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Taurus Gold — Audit Report / Information 2022
Jun 28, 2022
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Technical Summary Report: Charlotte Property
Technical Summary Report Charlotte Property
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Whitehorse Mining District Yukon Territory, Canada
NTS Map Sheet 115I/03
Latitude 62.06312°N & Longitude -137.16069°W UTM Zone 8N: 387078E & 6883092N
Prepared for:
Taurus Gold Corp. Suite #239, 9768-170[th] Street Edmonton, AB, Canada, T5T 5L4
Prepared By:
Ken MacDonald, P.Geo Ridgeview Resources Ltd. 2665 Carlisle Way
Prince George, BC, Canada, V2K 4B5
Report Date: May 26, 2022
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Date & Signature Page
The effective date of this Technical Report, entitled Technical Summary Report on the Charlotte Property , is May 26, 2022.
Signed,
/s/ "Ken MacDonald" Dated: May 26, 2022 Ken MacDonald, P.Geo
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Table of Contents
1.0 Summary ....................................................................................................... 6 2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Site Inspection ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Qualifications ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.4 Terms of Reference and Units ................................................................................................... 10 3.0 Reliance on Other Experts ........................................................................... 11 4.0 Property Description and Location .............................................................. 11 4.1 Location ................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Property Description ................................................................................................................. 13 4.3 First Nations & Traditional Use ................................................................................................. 20 5.0 Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography .... 21 5.1 Accessibility and Infrastructure ................................................................................................. 21 5.2 Physiography and Climate ........................................................................................................ 24 6.0 History ........................................................................................................ 26 6.1 Mt. Nansen Mine History .......................................................................................................... 26 6.2 Cyprus Showing ........................................................................................................................ 40 7.0 Geological Setting and Mineralization ......................................................... 40 7.1 Regional Geology ..................................................................................................................... 40 7.1.1 Yukon-Tanana Terrane ..................................................................................................................... 41 7.1.2 Mt. Nansen Trend ............................................................................................................................ 43 7.1.3 Mt. Nansen Area .............................................................................................................................. 44 7.1.4 Geostructural Setting ....................................................................................................................... 44 7.1.5 Mt. Nansen Mineralization ............................................................................................................... 45 7.1.6 Age-Dating ....................................................................................................................................... 46 7.2 Property Geology...................................................................................................................... 46 7.3 Mineralization .......................................................................................................................... 48 7.4 Alteration ................................................................................................................................. 48 7.5 Structure .................................................................................................................................. 49 7.6 Mineralized Zones .................................................................................................................... 51 8.0 Deposit Types .............................................................................................. 60
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8.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 60 8.2 Porphyry Deposits .................................................................................................................... 61 8.3 Epithermal Vein Deposits .......................................................................................................... 61 8.4 Porphyry to Epithermal Transition ............................................................................................ 62 8.5 Supergene Enrichment .............................................................................................................. 63 9.0 Exploration ................................................................................................. 65 10.0 Diamond Drilling ....................................................................................... 65 11.0 Sample Preparation, Analysis and Security ................................................ 74 12.0 Data Verification ....................................................................................... 77 13.0 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing ............................................ 79 14.0 Mineral Resource Estimates ...................................................................... 79 15.0-22.0 ........................................................................................................... 79 23.0 Adjacent Properties ................................................................................... 79 24.0 Other Relevant Data and Information ....................................................... 84 25.0 Interpretations and Conclusions ................................................................ 84 26.0 Recommendations .................................................................................... 85 27.0 References ................................................................................................ 88 Statement of Qualifications .............................................................................. 94
List of Figures
Figure 1. Property Location Map ................................................................................................................ 12 Figure 2. Claim Map of the Charlotte Property .......................................................................................... 16 Figure 3. Roads and Access ......................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 4. Extent of Glaciation ...................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 5. Historical Geochemistry ............................................................................................................... 27 Figure 6. Historical Diamond Drill Holes ..................................................................................................... 31 Figure 7. Flex Zone - 2010-2011 Drill Hole Locations .................................................................................. 36 Figure 8. Orloff King Zone Historical Drilling ............................................................................................... 37 Figure 9. Surface Expression of Veins and Inferred Faults: Flex Zone ........................................................ 38 Figure 10. Tectonic Assemblages of Yukon Territory (after Nelson and Colpron, 2007) ............................ 42 Figure 11. Mt Nansen Trend (from Mortensen et al , 2003) ....................................................................... 43 Figure 12. Mt. Nansen Area Geology (after Ryan, 2010) ............................................................................ 50 Figure 13. Mineralized Zones of the Mt. Nansen Area ............................................................................... 52 Figure 14. Webber Underground Workings (After Denholm et al ., 2000) ................................................. 54 Figure 15. Huestis Underground Workings (After Denholm et al ., 2000) .................................................. 56 Figure 16. Flex Surface Plan (After Stroshein, 2007b) ................................................................................ 59 Figure 17: Structural Relationships of Epithermal Veins in the Mt. Nansen Area ...................................... 61
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Figure 18. Porphyry to Epithermal Transition (After Sinclair, 2007) ........................................................... 62 Figure 19. 2020 Drill Collar Locations ......................................................................................................... 67 Figure 20. Adjacent Properties ................................................................................................................... 82 Figure 21. Adjacent Placer Holdings ........................................................................................................... 83
List of Tables
Table 1. Charlotte Property Claim Data ...................................................................................................... 17 Table 2. Selected 2010 Trench Results ....................................................................................................... 32 Table 3. Summary of Select 2010 Drill Hole Results ................................................................................... 32 Table 4. Selected 2011 Trench Results ....................................................................................................... 33 Table 5. Summary of Select 2011 Drill Hole Results ................................................................................... 33 Table 6. Selected 2012 Trench Results ....................................................................................................... 38 Table 7. Summary of Select 2012 Drill Hole Results ................................................................................... 39 Table 8. 2010 – 2012 Drill Hole Collar Details ............................................................................................ 39 Table 9. Summary of Webber Mineralized Shoots (After Stroshein, 2007b) ............................................. 55 Table 10. Summary of Huestis Mineralized Shoots (After Middleton, 2009) ............................................. 57 Table 11. Summary of Epithermal Sub-Type Characteristics (Taylor, 2007) .............................................. 64 Table 12. 2020 Drill Collars (locations updated from 2021 DGPS Collar Survey) ....................................... 66 Table 13. Select Intercepts from 2020 Drill Program .................................................................................. 72 Table 14: Proposed Charlotte Property Budget .......................................................................................... 86
Appendix 1. Units of Conversion and Common Abbreviations Appendix 2. Historical Drill Hole Collar Details 1985 – 2012 Appendix 3. 2019 Site Visit Check Samples and Results Appendix 4. 2019 Site Visit Photos
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1.0 Summary
The Charlotte Property is a prospective gold exploration project located in the Mt. Nansen area in westcentral Yukon Territory, Canada. The property is situated approximately 60 kilometers west of the Village of Carmacks and is accessible by an all-weather gravel road from Carmacks. There are a network of roads and trails within the property that provide access to all of the exploration workings and showings on the property.
The property consists of 139 full or fractional quartz mineral claims and mineral leases that cover an area totalling 2,357.1 hectares (approximately 23 km[2] ). The mineral tenure is registered in the name of 1011308 B.C. Ltd, and the operator of the property is Taurus Gold Corp. (“TGC” or “Taurus Gold”), a private exploration corporation domiciled in North Vancouver, British Columbia.
On May 26, 2022, TGC and 1011308 BC Ltd. entered into a second amended and restated option agreement (the “Second Amended and Restated Option Agreement”). The Second Amended and Restated Option Agreement is a multi-tiered, 6-year option agreement under which the property owner has granted to TGC the sole and exclusive option to acquire an 100% undivided interest in the Charlotte Project by incurring certain exploration expenditures, making certain cash payments and issuing common shares to the property owner. If TGC elects to earn less than 100% interest in the Project, the parties have agreed to form a joint venture to further explore and develop the Project, subject to the terms and conditions set out in the Second Amended and Restated Option Agreement.
The property lies within the Tintina Gold Province (TGP), a 200 kilometer wide by 2,000 kilometer-long metallogenic province of mid- to Late Cretaceous granitoid intrusions extending in a broad arc from the Yukon-British Columbia border across central Yukon to south central Alaska. The province is host to significant gold deposits including Pogo, Fort Knox, True North and Donlin Creek.
The property is underlain by metamorphosed intrusive, sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Dawson Range. These rocks are intruded by Early Cretaceous felsic plutonic rocks and overlain by mid-Cretaceous Mt. Nansen mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks and related sub-volcanic feldspar porphyry dykes and plugs.
The main mineralized zones are comprised of anastomosing sulphide-quartz veins or breccia zones that are preferentially hosted in northwesterly trending fault/shear structures. The structures appear to cut foliated Early Mississippian gneissic rocks and are spatially and genetically related to the Mid-Cretaceous intrusive suite. A secondary northeasterly trending set of fault structures is known from detailed mapping at several mineralized zones. The northeasterly structures appear to cross-cut and offset the main fault structures, creating localization of mineralization at the intersection with northwesterly faults.
The mineralized structures occur in a 2.5 kilometer wide by 15 kilometer-long structural corridor trend known as the Mt. Nansen which is host to more than 30 recorded mineral occurrences of epithermal and porphyry origin. The zones exhibit differential and variable intensity of regional metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration, with strong localized bleaching and intensive clay alteration developed in some
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zones. Surficial weathering can vary in depth from 5 metres to 150 metres, depending on location and slope aspect. Some zones have a well-developed leach cap overtop of a zone of supergene enrichment, which gives way at depth to hypogene sulphide mineralization.
Historic exploration and development work in the immediate area has focused mainly on defining nearsurface gold and silver mineralization, with the bulk of the work directed towards the Brown-McDade, Huestis, Webber and Flex zones. Other peripheral zones such as the Orloff-King and the Cabin have seen only modest work.
Recent exploration on the property began in 2008 with the completion of a detailed airborne magnetometer and EM geophysical. The survey enhanced the understanding of the regional and structural setting and identified magnetic highs closely associated with mapped intrusive bodies.
In 2010 a 14-hole diamond drill and trenching program was conducted at the Flex zone in an attempt to confirm historic mineralized intervals and grades and to infill some gaps between previous drill fences. The drilling successfully confirmed historic precious metal grades and interval lengths and further demonstrated that the Flex zone appeared to extend at depth and down-dip of the maximum historical drill depth.
A program in 2011 completed 3,608 metres of NQ drilling in 22 holes on the Flex Zone and four holes completed on the Orloff-King Zone. In 2012, a six-hole HQ drill program totalling 1,883.46 metres was completed on the Flex Zone. A program of limited IP geophysics at the Flex Zone and rock sampling for petrography was completed in 2013. A desktop geostructural analysis of the property was completed in 2020 for claim maintenance purposes.
Taurus Gold initiated a maiden drill program in September 2020 which was completed in late October. The drill program was designed to enhance the geologic understanding of the Flex Zone and successfully achieved its goal and confirmed the tenor and thickness potential of the precious metal mineralization over 11 widely spaced drill holes. The drill results also provided additional targets for a subsequent drill campaign.
The Charlotte property covers geologically prospective ground with recorded mineral occurrences of epithermal and porphyry origin including zones with substantial recorded exploration. Historical and more recent exploration campaigns have yet to fully evaluate the potential of the known precious metal-bearing epithermal vein and breccia systems and Cu-Mo-Au porphyry mineralization discovered to date on the Charlotte property. Additional exploration is warranted to advance the known zones of mineralization and to evaluate those areas of high prospectivity surrounding the known zones that remain underexplored.
The Flex Zone remains open to depth, down plunge and along strike both to the north and south. Further drilling is recommended to outline the depth/plunge continuity of the various veins and mineralized pods.
In addition, historical work on the Webber, Huestis and Orloff-King Zones demonstrate that there is potential to expand the known zones of mineralization. The relationship between the southern extension
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of the Flex Zone and the Huestis Zone is unknown; as is the relationship of the Flex Zone and the Webber Zone to the west. Recent work has also documented the presence of mineralized zones not previously tested by drilling and sizeable soil gold anomalies remain known but unexamined.
There is excellent potential to increase the size of the known main gold vein zones and for the discovery of additional precious metal mineralization at depth and along strike of known mineralized zones. Moreover, due to the similarities in structural, lithological and host stratigraphy and similar mineralogy, there is potential for further discovery on underexplored targets to the northwest and southeast.
A technical work program is recommended which would include additional data compilation, and targeted surface prospecting, mapping, geophysics and geochemistry to infill gaps in property coverage. An up-todate comprehensive data compilation is required to improve target definition for future exploration. A 3D geological and structural model of the Flex Zone is required to initiate and complete a maiden resource calculation. This information can then be used to reinterpret the structural setting of the main gold vein zones which will better vector drill testing and provide an exploration model to further develop new drill targets. The technical work program expenditures are estimated at $500,000.
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Introduction
The Charlotte Property is located in the Mt. Nansen area in west-central Yukon Territory of Canada. The property is situated approximately 60 kilometers west of the Village of Carmacks and is accessible by an all-weather gravel road from Carmacks. The property is located in the Whitehorse Mining District on NTS map sheet 115I/03 and centered at approximately 62.06312°N and -137.16069°W. Within the property there are a network of roads and trails that provide access to all of the exploration workings and showings on the property.
The property consists of 139 full or fractional quartz mining claims and leases that remain in good standing and cover an area totalling 2,357.1 hectares (approximately 23 km[2] ). All but two of the mineral claims (Dome 55 & Nicola 1) are contiguous. The mineral tenure is registered in the name of 1011308 B.C. Ltd, a valid and subsisting private corporation incorporated under the laws of British Columbia and domiciled in Vancouver, BC. The property is subject to a 3% Net Smelter Return Royalty (“NSR”) to two directors of 1011308 B.C. Ltd.
The Property hosts several major gold vein zones that have seen considerable exploration work since discovery in the 1940’s, including trenching, drilling, surface stripping and underground development. The zones are part of the larger Mt. Nansen mine complex which, when active, exploited gold resources from three major zones: Brown-McDade, Huestis and Webber. The Mt. Nansen mine saw limited production in the 1960’s and again in the 1990’s before finally closing in 1999. The core Mt. Nansen mineral claims and leases remain in the hands of the Yukon Government due to the operator’s insolvency and subsequent bankruptcy. The peripheral mineral claims and leases were sold off by the interim received to a predecessor company and ae now owned by 1011308 B.C. Ltd. The Charlotte property as it is configured
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now hosts the Webber, Flex, Huestis (part), Cabin and other important gold zones; some of which have only seen limited exploration.
The most recent reported drilling on the property was in 2020 when Taurus completed their maiden exploration program consisting of 2,347.1 metres of diamond drilling (HQ size) in eleven holes on the Flex gold-silver vein system, with hole depths ranging from 161.5 metres to 274.4 metres.
The Charlotte property covers geologically prospective ground within the well mineralized Mt. Nansen Trend, a 15 kilometre structural corridor which is host to more than 30 recorded mineral occurrences of epithermal and porphyry origin. Historical and more recent exploration campaigns have yet to fully evaluate the potential of the known precious metal-bearing epithermal vein and breccia systems and CuMo-Au porphyry mineralization discovered to date on the Charlotte property. Additional exploration is warranted to advance the known zones of mineralization and to evaluate areas of high prospectivity that remain under explored.
2.2 Site Inspection
The most current personal inspection of the property was completed by Ken MacDonald (P.Geo.) on October 6-7, 2020 to review the drill program initiated by Taurus Gold in mid-September. Prior to that visit, the author completed a site inspection on May 14, 2019, accompanied and ably assisted by Joel MacFabe, of Environmental Dynamics Inc. of Whitehorse, YT. The inspection focused on the general overall site condition of the property, including examination of existing roads and trails, the stripped and exposed Flex zone, the adit to the Upper Webber underground workings, the exploration camp used from 2010-2012, and the racked core from the same exploration period. The inspection also examined and surveyed (hand held GPS) several existing drill collars from historical drill holes on the property to verify location from historical records. A total of 5 check samples were taken; one bedrock sample from the exposed Flex Zone and 4 samples of drill core from one hole each, from the 2010 and 2011 drill campaigns. See Appendix 3.
2.3 Qualifications
The author has completed this report in accordance with the methodology and format outlined in National Instrument 43-101, companion policy NI 43-101CP and Form 43-101F1. This Report was prepared by a Qualified Person as defined by National Instrument 43-101. The author is a registered professional geoscientist in the Province of British Columbia (Engineers and Geoscientists BC) and is considered a “Qualified Person”, as per the requirement of NI 43-101. The author is independent of Taurus Gold Corp. and 1011308 B.C. Ltd and has no material interest in the Charlotte Property or in mineral claims or mineral leases in the vicinity of the property.
The author worked on the property from August 9[th] to August 23[rd] , 2010 to assist with core logging and supervision of the 2010 diamond drilling program conducted on the Flex Zone. The claim owners (1011308 B.C. Ltd) engaged the author to complete a site visit and conduct check sampling in 2019. The author was then retained by Taurus Gold to plan their maiden drill program which was initiated on the Flex zone in
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mid-September 2020 and completed in late October. The author visited the drill program in October 2020 to confirm plan design and sample handling and QA/QC methodology. To the best of the authors’ knowledge there is no subsequent new scientific or technical information that would be considered material as of the report date of this report.
2.4 Terms of Reference and Units
Ken MacDonald, P.Geo., Principal of Ridgeview Resources Ltd. (“RRL”), has been retained by Taurus Gold Corp. to prepare an independent technical summary report for the Charlotte property. The report has been prepared using the disclosure standards of National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects and using the technical report format as set out in Form NI 43-101F1. The NI 43-101 reporting standards govern a company's public disclosure of scientific and technical information about its mineral projects. The author was also requested to provide recommendations and to propose an exploration program and a budget for further exploration and development on the Property.
The co-ordinate system used in this report is Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 8N, and the datum used is North American Datum 1983 (NAD83). Throughout this report, an effort has been made to use plain language wherever possible. Some technical terms or abbreviations which may not be familiar to the reader have inevitably been included. In such cases, a reputable geological dictionary should be consulted.
The Metric System is the primary system of measure and length used in this report. Length is generally expressed in kilometres (km), metres (m) and centimetres (cm); volume is expressed as cubic metres (m3); mass is expressed as metric tonnes (t); and area is expressed as hectares (ha). Gold and silver concentrations are generally expressed as grams per tonne (g/t). Conversions from the Metric System to the Imperial System are provided below and quoted where practical.
Important conversion factors utilized in this report include:
-
1 troy ounce/ton = 34.285714 grams/tonne
-
1 gram/tonne = 0.029167 troy ounces/ton
-
1 troy ounce = 31.103477 grams
-
1 gram = 0.032151 troy ounces
Many of the early exploration reports relative to the Charlotte property refer to the Imperial System so where practical conversions to the Metric System have been used. Some historical information is listed in imperial units. Conversion factors between metric and imperial units are listed in Appendix 1. Dollars are expressed in Canadian currency (CAD$) unless otherwise noted. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are provided in the datum of Canada, NAD83 Zone 10 North.
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3.0 Reliance on Other Experts
For the purpose of disclosure related to ownership data and claim information (mineral, surface and access rights) in this report, the author has relied exclusively on information provided by 1011308 B.C. Ltd, Taurus Gold and the Yukon Mining Recorder. The author has not independently conducted any search related to the licenses, property title, agreements, permit status or other pertinent property conditions; apart from confirming the online status of the mineral claims and mineral leases. Claim status can be confirmed on the Yukon Mining Claims Database (NMRS) website at the following link: https://apps.gov.yk.ca/ymcs/f?p=116:1.
4.0 Property Description and Location
4.1 Location
The Charlotte Property is located in the Mt. Nansen area in west-central Yukon Territory of Canada. The property (Figure 1) is situated approximately 60 kilometers west of the Village of Carmacks and is accessible by an all-weather gravel road from Carmacks. The property is located in the Whitehorse Mining District on NTS map sheet 115I/03 and centered at approximately 62.06312°N and 137.16069°W.
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Figure 1. Property Location Map
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4.2 Property Description
The property consists of 139 full or fractional quartz mining claims and leases that remain in good standing and cover an area totalling 2,357.1 hectares (approximately 23 km2). All but two of the mineral claims (Dome 55 & Nicola 1) are contiguous. See Claim map (Figure 2) and the list of mineral tenure (Table 1) which is sorted by expiry date.
The mineral tenure is registered in the name of 1011308 B.C. Ltd, a valid and subsisting private corporation incorporated under the laws of British Columbia and domiciled in Vancouver, BC. The corporation has four directors; of which one, Robert Sim, is President. 1011308 B.C. Ltd was registered on November 12, 2014 under the Business Corporations Act of the Yukon for the purposes of holding mineral tenure in the Yukon.
