: the overall audit strategy; the allocation of resources in the audit; and directing the efforts of the engagement team. We summarise below the key audit matters, in decreasing order of audit significance, in arriving at our audit opinion above, together with our key audit procedures to address those matters and, as required for public interest entities, our results from those procedures. These matters were addressed, and our results are based on procedures undertaken, in the context of, and solely for the purpose of, our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and consequently are incidental to that opinion, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters.

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Independent auditors’ report to the members of TSB Bank plc (continued)

2. Key audit matters: our assessment of risks of material misstatement (continued)

Our response Our audit procedures included:

The risk

Loan loss provisioning Subjective estimate The measurement of expected credit losses (‘ECL’) involves significant judgements and estimates. There is 31 December 2020: increased risk of material misstatement of ECL in the £239.0 million current year due to the increased judgement and estimation uncertainty as a result of COVID-19.

Recalculations: We recalculated the ECL measured on each of TSB’s loan portfolios. We performed sample testing over key inputs, data and assumptions impacting ECL calculations to assess the reasonableness of economic forecasts, weights, and model assumptions applied.

Refer to note 9 The key areas where we identified greater levels of (accounting policy and judgement and therefore increased levels of audit focus in financial disclosures) the Group’s estimation of ECL are:

Our economic scenario expertise: We involved our own economic specialists to assist us in assessing the appropriateness of the Group’s methodology for determining the economic scenarios used and the probability weightings applied to them. We assessed the overall reasonableness of the economic forecasts by comparing the Group’s forecasts to our own modelled forecasts. As part of this work we challenged the reasonableness of the Group’s considerations of the economic uncertainty relating to COVID-19.

• Economic scenarios – IFRS 9 requires the Group to measure ECL on a forward-looking basis reflecting a range of future economic conditions. Significant judgement is applied to determining the economic scenarios used, particularly in the context of COVID19, and the probability weightings assigned to each economic scenario.

• Qualitative adjustments – Adjustments to the model-driven ECL results are raised by the Group to address issues relating to model limitations, model responsiveness or emerging trends relating to COVID-19. They represent approximately 28.0% of the total ECL. Certain adjustments are inherently uncertain and significant judgement is involved in estimating these amounts.

Qualitative adjustments: For each of the significant adjustments to the model-driven ECL results we assessed the reasonableness of the adjustments by evaluating the key assumptions, inspecting the calculation methodology and tracing a sample of data used back to source data.

• Significant Increase in Credit Risk (‘SICR’) – The criteria selected to identify a significant increase in credit risk is a key area of judgement within the Group’s ECL calculation as these criteria determine whether a 12 month or lifetime provision is recorded. Increased judgement exists in the current year relating to the treatment of those customers who were granted one or more COVID-19 payment reliefs.

SICR : We assessed the ongoing effectiveness of the SICR criteria and independently calculated the loans’ stage for TSB’s loans and advances. In addition, we assessed the reasonableness of the Group’s treatment of COVID-19 payment relief customers from a SICR perspective.

• Model estimations – Inherently judgmental Our financial risk modelling expertise: We modelling is used to estimate ECLs which involves involved our own financial risk modelling specialists determining Probabilities of Default (‘PD’), Loss Given in evaluating the Group’s IFRS 9 models. We used Default (‘LGD’), and Exposures at Default (‘EAD’). our knowledge of the Group and our experience of The LGD model used in the secured portfolio and the the industry that the Group operates in to PD models used in the unsecured portfolios are the independently challenge the appropriateness of the key drivers of the Group’s ECL results and are Group’s IFRS 9 models. therefore the most significant judgmental aspect of the Group’s ECL modelling approach.

Assessing transparency: We evaluated whether

The effect of these matters is that, as part of our risk assessment, we determined that the impairment of loans to customers has a high degree of estimation uncertainty, with a potential range of reasonable outcomes greater than our materiality for the financial statements as a whole, and possibly many times that amount. The financial statements disclose the sensitivities estimated by the Group (note 9).

the disclosures appropriately reflect and address the uncertainty which exists when determining the Group’s overall ECL. As a part of this, we assessed the sensitivity analysis that is disclosed. In addition, we challenged whether the disclosure of the key judgments and assumptions made, including in respect of COVID-19, was sufficiently clear.