The operator of the Charlotte property is Taurus Gold Corp. (“TGC”), a private exploration corporation incorporated under the laws of the Province of Alberta and domiciled in Calgary, Alberta.
TGC and 1011308 BC Ltd. have entered into the Second Amended and Restated Option Agreement, under which the property owner has granted to TGC the sole and exclusive option to acquire an 100% undivided interest in the Charlotte Project by incurring certain exploration expenditures, making certain cash payments and issuing common shares to the property owner. If TGC elects to earn less than 100% interest in the Project, the parties have agreed to form a joint venture to further explore and develop the Project, subject to the terms and conditions set out in the option agreement.
The Parties had earlier entered into the Option Agreement and the Amended and Restated Option Agreement, pursuant to which TGC incurred Expenditures in the amount of $1,034,835.00 and issued to the Company 10,000,000 TGC Shares. The prior Expenditures in the amount of $1,034,835.00 have been confirmed by the Parties and acknowledged as counting toward the total Expenditures required under the Second Amended and Restated Option Agreement.
1011308 B.C. Ltd has advised TGC that all mineral tenure are in good standing in all respects and are free of all encumbrances save and except for existing royalties. There is an existing 3% net smelter return royalty; owned ½ each by 2 directors of 1011308 B.C. Ltd (Richard Coglan & Robert Sim). The Second Amended and Restated Option Agreement allows for the purchase of the 1/3[rd] of the existing royalties for a certain cash payment.
The Quartz Mining Act of the Yukon governs the terms and conditions for obtaining the right to pursue the development of a mineral discovery and sets out the steps required to be taken by a prospector to stake a mineral claim. The Quartz Mining Act (Yukon) deems a mineral claim to be a chattel interest, equivalent to a lease of minerals in or under the land for one year, and thereafter from year to year, subject to the performance and observance of all of the terms and conditions of Part 1 of the Quartz Mining Act (Yukon).
The mineral claims comprising the property can be maintained in good standing by performing approved exploration work equivalent to $100 per claim per year and an additional $5 fee per claim for an
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Application for a Certificate of Work. Cash in lieu can also be paid to maintain good standing if no exploration is planned.
Mineral leases are granted by the Yukon for an initial term of 21 years, require the payments of a nominal annual rental fee and are renewable for a second 21-year period provided that the terms of the lease have been complied with. The 13 leases that make up part of the Charlotte property date back to the 1940’s when the earliest attempts were made to mine at Mt. Nansen. The leases were renewed in 2019 and are now set to expire October 9th, 2040.
The owner (1011308 B.C. Ltd) continues to take the necessary steps to renew the mineral leases and maintain the mineral claims in accordance with the terms and the provisions of the Quartz Mining Act (Yukon). A notarized Application for Certificate of Work and an Application to Group Mineral Claims was submitted on behalf of 1011308 B.C. Ltd. on February 4[th] , 2021. This application extended the claims for 4 additional years based on the recorded expenditures of the 2020 drill program. The requisite Grouping and Certificate of Work fees were paid at the same time and totaled $2,583. The exploration expenditures filed as a requirement of the Quartz Mining Act of the Yukon Territory for the 2020 drill program totaled $830,988.
The author is not aware of any encumbrances associated with lands underlain by the property, except insofar that some of the mineral claims overlap with placer claims owned by other parties and by the incursion of Lot 1006 (see discussion below). Placer claims provide the owner the legal right to extract metals and minerals from near-surface unconsolidated gravels, while mineral claims allow exploration for metals and minerals in bedrock. There are no agreements relating to the overlapping placer claims that the author is aware of but the placer arears are generally on the fringes of the property and not expected to hinder mineral exploration on the key zones or under-explored areas of the property (see Figure 2 for delineation of placer mine areas).
Exploration in the Yukon which proposes mechanical disturbance (e.g. excavator trenching, diamond or rotary drilling, etc.) is subject to the Quartz Mining Land Use Regulations of the Yukon Mining Quartz Act and the Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act. Yukon Environmental and Socioeconomic Assessment Board (“YESAB”) approval must be obtained and a Land Use Approval must be issued, before large-scale exploration is conducted. Any future mine development on the Property will require YESAB approval, a Yukon Mining License and Lease and a permit issued by the Yukon Water Board.
The Class III Mining Land Use Approval (#LQ00356c) for the Charlotte Property that was granted to 1011308 BC Ltd. (claim owner) expired on May 3, 2022. A new Class III Mining Land Use application for approval was submitted to the Yukon Mining Recorder’s office and to the Mayo Designated Office on December 30, 2021 as required under Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act. On June 3, 2022, the Mayo Designated Office recommended to the Decision Bodies that the Project be allowed to proceed subject to specified terms and conditions. At the time of writing the Company is awaiting the final approval. A Commercial Dump Permit (#81-041) for solid waste management also expired on May 3, 2022. The Company will have to reapply to reinstate the permit once the Mining Land Use approval is received. Collectively these permits and approvals will allow the claim owner or operator
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to continue to explore the property in compliance with and subject to certain stated permit conditions. There is a requirement to file a Pre-Season Report to the Yukon mining officials which updates the Operating Plan for any proposed drilling; and a requirement to file a Post-season report. There is also a requirement to communicate exploration plans to the Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation (LSCFN) and complete a Heritage Resources Overview Assessment.
An updated Operating Plan was filed on August 10, 2020 advising the Yukon mining officials that the claim owner intended to commence a drill program in the fall of 2020. Similarly, the LSCFN was advised on August 12, 2020 that drilling was planned for 2020 in pre-disturbed areas; and a copy of the proposed Operating Plan was shared at that time. A Heritage Resources Preliminary Field Reconnaissance assessment had earlier been completed by Ecofor Consultants (qualified registered archaeologists) on June 21, 2012 for planned drilling on five target areas; including Flex and Webber. A copy of the report was shared with the LSCFN at the time of completion of the report. The assessment concluded that no further heritage work is recommended for Flex, Webber, Eliza, and Orloff-King zones. Two areas of moderate to high archaeological potential were identified and if any planned exploration targeted those two areas then additional field assessment was recommended to be undertaken to ground truth and evaluate the identified archaeological potential. The locations consist of the northern high ground in the Porphyry Zone (Dome 60) and the peak directly south of the Orloff-King Zone (Dome 50) for which there was no planned exploration in 2020. A Post-season report was filed by the author on behalf of Taurus on December 4, 2020; and received by the Mining Lands Officer in the Whitehorse District.
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Figure 2. Claim Map of the Charlotte Property
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Table 1. Charlotte Property Claim Data
| Grant Number |
Lease Number |
Tenure Type |
Claim Name | Owner Name | Staking Date | Recorded Date |
Expiry Date |
District | Area (ha) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4241 | OW00349 | Quartz | ROSE | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 3/28/1943 | 4/22/1943 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 20.42 |
| 4278 | OW00350 | Quartz | GOLDEN EAGLE | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 3/12/1944 | 4/12/1944 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 20.96 |
| 4279 | OW00351 | Quartz | WAR EAGLE | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 3/12/1944 | 4/12/1944 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 20.77 |
| 4354 | OW00352 | Quartz | SHAMROCK | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 12/10/1944 | 2/8/1945 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 20.74 |
| 4361 | OW00353 | Quartz | SPOT | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/1/1945 | 5/15/1945 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 21.85 |
| 4368 | OW00354 | Quartz | ARLEP | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/23/1945 | 6/8/1945 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 14.48 |
| 4369 | OW00355 | Quartz | PHYLLIS | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/23/1945 | 6/8/1945 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 20.26 |
| 55633 | OW00356 | Quartz | RUB | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/24/1945 | 12/8/1945 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 1.84 |
| 55663 | OW00357 | Quartz | PUB | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 12/4/1945 | 1/23/1946 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 1.94 |
| 55665 | OW00358 | Quartz | SUN DOG | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 12/4/1945 | 1/23/1946 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 3.20 |
| 55666 | OW00359 | Quartz | CUB | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 12/4/1945 | 1/23/1946 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 1.29 |
| 55890 | OW00360 | Quartz | JAM | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/11/1946 | 10/29/1946 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 0.55 |
| 55892 | OW00361 | Quartz | PAM | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/11/1946 | 10/29/1946 | 10/9/2040 | Whitehorse | 2.64 |
| YA86690 | Quartz | TBR 1 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2031 | Whitehorse | 20.47 | |
| YA86691 | Quartz | TBR 2 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2031 | Whitehorse | 18.63 | |
| YA86692 | Quartz | TBR 3 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2031 | Whitehorse | 20.10 | |
| YA86693 | Quartz | TBR 4 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2031 | Whitehorse | 19.42 | |
| YA86694 | Quartz | TBR 5 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2031 | Whitehorse | 18.34 | |
| YA86695 | Quartz | TBR 6 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2031 | Whitehorse | 14.91 | |
| YE63027 | Quartz | NICOLA 0 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/13/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 4.36 | |
| YE63028 | Quartz | NICOLA 1 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/13/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 6.52 | |
| YE63029 | Quartz | NICOLA 2 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/13/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 6.61 | |
| YE63030 | Quartz | NICOLA 3 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/13/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 6.72 | |
| YE63031 | Quartz | NICOLA 4 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/13/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 6.61 | |
| YE63036 | Quartz | NICOLA 9 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 5.13 | |
| YE63037 | Quartz | NICOLA 10 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/11/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 4.87 | |
| YE63038 | Quartz | NICOLA 8 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/16/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 2.99 | |
| YE63039 | Quartz | NICOLA 5 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/18/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 6.88 | |
| YE63040 | Quartz | NICOLA 6 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/18/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 6.67 | |
| YE63041 | Quartz | NICOLA 11 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/18/2011 | 6/20/2011 | 6/20/2030 | Whitehorse | 1.70 | |
| 73537 | Quartz | DOME 1 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/20/1958 | 6/13/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 15.10 | |
| 73538 | Quartz | DOME 2 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/20/1958 | 6/13/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 15.51 | |
| 73539 | Quartz | DOME 3 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/20/1958 | 6/13/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 17.29 | |
| 73540 | Quartz | DOME 4 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/20/1958 | 6/13/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 17.98 | |
| 73542 | Quartz | DOME 6 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/20/1958 | 6/13/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 17.32 | |
| 73543 | Quartz | DOME 7 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/20/1958 | 6/13/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 25.34 | |
| 73694 | Quartz | DOME 8 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/27/1958 | 7/15/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 12.47 | |
| 73700 | Quartz | DOME 14 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/28/1958 | 7/15/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.07 | |
| 73702 | Quartz | DOME 16 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/28/1958 | 7/15/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.61 | |
| 73703 | Quartz | DOME 17 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/28/1958 | 7/15/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.41 | |
| 73704 | Quartz | DOME 18 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/28/1958 | 7/15/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.56 |
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| 73705 | Quartz | DOME 19 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/28/1958 | 7/15/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 16.73 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 73706 | Quartz | DOME 20 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/29/1958 | 7/15/1958 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 13.42 | |
| 74283 | Quartz | JOANNE 1 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/6/1959 | 7/28/1959 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.79 | |
| 74284 | Quartz | JOANNE 2 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/6/1959 | 7/28/1959 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.51 | |
| 74285 | Quartz | JOANNE 3 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/6/1959 | 7/28/1959 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.36 | |
| 74286 | Quartz | JOANNE 4 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/6/1959 | 7/28/1959 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 14.78 | |
| 74287 | Quartz | JOANNE 5 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/6/1959 | 7/28/1959 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.79 | |
| 74288 | Quartz | JOANNE 6 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/6/1959 | 7/28/1959 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.71 | |
| 77746 | Quartz | DOME 25 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 15.23 | |
| 77747 | Quartz | DOME 26 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.54 | |
| 77748 | Quartz | DOME 27 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.34 | |
| 77749 | Quartz | DOME 28 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.74 | |
| 77754 | Quartz | DOME 33 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 25.50 | |
| 77755 | Quartz | DOME 34 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.45 | |
| 77756 | Quartz | DOME 35 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.37 | |
| 77757 | Quartz | DOME 36 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 23.98 | |
| 77758 | Quartz | DOME 37 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 14.23 | |
| 77759 | Quartz | DOME 38 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.51 | |
| 77760 | Quartz | DOME 39 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 14.95 | |
| 77761 | Quartz | DOME 40 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.49 | |
| 77762 | Quartz | DOME 41 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.76 | |
| 77763 | Quartz | DOME 42 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.98 | |
| 77764 | Quartz | DOME 43 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.47 | |
| 77770 | Quartz | DOME 49 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 8.18 | |
| 77771 | Quartz | DOME 50 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.84 | |
| 77772 | Quartz | DOME 51 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.05 | |
| 77773 | Quartz | DOME 52 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.85 | |
| 77774 | Quartz | DOME 53 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.80 | |
| 77775 | Quartz | DOME 54 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 9.49 | |
| 77776 | Quartz | DOME 55 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 13.09 | |
| 77777 | Quartz | DOME 56 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 13.35 | |
| 77778 | Quartz | DOME 57 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.47 | |
| 77779 | Quartz | DOME 58 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 15.09 | |
| 77781 | Quartz | DOME 60 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.06 | |
| 77782 | Quartz | DOME 61 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.91 | |
| 77784 | Quartz | DOME 63 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.50 | |
| 77785 | Quartz | DOME 64 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.90 | |
| 77786 | Quartz | DOME 65 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.66 | |
| 77787 | Quartz | DOME 66 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 4/18/1962 | 5/8/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.26 | |
| 81842 | Quartz | DOME 78 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 25.41 | |
| 81843 | Quartz | DOME 79 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 24.10 | |
| 81844 | Quartz | DOME 80 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 24.20 | |
| 81845 | Quartz | DOME 81 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.52 | |
| 81846 | Quartz | DOME 82 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 23.26 |
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| 81847 | Quartz | DOME 83 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.72 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 81848 | Quartz | DOME 84 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.37 | |
| 81850 | Quartz | DOME 86 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 8/26/1962 | 9/18/1962 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.76 | |
| YA23835 | Quartz | HIW 9 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.44 | |
| YA23836 | Quartz | HIW 10 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 15.20 | |
| YA23837 | Quartz | HIW 11 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 13.96 | |
| YA23838 | Quartz | HIW 12 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 16.81 | |
| YA23839 | Quartz | HIW 13 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 16.62 | |
| YA23840 | Quartz | HIW 14 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.57 | |
| YA23841 | Quartz | HIW 15 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.15 | |
| YA23842 | Quartz | HIW 16 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.86 | |
| YA23843 | Quartz | HIW 17 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 10/21/1978 | 10/27/1978 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.92 | |
| YA24813 | Quartz | HIW 1 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/11/1979 | 7/30/1979 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 4.74 | |
| YA24814 | Quartz | HIW 2 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/11/1979 | 7/30/1979 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 5.15 | |
| YA24819 | Quartz | HIW 7 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 7/11/1979 | 7/30/1979 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 3.01 | |
| YA59596 | Quartz | DD 1 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.62 | |
| YA59597 | Quartz | DD 2 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.35 | |
| YA59610 | Quartz | DD 15 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.22 | |
| YA59611 | Quartz | DD 16 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.23 | |
| YA59612 | Quartz | DD 17 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.35 | |
| YA59613 | Quartz | DD 18 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.83 | |
| YA59614 | Quartz | DD 19 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.17 | |
| YA59615 | Quartz | DD 20 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.90 | |
| YA59616 | Quartz | DD 21 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.64 | |
| YA59617 | Quartz | DD 22 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.17 | |
| YA59618 | Quartz | DD 23 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.69 | |
| YA59619 | Quartz | DD 24 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.27 | |
| YA59620 | Quartz | DD 25 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.18 | |
| YA59621 | Quartz | DD 26 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 17.65 | |
| YA59622 | Quartz | DD 27 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.49 | |
| YA59623 | Quartz | DD 28 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 1/18/1981 | 2/6/1981 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.71 | |
| YA86696 | Quartz | TBR 7 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 15.96 | |
| YA86697 | Quartz | TBR 8 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/10/1985 | 5/17/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.79 | |
| YA87204 | Quartz | ONT 38 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/2/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.26 | |
| YA87206 | Quartz | ONT 40 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/2/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.33 | |
| YA87208 | Quartz | ONT 42 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/2/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 5.73 | |
| YA87210 | Quartz | EEK 1 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.07 | |
| YA87211 | Quartz | EEK 2 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.08 | |
| YA87212 | Quartz | EEK 3 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.70 | |
| YA87213 | Quartz | EEK 4 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.68 | |
| YA87214 | Quartz | EEK 5 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.80 | |
| YA87215 | Quartz | EEK 6 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.58 | |
| YA87216 | Quartz | EEK 7 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 19.97 | |
| YA87217 | Quartz | EEK 8 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.91 |
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| YA87218 | Quartz | EEK 9 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 22.64 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YA87223 | Quartz | EEK 14 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.36 | |
| YA87224 | Quartz | EEK 15 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.22 | |
| YA87225 | Quartz | EEK 16 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 21.76 | |
| YA87226 | Quartz | EEK 17 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.01 | |
| YA87227 | Quartz | EEK 18 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 5/29/1985 | 6/19/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 20.74 | |
| YA92655 | Quartz | ONT 44 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/29/1985 | 7/10/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 16.80 | |
| YA92656 | Quartz | ONT 45 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/29/1985 | 7/10/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 12.91 | |
| YA92657 | Quartz | ONT 46 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/29/1985 | 7/10/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 18.48 | |
| YA92658 | Quartz | ONT 47 | 1011308 B.C. Ltd | 6/29/1985 | 7/10/1985 | 2/6/2030 | Whitehorse | 14.41 | |
| Total | 2357.09 |
4.3 First Nations & Traditional Use
The Charlotte property resides within the traditional territory of the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation as defined in the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation Final Agreement. Certain aboriginal rights extend over all territory lands and are guaranteed by the Canadian Constitution. The Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation administration office is located in the Village of Carmacks.
The majority of the property is territorial crown land and management therefore is the responsibility of the Yukon government. Some of the northeastern mineral claims, however, are situated on Category A Settlement Land of the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nations and its management is subject to the terms and conditions of the 1998 final negotiated agreement between the governments of Canada, the Yukon Territory and the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation.
The legal mineral claim owner retains the right to work on claims held in good standing that overlie settlement lands. However, if the mineral claims are allowed to lapse, the area under expired tenure will revert to the First Nation. See Figure 1 for outline of surveyed Lot 1006 that largely overlaps adjacent mineral tenure owned by 3[rd] parties, but does overlap the Joanne 1-6 claims; and a few of the Dome claims (e.g. Dome 55 to 58) in the vicinity of the boundary. The Lot does not impact the known major mineral occurrences on the property or areas previously explored by drilling; and, in and of itself, would not be expected to impeded or hinder orderly exploration or future development.
Mineral exploration and any planned future development of the Charlotte Project will require consultation with the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation to ensure constitutionally-protected aboriginal rights are not infringed upon and to ensure management of any tenure that impinge on surveyed Lot 1006 settlement land meets the terms and conditions of the final agreement. Channels of communication have been established by Taurus as per the requirements of the Class 3 Mining Lands Permit.
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5.0 Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography
5.1 Accessibility and Infrastructure
The Charlotte Property is accessed from Whitehorse by driving approximately 180 km northwest on the paved Klondike Highway to the Village of Carmacks and then proceeding 60 km on the Mt. Nansen Mine Road; an all-weather gravel road that leads directly to the Mt. Nansen mine site. The Charlotte property lies immediately north of the Mt. Nansen mine site, and can be accessed either by the main access road thru the mine site; or a secondary road that cuts east past the mine site.
Access via the mine site road requires approval by the current onsite environmental management firm charged with care and maintenance of the site. All visitors are required to stop at the main bunkhouse administration building if planning to access through the mine property. A 15-minute safety orientation is required and a sign in/sign out procedure must be followed.
A network of tertiary exploration roads and trails service the Charlotte property and provide access to adjacent properties and active placer operations (Figure 3). These roads and trails provide good access to various parts of the Charlotte property, including the major known mineralized zones, the Webber adit (upper), the exploration campsite and the 2010-2012 drill core storage area. Historic drill core that was drilled prior to 2010, if preserved, is located on the Mt. Nansen mine site. The core, however, is generally in poor shape either due to oxidation or poor preservation methods. Some core has undoubtedly been buried as part of ongoing reclamation efforts at the mine site. There are at least three core storage areas on the Mt. Nansen mine site that should be carefully inventoried to determine if there is any historical core drilled on the Charlotte property that could be re-logged and resampled.
There is no infrastructure located on the Charlotte property apart from some old buildings at the Upper Webber portal, the remains of several tent frames at the exploration campsite; and the racked 2010-2012 core. There is a plentiful supply of stream or creek water on the property that would be required for drilling. There are several sites amenable to the establishment of a larger exploration camp if required.
The adjacent Mt. Nansen mine site has an active bunkhouse/office complex for the care and maintenance staff. Much of the original Mt. Nansen mine infrastructure has been removed or dismantled since closure and so use of the mine for staging or accommodation is unlikely.
The Village of Carmacks is the nearest community to the Charlotte property and is located at the confluence of the Yukon and Nordenskiold rivers. Carmacks maintains a stable population of around 500 full-time residents who are mainly employed by federal, territorial, First Nation and municipal governments. Private sector industries provide employment in the mining, construction, service industry, and tourism fields. Amenities are limited and include a primary and secondary school, a college campus, healthcare services, lodging, fuel, mechanical services, and a grocery store. There is a limited pool of skilled and unskilled labour. Carmacks is also home to the territorial band office of the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation.
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Whitehorse is the largest center near the Charlotte property with all the amenities necessary to service an advanced stage exploration or mining project. Whitehorse has a work-force amenable to exploration and mining and has staffed many advanced staged projects operating in the territory. The Whitehorse airport has daily air service to Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver.
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Figure 3. Roads and Access
==> picture [422 x 595] intentionally omitted <==
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Technical Summary Report: Charlotte Property
5.2 Physiography and Climate
The Charlotte Property is located in the southern part of the Dawson Range characterized by northwest trending low mountains and gently rolling hills and ridges that rise above shallow rounded valleys which host mature river systems. The effect creates a dendritic pattern of surface drainage with a pronounced northwest flow west of Mt. Nansen and a southeast flow south of Victoria Mtn. The tallest summits in the area are Victoria Mountain (east) and Mt. Nansen (west) which each rise to about 1,830 m ASL.
The topography of the Charlotte property is quite subdued with local elevations that range from 1,030 m ASL in the deeper valleys to 1,530 m ASL on ridge tops. There is a gradual increase in elevation to the north where most of the mineralization occurs at an elevation of between 1,200 to 1,400 m ASL. The average relief in this area is between 300 and 600 m.
Major river systems include the Nisling River about 10 km to the southeast and the Klaza River about 8 km to the northwest. Tributary drainages in the immediate vicinity of the property include Victoria Creek (east) and Nansen Creek (west), both of which ultimately flow to the Nisling River. The lowest elevation on the mapsheet is about 950 m ASL in the Nisling River valley.
The region is notable in that it lies northwest of the maximum extent of the Wisconsin ice sheet (Figure 4) and thus escaped the effects of the Pleistocene continental glaciation (Eaton and Archer, 1989). Soil development is generally poor despite the relatively deep weathering. A typical soil profile comprises a thin layer of organic material overlying a thin, discontinuous layer of white volcanic ash (less than 5 cm thick), followed by up to 1 m of red-brown soil which is underlain by upwards of 2 m of decomposed bedrock which can show effects of mixing due to solifluction. The ash layer is reported as co-eval with the White River Ash and is believed to be the product of two major volcanic eruptions in the Wrangell-St. Elias Range that occurred about 1,100 years before present (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010). At lower elevations, thick layers of fluvial material and glacio-fluvial outwash can blanket the valley floors. Glacial-derived valley fill is likely a result of localized alpine glaciation.
Exposure of outcrop is very limited and would not exceed 5% by volume of the soil cover. Felsenmeer developed from resistant rock units typically form on ridge tops and peaks. Drilling on various mineralized zones has demonstrated that oxidation varies from as little as 1 m to greater than 75 m in depth, depending on bedrock permeability and structural variations (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
Vegetation cover is generally light but pervasive and consists mainly of low scrub brush (“buck brush”) with local stands of stunted spruce, dwarf birch and poplar on south-facing slopes or in sheltered valley bottoms where drainage is more persistent. A thick layer of sphagnum moss is evident on lower slopes and valley bottoms. The tree line is located at an elevation of approximately 1,200 m ASL on north-facing slopes and approximately 1,400 m ASL on south facing slopes. Higher elevations are typically covered only in grasses or moss or scattered buck brush.
The region is characterized by a semi-arid, temperate continental climate with short, warm summers and long, cold winters. Summer months are characterized by extended daylight hours. The property would
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normally be snow free from late May to late September. Average seasonal temperatures range from - 25°C in winter to 15°C in summer. The average annual number of frost-free days is about 50. Precipitation is light in the area with an annual average of approximately 25 cm of which most falls in the summer months. Maximum snow depth is in the order of 30-40 cm deep in late winter (Stroshein, 2007b). Typical exploration programs in the Yukon can normally be executed from May to October whereas mining could be expected to occur year round.
Discontinuous permafrost is present across the property, particularly on north- and west-facing slopes and can make trenching problematic if the ground in not first stripped of organics and allowed to thaw before attempting trenching or test pits. North facing slopes typically do not exhibit an active layer and are frozen immediately under the vegetative mat. More southerly aspects have an active layer that will thaw to a depth of 1-2 metres during summer months (Eaton and Archer, 1989).
Figure 4. Extent of Glaciation
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6.0 History
6.1 Mt. Nansen Mine History
Placer gold was reportedly discovered in Nansen Creek in 1899, followed soon after by other placer discoveries in tributary creeks, but none were deemed rich enough for sustained development. The first lode gold discovery was made by A. Brown and G. McDade in 1943 when they discovered the later-named Brown-McDade Deposit, immediately to the east of the Charlotte Property. An extensive program of underground drilling and development followed in 1946 and the Webber and Huestis zones were delineated. Exploration and development in the area ceased shortly after (Walls and Eaton, 1987).
Interest in the Mt. Nansen area was revived in 1958 and soon after the Mt. Nansen Exploration Syndicate was formed and explored the Webber and Huestis zones with geochemical surveys, bulldozer trenching and one diamond drill hole in the Webber zone. Mt. Nansen Mines was formed by the syndicate in 1963 and initially focused on the Webber zone with bulldozer trenching and three diamond drill holes. Peso Silver Mines Limited acquired control of Mt. Nansen Mines Ltd. in 1964 and expanded exploration on the Brown-McDade, Webber and Huestis zones with underground development and diamond drilling between 1964 and 1967 (Walls and Eaton, 1987).
By 1967 a production decision was made to proceed to mining. A small 200 ton/day mill was constructed and approximately 16,350 tonnes was mined and milled. Gold recovery was 65% of the original grade estimate. A total of 2,482 oz Au, 76,534 oz Ag and 108,621 lb Pb was reportedly recovered (Walls and Eaton, 1987).
Production ceased in 1969 but resumed in 1975. A total of 7,435 tonnes was mined from the Huestis Zone which reportedly produced 1,935 oz Au and 47,075 oz Ag with similar recoveries. The reported head grades from 5,832 tonnes of that material was 10.3 g/t Au, 24 g/t Ag, 1.0% Pb and 1.0% Zn (Stroshein, 2007b). Metallurgical problems with the sulphide flotation circuit prevented good recovery and tests indicated that cyanide leaching would be required to improve recovery (Denholm et al ., 2000). The mine closed and remained inactive until it was acquired by BYG Resources Inc. (“BYG”) in 1984 (Stroshein, 2007b).
Chevron Minerals optioned the Mt. Nansen property in 1985 and contracted Archer, Cathro & Associates (“Archer-Cathro”) to manage an intensive 3-year exploration program (Eaton and Archer, 1988). Exploration was targeted on the delineation of near-surface oxide mineralization amenable to open-pit mining. Drilling was also targeted at expansion of the underground sulphide mineralization at the Webber and Huestis zones (Eaton and Archer, 1988). Work included aerial photography, baseline and claim surveys, rehabilitation of the Brown-McDade adit portal, 24,121 metres of excavator trenching, 1,283.5 metres of percussion drilling in 17 holes, 2,605 metres of diamond drilling in 41 holes, and metallurgical, geotechnical and environmental studies (Eaton and Walls, 1988). Archer-Cathro also completed geological mapping, test geophysical surveys and took 6,300 soil samples in a large geochemical survey (Figure 5).
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Figure 5. Historical Geochemistry
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Chevron dropped their option on the Mt. Nansen property and in 1988 BYG took on sole operatorship. Exploration resumed in 1988 and consisted of 1,473 metres of trenching on the Dickson, Huestis and Brown-McDade zones and 5,397 metres of diamond drilling primarily on the Brown-McDade zone and substantially less on the Orloff-King and Dickson zones. The previously unrecognized Flex zone (located between the Huestis and Webber zones) was discovered during this period and believed to represent a near-surface oxide zone amenable to open-pit mining and cyanide leach treatment. Exploration was once again put on hiatus between 1989 and 1994 as focus switched to feasibility and mine permitting studies.
BYG commissioned a number of consultants to complete key assessments, including metallurgical testing, mill flow sheet design, tailings disposal assessment, and baseline environmental assessment studies. Metallurgical test work indicated that near-surface oxide material would be amenable to cyanide leach treatment and that gold recoveries could be expected to be higher than the previous mill method of sulphide concentrate flotation (Rodger, 1994).
Mining and milling of oxide material from the Brown-McDade open pit commenced in 1996 with commercial gold production achieved in early 1997. A mill was constructed with a nameplate capacity of 700 tonnes/day and annual gold production was estimated at 50,000 ounces. Unanticipated clay content in the near-surface oxide material decreased daily mill throughput to a point where the company was forced to install a semi-autogenous grinding (“SAG”) circuit to deal with the clay.
The mill was forced to close in late 1997 when heavy rainfall runoff caused a water imbalance that the tailings impoundment could not adequately contain. Water treatment facilities were installed to meet water quality discharge objectives and the mine restarted in January 1998. The mill was forced to work at less than full mill capacity until new pumping equipment could be installed which overcame circuit problems and finally allowed the mill to operate at full capacity (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
Approximately 269,000 tonnes were processed from 1996 to 1999 with an average gold grade of 6.2 g/t and an average recovery of 67% through the operating period. Total production through the combined operating period was 37,500 oz Au and 143,000 oz Ag (Denholm et al ., 2000; Stroshein 2007b).
Exploration from 1994 to 1998 consisted of:
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990 metres in 12 holes drilled in 1994 on the Brown-McDade and Flex Zones
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1,490 metres in 21 holes drilled in 1995 on the Flex and Huestis Zones
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400 metres in 7 holes drilled in 1996 on the Webber Zone and Huestis/Flex junction and 700 metres in 10 holes drilled on the Brown-McDade hanging wall zone (Vince Vein)
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2,229 metres in 30 holes drilled in 1998 on the Flex Zone, 762 metres in 10 holes drilled on the Brown-McDade Zone, 1,009 metres in 12 holes drilled along the Brown-McDade trend, 402 metres in 4 holes drilled on the Breccia Zone (approximately 1 km north of the Brown-McDade Zone), and 123 metres in 1 hole drilled on the Orloff King Zone (Middleton, 2009)
The mine ceased production in February 1999 when the Yukon government forced the mine to close due to contraventions of the Water License and water quality discharge objectives. Cyanide and arsenic levels
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in the tailings impoundment facility were found to be elevated, proper effluent treatment had not been implemented, and there was concern about the stability of the tailings dam.
BYG was insolvent by March 1999 and attempts to restructure the Company and bring the mine back into production failed. The property was declared abandoned in 1999 pursuant to the Waters Act by the federal Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development ("DIAND") and the mine was placed on environmental care and maintenance and administered by DIAND. Administration transferred to the Government of Yukon ("YG") on devolution in April 2003 and currently continues under an environment care and maintenance program administered by the Yukon government and paid for by the federal government. PriceWaterhouseCoopers (“PwC”) was appointed receiver pursuant to a Court Order made by the Supreme Court of the Yukon Territory on April 6, 2004 and was mandated to offer the Assets for sale.
The Mt. Nansen property was then divided into the Peripheral Area and the Core Area. The Core Area includes the Brown-McDade open-pit, part of the Huestis zone, and the mine infrastructure including mine buildings and mill and tailings impoundment areas. The core area claims and mineral leases were withdrawn from staking (and exploration) for environmental remediation but have been maintained to this day in good standing. The Peripheral area, consisting of 186 mineral claims and 13 leases, were offered for sale by the receiver "en bloc" as a single asset.
10173531 Saskatchewan Ltd. (“Saskco”) successfully acquired the peripheral claims and leases in 2007. A number of tenure anomalies were noted and Saskco inferred from the documentation that the Flex and Huestis deposits were included in the Peripheral claims. Saskco entered into discussions with PWC and successfully negotiated purchase of 4 additional claims plus an option to purchase Dome 12. This option is to be exercised on the completion of the remediation measures in the "Core" area. Since purchase the peripheral claim area has reduced in size when certain outer claims were allowed to lapse. The present day configuration is now known as the Charlotte property.
Saskco commissioned an airborne VTEM-Magnetic geophysical survey in 2008 in order to further delineate the known vein mineralization and examine the potential for possible extensions. The survey was also designed to test for the presence of any additional massive sulphide-type deposits that would warrant further exploration. A total of 638 line kilometers were flown (Middleton, 2008).
Guinness Exploration Inc. optioned the property in 2009 from Saskco and commenced field work in 2010 which included 2,243 metres of excavator trenching in 20 linear trenches, geological mapping and sampling. A total of 1,442.82 metres in 14 BTW diamond drill holes were drilled on the Flex Zone. The drill holes were designed to test the down-dip extension of the zone, twin historical drill holes to confirm intercepted grades of mineralization and to infill between existing historical drill holes.
A Differential GPS survey of historical drillhole collars from 1985 to 1998 was also completed as illustrated in Figure 6 with historical drill hole collar details tabled in Appendix 2. A handheld GPS survey of existing trenches, an extensive GIS compilation of historical data, and preparation of an orthophoto for base map control were part of the 2010 field program. Ansell Capital Corp. optioned the Charlotte Property in late
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2010 from Guinness Exploration. A summary of selected 2010 trench results are listed in Table 2 and a summary of significant 2010 drill hole intercepts are listed in Table 3, drill hole collar details are located in Figures 6, 7 and listed in Table 8. Due to disturbance related to pre-stripping of zones for mining, drill holes prior to 1998 could not be located.
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Figure 6. Historical Diamond Drill Holes
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Table 2. Selected 2010 Trench Results
| Zone | Trench | From | To | Width | Au | Ag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (m) | (m) | (m) | (g/t) | (g/t) | |
| Orloff-King | OK10-1 | 45.5 | 49.2 | 3.7 | 1.50 | 40.3 |
| Orloff-King | OK10-5 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 0.7 | 7.05 | 34.7 |
| Orloff-King | OK10-9 | 57.5 | 65.5 | 8.0 | 1.57 | 5.17 |
| Cabin | CAB10-1 | 40.1 | 43.0 | 2.9 | 1.35 | 15.7 |
| Webber | WEB10-2 | 21.0 | 23.4 | 2.2 | 1.43 | 4.03 |
Table 3. Summary of Select 2010 Drill Hole Results
| Drill Hole | Azimuth | Dip | From | To | Length | Au | Ag | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (°) | (°) | (m) | (m) | (m) | (ppm) | (ppm) | |
| DDH10-240 | 078 | -50 | 59.6 | 90.85 | 31.25 | 1.66 | 67.91 | |
| incl | 66.3 | 68.0 | 1.7 | 13.14 | 778.03 | |||
| “ | 73.5 | 74.35 | 0.85 | 3.09 | 81.6 | |||
| “ | 78.8 | 79.3 | 0.5 | 8.68 | 172.9 | |||
| “ | 89.9 | 90.85 | 0.95 | 2.21 | 103.6 | |||
| 96.0 | 97.75 | 1.75 | 1.89 | 60.0 | ||||
| DDH10-241 | 078 | -50 | 58.25 | 82.5 | 24.25 | 1.77 | 115.96 | |
| incl | 64.75 | 64.95 | 0.2 | 22.8 | 2946.0 | |||
| “ | 67.15 | 68.6 | 1.45 | 2.56 | 97.4 | |||
| “ | 81.6 | 82.5 | 0.9 | 23.81 | 973.44 | |||
| DDH10-242 | 045 | -50 | 15.85 | 21.5 | 5.65 | 8.61 | 186.2 | |
| incl | 15.85 | 17.95 | 2.1 | 9.73 | 337.0 | |||
| “ | 19.4 | 21.5 | 2.1 | 12.92 | 152.23 | |||
| 36.0 | 36.7 | 0.7 | 3.56 | 58.8 | ||||
| DDH10-243 | 045 | -50 | 19.45 | 48.35 | 28.9 | 5.06 | 138.09 | |
| incl | 28.35 | 31.4 | 3.05 | 14.02 | 28.57 | |||
| “ | 33.25 | 34.65 | 1.4 | 6.58 | 298.0 | |||
| “ | 37.5 | 40.55 | 3.05 | 14.3 | 55.5 | |||
| “ | 46.05 | 48.35 | 2.3 | 11.8 | 1215.0 | |||
| DDH10-245 | 045 | -60 | 57.0 | 62.35 | 5.35 | 20.91 | 131.54 | |
| incl | 58.8 | 61.85 | 3.05 | 35.6 | 18.1 |
Ansell Capital Corp completed a field program in 2011 which included 3,607 metres in 22 HQ diamond drill holes on the Flex zone (Figure 7); four HQ diamond drill holes on the Orloff-King Zone (Figure 8), 868 soil samples, geological mapping, 221 metres of excavator trenching and the staking/acquisition of eleven fractional claims covering open ground between the Charlotte property and the neighboring Discovery Creek property owned by Aurchem.
Results detailed several gold-in-soil anomalies and the continuation of the known Flex Zone veins. The best result from the drill program returned 9.22 g/t Au and 489.67 g/t Ag over 29.05 metres (apparent width) in DDH 11-257 from the Flex Zone. Trench sample results returned up to 0.972 g/t Au and 9.92 g/t Ag over 5.0 linear metres in trench SST-TR10-04 located in the Dickson Zone. A summary of the significant 2011 trenching results are listed in Table 4 with significant drill hole results listed in Table 5 below. Drill hole collar details are listed in Table 8.
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Table 4. Selected 2011 Trench Results
| Zone | Trench ID | From (m) | To (m) | Width | Au (g/t) | Ag (g/t) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (m) | ||||||
| Eliza Creek Extension | ECE-TR94-5d | 26.2 | 27.0 | 0.8 | 0.497 | 2.40 |
| GRW | GRW-TR10-03 | 60.9 | 61.9 | 1.0 | 0.129 | 25.3 |
| GRW-TR10-03 | 49.5 | 51.5 | 2.0 | 0.181 | 2.6 | |
| GRW-TR10-05 | 48.3 | 55.0 | 6.7 | 0.172 | 3.32 | |
| GRW-TR10-06 | 81.0 | 83.7 | 2.7 | 0.216 | 0.90 | |
| Orloff-King | OK-TR10-08 | 40.0 | 46.0 | 6.0 | 0.227 | 8.80 |
| Dickson | SST-TR10-04 | 18.5 | 21.3 | 2.8 | 0.326 | 0.40 |
| SST-TR10-04 | 75.0 | 80.0 | 5.0 | 0.972 | 9.92 |
Table 5. Summary of Select 2011 Drill Hole Results
| Drill Hole | Azimuth | Dip | From | To | Length | Au | Ag | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (°) | (°) | (m) | (m) | (m) | (ppm) | (ppm) | |
| DDH11-254 | 60 | -65 | 92.40 | 104.80 | 12.40 | 3.61 | 130.33 | |
| Incl | 97.20 | 98.50 | 1.30 | 24.98 | 541.00 | |||
| DDH11-255 | 78 | -65 | 126.00 | 133.50 | 7.50 | 4.79 | 150.55 | |
| Incl | 130.45 | 133.50 | 3.05 | 12.85 | 321.12 | |||
| DDH11-257 | 38 | -50 | 20.12 | 22.12 | 2.00 | 0.89 | 1.75 | |
| 24.30 | 53.35 | 29.05 | 9.22 | 489.67 | ||||
| Incl | 47.66 | 52.85 | 5.19 | 43.25 | 807.77 | |||
| DDH11-259 | 79 | -50 | 55.90 | 69.30 | 13.40 | 3.63 | 99.78 | |
| Incl | 58.10 | 60.30 | 2.20 | 18.24 | 526.90 | |||
| DDH11-260b | 78 | -50 | 56.80 | 63.41 | 6.61 | 3.63 | 5.81 | |
| Incl | 61.90 | 63.41 | 1.51 | 7.88 | 7.50 | |||
| 121.00 | 123.80 | 2.80 | 8.38 | 322.00 | ||||
| Incl | 121.65 | 122.95 | 1.30 | 16.82 | 689.50 | |||
| DDH11-262 | 45 | -50 | 97.85 | 99.60 | 1.75 | 0.92 | 2.03 | |
| 107.40 | 114.00 | 6.60 | 10.43 | 141.89 | ||||
| Incl | 107.40 | 108.60 | 1.20 | 55.38 | 771.00 | |||
| DDH11-271 | 42 | -50 | 29.57 | 32.62 | 3.05 | 0.34 | 3.40 | |
| Incl | 36.60 | 38.00 | 1.40 | 61.53 | 557.67 | |||
| 35.62 | 51.15 | 15.53 | 9.12 | 193.36 | ||||
| Incl | 36.60 | 38.00 | 1.40 | 61.53 | 557.67 | |||
| DDH11-272 | 41 | -51 | 47.71 | 50.50 | 2.79 | 1.31 | 6.10 | |
| 89.14 | 90.75 | 1.61 | 0.75 | 0.80 | ||||
| 96.65 | 105.80 | 9.15 | 7.55 | 296.49 | ||||
| Incl | 99.70 | 100.75 | 1.05 | 58.59 | 1884.00 | |||
| “ | 103.40 | 105.80 | 2.40 | 28.08 | 284.00 | |||
| 175.30 | 177.61 | 2.31 | 1.18 | 2.93 | ||||
| DDH11-274 | 80 | -61 | 74.17 | 76.30 | 2.13 | 0.61 | 14.10 | |
| 79.50 | 84.30 | 4.80 | 7.48 | 111.60 | ||||
| Incl | 81.00 | 81.71 | 0.71 | 45.43 | 284.00 | |||
| 118.9 | 130.92 | 12.02 | 4.50 | 212.70 | ||||
| Incl | 120.12 | 122.18 | 2.06 | 9.19 | 122.37 | |||
| “ | 125.10 | 127.80 | 2.70 | 11.65 | 762.33 | |||
| 176.22 | 181.20 | 4.98 | 1.74 | 87.32 |
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In 2012, Ansell Capital Corp. drilled 1,883.46 metres in six HQ holes on the Flex Zone and two excavator trenches totalling 373.1 metres in the Eliza Creek area evaluating porphyry type targets. Reclamation activities were also completed in 2012 to address unreclaimed drill sites and trenches covering the 2011 and 2012 field programs. Additional reclamation work was completed covering Aurchem Exploration’s historical work (drilling and trenching) from the late 1990’s to the early 2000’s.