Our results

Disclosure quality

The results of our testing were satisfactory, and we considered the ECL charge and provision recognised and the related disclosures to be acceptable.

The disclosures regarding the Group’s application of IFRS 9 are key to explaining the key judgements and material inputs to the IFRS 9 ECL results.

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Independent auditors’ report to the members of TSB Bank plc (continued)

2. Key audit matters: our assessment of risks of material misstatement (continued)

Our response

The risk

Our audit procedures included:

IT access, change Data capture and integrity management and The Group has self-acknowledged historical issues with operations the design and implementation of controls within the Group’s IT control environment, specifically in relation to user access and change management.

Risk assessment: We performed a risk assessment of the GITC environment to assess whether it was sufficient to support an approach whereby we would test and place reliance on certain automated controls. As part of this risk assessment we inspected reports provided by the Group of testing performed over the design, implementation and operating effectiveness of GITCs prepared by parties including external consultants.

During 2020 the Group has continued to work on improving the IT control environment through their IT remediation and stabilisation programmes. The GITCs are a subset of IT controls within the wider IT control environment.

The Group’s accounting and reporting processes are dependent on automated controls (such as data feeds or automated calculations) enabled by IT systems.

Controls testing:[ Key aspects of our testing ] involved:

• We performed walkthroughs to understand the key financial reporting processes and the related controls; and

There is a risk that if the general IT controls (“GITCs”) are not sufficient then inappropriate access could be gained to IT applications and inappropriate changes made to the application itself or to the integrity of related automated controls.

We evaluated and placed reliance on selected automated controls - including those which support the calculation of fees and interest. As we did not place reliance on GITCs we increased the frequency with which we tested the operation of these automated controls during the period subject to audit.

In addition, GITCs which are not sufficient could also affect the integrity of data stored on the IT systems and the effectiveness of automated and manual controls which use this data.

As part of our audit we have performed a risk assessment of the GITC environment throughout 2020. Based on our risk assessment we identified that remediation and embedding of the GITCs was well progressed but not yet complete and therefore concluded that we would not seek to test the design or operating effectiveness of the GITCs in 2020.

Tests of detail:

We used sample testing to agree relevant data elements used in the financial reporting process (including customer and transactional data) to appropriate supporting evidence. As we did not place reliance on the GITC environment we increased our sample sizes for this testing; and

As a consequence and based on this risk assessment procedure, we have instead focused on testing the operation of certain automated controls and the accuracy of the relevant data elements.

• Where we performed substantive testing over areas such as certain data feeds and data calculations, we increased our sample sizes because we did not place reliance on relevant GITCs.

Our results

We concluded from our risk assessment that although the remediation and embedding programme is not yet complete, the GITC control framework was sufficient to allow us to test and place reliance on certain automated controls.

As we have not evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of the GITCs,[we have increased the ] frequency with which we have tested the automated controls throughout the period subject to audit and, where appropriate, we have increased the sample sizes we used to perform substantive testing.

We did not identify any significant deficiencies in the automated controls or any material errors in the relevant data elements which we tested.

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Independent auditors’ report to the members of TSB Bank plc (continued)

2. Key audit matters: our assessment of risks of material misstatement (continued)

Our response

The risk

Macro-economic Disclosure quality uncertainty Macro-economic events such as COVID-19 and Brexit have had a significant economic impact on the UK economy. In response, the UK government, and the Refer to page 23 (Basis Bank of England, have announced measures such as of preparation) lowering the base rate and countercyclical regulatory capital buffer. The eventual impact of COVID-19, Brexit and the success of these measures remains uncertain.

We considered whether the risks posed by macroeconomic uncertainty could plausibly affect the liquidity and capital in the going concern period by assessing the directors’ sensitivities over the level of available financial resources indicated by the Group’s financial forecasts taking account of severe, but plausible, adverse effects that could arise from these risks individually and collectively.

This has given rise to a challenge across the industry as banks have sought to factor the impact of this macro-economic uncertainty into their forecasting and key accounting judgements.