Best results from the 2012 drill program returned:
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4.26 g/t Au and 73.97 g/t Ag over 4.08 metres (apparent width) from 184.46-188.54 metres in DDH 12-278
-
51.5 g/t Au and 780.56 g/t Ag over 1.4 metres (apparent width) from 144.87-146.27 metres in DDH 12-280
-
25.93 g/t Au and 1,305.44 g/t Ag over 1.76 metres (apparent width) from 194.44-196.2 metres in DDH 12-280
The 2012 drill program intersected stacked mineralized zones and quartz veins at the Flex Zone which can be mostly correlated with previously interpreted mineralized zones from previous drilling. However, those that defy correlation may represent attenuated mineralization or complex vein morphology that was overlooked and not recognized in previous drilling (Dadson & Struyk, 2012). The drill program was successful in extending mineralization in the Flex Zone to the west, south, to depth and down plunge (Figure 9).
A summary of the significant 2012 trenching results are listed in Table 6 with significant drill hole results listed in Table 7 below. Drill hole collar details are listed in Table 8. A listing of the historical drill hole collar details covering the period from 1985 to 2012 is tabled in Appendix 2.
Ansell Capital Corp. completed a modest exploration program in 2013 consisting of rock sampling for petrography and a small IP geophysical survey. The work was conducted under the 2013 Yukon Mining Incentive Program "Target Evaluation" Module. A total of 4.6 line km of IP survey were completed and 29 rocks were collected and sent for thin section and detailed mineralogical work. A small ground magnetometer and radiometric survey was conducted but reportedly the data was not useable (Quist, 2014).
The IP data from the Flex zone (9 traverse lines) suggested a prominent N-S trending resistivity low lineament is running through the survey area that bisects the survey area into a highly resistive (low conductivity) body on the west and a less resistive body (moderate-high conductivity) on the east. Mineralization projected to surface showed a correlation between the main vein mineralization and the west contact of the main N-S resistivity low feature. It was postulated the main N-S resistivity low feature is mapping out the faulted and clay altered zone of the deposit which presumably would be relatively higher conductivity than the surrounding host rock. There was also a strong correlation noted between chargeability high features coincident with the N-S resistivity low feature and drill hole mineralization attributable to oxide mineralization, clays and high sulphide content (Quist, 2014).
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A total of 2 short traverses were completed on the OK zone and revealed significant near surface chargeability high anomalies for follow-up with a future IP survey.
Petrography revealed the quartz-sulfide veins consisted of varying amounts of arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, Sb-sulfosalts (freibergite, boulangerite, bournonite), and various sulfate and oxide accessory minerals with arsenopyrite being dominant. Pyrite and sphalerite appear to have formed coevally with the arsenopyrite whereas the galena and Sb-sulfosalts were commonly observed infilling around the grains of other sulfides and quartz suggesting they formed later than the arsenopyrite, pyrite and sphalerite. Gold was found to be predominately hosted in a variety of unidentified sulfates and oxides which may have formed from the breakdown of Sb-sulfosalt minerals, arsenopyrite, and quartz. Oxidation and alteration likely enabled the breakdown of Au-bearing primary minerals and subsequent remobilization into the secondary sulfate and oxide minerals. Increasing oxidation and alteration appears to have in some cases leached Au and Ag out of the highly oxidized but localized intervals, suggesting a late stage metasomatic overprinting (Quest, 2014).
1011308 B.C. Ltd commissioned a brief desktop geostructural analysis in 2020 to group and extend the expiry dates for the 11 Nicola claims. The work involved identification of regional and property-scale structures believed to be the primary locus for known mineralization (both epithermal quartz vein and porphyry) and to assist with definition of additional high-value targets.
The property is shown to be crosscut by a mid- to late-Cretaceous regional, northwest-trending fault zone that consists of an array of R-shears, R’-shears, and P-shears which indicate the fault zone has dextral sense of shear (i.e. right-lateral strike-slip fault) (Walton, 2020). The fault zone may have developed as early as the mid-Cretaceous but appears to have been active during the intrusion of the Casino suite. The main faults seemed to have formed in an array pattern of individual segments (with limited strike length) implying the extensional step-over between fault segments could be the locus of mineralized intrusive porphyry plugs (as hypothesized for the Cyprus porphyry body) and thus could vector future exploration efforts (Walton, 2020).
The known quartz veins within the project area appear to have orientation patterns similar to the regional fault zone suggesting they formed in small-scale faults that are local analogues for the regional pattern. It’s believed that regional fault zone controls the location of Casino suite intrusive plugs suggesting a genetic relationship between the intrusive rocks and quartz vein systems (Walton, 2020).
In addition to vein targets the study examined the coincidence of Casino suite intrusive rocks on the north portion of the property and determined that magnetic lows and local extensional fault domains are highpriority exploration targets for Cu-Au-Mo porphyry targets (Walton, 2020). The overall conclusion reached is that the Casino suite intrusive rocks are likely the primary source of fluids that formed the mineralisation in both the epithermal quartz vein and porphyry systems.
Recommendations from the study include (from Walton, 2020):
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-
Look for subtle linear magnetic anomalies in the vicinity of Casino suite intrusive rocks (reprocessing of the magnetic data may be required to identify the targets)
-
Step-over zones between northwest trending fault systems may represent reconnaissance-style exploration targets
Taurus initiated their maiden exploration drill program in September, 2020, to further evaluate the Flex zone. The program consisted of 2,347.1 metres of diamond drilling (HQ size) in eleven holes on the Flex gold-silver vein system, with hole depths ranging from 161.5 metres to 274.4 metres. Additional detail of the program and results are discussed below in Section 9 through 12.
Taurus commissioned a high-precision DGPS collar survey of the drill holes at the Flex Zone on August 4, 2021. The work program also included a drone orthophotomosaic survey to provide detailed imaging over the entire property. A Digital Elevation Model was constructed at 50cm resolution as well as a DEM hillshade surface in digital format.
Figure 7. Flex Zone - 2010-2011 Drill Hole Locations
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Figure 8. Orloff King Zone Historical Drilling
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Figure 9. Surface Expression of Veins and Inferred Faults: Flex Zone
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Table 6. Selected 2012 Trench Results
| Zone | Trench | From | To | Width | Au | Cu | Mo | Ag | Host |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (m) | (m) | (m) | (ppb) | (ppm) | (ppm) | (ppm) | Lithology | ||
| Eliza Cr Ext | ECE-TR12-01 | 30.00 | 32.10 | 2.10 | 36.90 | 218.30 | 0.60 | 0.50 | Andesite |
| 46.80 | 48.10 | 1.30 | 68.50 | 207.30 | 23.70 | 0.90 | “ | ||
| 48.10 | 49.80 | 1.70 | 56.80 | 228.40 | 1.40 | 0.70 | “ | ||
| 49.80 | 50.90 | 1.10 | 89.60 | 203.00 | 27.90 | 0.70 | “ | ||
| 50.90 | 52.10 | 1.20 | 115.00 | 268.50 | 43.60 | 1.30 | “ | ||
| 68.50 | 70.50 | 2.00 | 120.10 | 166.10 | 0.70 | 0.50 | “ | ||
| 70.50 | 72.50 | 2.00 | 289.30 | 407.70 | 0.90 | 2.00 | “ | ||
| 72.50 | 7.50 | 2.00 | 112.20 | 264.40 | 0.40 | 0.70 | “ | ||
| 76.50 | 77.60 | 1.10 | 180.70 | 130.30 | 0.60 | 0.50 | “ | ||
| 77.60 | 79.00 | 1.40 | 106.30 | 127.10 | 0.40 | 0.40 | Fault | ||
| 79.00 | 80.30 | 1.30 | 62.50 | 148.10 | 51.70 | 0.50 | “ | ||
| 80.30 | 81.90 | 1.60 | 71.80 | 206.60 | 0.70 | 0.60 | Andesite | ||
| 83.30 | 84.60 | 1.30 | 122.20 | 176.40 | 1.40 | 0.80 | “ | ||
| 90.60 | 91.40 | 0.80 | 100.40 | 257.50 | 1.30 | 0.90 | Fault | ||
| 91.40 | 92.40 | 1.00 | 152.20 | 267.30 | 2.70 | 0.60 | “ | ||
| 140.50 | 142.30 | 1.80 | 116.00 | 69.50 | 2.30 | 0.30 | Granodiorite | ||
| 157.00 | 160.00 | 3.00 | 99.60 | 200.50 | 0.80 | 1.30 | “ | ||
| 169.00 | 172.00 | 3.00 | 112.70 | 69.50 | 1.10 | 0.30 | “ |
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Table 7. Summary of Select 2012 Drill Hole Results
| Drill Hole | Azimuth | Dip | From | To | Length | Au | Ag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (°) | (°) | (m) | (m) | (m) | (ppm) | (ppm) |
| DDH12-276 | 77 | -61 | 203.59 | 204.85 | 1.26 | 60.7 | 1069 |
| DDH12-277 | 45 | -51.2 | 297.03 | 298.10 | 1.07 | 22.88 | 192.44 |
| DDH12-280 | 76 | -71.1 | 144.87 | 146.27 | 1.40 | 51.50 | 780.56 |
| 166.10 | 166.62 | 0.52 | 14.2 | 63 | |||
| 194.44 | 196.20 | 1.76 | 25.93 | 1305.44 |
Table 8. 2010 – 2012 Drill Hole Collar Details
| Drill Hole | Easting | Northing | Elevation | Azimuth | Dip | End of Hole | Zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (m E) | (m N) | (m) | (°) | (°) | (m) | |
| DDH10-240 | 386673 | 6881952 | - | 078 | -50 | 102.7 | Flex |
| DDH10-241 | 386677 | 6881897 | - | 078 | -50 | 110.4 | “ |
| DDH10-242 | 386765 | 6881755 | - | 045 | -50 | 72.54 | “ |
| DDH10-243 | 386902 | 6881668 | - | 045 | -50 | 57.2 | “ |
| DDH10-244 | 386823 | 6881648 | - | 045 | -50 | 71.02 | “ |
| DDH10-245 | 386836 | 6881628 | - | 045 | -60 | 83.2 | “ |
| DDH10-246 | 386886 | 6881539 | - | 078 | -50 | 77.11 | “ |
| DDH10-247 | 386852 | 6881552 | - | 078 | -50 | 37.5 | “ |
| DDH10-248 | 386673 | 6881952 | - | 078 | -65 | 130.75 | “ |
| DDH10-249 | 386673 | 6881925 | 1348 | 078 | -49 | 110.7 | “ |
| DDH10-250 | 386673 | 6881925 | 1348 | 076 | -65 | 122.53 | “ |
| DDH10-251 | 386661 | 6881976 | 1364 | 078 | -65 | 133.5 | “ |
| DDH10-252 | 386649 | 6882020 | 1385 | 078 | -65 | 121.92 | “ |
| DDH10-253 | 386623 | 6881928 | - | 078 | -65 | 212.75 | “ |
| DDH11-254 | 386671.4 | 6881924.8 | 1348.38 | 060 | -65 | 164.9 | “ |
| DDH11-255 | 386654.9 | 6881925.7 | 1346.15 | 078 | -65 | 193.5 | “ |
| DDH11-256 | 386661.6 | 6881975.5 | 1362.09 | 078 | -50 | 144.6 | “ |
| DDH11-257 | 386806.1 | 6881660.4 | 1288.60 | 038 | -50 | 91.4 | “ |
| DDH11-258 | 386775.5 | 6881663.9 | 1288.63 | 045 | -52 | 102.4 | “ |
| DDH11-259 | 386852.9 | 6881551.5 | 1274.98 | 079 | -50 | 160.76 | “ |
| DDH11-260 | 386863.8 | 6881528.6 | 1271.86 | 078 | -50 | 63.41 | “ |
| DDH11-260b | 386863.8 | 6881528.6 | 1271.86 | 071 | -50 | 350.0 | “ |
| DDH11-261 | 386759.7 | 6881680.8 | 1288.83 | 045 | -50 | 148.78 | “ |
| DDH11-262 | 386761.2 | 6881646.1 | 1283.04 | 045 | -50 | 135.67 | “ |
| DDH11-263 | 386846.2 | 6881611.8 | 1282.97 | 052 | -50 | 224.83 | “ |
| DDH11-264 | 386757.6 | 6881765.2 | 1305.20 | 045 | -50 | 144.66 | “ |
| DDH11-265 | 386637.1 | 6881968.2 | 1355.20 | 075 | -65 | 189.79 | “ |
| DDH11-266 | 386611.5 | 6882054.1 | 1361.81 | 075 | -50 | 160.98 | “ |
| DDH11-267 | 386812.8 | 6883371 | 1463.07 | 055 | -65 | 243.29 | Orloff-King |
| DDH11-268 | 386753.6 | 6883428.7 | 1469.18 | 065 | -50 | 160.21 | “ |
| DDH11-269 | 386931.8 | 6883454.3 | 1474.5 | 230 | -50 | 83.84 | “ |
| DDH11-270 | 386876 | 6883340.7 | 1464.09 | 065 | -45 | 120.12 | “ |
| DDH11-271 | 386802.5 | 6881663.1 | 1288.68 | 042 | -50 | 185.06 | Flex |
| DDH11-272 | 386780.9 | 6881639.9 | 1284.08 | 041 | -51 | 194.21 | “ |
| DDH11-273 | 386845 | 6881513.8 | 1268.24 | 073 | -50 | 194.82 | “ |
| DDH11-274 | 386656.4 | 6881896.7 | 1338.32 | 080 | -61 | 192.99 | “ |
| DDH12-275 | 386523 | 6881903 | 1335 | 075 | -56 | 343.51 | “ |
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| Drill Hole | Easting | Northing | Elevation | Azimuth | Dip | End of Hole | Zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (m E) | (m N) | (m) | (°) | (°) | (m) | |
| DDH12-276 | 386634 | 6881870 | 1335 | 077 | -61 | 306.93 | Flex |
| DDH12-277 | 386760 | 6881581 | 1285 | 045 | -51.2 | 410.67 | “ |
| DDH12-278 | 386876 | 6881496 | 1255 | 073 | -55.4 | 300.23 | “ |
| DDH12-279 | 386876 | 6881496 | 1255 | 94.1 | -70.7 | 273.71 | “ |
| DDH12-280 | 386627 | 6881836 | 1325 | 076 | -71.1 | 248.41 | “ |
6.2 Cyprus Showing
The Cyprus porphyry copper showing was discovered in 1969 as part of a wider regional exploration program for additional gold vein zones. Part of the zone resides today on the northwest corner of the Charlotte property but much of the zone underlies claims held by Rockhaven Resources Ltd. on their Klaza property. The zone was more intensely explored in 1970 with soil geochemistry and airborne geophysics conducted by a subsidiary of Cyprus Exploration Corporation. Drill delineation followed during 1971 to 1975, with approximately 4,500 m of drilling in 26 holes plus additional ground geochemical and geophysical surveys (Hiner & Mundhenk, 2010).
Drilling reportedly returned average hypogene grades of 0.12% copper and 0.01% molybdenum at depths exceeding 60 to 90 m below surface. Apparently there is no significant supergene zone within the leach cap. Localized higher grades were encountered (0.6% copper and 0.06% molybdenum) associated with elevated precious metal values that appear controlled by zones of intensive fracturing. The localized, metal enriched zones were found to be closely associated with weak potassic alteration within the larger halo of dominantly phyllic alteration (Hiner & Mundhenk, 2010).
Limited reconnaissance mapping and sampling in the area in 2010 revealed shallow open trenches, road cuts and bagged rotary drill cuttings in sample bags that were left onsite. Anecdotal accounts attribute this work to BYG. No reliable record of this work has been located to-date.
7.0 Geological Setting and Mineralization
7.1 Regional Geology
The most recent government survey mapping in the Mt. Nansen area was by the Geological Survey of Canada (“GSC”) in 2016 (Ryan, et al ., 2016). The following discussion is primarily based on the digital geology mapping provided by the Yukon Geological Survey (YGS) website and the most recent mapping by the GSC. Mortensen et al (2003, 2016) contributed important isotopic data to constrain the age and origin of porphyry and epithermal vein mineralization emplacement of the major gold vein zones. Bedrock exposure is extremely limited in the area and much of the regional geological mapping has been inferred from airborne geophysical surveys and mapping felsenmeer on ridge tops where adequately exposed.
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7.1.1 Yukon-Tanana Terrane
The Mt. Nansen area resides within the tectono-stratigraphic Yukon-Tanana Terrane (“YTT”) which is a large accreted terrane bounded by the Tintina Fault to the northeast and the Denali Fault to the southwest. The YTT is comprised of a variety of Devonian and older metavolcanic, metasedimentary and metaplutonic rocks that represent both arc and back-arc geological environments. Both the Tintina Fault and the Denali Fault are recognized as major transcurrent structures that have evidently seen hundreds of kilometres of dextral strike-slip movement (Nelson and Colpron, 2007; Figure 10).
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Figure 10. Tectonic Assemblages of Yukon Territory (after Nelson and Colpron, 2007)
==> picture [416 x 587] intentionally omitted <==
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YTT in the Mt Nansen area includes Devonian-Mississippian arc and back-arc assemblages built on older continent-derived sedimentary rocks which in western Yukon were subjected to Permian intrusion and metamorphism (Klöcking et al , 2016).
7.1.2 Mt. Nansen Trend
The Charlotte property is located within the Mt. Nansen Trend which is a 15 km-long northwest- trending structural corridor that hosts more than 30 recorded mineral occurrences of epithermal and porphyry origin. Many of the mineral occurrences are northwest-striking, steeply-dipping epithermal sulphidequartz veins and occur in many different lithologies. The Mt. Nansen Trend is the southeast extent of the important northwest trending Dawson Range Mineral Belt, which extends to the Sixty Mile River area, approximately 250 kilometres to the northwest, and includes the Casino, Prospector Mountain, Cash, Nucleus, Mt. Freegold and Mt. Nansen gold camps. The Mt. Nansen mineral trend and some of the important deposits are shown on Figure 11 below (taken from Mortensen et al , 2003).
Figure 11. Mt Nansen Trend (from Mortensen et al , 2003)
==> picture [468 x 247] intentionally omitted <==
Regional lithologies in the Mt. Nansen Trend include metaplutonic, metasedimentary and metavolcanic basement rocks made up mainly of schists and gneisses of the Simpson Range Suite and Snowcap and Finlayson Assemblages (Ryan et al ., 2016). The basement rocks are cut by weakly foliated plutonic rocks of the Long Lake Suite that were metamorphosed and, along with the schist and gneiss lithologies, uplifted in the Jurassic.