Our audit procedures included:

Our sector experience : We considered the directors’ assessment of sources of risk for the Group’s and Parent Company’s business and financial resources compared with our own understanding of the risks. We considered the directors’ plans to take action to mitigate the risks.

Through our risk assessment, we have focused our audit on considering this uncertainty in the areas of ECL provisions, forecasting and the Directors’ assessment of the appropriateness of the going concern basis of preparation which takes account of capital and liquidity.

Challenge of assumptions : We inspected the capital and liquidity. Group's and Parent Company’s forecasting, capital and liquidity plans to identify the key assumptions The financial statements explain how the Directors within these. We challenged the reasonableness of have incorporated the impact of macro-economic assumptions underpinning the Group’s and Parent uncertainty in their determination of ECL provisions and Company’s forecasts. the carrying value of the Parent Company’s investment in subsidiary. Our response to both these matters is set Sensitivity analysis : We challenged the severity of out in more detail in the relevant Key Audit Matter. the stressed scenarios used by the Group and Parent Company in their capital and liquidity assessments The financial statements also explain how the Directors and the viability of possible management actions that have formed a judgement that it is appropriate to adopt might be required in the event of such stresses the going concern basis of preparation for the Group materialising.

The financial statements also explain how the Directors have formed a judgement that it is appropriate to adopt the going concern basis of preparation for the Group and Parent Company, with no material uncertainty disclosed. This judgement takes into account all relevant aspects including the impact of the macroeconomic environment.

Assessing transparency : We critically assessed the completeness and accuracy of the matters covered in the going concern disclosure within the financial statements using our knowledge of the relevant facts and circumstances developed during our audit work, considering the economic outlook, key areas of estimation uncertainty, and mitigating actions available to the Group and Parent Company to respond to these risks.

The judgement is based on an evaluation of the inherent risks to the Group’s and Parent Company’s business model and how those risks might affect the Group’s and Parent Company’s financial resources or ability to continue operations over a period of at least a year from the date of approval of the financial statements.

Our results

We found the going concern disclosure without any material uncertainty to be acceptable.

The risk most likely to affect the Group’s and Parent Company’s available financial resources over the period is the ongoing economic uncertainty. This impact could lead to reduced regulatory capital levels over the course of the next 12 months.

In addition to the impacts on our ECL and investment in subsidiary Key Audit Matters, the risk for our audit is whether or not a material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt on the ability of the Group and Parent Company to continue as a going concern. Had there been such an uncertainty, then that fact would need to be disclosed.

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Independent auditors’ report to the members of TSB Bank plc (continued)

3. Our application of materiality and an overview of the scope of our audit

Materiality for the financial statements as a whole was set at £7.5 million, determined with reference to a benchmark of total revenue, of which it represents 0.81%. We consider total revenue to be the most appropriate benchmark as it provides a more stable measure year on year than group loss before tax.

Materiality for the Parent Company financial statements as a whole was set at £7.5 million, determined with reference to a benchmark of total revenue, of which it represents 0.81%. We consider total revenue to be the most appropriate benchmark as it provides a more stable measure year on year than group loss before tax

In line with our audit methodology, our procedures on individual account balances and disclosures were performed to a lower threshold, performance materiality, so as to reduce to an acceptable level the risk that individually immaterial misstatements in individual account balances add up to a material amount across the financial statements as a whole .

Performance materiality for the Group and Parent Company was set at 65% of materiality for the financial statements as a whole, which equates to £4.88 million. We applied this percentage in our determination of performance materiality reflecting that this is our first year as auditors of the Group and Parent Company and we have not tested general IT controls.

We agreed to report to the Audit Committee any corrected or uncorrected identified misstatements exceeding £0.375 million, in addition to other identified misstatements that warranted reporting on qualitative grounds.

The Group team performed the audit of the Group as if it was a single aggregated set of financial information. The audit was performed using the materiality and performance materiality levels set out above.

4. Going concern

The directors have prepared the financial statements on the going concern basis as they do not intend to liquidate the Group or the Parent Company or to cease their operations, and as they have concluded that the Group’s and the Parent Company’s financial position means that this is realistic. They have also concluded that there are no material uncertainties that could have cast significant doubt over their ability to continue as a going concern for at least a year from the date of approval of the financial statements (‘the going concern period’).