The youngest rocks in the trend are Cretaceous and Tertiary plutonic and volcanic rocks representative of at least five distinct events: Whitehorse Suite, Mt. Nansen volcanics, Prospector Mountain Suite, Carmacks volcanics and the Casino Suite.
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7.1.3 Mt. Nansen Area
The oldest rocks in the Mt. Nansen area are Devonian and older metamorphic rocks dominated by chlorite schist and felsic orthogneiss, with lesser, quartz-rich metasedimentary rocks and amphibolite. Foliation typically strikes northeasterly and dips steeply northwest. The metamorphic rocks are intruded by several plutonic suites including the Early Jurassic Big Creek and Granite Mountain batholiths and the midCretaceous Dawson Range Batholith (Mortensen et al , 2003).
The Big Creek Batholith is characterized by generally quartz-poor compositions such as quartz syenite. Feldspar dominated megacrystic granite are typical of the Granite Mountain Batholith. The Jurassic plutonic rocks are generally described as weakly foliated on a local scale. Biotite-hornblende granodiorite is representative of the Dawson Range Batholith.
The mid-Cretaceous Mt. Nansen Group volcanic rocks are believed to be coeval and comagmatic with intrusion of the Dawson Range batholith, and may have formed over a period of ~11 Ma. The volcanic complex in places overlies the main intrusive phases and likely formed an extrusive carapace above the plutonic roots (Klöcking et al , 2016).
The volcanic rocks are generally resistant to weathering and tend to form most of the higher peaks in the region. These volcanic rocks are dominated by andesitic flows, tuffs and breccias and are interpreted to represent the erosional remnants of an eruptive caldera. Associated hypabyssal felsic porphyry rocks within the volcanic complex include stocks, plugs, dykes and sills.
Felsic porphyry dykes average about 1.5 m in width, appear to cut all other rock units, and are considered to be the intrusive equivalents of the Mt. Nansen Group volcanic rocks. These high-level felsic intrusions are an important metallogenic host of, or proximal to, both the epithermal precious metal vein and porphyry copper mineralization noted at Mt. Nansen (Mortensen et al , 2003).
The Dickson Stock is an informally named rhyolite porphyry stock and one of at least six distinct bodies of felsic porphyry in the area. Several quartz-feldspar porphyry dykes emanate from the Dickson Stock and appear to intrude both the metamorphic rocks and the granodiorite of the Big Creek plutonic suite.
The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group consists of a complex volcanic assemblage of generally flat-lying basaltic and lesser andesitic flows with pyroclastics and associated felsic domes and basaltic dykes. These rocks are mostly north and east of the Mt. Nansen area.
7.1.4 Geostructural Setting
The geostructural setting of the Mt. Nansen area is dominated by three main structural orientations. The Mt. Nansen trend is a 2 km by 15 km long northwest-trending uplifted basement block within the Mt. Nansen volcanic rocks which is bounded by faults. The trend is oriented parallel to the regional structural trend at 310° to 330° NW. Multiple, parallel faults zones occur within the block ranging in size from 20500 m wide and are known to host porphyry dykes and mineralized sulphide quartz veins. Both normal
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(dip-slip) and right-lateral (strike slip) displacements are observed on these structures but kinematic indicators suggest mineralization occurred after normal movement on the faults but before the strike-slip movement.
The secondary structural trend is characterized by locally well-developed jointing that averages about 020° NE. These structures are thought to represent oblique extensional fractures related to the first-order northwest-trending strike-slip movement. The second-order structures are known to host narrow mineralized quartz veins and porphyry dykes.
The third structural trend is comprised of faults, fractures and joints that trend between 050° and 080° Ne. These faults can be recognizable on air photographs and geophysical magnetic surveys as strong lineament patterns and have reportedly been observed in trenches, conspicuously in the Flex zone where they have dominantly sinistral (left-handed) offsets (Mortensen et al , 2003).
7.1.5 Mt. Nansen Mineralization
Mineralization on the Mt. Nansen trend tends to be adjacent or peripheral to the region’s numerous quartz feldspar porphyry bodies and dykes. Mineral showings in the local Mt. Nansen area are dominated by five main mineralized zones that are within a 1 km radius: Brown-McDade, Webber, Huestis, Flex and Dickson. Mineralization within the zones consists mainly of brittle fault- and shear-hosted sulphide quartz veins with associated bleached clay-rich alteration zones that range from a few centimetres to up to 5 m in width. The vein systems range from narrow, relatively simple veins (e.g., Huestis) to complex anastomosing systems (e.g., Flex) where narrow, sulphide-rich quartz veins occur along anastomosing, steeply dipping, northwest-trending faults and are best developed within metamorphic wall rocks, although they occur in all rock types (Mortensen et al , 2003).
Dips are recorded as moderate to steep (65 to 80°) to the southwest and many of these veins have been shown by development and drilling to have strike lengths in the order of 500 m or greater. Displacement can occur along the vein length and appear to be related to north-northeast-striking sinistral (left-handed) strike slip faults. Vein width can locally increase as a result of intersections with 020°-striking fractures (Mortensen et al , 2016).
Quartz in veins are reported to be typically crystalline to chalcedonic, and can range in color from dark grey to blue due to disseminated, fine-grained sulphide minerals. Sulphide minerals include abundant pyrite and arsenopyrite with lesser galena, sphalerite, stibnite, and lesser chalcopyrite. Supergene minerals include limonite and geothite and some less common arsenates, sulphates and carbonates that are only readily recognized with spectroscopy. Better precious metal values (>3.5 g/t Au and >35 g/t Ag) tend to be intimately associated with sulphide quartz veins or anastomosing zones. Values tend to drop down rapidly to less than 0.7 g/t Au and 17 g/t Ag in the surrounding altered wallrock which can show signs of bleaching with intense phyllic and kaolinitic alteration envelopes (Mortensen et al , 2003).
The most significant porphyry-style copper mineralization in the local Mt. Nansen area is the Cyprus porphyry which consists of a low grade copper-molybdenum occurrence with local supergene gold
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enrichment. Mineralization in the Cyprus porphyry is believed to be Late Cretaceous based on various earlier age-dating sample events (Mortensen et al , 2003).
7.1.6 Age-Dating
U-Pb dating of zircon and titanite was carried out by Mortensen et al (2003) to establish the crystallization ages of the Dickson stock and three related porphyry dykes. The sampled dykes were from the Flex, Webber and Brown-McDade zones and were found to be spatially associated with vein mineralization. Along with field relationships, their age-dating results indicate that the emplacement of the Dickson stock and intrusion of related porphyry dykes occurred at ~ 108 ± 1 Ma and that mineralization and associated hydrothermal alteration occurred at this time. Mortensen et al concluded the hypabyssal intrusions and associated mineralization within the Mt Nansen area are likely of two generations: Cyprus Porphyry with a Late Cretaceous emplacement age; and the Dickson stock and dykes with a mid-Cretaceous emplacement age. Further, the data suggest that the mid-Cretaceous emplacement age of the Dickson stock and dykes data correlates to the mid-Cretaceous Dawson Range Batholith; giving rise to the theory that there was a mineralizing event in the eastern Dawson Range that is older than the Late Cretaceous mineralization age responsible for the bulk of Dawson Range mineralization known further north (e.g. Casino) (Mortensen et al , 2003). Ryan et al , however, have assigned the Dickson Stock and the Cyprus Porphyry to the Late Cretaceous Casino Suite (Ryan, 2016) essentially assigning the vein and porphyry mineralization to the same co-eval event.
7.2 Property Geology
The Charlotte Property consists primarily of metamorphosed and poly-deformed Paleozoic basement rocks that are intruded and overlapped by relatively little-deformed Mesozoic and Cenozoic successions (Ryan, 2016). There are seven principal rock types underlying the property (Figure 12).
Earlier mapping identified Early Mississippian metamorphic basement rocks separated into metasedimentary and meta-igneous suites (Stroshein, 1998). The meta-sedimentary suite consisted of micaceous quartz-feldspar gneiss, schist and quartzite of the Nasina Assemblage. The meta-igneous package was comprised of biotite-hornblende feldspar gneiss and coarse-grained granodiorite orthogneiss with lesser amphibolite.
Ryan et al (2016) later assigned the basement rocks to three assemblages which include metaplutonic (Simpson Range Suite), metasedimentary (Snowcap Assemblage) and metavolcanic rocks (Finlayson Assemblage).
The oldest rocks are the pre-Devonian Snowcap Assemblage located mainly in the south of the property and consists of quartzite, micaceous quartzite and psammitic quartz-muscovite-biotite (+/- garnet) schist with minor metaconglomerate. The unit is amphibolite-facies, strongly foliated, highly layered, and generally exhibits recognizable bedding.
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The next oldest rocks underlying the southern portion of the claim block are Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian amphibolite of the Finlayson Assemblage . This unit is characterized by strongly foliated amphibolite and garnet amphibolite. It is compositionally layered from schistose to locally gneissic and is strongly granoblastic and is likely derived from mafic sills, dykes, flows and volcaniclastic rocks. It locally interdigitates with the Snowcap assemblage and can be difficult to distinguish from metamorphosed mafic sills and dykes in the Snowcap assemblage (Ryan, 2016). Foliation as measured in the field typically strikes northeast and dips steeply to the northwest. The main mineralized zones, including the Webber, Flex and Huestis Zones, are hosted by these rocks.
The SE corner of the property is underlain by Late Devonian to Early Mississippian Simpson Range Suite of felsic to intermediate granitoids and orthogneiss. The unit is described as interlayered hornblendebiotite or biotite granodiorite, monzogranite, quartz diorite and diorite. It is highly foliated to gneissic and strongly lineated with common K-feldspar augen textures. These rocks are typically spatially associated with Finlayson assemblage felsic metavolcanic rock and may be co-eval.
The middle section of the property is underlain by Late Triassic hornblende-biotite granodiorite, diorite and quartz monzodiorite of the Stikine Suite . The unit is weakly to moderately foliated.
The Stikine Suite is intruded and overlapped by two phases. The Middle Cretaceous Mt. Nansen Group volcanics consists of massive aphyric and feldspar-phyric andesite to dacite breccias, flows and tuffaceous rocks. Massive heterolithic quartz and feldspar-phyric felsic lapilli tuff and flow banded quartz-phyric rhyolite are less abundant. The group has yielded U/Pb ages ranging between 110 and 105 Ma (Ryan, 2018) making it comagmatic with the Whitehorse plutonic suite.
The middle-eastern part of the property is dominated by the Middle Cretaceous Dawson Range phase of the Whitehorse Plutonic Suite. The rocks consist mainly of hornblende-biotite granodiorite, lesser granite, tonalite, quartz diorite, and diorite. The rocks are blocky, hornblende-phyric, medium- to coarse-grained, and range from unfoliated to weakly foliated.
The Dawson Range phase is locally intruded by porphyritic dacite, quartz monzonite, rhyodacite and rhyolite of the Late Cretaceous Casino Porphyry Suite . A large stock of Casino Porphyry is located on the NW corner of the property and hosts the Cyprus porphyry Cu-Mo-Au occurrence. Stocks related to the Casino Porphyry also appear to intrude all older assemblages, including Mt. Nansen, Stikine and Finlayson.
The Casino porphyry is the host rock to many of the important porphyry and epithermal vein deposits in the Dawson Range Gold Belt. At the neighboring Klaza property there are at least four compositionally and texturally distinct intrusions interpreted as part of the Casino Porphyry Suite that intrudes granodiorite of the Whitehorse suite. At the Casino deposit located to the north of Mt. Nansen, YukonTanana terrane rocks are intruded by Dawson Range batholith which is in turn intruded by Casino Plutonic Suite intrusions.
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7.3 Mineralization
Two types of mineralization have been documented within the Charlotte claim block. The precious metalbearing epithermal vein and breccias systems are the most important exploration and mining target. The vein systems are hosted in the metamorphic basement rocks but mineralization is believed to be related to the Mid-Cretaceous intrusive stocks and dykes correlative to the mid-Cretaceous Dawson Range phase. Cu-Mo-Au porphyry mineralization at the Cyprus zone is believed to be hosted in the Late Cretaceous Casino Suite dacite to quartz monzonite porphyry which intrudes the mid-Cretaceous volcanics of Mt. Nansen Group.
The precious metal vein systems have a typical vein gangue mineralogy which consists of quartz ± carbonate. Sulphides tend to occur as shoots within the gangue; and can range in form from semi-massive to massive rods to smaller masses and blebs to disseminations. Sulphide mineralogy is dominated by pyrite with lesser galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and lesser oxides and carbonates. Gold mineralization as shown by microscopy occurs as fine-grained inclusions (5-40 microns) within or interstitial to the sulphide crystals. Silver mineralization is closely associated with lead-bearing galena and zinc-bearing sphalerite and also occurs as small inclusions within crystals. Denholm et al (2000) reported silver to gold ratio of 7:1 in vein style mineralization and 3:1 in breccia-pipe style mineralization (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
Low-grade Cu-Mo mineralization is typically found in porphyry bodies as both stockworks and disseminations. Copper mineralization is typically reported from sampling with a grade of <0.1% Cu. Molybdenum mineralization is usually associated with localized silicification and breccia zones and averages approximately 0.01% Mo. Lead, zinc, silver and gold values have also been reported and appear to be related to porphyry-mineralization.
7.4 Alteration
Five hydrothermal alteration facies have been documented as a function of exploration and development in the Mt. Nansen area (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010):
Propylitic Alteration
-
Widespread throughout the area and across the Charlotte property
-
Characterized by chlorite, calcite, epidote, albite and magnetite minerals
-
Most commonly associated with plutonic rocks adjacent to the Mt. Nansen porphyry system
Phyllic Alteration
-
Characterized by quartz, sericite, pyrite, and kaolinite
-
Pyrite content increases with decreasing silicification
-
Carries Au-Ag values surrounding core of veins or breccias
Silicic Alteration
- Characterized by intense to extreme silicification
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- Silicified wall rock distinguished by very fine vugs, yellow weathering and drusy quartz lining cavities
Argillic Alteration
-
Characterized by the clay minerals including kaolinite, montmorillonite and minor sericite
-
Sulphides are commonly leached out, leaving cavities in altered rock
-
Often occurs with irregular bleached zones
-
Forms broad envelopes around phyllic or silicic alteration zones
Potassic Alteration
- Characterized by biotite and potassium feldspar with minor magnetite and epidote
7.5 Structure
Faulting and shearing are the two main structural features of the property. Three sets have been encountered and are described as follows (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010):
Northwest Trending Faults
These are the primary mineralizing structures found on the property. They strike approximately 130°-150°, dip steeply southwest and are continuous on a scale of hundreds of metres. Although other displacement has been recorded by faults of this orientation, motion has been dominantly dextral (right handed).
North-Northeast Trending Faults
These faults range from 005°-045°, dip steeply east-northeast and are locally considered cross-faults to the primary northwest faults. They are characterized by their discontinuity and tend to terminate at intersections with primary structures. These intersections are structurally important as they host significant high-grade blow-out zones in mineralization. It is likely that these faults are conjugate and coeval to the northwest faults.
East-Northeast Trending Structures
This set of structures is present as faults, fractures and joints on the property. They trend approximately 060°, are generally un-mineralized and offset mineralized structures. These structures are easily observed on airphoto, but more difficult to locate on the ground due to limited outcrop exposure.
The structural setting has impacted the morphology of the vein systems whereby veins can vary from planar and consolidated (e.g. Huestis and Webber zones) to complex and anastomosing (e.g. Flex zone). Vein systems have been mapped to greater than 500 m in length and vary from 2 m to as much as 8 m wide (Denholm et al ., 2000).
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Figure 12. Mt. Nansen Area Geology (after Ryan, 2010)
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7.6 Mineralized Zones
The following is a brief description of the known mineralized zones on and immediately adjacent to the Charlotte Property. The locations of these zones are illustrated in Figure 13.
There are a total of 144 diamond drill holes, with a cumulative length of 13,180 metres, drilled on the Charlotte property. Drill programs include work done by Archer Cathro & Associates (1985-88), B.Y.G. Natural Resources Inc. (1994-95), Guinness Exploration Inc. (2010) and Ansell Capital Corp. (2011–12).
There are a total of 7,391 individual gold samples in the drill master database compiled in 2016 that range from 0.09 metres to 8.23 metres long and average 1.26 metres. All samples in the assay database have been analyzed for gold and silver but only samples collected from 36 holes (drilled in 2010 and 2011) have additional multi-element ICP grade data for copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, sulphur, etc.
Drill holes are distributed over an area measuring roughly 2.5 km north-south by 1.5 km east-west and test several mineralized target areas including, from north to south: Orloff-King, Dickson, Webber, Flex and Huestis zones.
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Figure 13. Mineralized Zones of the Mt. Nansen Area
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Webber Zone
The Webber Zone (Figure 14) consists of a quartz vein system hosted by the metamorphic rocks of the Nasina Assemblage and an extensive NE striking porphyry body. The system is comprised of two principal veins (#1 Vein & #2 Vein) which are located along the footwall and hanging wall of a fault and vary in width from 0.3 metres to 2.0 metres in size (Table 9). The system strikes northwest with variable dip angle to the southwest. The Webber Zone has been explored over a 500 metre strike length through a combination of surface stripping, trenching and underground development (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
Underground panel sampling has revealed gold mineralization is associated with arsenopyrite and lesser stibnite-bearing shoots or rods which typically measure 25 metres in horizontal strike length and up to 100 metres along plunge. Sampling has defined 17 distinct mineralized shoots that can measure up to 1 m in width and carry grades of approximately 14.1 g/t Au and 917 g/t Ag. The transition between the mineralized and non-mineralized section of the vein tend to be very sharp.
Historic diamond drilling has tested vein continuity up-dip, down-dip and along strike. This work indicates that the Webber zone is truncated to the northwest by the Webber Creek Fault.
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Figure 14. Webber Underground Workings (After Denholm et al ., 2000)
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Table 9. Summary of Webber Mineralized Shoots (After Stroshein, 2007b)
| Deposit | Vein No. |
Min. Shoot |
Length (m) |
Width (m) |
Au (g/t) |
Ag (g/t) |
Au (oz/ton) |
Ag (oz/ton) |
Tonnes/Vertical Metre |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Webber | 1 | 101 | 13.7 | 0.9 | 8.57 | 253.7 | 10.4 | 306.9 | 38 |
| 1 | 105 | 30.5 | 1.2 | 13.03 | 332.6 | 46.7 | 1192 | 111 | |
| 1 | 107 | 30.5 | 1.8 | 10.97 | 462.9 | 59 | 2488.5 | 167 | |
| 1 | 119 | 32 | 0.9 | 8.91 | 476.6 | 25.2 | 1345.2 | 88 | |
| 1 | 120 | 21.3 | 0.6 | 5.83 | 384 | 7.3 | 481.7 | 39 | |
| 1 | 120/121 | 15.2 | 1.5 | 8.91 | 1080 | 20 | 2419.4 | 70 | |
| 1 | 122 | 24.4 | 0.6 | 10.63 | 325.7 | 15.2 | 467 | 45 | |
| 1 | 129 | 33.5 | 0.9 | 10.63 | 925.7 | 31.4 | 2737.3 | 92 | |
| 2 | 130 | 30.5 | 0.9 | 6.86 | 1920 | 18.4 | 5161.3 | 84 | |
| 2 | 131 | 13.7 | 0.6 | 12.3 | 761.14 | 10 | 613.8 | 25 | |
| 2 | 134 | 15.2 | 0.6 | 8.23 | 452.6 | 7.4 | 405.5 | 28 | |
| 2 | 136 | 36.6 | 1.5 | 22.97 | 1491.4 | 123.5 | 8018.4 | 167 | |
| 2 | 139 | 6.1 | 0.9 | 11.66 | 984 | 6.3 | 529 | 17 | |
| 2 | 146 | 12.8 | 1 | 15.09 | 270.9 | 19.3 | 346.6 | 40 | |
| 2 | 153 | 27.4 | 1.1 | 8.57 | 822.9 | 24.2 | 2322.6 | 88 | |
| 2 | 154 | 22.9 | 0.9 | 15.09 | 1258.3 | 30.4 | 2536.9 | 63 | |
| 2 | 157 | 47.2 | 0.9 | 17.83 | 754.3 | 74.3 | 3142.9 | 130 |
Huestis Zone
The Huestis zone (Figure 15) consists of a north-northwest striking quartz vein system that dips steeply to the east-northeast. Three main veins comprise the zone and are known as the No. 11 Vein (hanging wall), the No. 12 Vein (Intermediate) and the No. 13 Vein (Footwall). They are hosted in metamorphic gneiss of the Nasina Assemblage and vary in with from 0.3 m to 2.0 m and average approximately 1.0 m wide (Table 10). The system has been developed by underground development on two levels, the 4100 Level and the 4300 Level (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
A total of sixteen mineralized shoots have been identified by underground panel sampling. Mineralized shoots vary from approximately 10 m to 50 m of exposed strike length with an average of about 27 m in exposed length and 1.0 m in width. Grades average about 19.4 g/t Au and 442 g/t Ag and mineralization closely mirrors that of the Webber Zone. A summary of Huestis mineralized shoots and grades are illustrated in Table 17.