An explanation of how we evaluated management’s assessment of going concern is set out in the key audit matter in relation to macro-economic uncertainty in section 2 of this report.

Our conclusions based on this work:

• we consider that the directors’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate;

• we have not identified, and concur with the directors’ assessment that there is not, a material uncertainty related to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the Group’s or Parent Company's ability to continue as a going concern for the going concern period; and

• we found the going concern disclosure on page 23 (Basis of preparation) to be acceptable.

However, as we cannot predict all future events or conditions and as subsequent events may result in outcomes that are inconsistent with judgements that were reasonable at the time they were made, the above conclusions are not a guarantee that the Group or the Parent Company will continue in operation.

5. Fraud and breaches of laws and regulations – ability to detect

Identifying and responding to risks of material misstatement due to fraud

To identify risks of material misstatement due to fraud (‘fraud risks’) we assessed events or conditions that could indicate an incentive or pressure to commit fraud or provide an opportunity to commit fraud. Our risk assessment procedures included:

• Enquiring of directors, Internal Audit and inspection of policy documentation as to the Group and Parent Company’s high-level policies and procedures to prevent and detect fraud, including the Internal Audit function, and the Group and Parent Company’s channel for ‘whistleblowing’, as well as whether they have knowledge of any actual, suspected or alleged fraud.

• Reading Board, Board Audit Committee and Risk Committee minutes.

• Considering remuneration incentive schemes and performance targets for management and directors.

• Using analytical procedures to identify any unusual or unexpected relationships.

• Using our own forensic specialists to assist us in identifying fraud risks based on discussions of the circumstances of the Group and Parent Company.

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Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Independent auditors’ report to the members of TSB Bank plc (continued)

5. Fraud and breaches of laws and regulations – ability to detect (continued)

Identifying and responding to risks of material misstatement due to fraud (continued)

We communicated identified fraud risks throughout the audit team and remained alert to any indications of fraud throughout the audit.

As required by auditing standards, and taking into account possible pressures to meet profit targets and our overall knowledge of the control environment, we perform procedures to address the risk of management override of controls, in particular the risk that Group management may be in a position to make inappropriate accounting entries and the risk of bias in accounting estimates and judgements such as loan loss provisioning. On this audit we do not believe there is a fraud risk related to revenue recognition because there is limited complexity in the calculation and recognition of revenue.

We also identified a fraud risk related to estimation of loan loss provisioning, specifically relating to economic scenarios and qualitative adjustments in response to significant estimation that involves subjective judgments or uncertainties that are difficult to corroborate. Further detail in respect of loan loss provisioning is set out in the key audit matter disclosures in section 2 of this report.

We also performed procedures including:

• Identifying journal entries to test based on risk criteria and comparing the identified entries to supporting documentation. These included those posted by senior finance management and those posted and approved by the same user.

• Assessing significant accounting estimates for bias.

We discussed with the Audit Committee matters related to actual or suspected fraud, for which disclosure is not necessary, and considered any implications for our audit.

Identifying and responding to risks of material misstatement due to non-compliance with laws and regulations We identified areas of laws and regulations that could reasonably be expected to have a material effect on the financial statements from our general commercial and sector experience, through discussion with the directors and other management (as required by auditing standards), and from inspection of the Group’s regulatory and legal correspondence and discussed with the directors and other management the policies and procedures regarding compliance with laws and regulations.

As the Group is regulated, our assessment of risks involved gaining an understanding of the control environment including the entity’s procedures for complying with regulatory requirements.

We communicated identified laws and regulations throughout our team and remained alert to any indications of noncompliance throughout the audit.

The potential effect of these laws and regulations on the financial statements varies considerably.

Firstly, the Group is subject to laws and regulations that directly affect the financial statements including financial reporting legislation (including related companies legislation), distributable profits legislation and taxation legislation and we assessed the extent of compliance with these laws and regulations as part of our procedures on the related financial statement items.