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Figure 15. Huestis Underground Workings (After Denholm et al ., 2000)
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Table 10. Summary of Huestis Mineralized Shoots (After Middleton, 2009)
| Deposit | Vein No. |
Min. Shoot |
Length (m) |
Width (m) |
Au (g/t) |
Ag (g/t) |
Au (oz/ton) |
Ag (oz/ton) |
Tonnes/Vertical Metre |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huestis/1311 | 11 | 628 | 22.9 | 0.8 | 16.8 | 82.3 | 28.3 | 138.3 | 52 |
| 12 | 609 | 10.7 | 0.9 | 23.32 | 332.6 | 21.9 | 312.9 | 29 | |
| 12 | 609 | 18.3 | 1.2 | 16.46 | 226.3 | 35.4 | 486.6 | 67 | |
| 12 | 610 | 17.8 | 0.9 | 14.74 | 308.6 | 21.8 | 456.2 | 46 | |
| 12 | 612 | 24.4 | 0.9 | 21.26 | 480 | 54.7 | 1032.3 | 67 | |
| 12 | 615 | 33.5 | 1.5 | 22.63 | 802.3 | 111.5 | 3953.9 | 153 | |
| 12 | 617 | 30.5 | 0.9 | 21.6 | 377.1 | 58.1 | 1013.8 | 84 | |
| 12 | 650 | 30.5 | 0.9 | 16.11 | 401.1 | 43.3 | 1078.3 | 84 | |
| 12 | 653 | 42.7 | 1 | 17.14 | 205.7 | 68.8 | 825.8 | 125 | |
| 12 | 657 | 30.5 | 0.9 | 13.71 | 274.3 | 36.9 | 737.3 | 84 | |
| 12 | 660 | 32 | 0.9 | 20.57 | 154.3 | 58.1 | 435.5 | 88 | |
| 12 | 662 | 47.2 | 1 | 19.89 | 596.6 | 91.1 | 2734.3 | 143 | |
| 13 | 645 | 27.4 | 1.5 | 14.74 | 545.1 | 59.5 | 2198.2 | 125 | |
| 13 | H-15 | 18.3 | 0.9 | 9.94 | 366.9 | 16 | 591.7 | 50 | |
| 15 | H-12 | 18.3 | 0.9 | 24 | 174.9 | 38.7 | 282 | 50 | |
| 17 | H-12s | 18.3 | 0.9 | 10.29 | 264 | 16.6 | 425.8 | 50 |
Flex Zone
The main zone of interest since 2010 has been the Flex Zone (Figure 16) which is defined by a network of north-northwesterly trending mineralized quartz veins located in a structural zone hosted by basement metamorphic rocks of the Finlayson Assemblage. The deposit was discovered in 1985 and is located between the Huestis and Webber vein systems. The zone was completely stripped in the 1990’s in preparation for deposit modelling and future mining and exposes an area approximately 80 metres wide by 350 metres long. The northern lobe of the zone is off-limits because of the proximity to the core area tenure boundary.
Gold mineralization at the Flex zone occurs in two or three parallel, sheeted, SW dipping epithermal quartz vein systems that appear to have formed in small-scale fault zones that are have orientation patterns similar and are likely a local analogue for a mid- to late-Cretaceous regional, northwest-trending fault zone within the project area.
Known zones from surface mapping, trenching, pre-development stripping and drilling are reasonably well understood. Four main veins have been mapped in the system: the Main Vein, the Footwall Vein, the East Vein and the Hanging Wall Vein. The veins are sub-parallel and dip steeply to the west and appear to be offset by post-mineral, east to northeast, trending faults. The veins range from 5 cm to 1.1 m thick but extensive silicification of the wall rock can extends significant precious metal values up to 7 m in width. The Flex Zone has been delineated over a strike length of 550 metres and is open at depth, down plunge and along strike to the north and south (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
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These veins occur in a larger, NW-NNW trending structure which has been offset by later, NNE trending faults. The strongest mineralization occurs at and plunges along the intersection of these two structures. These strong mineralized shoots exhibit a 25m surface expression and tend to repeat at regular intervals (Stroshein, 2007).
The top 15-40 metres of the Flex Zone has undergone significant supergene alteration and a strong oxide cap has developed, characterized by limonite and hematite. Structural control on the individual veins is not well understood making correlation difficult between vein exposure on surface (after stripping) and drill hole intercepts. Stripping of the Main Zone itself compounds the problem since historical drill collars have been lost and locations drilled prior to 1998 are difficult to locate (Stroshein, 2007).
The Flex zone is defined by a total of 112 drill holes with a total meterage of 10,491 metres and an average length of 93.7 metres. The shortest drill hole is 17 metres; the longest is 410.7 metres. Only 9 holes exceed 200 metres in length. Five drill holes are vertical. Angle holes are typically drilled at 045° azimuth in the Southeast section swinging to an average of about 78° azimuth in the northwest section as the flexure in the zone (hence the name) has to be accommodated to ensure orthogonal pierce point intersection. Average dip is -48° although most holes were set at -50°. Down-hole deviation does not appear to be much of an issue as average end dip is about -53°.
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Figure 16. Flex Surface Plan (After Stroshein, 2007b)
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Orloff-King Zone
The Orloff-King Zone is located 1,400 m north of the Flex Zone. Historical exploration work focused on the low-grade oxide mineralization exposed in trenches and intersected in shallow drill holes. Discontinuous mineralization was identified in the 2010 trenching program over a strike length of approximately 1 km. Sampling returned grades of up to 7.1 g/t Au and 34.7 g/t Ag over 0.7 m. Four drill holes were completed in 2011 for a total length of 607.5 metres. The work confirmed the presence of several narrow Au +/- Ag sulphide breccia zones that appear to be parallel to the regional mineralizing trend. Alteration halos are present and appear similar (albeit narrower) to those at the Flex Zone. The zone remains open to the northwest, southeast and to depth (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
Porphyry Zone (Cyprus and Cyprus South)
The Porphyry Zone is located ENE of Tit Mountain and consists of the Cyprus and Cyprus South showings. The Cyprus showing partly overlaps onto the north end of the property. It has been trenched and drilled but there is little reliable record of this work to be found in the public domain. The showings are low grade Cu-Mo porphyry style mineralization which had been explored in the early 1970’s with diamond drilling and more recently with soil sampling in 1985 and 1986. No follow up work has been completed (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
Eliza Creek Extension
The Eliza Creek Extension showing is located on the northeast of Tit Mountain. It consists of four shear zones within hornblende granodiorite which has been intruded by feldspar porphyry dykes. It is a continuation of the Eliza Creek South and Eliza Creek North Zone showings hosted in the Mt Nansen Volcanic Suite. Significant trenching was completed in 1994 and 2003 with the latter exposing ENE shears and veins running 0.2 g/t Au and 11.55 g/t Au, respectively (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
Cabin, GRW, Dickson and Cyprus Zones
Other mineralized zones on the Charlotte Property include the Cabin, GRW, and Dickson. The Cabin, GRW and Dickson are all vein targets that have seen significantly less development than the major zones. These targets have been explored with soil geochemistry and follow-up trenching. To date, none of these targets have been drill tested (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
8.0 Deposit Types
8.1 General
Known precious metal vein and porphyry style mineralization at the Charlotte property in general confirm to the well-established deposit models that have been developed for these types of mineralized system. Hart and Langdon (1997) suggest the two styles of mineralization actually represent transition from porphyry to epithermal style mineralization (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
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Figure 17: Structural Relationships of Epithermal Veins in the Mt. Nansen Area
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(after Hart and Langdon, 1997 - Bold lines represent mineralized shoots)
8.2 Porphyry Deposits
Porphyry deposits are intimately associated with relatively large intrusive bodies that range in composition from diorite-granodiorite to high-silica granite. The texture is typically porphyritic and the porphyries are generally epizonal (shallow emplacement) to mesozonal bodies (intermediate depth). Magmatic bodies act as both a fluid source and the heat engine for deposition within or proximal to the intrusion. Deposition is usually accompanied by widespread, zonal alteration which is distinguished based on proximity to the intrusive body and its unique mineralogical assemblage. Mineralization occurs primarily in stockworks, veins, vein sets, fractures and breccias and is of low to medium grade. Economic porphyry deposits are typically Jurassic or younger, although some date to the Archean (Sinclair, 2007).
Porphyry-style mineralization on the Charlotte property is associated with the quartz-feldspar porphyry intrusion located at the north end of the claim block. Using the deposit model as a guide it can be assumed magmatism began with an early, deep batholithic intrusion of quartz monzonite and diorite followed by uplift and emplacement of biotite-quartz monzonite and porphyritic quartz monzonite. Coeval volcanism resulted in the deposition of the Mt. Nansen Volcanic Suite. Hypogene mineralization followed as one of the final stages of the magmatic cycle whereby explosive brecciation and fluid infiltration occurred in both the country rock and the host stock. As mineralizing brine migrated outward into the country rock, fluidrock reactions produced distinct alteration shells that correlate with distance from the pluton. Alteration haloes at Charlotte include proximal phyllic and argillic alteration enveloped by propylitic alteration zones (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
8.3 Epithermal Vein Deposits
Epithermal gold deposits are well-researched worldwide given their importance in terms of mineable grade and tonnage. They generally form within 1.5 km of the surface and are driven by hydrothermal systems that developed in the Earth’s crust. They are spatially and genetically associated with magmatic and volcanic activity and can be found in close proximity to porphyry deposits. Magmatic bodies once again act as both the fluid source and the heat engine that drive mineralizing fluids to form in linear veins or related breccias. Epithermal deposits are categorized according to alteration mineralogy, occurrence,
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texture and associated geochemical signature into three subtypes: high sulphidation, intermediate sulphidation and low sulphidation (Taylor, 2007). Refer to Table 15 for a break-down of the sub-types.
The major gold veins of the Charlotte Project are characterized as low-sulphidation type epithermal quartz-sulphide veins and breccias. They are likely associated with the Mt. Nansen Porphyry Intrusive Complex and the Dickson stock. Veins and breccias are controlled and affected by three distinct sets of structures in the region. The primary structures hosting veins trend north-westerly at approximately 330°. Later, north-northeast faults both offset the northwest structures and form dilatant zones along which steeply plunging mineralized “shoots” were precipitated. Both the northwest and north-northeast mineralizing structures record dextral motion. Later, non-mineralizing and northeast (060°) trending faults displace mineralized structures with sinistral displacement (Left-handed) (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010). See Figure 17.
8.4 Porphyry to Epithermal Transition
Porphyry and epithermal style mineralization are spatially and genetically closely related which is evident in the Mt. Nansen area with many of the more than thirty mineral occurrences in the Mt. Nansen area located adjacent to porphyry stocks (Table 11). Specific examples on the Charlotte property include the Webber, Huestis and Flex zones spatially associated with the Dickson stock. The schematic below (from Sinclair, 2007) shows a stylized porphyry Cu system at depth in an andesitic volcano showing mineral zonation and possible relationships between porphyry Cu (±Au, Mo, Ag) deposits , transitional “Intermediate” polymetallic deposits, and epithermal precious-metal deposits. See Figure 18.
Figure 18. Porphyry to Epithermal Transition (After Sinclair, 2007)
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8.5 Supergene Enrichment
Supergene enrichment if present can have a significant role in elevating grades of mineral deposits. This is often seen at the upper levels of porphyry deposits, where hypogene mineralization is upgraded by supergene enrichment from sub-economic to economic grades. Enrichment is related to the chemical effects of meteoric water that percolates and oxidizes downward from surface through the mineralized porphyry body. Oxidized minerals can produce relatively strong solvents which can dissolve minerals such as copper, zinc, and silver and remobilize these elements towards the water table where they can reprecipitate as oxides, sulphates, and occasionally sulphides in the reducing environment (Sinclair, 2007).
Supergene mobilization can also affect epithermal vein deposits in a similar manner but it remains uncertain to what extent its role is in affecting precious metal values in the main gold vein zones. Supergene alteration, particularly at Flex, may represent a later overprint that enabled the breakdown of Au-bearing primary minerals and subsequent remobilization into the secondary sulfate and oxide minerals as suggested in petrography done in 2013 (Quist, 2014).
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Table 11. Summary of Epithermal Sub-Type Characteristics (Taylor, 2007)
| HIGH-SULPHIDATION | LOW-SULP | HIDATION | |
|---|---|---|---|
| subtype | sub | type | |
| Hosted in volcanic rocks | Hosted in volcanic and plutonic rocks | Hosted in sedimentary and mixed host rocks | |
| Geological Setting | volcanic terrane, often in caldera-filling volcaniclastic rocks; hot spring deposits and acid lakes may be associated |
Spatially related to instrusive centre; veins in major faults, locally ring fracture type faults; hot springs may be present |
In calcareous to clastic sedimentary rocks; may be intruded at depth by magma; can form at variety of depths |
| Ore Mineralogy | native gold, electrum, tellurides; magmatic- hydrothermal: py (+bn), en, tennantite, cv, sp, gn; Cu typically > Zn, Pb; Au-stage may be distinct, base-metal poor; steam-heated: base-metal poor; gangue: quartz |
electrum (lower Au/Ag with depth), gold; sulphides include: py, sp, gn, cpy, ss); sulphosalts; gangue: quartz, adularia, sericite, calcite, chlorite; ± barite, anhydrite in deeper metal content, high sulphide veins closer to |
gold (micrometre): within or on sulphides (e.g. Pyrite unoxidized ore), native (in oxidized ore), electrum, Hg-Sb- As sulphides, pyrite, minor base metals; gangue: quartz, calcite |
| Alteration mineralogy | advanced argillic + alunite, kaolintie, pyrophyllite (deeper);± sericite (illite); adularia, carbonate absent; chlorite and Mn-minerals rare; no selenides; barite with Au; steam-heated: vertical zoning |
sericitic replaces argillic facies (adularia ± sericite ± kaolinite); Fe-chlorite, Mn-minerals, selenides present; carbonate (calcite and/or rhodochrosite) may be abundant, lamellar if boiling occurred; quartz-kaolinite- alunite-subtype minerals possible in steam-heated zone; clays |
silicification, decalcification, sericitization, sulphidation; alteration zones may be controlled by stratigraphic permeability rather than by faults and fractures; quartz (may be chalcedonic)-sericite (illite)- montmorillonite |
| Host rocks | silicic to intermediate (andesite) | intermediate to silicic intrusive/extrusive rocks | felsic intrusions; most sedimentary rocks except massive carbonates (hosts to mantos and skarns) |
| 18O/16O - shift in wall rocks |
may be less pronounced, or superposed on earlier high- 18O alteration |
moderate to large; pronounced in and immediately to veins |
very limited18O-shift of altered rocks, if present at all |
| C-H-S isotopes | magmatic fluids indicated (δ13CCO2 @ -5±2; δDH2O @ - 35±10; δ18OH2O @ +7±2; δ34SSS @ 0); magmatic- hydrothermal alunite; δ34S > sulphide minerals; δD @ - 35±10; steam-heated alunite; δ34S @ sulphides, d18O data indicate hydrothermal origin |
magmatic water (H2O) may be obscured by mixing; surface waters dominate; C, S typically indicate a magmatic source, but mixtures with wall rock derived C, S possible |
hydrogen isotope data (sericite, clays, fluid inclusions) in some cases indicate presence of evolved surface organic carbon (δ13C @ -26±2) may be derived from wall rocks |
| Ore fluids (examples from fluid inclusion studies) |
160-240ºC; ≤1 wt.% NaCl (late fluids); possibly to 30 wt.% NaCl in early fluids; boiling common; (Nansatsu district, Japan; Hedenquist et al., 1994) |
sulphide-poor: 180-31ºC, ≤1 wt.% NaCl, about 1.0 molal CO2 (Mt. Skukum: McDonald, 1987) |
bimodal: 150-160 (most); 270-280ºC, ≤15 wt.% NaCl; |
| nonboiling: (Cinola: Shen et al., 1982); 230-250ºC, ≤1 wt.% NaCl; nonboiling (Dusty Mac: Zhang et al., 1989) |
|||
| sulphide-rich: ave. 25ºC, <1 to 4 wt.% NaCl (Silbak- Premier: McDonald, 1990) |
|||
| Age of mineralization and host rocks |
host rocks and mineralization of similar age | mineralization variably younger (>1 Ma) than host rocks | mineralization variably younger (>1 Ma) than host rocks. |
| Deposit size | small areal extent (e.g. 1 km2) and size (e.g. 2500-3500 kg Au) |
may occur over large area (e.g. several tens of km2); may be large (e.g. 100 000 kg Au). |
may have large areal extent (e.g. >>1 km2), large size (e.g. 58 000 kg Au), low grades (e.g. 2.5 g/t) |
| Examples: Canadian | Equity Silver, B.C.; Mt. Skukum, Yukon (only: alunite 'cap') | Blackdome, B.C.; Mt. Skukum, Yukon (Cirque vein) | Cinola, B.C. |
| Al deposit, Toodoggone River, B.C. | Silbak-Premier, B.C. (intermediate sulphidation) | ||
| Examples: Foreign | Summitville, Colorado | Creede, Colorado (intermediate sulphidation) | Hishikari, Japan |
| Kasuga, Japan |
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9.0 Exploration
Taurus Gold initiated a diamond drill program on September 1[st] 2020 focused on the Flex Zone.
The drill program was completed on October 26[th] and a total of 2,343.7 metres of core was recovered from 11 drill holes. The author was involved in planning the drill hole locations in consultation with Taurus Gold. The program was staffed and managed by Coast Mountain Geological. A total of 2,048 core samples were submitted to MSA Labs of Langley, BC, for analysis and assay. All analysis and assay results have been received and examined as described below.
The drill plan has been designed to cover the breadth of the deposit and infill certain key historical holes; and to the extent possible (with limited meterage), test for the SW down-plunge extensions of vein zones.
Taurus Gold also commissioned a high-precision DGPS collar survey of the drill holes at the Flex Zone on August 4, 2021. The work program included a drone orthophotomosaic survey to provide detailed imaging over the entire property. A Digital Elevation Model was constructed at 50cm resolution as well as a DEM hillshade surface in digital format.
10.0 Diamond Drilling
Early records show that limited drilling was first completed on the Webber and Huestis Zones in the 1960’s during the time when the Brown–McDade deposit was initially being developed. Surface diamond drilling and percussion drilling programs have occurred intermittently on the property; between 1980 to 1988 on the Webber, Huestis and Flex Zone; and from 1994 – 1998 and 2010 to 2012 where property wide exploration led to drill programs primarily covering the Webber/Huestis/Flex and Brown McDade deposit trend with minor drilling completed along the Orloff-King, Breccia and Dickson zones (Hiner and Mundhenk, 2010).
The most recent drill program on the property was completed in the fall of 2020 by Taurus Gold for a total of approximately 2,347.1 metres of diamond drilling (HQ size) in eleven holes on the Flex gold-silver vein system, with hole depths ranging from 161.5 metres to 274.4 metres (Table 12). The drill program was initiated to enhance the geologic understanding of the Flex Zone and confirm the high-grade tenor and thickness potential of the precious metal mineralization.
The program was initiated at the beginning of September 1[st] and concluded October 23[rd] , 2020. Work was conducted from a road accessible temporary tent camp located on the property. Pre-existing trails were generally used for transport of the drill and personnel. New trail construction was required to reach 5 drill pad locations, totaling 134.9 lineal metres; and all within the pre-disturbed Flex Zone area.
Reclamation included the camp being returned to its pre-field state, and all garbage, debris, and fuel were removed from site and from drill pad locations. Empty diesel drums used for oil stoves were stored in an
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old shed adjacent to the Webber adit for future use. Drill core was stored on site in existing core racks, or cross-stacked next to the core racks. All drill sites were scarified, loosened and re-contoured after use to closely approximate the pre-existing topography. Due to pre-stripping in 1997 there is generally no top soil available for reseeding. However, local plants do eventually begin to naturally revegetate, especially on the fringes of the Flex Zone. The site is stable and non-erosive, and the nearest stream is more than a kilometre away. The Webber adit was found to have no deterrent to casual access. The entrance was planked and boarded up before crew left for the season.
A careful Covid-19 protection protocol was successfully implemented throughout the program to protect workers and visitors and there were no reported incidents.
The program tested a series of anastomosing vein structures that trend north northwest at Flex, including the Main Vein, Hangingwall Vein, Footwall Vein and other prominent structures identified in recent and historical drilling. The drill holes were designed to intersect all known major vein structures and probe possible down-plunge extensions in the underlying lithological units. Drillhole depths averaged 211 metres with the deepest hole drilled to 275 metres. By contrast historical drilling has been quite shallow, with an average historical depth of 105 metres. A table of the drill collar locations and orientations is shown below. Collar locations are shown on Figure 19.
Table 12. 2020 Drill Collars (locations updated from 2021 DGPS Collar Survey)
| Hole ID | UTM_Northing | UTM_Easting | Elevation | Length | Azimuth | Dip |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDH-20-281 | 6881897.2 | 386626.6 | 1341.17 | 244.4 | 78 | -60 |
| DDH-20-282 | 6881859.8 | 386687.1 | 1336.76 | 176.2 | 75 | -60 |
| DDH-20-283 | 6881869.3 | 386619.4 | 1333.82 | 234.5 | 78 | -73 |
| DDH-20-284 | 6881809.1 | 386693.2 | 1322.26 | 179.9 | 78 | -63 |
| DDH-20-285 | 6881776.5 | 386656.4 | 1311.90 | 219.5 | 78 | -63 |
| DDH-20-286 | 6881818.3 | 386576.1 | 1316.60 | 274.4 | 79 | -67 |
| DDH-20-287 | 6881805.3 | 386623.1 | 1320.53 | 243.9 | 78 | -68 |
| DDH-20-288 | 6881708.2 | 386772.7 | 1303.83 | 191.7 | 72 | -70 |
| DDH-20-289 | 6881660.6 | 386789.3 | 1297.00 | 161.5 | 85 | -54 |
| DDH-20-290 | 6881678.7 | 386759.0 | 1296.57 | 219.5 | 78 | -54 |
| DDH-20-291 | 6881585.6 | 386836.4 | 1289.01 | 198.2 | 78 | -56 |
A total of 2048 samples were taken including 106 QA/QC samples for lab confirmation purposes. Of the total sample count, 1,942 unique samples were taken, representing a total core length of 2,186 metres; or 93% of the recovered core. The average sample interval was 1.13 metres with the vast majority (83%) of samples 1.0 metre in length. Sampling per hole was continuous downhole once commenced, and only ended at the end-of-hole or near the bottom if in unaltered rock.
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A brief description of each hole is given below; and long with a table of significant results (Table 13). All intervals are apparent width.
Figure 19. 2020 Drill Collar Locations
==> picture [468 x 303] intentionally omitted <==
DDH-20-281:
The hole targeted the NNW strike extent of DDH-11-276 and down dip of DDH-11-274 with a planned ~35 metre separation. The hole intersected varying lengths of quartz feldspar porphyry (QFP) and gneiss throughout its length with minor mafic dykes or microsills. Significant mineralization was encountered from ~151.1 -172.9 metres as variably-mineralized quartz veins and quartz-rich QFP. A mineralized vein and associated altered wall rock was encountered from 198.0 to 205 metres. The hole was terminated in 34.4 metres of assumed diorite at 244.4 m. Intersections of note:
-
A large vein zone from 149 to 162.1 metres ran 2.5 ppm Au and 78.6 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 13.1 metres, including 4.1 ppm Au and 131.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 6.9 metres from 154.2 to 161.1 metres
-
A vein zone from 196.1 to 203.1 metres ran 1.3 ppm Au and 56.7 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 7.0 metres including 12.0 ppm Au and 526 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 0.6 metres from 201.80 to 202.4 metres
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DDH-20-282:
The hole targeted the south southeast strike extents of DDH-11-274 with a planned separation of ~45 metres. The hole was effectively straight with a pierce point located ~7 metres from the intended target and ~35 metres from hole DDH-11-274. The hole collared into QFP before transitioning into a long sequence of gneiss at 13.0 m. Quartz veins and quartz-rich sections in a dacite unit are variably mineralized from 69.7 - 107.9 metres with pyrite, sphalerite and galena. The rock is predominantly QFP with minor felsic dykes from 112.7 metres to the end-of-hole (EOH) at 176.2 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A large vein zone from 68.0 to 74.7 metres ran 2.8 ppm Au and 64.1 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 6.7 metres , including 15.2 ppm Au and 387.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 70.7 to 71.7 metres
-
A vein zone from 86.0 to 88.0 metres ran 2.2 ppm Au and 1.5 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres
-
A vein zone from 127.0 to 129.0 metres ran 1.4 ppm Au and 48.9 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres
-
A vein zone 141.0 to 146.0 metres ran 9.7 ppm Au and 135.7 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 5.0 metres including 24.2 ppm Au and 338 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres from 141.0 to 143.0 metres
DDH-20-283:
The targeted the north northwest strike extents of the high-grade hole DDH-12-280 with a planned separation of ~35 metres. The hole effectively remained straight and as a result remained down-dip of the target pierce point by approximately 20 metres. The hole encountered a mixed sequence of gneiss and QFP from surface to 229.8 metres, after which diorite continued to EOH at 234.5 metres. Clay alteration and silicification occurred sporadically; notably strong from 73.7 to 93.9 metres. Meter-scale mineralized quartz veins (predominately pyrite) were encountered at 148.6 metres and at 193.0 metres. Minor fine grained mafic dykes were encountered throughout the hole. Intersection of note:
- A narrow vein zone from 133.5 to 136.2 metres ran 0.68 ppm Au and 19.6 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.7 metres , including 1.0 ppm Au and 27.9 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.7 metres from 133.5 to 135.2 metres
DDH-20-284:
The hole targeted the central area of the Flex zone down-dip of DDH-86-34 with a proposed separation of ~35 metres. The hole effectively stayed straight and intersected the zone within 7 metres of the target. The hole collared into variably altered gneiss continuing downhole to 76.9 metres before intersecting vein breccia downhole to 84.1 metres. The breccia was mineralized with up to 20% pyrite and bisected by thin mafic dykes. QFP intercalated with a mafic dyke continued to 133.0 metres, showing thin quartz vein intervals and terminating in a narrow fault. Dark mineralized quartz with pyrite and cm-scale black sulphide veinlets was encountered at 133.4 metres. QFP continued from 134.5 metres to the EOH at 179.9 metres. Intersections of note:
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-
A large mineralized vein structure from 77.0 to 84.0 metres ran 3.2 ppm Au and 41.8 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 7.0 metres , including 7.1 ppm Au and 138.3 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres from 82.0 to 84.0 metres
-
A large mineralized vein structure from 162.0 to 171.0 metres ran 5.5 ppm Au and 138.8 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 9.0 metres , including the high grade intercept of 45.1 ppm Au and 1,131.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 170.0 to 171.0 metres
DDH-20-285:
The hole targeted a pierce point in the central area of the Flex Zone and to the southeast of DDH-20-284. The hole remained straight and ended up ~8 metres away from the target. The hole collared into variably limonitic and altered gneiss with only minor sulphide mineralization to 94.95 m, after which it encountered a mafic dyke to 99.40 m. Gneiss continued below the dyke to 200.6 metres, showing disseminated and vein-hosted sulphides variably throughout, with higher concentrations in a silicified/vein zone from 115.0 to 122.5 metres and in a vein/breccia zone from 174.0 to 200.6 metres. Altered QFP with sulphide continued to the EOH at 219.5 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A mineralized interval from 135.5 to 139.3 metres ran 7.0 ppm Au and 252.5 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.8 metres , including 20.2 ppm Au and 875.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 0.8 metre from 138.5 to 139.3 metres
-
A mineralized zone from 184.0 to 191.0 metres ran 0.9 pm Au and 11.9 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 7.0 metres
DDH-20-286:
The hole targeted a pierce point down-dip of the high-grade hole DDH-12-280. The hole remained straight and ended up ~10 metres away from the intended target. The hole intersected a mixed interval of intrusives and gneiss, with variable local clay or chlorite alteration, downhole to 215.0 metres. A mineralized QFP and quartz breccia was encountered below 215.0 metres with locally up to 7% fine sulphides and galena within the matrix and clasts, continuing to 233.6 metres. A QFP unit was encountered from 233.6 to 246.3 metres (the end of sampling), after which alternating unremarkable mafic dykes and QFP continue to the EOH at 274.4 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A broad, shallow interval from 3.0 to 22.0 metres ran 0.4 ppm Au and 9.8 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 19.0 metres , including 1.5 ppm Au and 7.1 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.0 metres from 19.0 to 22.0 metres
-
A mineralized interval from 32.0 to 37.0 metres ran 6.1 ppm Au and 10.5 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 5.0 metres , including 30.1 ppm Au and 38.3 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 33.0 to 34.0 metres
-
A mineralized interval from 212.0 to 219.0 metres ran 0.20 ppm Au and 1.89 ppm Ag from a downhole length of 7.0 metres , including 2.0 ppm Au and 459.0 ppm Ag over a downhole depth of 4.6 metres from 229.0 to 233.6 metres; and a high grade interval of 8.0 ppm Au and 1,102.0 ppm Ag over a downhole depth of 0.6 metre from 233.0 to 233.6 metres
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DDH-20-287:
The hole targeted a pierce point along strike of the high-grade hole DDH-12-280. The hole remained straight and ended up ~15 metres away from the intended target. The hole collared into a mixed sequence of QFP and gneiss, continuing to 114.50 metres where it intersected a mafic dyke. The dyke ran until 144.0 metres, after which gneiss continued to 155.90 metres before intersecting a fault. The fault is chloriterich, expressed as multiple meters of gouge, continued to 174.50 metres. A mafic dyke runs from below the fault contact to 182.30 metres, before terminating in a siliceous mineralized breccia with ample sulphides (locally up to 15%). The breccia was intersected downhole to 198.50 metres, after which maroon QFP continues to 226.10 metres. A mafic dyke runs from 226.10 to the EOH at 243.90 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A mineralized interval from 63.0 to 66.0 metres ran 1.9 ppm Au and 8.2 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.0 metres
-
A broad zone of mineralization from 176.0 to 187.0 metres ran 0.5 ppm Au and 8.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 11.0 metres , including 2.3 ppm Au and 23.3 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres from 183.0 to 185.0 metres
-
A broad zone of mineralization from 192.0 to 203.3 metres ran 3.5 ppm Au and 32.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 11.3 metres , including 25.4 ppm Au and 206.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.1 metres from 202.2 to 203.3 metres
DDH-20-288:
The hole targeted a pierce point in the southeast of the Flex zone near DDH-98-234 and DDH-11-261. The hole remained straight and ended up ~8 metres away from the intended target. The hole collared into a sequence of alternating QFP and gneiss, variable limonitic and clay-altered, before encountering a schist sequence at 92.2 metres downhole. The schist was locally brecciated, and pyrite content was observed weakly increasing downhole to a fault at 104.20 metres. The fault was intensely clay altered and contained brecciated/altered fragments of pyrite-rich QFP, which continued to 111.90 metres. A weakly chloritic and pyrite-mineralized mafic dyke continued to 140.0 metres, after which a QFP dyke runs to 148.6 metres. Here, alternating gneiss and QFP comprised the remainder of the hole which terminated at 191.7 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A shallow, mineralized interval from 28.0 to 34.0 metres ran 0.4 ppm Au and 5.2 ppm Ag over a downhole depth of 6.0 metres
-
A mineralized interval from 43.0 to 53.0 metres ran 0.8 ppm Au and 11.4 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 10.0 metres , including 3.7 ppm Au and 48.3 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres from 46.0 to 48.0 meters
-
A mineralized interval from 103.0 to 110.0 metres ran 1.0 ppm Au and 6.3 ppm Ag over a downhole depth of 7.0 metres , including 2.5 ppm Au and 7.2 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres from 106.0 to 108.0 metres
DDH-20-289:
The hole targeted a pierce point proximal to DDH-11-271 and DDH-11-272. The hole remained straight and ended up ~7 metres away from the intended target. The hole collared into fractured QFP, then intersected a thick package of gneiss at 10.50 metres downhole. Variable clay-altered and weakly pyritic
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gneiss ran from 10.5 to 72.3 metres, where QFP continued to 97.1 metres. The QFP then became highly siliceous and weakly pyritic before sharply transitioning into a schist unit at 101.8 metres. The schist was altered and mineralized, showing local vein-hosted sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite variably thin to thick intervals to 131.4 metres downhole. QFP continued from 131.4 to 159.4 metres containing local veins/bands of sulphides corresponding to zones of silicification or clay alteration. Gneiss was encountered at 159.4 metres and the hole was terminated at 161.50 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A shallow, narrow mineralized interval from 17.0 to 18.0 metres ran 4.3 ppm Au and 5.1 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre
-
A broad mineralized interval from 30.0 to 39.0 metres ran 1.4 ppm and Au 72.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 9.0 metres , including 3.8 ppm Au and 108.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 31.0 to 32.0 metres, and 3.1 ppm Au and 257.5 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres from 36.0 to 38.0 metres
-
A well-mineralized interval from 76.0 to 87.0 metres ran 4.4 ppm Au and 230.4 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 11.0 metres , including 11.4 ppm Au and 593.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 4.0 metres from 76.0 to 80.0 metres
-
A narrow mineralized interval from 107.0 to 109.0 metres ran 5.4 ppm Au and 81.6 ppm Ag over downhole length of 2.0 metres
-
A very broad, locally well-mineralized zone from 122.0 to 161.5 metres ran 1.0 ppm Au and 38.4 ppm Ag over an thick downhole interval of 39.5 metres , including 1.1 ppm Au and 68.8 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 11.0 metres from 135.0 to 146.0 metres, and 8.9 ppm Au and 569.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 154.0 to 155.0 metres
DDH-20-290:
The hole targeted the southeast area of the Flex Zone. The original target had to be modified due to poor collar location and so the hole tested the extension of hole DDH-11-261. The hole effectively remained straight. The hole collared into a sequence of locally weakly altered gneiss, schist and QFP which continued downhole to 81.50 metres, before transitioning to siliceous QFP with pyritic fractures which lay in contact with a mineralized quartz vein/siliceous zone starting at 85.9 metres. The zone contains variably sulphidemineralized gouge and breccias, with local cm-scale bands of galena, sphalerite, pyrite and pyrrhotite to 90.2 metres. QFP continues from 90.2 to 132.0 metres, hosting local bands/veinlets of quartz-pyrite. A mafic dyke at 132.0 metres intrudes the QFP to 137.3 metres, after which QFP continues to 180.9 metres. A sequence of schist, QFP and gneiss run from 180.9 metres to the EOH at 219.5 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A narrow, shallow mineralized interval from 36.0 to 39.0 metres ran 1.2 ppm Au and 10.7 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.0 metres
-
A mineralized interval from 56.0 to 66.9 metres ran 0.6 ppm Au and 10.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 10.9 metres , including 1.3 ppm Au and 22.5 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.2 metres from 60.0 to 63.2 metres
-
A broad, well-mineralized interval from 82.0 to 93.0 metres ran 3.0 ppm Au and 200.1 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 11.0 metres , including 8.8 ppm Au and 708.6 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.0 metres from 88.0 to 91.0 metres
-
A narrow, mineralized interval from 113.0 to 114.0 metres ran 3.2 ppm Au and 322.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metres
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- A broad mineralized zone from 169.0 to 179.0 metres ran 0.9 ppm Au and 18.5 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 10.0 metres including 1.4 ppm Au and 33.1 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 5.0 metres from 174.0 to 179.0 metres
DDH-20-291:
The hole targeted a pierce point along the southeast edge of the Flex zone in a gap between two clusters of drill holes. The hole remained straight and was ~7 metres from the intended target. The hole collared into gneiss with local cm-scale quartz veins that continued downhole to 85.8 metres. QFP was encountered below 85.8 metres that hosted localized, shallow-angle massive sulphide veins of pyrite, galena and sphalerite over core lengths of up to 60 cm between ~88.0 - 91.00 metres. QFP continued to 103.8 metres, after a sequence of gneiss, locally siliceous with elevated pyrite, was intersected downhole to EOH at 198.2 metres. Intersections of note:
-
A mineralized interval from 42.0 to 45.0 metres ran 2.8 ppm Au and 3.8 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.0 metres
-
A mineralized interval from 62.0 to 66.0 metres ran 1.0 ppm Au and 84.9 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 4.0 metres , including 2.8 ppm Au and 284.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 62.0 to 63.0 metres
-
A broad, mineralized interval from 85.0 to 93.0 metres ran 1.9 ppm Au and 89.1 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 8.0 metres , including 4.6 ppm Au and 222.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 3.0 metres from 88.0 to 91.0 metres
-
A mineralized interval from 154.0 to 156.0 metres ran 1.0 ppm Au and 54.2 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres , including 1.8 ppm Au and 102.0 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 154.0 to 155.0 metres
-
A well-mineralized interval from 191.0 to 193.0 metres ran 1.0 ppm Au and 682.2 ppm Ag over a downhole length of 2.0 metres , including 1.8 ppm Au and 1,354.0 ppm Ag (the equivalent of 43.5 troy ounces Ag) over a downhole length of 1.0 metre from 192.0 to 193.0 metres
Table 13. Select Intercepts from 2020 Drill Program
| DDH | From_m | To_m | Au ppm | Ag ppm | Interval_mƗ | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDH-281 | 151.00 | 161.10 | 3.15 | 100.24 | 10.10 | |
| including | 159.10 | 161.10 | 5.91 | 275.00 | 2.00 | |
| from | 199.10 | 202.40 | 2.70 | 118.80 | 3.30 | |
| including | 201.80 | 202.40 | 12.00 | 526.00 | 0.60 | |
| DDH-282 | 69.70 | 72.70 | 5.82 | 141.70 | 3.00 | |
| including | 70.70 | 71.70 | 15.20 | 387.00 | 1.00 | |
| from | 141.00 | 146.00 | 9.73 | 135.77 | 5.00 | |
| including | 141.00 | 143.00 | 24.20 | 338.00 | 2.00 | |
| DDH-284 | 82.00 | 84.00 | 7.10 | 138.27 | 2.00 | |
| including | 82.00 | 83.00 | 9.90 | 191.00 | 1.00 | |
| from | 162.00 | 171.00 | 5.48 | 138.78 | 9.00 |
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| *including | 170.00 | 171.00 | 45.10 | 1131.00 | 1.00 | 1.45 troy oz Au & 36.4 troy oz Ag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDH-285 | 136.50 | 139.30 | 8.36 | 329.52 | 2.80 | |
| including | 138.50 | 139.30 | 20.20 | 875.00 | 0.80 | |
| DDH-286 | 33.00 | 34.00 | 30.10 | 38.27 | 1.00 | |
| from | 228.00 | 239.00 | 0.98 | 201.58 | 11.00 | |
| *including | 233.00 | 233.60 | 8.00 | 1102.00 | 0.60 | 0.26 troy oz Au & 35.4 troy oz Ag |
| DDH-287 | 192.00 | 203.30 | 3.51 | 31.97 | 11.30 | |
| including | 202.20 | 203.30 | 25.40 | 206.00 | 1.10 | |
| DDH-289 | 35.00 | 39.00 | 1.77 | 130.32 | 4.00 | |
| *including | 36.00 | 37.00 | 2.43 | 356.00 | 1.00 | 0.08 troy oz Au & 11.5 troy oz Ag |
| from | 76.00 | 87.00 | 4.44 | 230.35 | 11.00 | |
| *including | 78.00 | 80.00 | 19.70 | 968.00 | 2.00 | 0.63 troy oz Au & 31.1 troy oz Ag |
| from | 137.00 | 143.00 | 1.24 | 117.05 | 6.00 | |
| from | 154.00 | 155.00 | 8.90 | 569.00 | 1.00 | |
| DDH-290 | 82.00 | 93.00 | 2.94 | 200.08 | 11.00 | |
| including | 88.00 | 91.00 | 8.76 | 708.59 | 3.00 | |
| *including | 89.50 | 90.20 | 17.20 | 2211.00 | 0.70 | 0.55 troy oz Au & 71.1 troy oz Ag |
| *from | 113.00 | 114.00 | 3.17 | 322.00 | 1.00 | 0.10 troy oz Au & 10.4 troy oz Ag |
| *DDH-291 | 62.00 | 63.00 | 2.78 | 284.00 | 1.00 | 0.09 troy oz Au & 9.13 troy oz Ag |
| from | 88.00 | 91.00 | 4.55 | 221.89 | 3.00 | |
| *from | 105.00 | 106.00 | 1.22 | 168.00 | 1.00 | 0.04 troy oz Au & 5.4 troy oz Ag |
| from | 191.00 | 193.00 | 0.96 | 682.16 | 2.00 | |
| *including | 192.00 | 193.00 | 1.79 | 1354.00 | 1.00 | 0.06 troy oz Au & 43.5 troy oz Ag |
| *** indicates results are shown as grams/tonne from fire assay analysis Ɨ intervals shown are apparent width** |
The 2020 drill program intersected stacked mineralized zones and quartz veins at the Flex Zone which have tentatively been correlated with previously interpreted mineralized zones from previous drilling. There may be attenuated mineralization or complex vein morphology that has not previously recognized but more interpretation is required to verify. Detailed, 3-D geological modeling is underway to properly
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fit the respective 2020 drillhole into the Flex Zone for a better understanding of vein morphology and extents.