Secondly, the Group is subject to many other laws and regulations where the consequences of non-compliance could have a material effect on amounts or disclosures in the financial statements, for instance through the imposition of fines or litigation or the loss of the Group’s and Parent Company’s licence to operate. We identified the following areas as those most likely to have such an effect: specific areas of regulatory capital and liquidity, conduct, money laundering and financial crime and certain aspects of company legislation recognising the financial and regulated nature of the Group’s and Parent Company’s activities. Auditing standards limit the required audit procedures to identify non-compliance with these laws and regulations to enquiry of the directors and other management and inspection of regulatory and legal correspondence, if any. Therefore if a breach of operational regulations is not disclosed to us or evident from relevant correspondence, an audit will not detect that breach.

For the customer redress matter discussed in note 30, our procedures included inquiries of internal counsel and inspection of correspondence with the regulator.

For the joint regulatory investigation matter discussed in note 24, our procedures included inquiries with internal and external legal counsel as to the status of the investigation.

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Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Independent auditors’ report to the members of TSB Bank plc (continued)

5. Fraud and breaches of laws and regulations – ability to detect (continued)

Identifying and responding to risks of material misstatement due to non-compliance with laws and regulations (continued) Within note 9, management has disclosed the potential future risks relating to the applicability of the government guarantee over losses arising on the government bounce back loan scheme. We have compared the disclosure against our own understanding of the nature and rules of the scheme and have concluded it is appropriate

We discussed with the Directors matters related to actual or suspected breaches of laws or regulations, for which disclosure is not necessary, and considered any implications for our audit.

Context of the ability of the audit to detect fraud or breaches of law or regulation

Owing to the inherent limitations of an audit, there is an unavoidable risk that we may not have detected some material misstatements in the financial statements, even though we have properly planned and performed our audit in accordance with auditing standards. For example, the further removed non-compliance with laws and regulations is from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, the less likely the inherently limited procedures required by auditing standards would identify it.

In addition, as with any audit, there remained a higher risk of non-detection of fraud, as these may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal controls. Our audit procedures are designed to detect material misstatement. We are not responsible for preventing non-compliance or fraud and cannot be expected to detect non-compliance with all laws and regulations.

6. We have nothing to report on the strategic report and the directors’ report

The directors are responsible for the strategic report and the directors’ report. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover those reports and we do not express an audit opinion thereon.

Our responsibility is to read the strategic report and the directors’ report and, in doing so, consider whether, based on our financial statements audit work, the information therein is materially misstated or inconsistent with the financial statements or our audit knowledge. Based solely on that work:

• we have not identified material misstatements in those reports;

• in our opinion the information given in the strategic report and the directors’ report for the financial year is consistent with the financial statements; and

• in our opinion those reports have been prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 2006.

7. We have nothing to report on the other matters on which we are required to report by exception

Under the Companies Act 2006, we are required to report to you if, in our opinion:

• adequate accounting records have not been kept by the Parent Company, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not visited by us; or

• the Parent Company financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or

• certain disclosures of directors’ remuneration specified by law are not made; or

• • we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

We have nothing to report in these respects.

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Independent auditors’ report to the members of TSB Bank plc (continued)

8. Respective responsibilities

Directors’ responsibilities

As explained more fully in their statement set out on page 22, the directors are responsible for: the preparation of the financial statements including being satisfied that they give a true and fair view; such internal control as they determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error; assessing the Group and Parent Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern; and using the going concern basis of accounting unless they either intend to liquidate the Group or the Parent Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Auditor’s responsibilities

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue our opinion in an auditor’s report. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but does not guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.

A fuller description of our responsibilities is provided on the FRC’s website at www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities.

9. The purpose of our audit work and to whom we owe our responsibilities

This report is made solely to the Parent Company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Parent Company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor’s report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Parent Company and the Parent Company’s members, as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

Pamela McIntyre (Senior Statutory Auditor)

for and on behalf of KPMG LLP, Statutory Auditor

Chartered Accountants

15 Canada Square London E14 5GL 2 February 2021

TSB Bank plc Annual Report and Accounts 2020

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Contacts

For further information please contact:

Media

George Gordon Communications and Corporate Affairs Director Phone: +44 (0)207 003 9369 Email: george.gordon@tsb.co.uk

Supreet Thomas Head of Communications Mobile: +44 (0)7519 502123 Email: supreet.thomas@tsb.co.uk

Investors and analysts

investorrelations@bancsabadell.com

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