The 2020 drill program was successful in extending mineralization at the Flex Zone to the west, south, to depth and down plunge. Mineralization remains open in all directions and presents new targets for future drilling. Further drilling is recommended to outline the depth/plunge continuity of the various veins and mineralized pods.
11.0 Sample Preparation, Analysis and Security
The 2020 drill program instituted a rigorous QA/QC program. Down hole directional surveys were taken at an average of every 30 to 50 metres (approximately 100 to 150 feet) using a Reflex EZTRAC down-hole survey tool.
The author visited the drill camp shortly after completion of drilling (October 6-7, 2020) and observed the core and sample program firsthand. The program included enhanced core logging using oriented core, measurement of geotechnical parameters, insertion of CRM’s and careful core handling and sample security.
Characteristics such as lithology, veining, mineralisation, alteration, etc., were recorded by the geologist into the predefined logging template using a laptop computer. Selected samples were marked out by the geologist based on degree of mineralization, alteration, and lithology. Typical sample length is in the order of 0.7 to 1.0 metre, with 2.0 metre generally being the maximum length. Drill holes were photographed in their entirety by a technician prior to core cutting.
Sampled intervals were cut in half by a core cutter using a diamond rock saw. The remaining core was returned to the core box as an assurance record. The split sample was placed in a polypropylene bag and each bag was secured with a zap strap. The samples are placed in polypropylene woven rice sacks, approximately ten samples to a sack and secured with a security strap. The samples were kept in secure storage to await transportation by bonded courier to MSA Analytical laboratory in Langley City, BC. The remaining split drill core is stored on-site in constructed core racks and/or cross-piled on wooden pallets.
MSA Labs of Langley, BC, analyzed all the 2020 drill core samples. Samples were prepared and analyzed in the following manner:
Preparation: The preparation of drill core samples was completed using the PRP-910 package. Drill core samples were dried and crushed to 70% passing 2mm, after which a representative 250g split was taken and pulverized to 85% passing 75μm.
Analysis: geochemical analysis of all samples utilized the 39 element IMS-128 package. The prepared homogeneous sample is weighed and digested under heat with a hydrochloric acid and nitric acid mixture
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(termed ‘aqua regia’). Upon completion of the digestion step, the sample is made up to volume with deionized water. This sample solution is then analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy. The quantified multi-element concentrations are then reported by their respective unit. The detection range for gold was 1 ppb to 25 ppm. The detection limit for silver was 0.05 to 100 ppm.
Assay: The following sequence explains how fire assays were further utilized for any analyzed sample that returned a gold value greater than 1 ppm or a silver value greater than 100 ppm.
-
Au > 1ppm – FAS-211, Au > 5ppm – FAS-415
-
Ag > 100ppm – ICF-6Ag, Ag > 1000 ppm – FAS-418
For silver, a combination of 4-acid digestion and ICP-ES (detection range 0.5 – 100 ppm) was used for any sample that returned a silver value greater than 100 ppm, followed by fire assay with gravimetric finish for any sample that returned a value greater than 1,000 ppm (detection range 50-10,000 ppm).
Any Zn or Pb or As value from IMS-128 that was overlimit of 10,000 ppm was also submitted for fire assay to determine their respective values.
For FAS-211 the homogeneous pulverized sample is weighed, mixed with flux (a blend of litharge, soda ash, borax, silica, silver and various other essential reagents), and then fused to produce a lead button. The gold-containing lead button is cupelled to remove the lead and yield a bead which contains precious metals. The bead is then digested with nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. After the digestion is complete, the solution is bulked up to volume with dilute hydrochloric acid. The final solution is analyzed by atomic absorption.
For FAS-415 the homogeneous pulverized sample is weighed, mixed with flux (a blend of litharge, soda ash, borax, silica, and various other essential reagents), and then fused to produce a lead button. The gold-containing lead button is cupelled to remove the lead and yield a bead which contains precious metals. The bead is weighed prior to parting with dilute nitric acid, after which the residual gold is annealed and weighed as gold. Silver, if requested, is then determined by the difference between the original bead weight and gold bead weight.
Specific gravity (SG) measurements were made on the pulps of each sample using the SPG-411 package which measured weight on pulp.
The 2020 drill program followed a strict, industry standard QA/QC protocol similar to the 2010-2012 exploration programs. A total of four different types of Certified Reference Materials (CRM’s) were inserted into the sample stream in the field at intervals of approximately one every 20 samples. Certified Reference Material samples are prepared by an independent laboratory and are an industry standard and used systematically in exploration to monitors analytical accuracy and check for possible contamination originating at the laboratory.
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The 2020 samples were transported by bonded courier to MSA Labs in Langley BC. MSA Labs also applied their own QA/QC procedures by systematically inserting standards, blanks and duplicates into sample batches. Lab results were evaluated to ensure they passed the internal requirements prior to release of the final test reports.
Certified Reference Standards (CRM) Performance
The CRM’s used in the 2020 drill program were purchased from CDN Resource Laboratories Ltd. of Langley, BC.
-
CDN FCM-6 (Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn)
-
CDN GS-10D (Au)
-
CDN GS-5H (Au, Ag)
-
CDN GS-P3C (Au)
Two plots were created for each element. One plot compared the obtained results against the certified value and the other compared the results against the average and standard deviation calculated from the results.
Two issues were noted with respect to gold for established values for the CRM when compared to the MSA Lab reported values for IMS-128.
The FCM-6 CRM was used 27 times in the sample batch. The Au values returned for FCM-6 under the IMS128 method underreported the certified value. However, 3 standards from DDH-20-281 were part of an initial batch of 200 samples that were all run under the FAS-211 package. The 3 samples run using FAS211 returned comparable results with respect to the certified value. It would appear that the IMS-128 (Aqua Regia) method underreports Au in comparison to Au by fire assay, possibly as a result of incomplete digestion. A check was made of the IMS-128 method against the FAS-211 method for the first 200 samples from DDH-20-281 and the results demonstrated a good linear relationship which indicated the two methods are relative and the Au is reporting. The results for Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn were in control, with all data points generally within 1 standard deviation (SD) of the established value; with only one Ag sample slightly outside 2 SD of the expected result.
The GS-10D CRM was used 17 times in the sample batch. The Au values returned for GS-10D under the IMS-128 method also underreported the certified value, suspected again due to the different digestion and analytical method used to obtain the CRM and the MSA IMS-128 values. The other two CRM returned lab values that accord well with the certified values; generally within 2 SD of the established value. The GS-5H CRM was used 30 times in the sample batch whereas the GS-PC3 CRM was used 29 times.
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Lab Blank and Lab Duplicate Performance:
The blanks all returned values less than 1 SD of expected result with no obvious outliers. Similarly lab duplicates and pulp duplicates showed good conformance to the expected value with most results within 1 SD of the expected value.
Conclusions:
Overall the performance of Certified Reference Material was acceptable with most results falling within 2 SD of the accepted value. Results from the CRM indicate that the assay processes at MSA are under sufficient control to produce reliable sample assay data, apart from where comparison is attempted between Au from the Certified Values of the CRM (fire assay) and the MSA ICP result. Blank results indicate no contamination in the lab process. Duplicate results from the lab protocols are reliable.
As of the time of writing there has been no independent confirmation of the analyses at an outside umpire laboratory. Future programs will have to ensure that the CRM inserted into the sample stream has a comparable digestion and analytical method to the proposed sample lab method. And for future programs approximately 10% of the submitted samples should be resubmitted to a referee lab as an additional check against accuracy.
12.0 Data Verification
As part of the verification process the author has reviewed prior assessment and property reports and assessed their relevance by:
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Reviewing the sampling methods utilized in the historic reports;
-
Reviewing the laboratory and field QA/QC results in the historic assay certificates;
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Obtaining representative rock samples and certain drill collar locations during the site visit in 2019;
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Observing the 2020 drill program sample selection, sample cutting, and insertion of QA/QC standards into the sample stream;
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Reviewing all 2020 drill results and QA/QC results.
The author has analysed the accuracy and relevance of such files to assist in understanding the property. The author recognizes that limitations exist in the ability to fully verify the use of such data due to its historic nature and the fact that the author was not present at the time of the data collection, although such historic data is considered relevant to gain a better understanding of the geology and prospectivity based on results from prior activities.
The author believes procedures and methodologies used in past activities were consistent with industry standard practices, that this work was completed to the required technical standard of the day, and the author has no reason to doubt the accuracy or technical standard of this work. The author believes that the reports and other data listed in the “References” section of this report are substantially accurate and complete.
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Limitations on the data verification procedures were:
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Past exploration prior to 2010 was done without GPS on grids with imperial units and differing orientations
-
Some maps in older reports are of small scale and poor reproduction
-
As a result, correlation of the grid results with present topography and geographic (UTM) coordinates is subject to errors
The author verified location of certain drill collars during the 2019 site visit at the Flex Zone using a handheld GPS (accuracy ± 3 metres) and all surveyed collars were within ± 3 metres when compared to the original source assessment report. It is the author’s opinion this accuracy is sufficient for the stage of the project and there is no reason to believe that any error in the drill collar locations would materially affect the conclusions of this report (see Appendix 2).
The author took 5 check samples during the 2019 site visit of either mineralized outcrop at the Flex Zone or split drill core from racked drill holes that had been drilled at the Flex Zone in 2010 and 2011 (see Appendix 3). The samples were shipped to the MSA Lab, the same lab used in the 2020 drill program. The samples were subjected to preparation (PRP-910) and analysed using fire assay. The author is of the opinion that the 2019 lab results confirm the original assay result from drilling, and in the case of the grab sample, confirm similar results from historical trenching on the Flex Zone. Further, the author is of the opinion that the sample results are sufficient to confirm the presence of Au-Ag mineralization at the Flex Zone.
Examination of the analytical results presented in publicly available assessment reports suggest that quality assurance was performed to the best practice standards of the day. The author has reviewed the sampling and handling procedures, the analytical lab results, and the quality assurance and quality control measures from the 2010 to 2012 programs. The author has also reviewed the sampling and handling procedures and the quality assurance and quality control measures implemented as part of the 2020 drill program and conducted a field visit to verify conformable practices in the field. The author believes the drill programs in the period 2010-2012 and the current 2020 program conform to standards of quality control and quality assurance for mineral exploration.
The author was involved in the 2010 field program and was responsible for project supervision, core logging and ensuring quality assurance program and quality control measures were properly implemented in the field. The author was also involved in drill location planning for the 2020 drill program in consultation with Taurus Gold and the CMG project manager, and completed a short site visit in October 2020. The author has reviewed the detailed drill logs, analytical results for all samples including QA/QC, and has correlated results to drill logs by sample depth.
The digital GPS data was input into a GIS map program and all data was carefully compared to digital orthophotography and topography. The results accorded well with some minor translation required to conform to the map bases. All features are believed to be positioned correctly with respect to their representation on historical maps.
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A more through data verification process of all available public domain data would be required for the purpose of any future attempt at resource estimation. A high precision differential GPS survey is required to more accurately identify existing drill collars and has been recommended in this report. It is the author’s opinion that the verification procedures carried out, such as independent data sampling, current sampling, and the current state of the property, are adequate for the purposes of this report and that data is reliable for the purposes of inclusion in this Technical Report and the recommendations made in this Technical Report.
13.0 Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
Neither Taurus Gold nor 1011308 BC Ltd has performed any processing or metallurgical testing on samples from the Charlotte Property.
14.0 Mineral Resource Estimates
There are no current Mineral Resources on the Property.
15.0-22.0
The following sections are omitted from the report since the property is not considered an “Advanced Property” as defined by National Instrument 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects.
-
Mineral Reserve Estimates
-
Mining Methods
-
Recovery Methods
-
Project Infrastructure
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Market Studies and Contracts
-
Environmental Studies, Permitting and Social or Community Impact
-
Capital and Operating Costs
-
Economic Analysis
23.0 Adjacent Properties
There are over thirty known mineral occurrences in the Mt. Nansen trend and the area is heavily encumbered with mineral claims, mineral lease and placer tenure. The major mineral claim holders in the area are Rockhaven Resources (Figure 20), Yes Exploration Syndicate, Aurchem Exploration Ltd and Archer, Cathro & Associates, while minor stake holders in the area include Mike Birdman and various placer operators (Figure 21). Work in the area has focused primarily on epithermal vein mineralization and to a lesser extent, porphyry copper targets.
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The most active company and advanced project in the immediate area is Rockhaven Resources Ltd (Rockhaven) on its Klaza Property which comprises 1,478 mineral claims that total 28,620 hectares. Exploration work by Rockhaven since 2010 includes 24,231 lineal m of excavator trenching and 100,200 m of diamond drilling. The Klaza property hosts gold-silver-lead-zinc mineralization associated with an extensive system of subparallel veins and breccia zones.
Mapping on the property has shown it to be underlain by a Mid-Cretaceous granodiorite intruded by a Late Cretaceous quartz-rich, granite (to quartz monzonite) stock in the southeast corner. A northwesterlytrending dyke swarm emanate from the stock, cross-cutting the granodiorite, and occupying the same structural zones as the mineralization (AMC, 2018).
The veins and breccia zones form a 2 km wide northwesterly trending structural corridor in the granodiorite which has been intermittently traced for a length of 4.5 km. Individual zones can range from 1 m to 100 m wide and mineralization can occur within steeply dipping veins, sheeted veinlets and tabular breccia bodies (AMC, 2018).
Exploration on the property has identified nine discrete gold-silver zones: Pear, Klaza, BYG, Herc, Pika, BRX, AEX, Dickson and Chevron. Work since 2010 has mainly focused on the BRX and Klaza zones which have been delineated by trenching and diamond drilling for a strike length of about 2,400 m. The BRX has been traced to a down-dip depth of 520 m; the Klaza to a down-dip depth of 325 m. The Klaza and BRX veins are approximately parallel and 800 metres apart (AMC, 2018).
Rockhaven commissioned AMC Mining Consultants (AMC) in 2018 to prepare a NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Klaza property for which an updated mineral resource and new metallurgical results were disclosed. AMC updated an earlier 2016 PEA in 2020 based on the updated Mineral Resource estimate for the Klaza Deposit which had been publicly reported in August 2018 (AMC, 2020). The 2020 PEA included closer spaced drilling in the upper portions of the deposit which resulted in higher average grades (AMC, 2020).
The 2018 and 2020 studies updated diamond drilling, metallurgical testing and estimated mineral resources for the BRX and Klaza zones. Different domains were delineated within each zone and categorized whether amenable to underground or surface mining methods. Mineral resources, both open pit constrained and underground, were estimated for different domains that appear to be separated by post-mineral faulting.
The total indicated resource is estimated at 4.5Mt grading 4.8 g/t Au and 98 g/t Ag (pit constrained plus underground) and the total inferred resource is estimated at 5.7Mt grading 2.8 g/t Au and 76 g/t Ag (pit constrained plus underground) (AMC, 2018).
The 2020 PEA update envisioned a combined Klaza open pit and underground mine with a 12 year mine life producing total payable metals of approximately 750,000 ounces gold and 13.8 million ounces silver. Annual payable metal production is estimated to exceed 100,000 ounces gold equivalent (AuEq) in years
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three through seven, using a base case gold price of US$1,450/oz. Milling would be by conventional sequential flotation circuit producing lead, zinc and arsenopyrite concentrates with an estimated throughput of 1,900 tonnes/day. The capital cost, including sustaining capital, is estimated at C$358M. Total operating costs are estimated at C$111.78/tonne. The mine would generate a pre-tax NPV (discounted 5%) of C$529M and a post-tax NPV of C$378M (discounted 5%); pre-tax IRR of 45% and posttax IRR of 37% (AMC, 2020).
The PEA modeled three out of eleven mineralized zones known at Klaza which suggests potential for resource expansion and improved definition through additional exploration. Rockhaven was active in 2020 exploring the property potential with a 6,000-meter drill program that tested four targets including Rusk which is within 3.5 kilometers of the Charlotte property near its west boundary. Drilling at the Rusk target tested a 2.6 km2 arsenic-in-soil anomaly which had never been drilled. Results included KL-20-470 that averaged 1.4 g/t Au, 30.7 g/t Ag, 0.48% Pb and 0.60% Zn over 9.80 metres and KL-20-471 that returned 2.1 g/t Au, 129 g/t Ag, 2.29% Pb and 4.67% Zn over 5.65 metres. Rockhaven reports they plan an aggressive drilling program for 2021 to follow-up, with an emphasis on the Rusk target (Rockhaven Resources Ltd, 2021).
The author is unable to verify the information about the Klaza project and notes that the Klaza findings are not necessarily indicative of the mineralization on the Charlotte property.
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Figure 20. Adjacent Properties
==> picture [405 x 573] intentionally omitted <==
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Figure 21. Adjacent Placer Holdings
==> picture [430 x 607] intentionally omitted <==
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24.0 Other Relevant Data and Information
The author is not aware of any additional information or data that is relevant to the Charlotte Property or that might materially change the conclusions presented in this Technical Report.
25.0 Interpretations and Conclusions
Historical exploration on the Charlotte property has defined significant epithermal gold and silver mineralization within northwesterly-trending structural zones, adjacent or proximal to mineralized porphyry intrusive rocks. The geological setting and episodic mineralizing events have created a structural host that is conducive for high grade precious metal values, particularly at orthogonal fault intersections. These hosts present worthy targets for additional exploration. In addition, evidence exists that defines a possible porphyry copper-gold mineral occurrence of unknown quality.
The existence of epithermal gold and silver mineralization in the main vein zones (Webber, Flex, Huestis) has been well-documented by prior exploration. Additional work is warranted.
Recent work from the period 2010-2012 has documented the presence of mineralized zones not previously tested by drilling. Sizeable soil gold anomalies remain known but unexamined. Based on the results of the 2012 exploration program, further drilling is recommended on the Flex Zone to outline the depth/plunge continuity of the various veins and mineralized pods such that a new resource calculation can be completed. The Flex Zone remains open to depth, down plunge and along strike both to the north and south. In addition, historical work on the Webber, Huestis and Orloff-King Zones demonstrate that there is potential to expand the known zones of mineralization. The relationship between the southern extension of the Flex Zone and the Huestis Zone is unknown; as is the relationship of the Flex Zone and the Webber Zone to the west.
The 2020 drill program successfully extended areas of high-grade gold-silver mineralization at the Flex Zone to the west, south, to depth and down plunge. Mineralization remains open in all directions and presents new targets for future drilling. The 2020 drill results provide a high priority target for future drill campaigns.
There remains excellent potential to increase the size of the known main gold vein zones and for the discovery of additional precious metal mineralization at depth and along strike of known mineralized zones. Moreover, due to the similarities in structural, lithological and host stratigraphy and similar mineralogy, there is potential on under-explored targets to the northwest and southeast for further discovery.
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26.0 Recommendations
Additional exploration is warranted to advance the known zones of mineralization and to evaluate those underexplored areas of high prospectivity surrounding the known zones. The following work program is recommended.
The data derived from the large amount of historical surface exploration and drilling that has been carried out by various operators on the Charlotte Property is extensive and needs to be integrated into a comprehensive database to plan an appropriate future work program. A modern, comprehensive data compilation and 3D geological and structural model of the current drill core data and other technical information (lithology, alteration, etc.) should be completed. This information can be used to reinterpret the main gold vein zones and the host geology and identify high priority targets for further exploration. A staged approach is recommended to advance the evaluation and exploration of the Charlotte Property.
The key objectives are:
-
Compilation of all historical and modern exploration data
-
Differential GPS surveys to improve ground control for all surface zones, drill collars, trenches, underground openings and accurate alignment of underground workings
-
3D geological and structural modelling of all drill hole data; trench data to be included where possible
-
Maiden resource calculation for the Flex Zone incorporating all drill data including the 2020 drilling
-
Characterize and prioritize mineralized zones and surface soil anomalies; use to identify high priority targets worthy of follow-up
-
Identify prospective mineralized zones along strike and to depth through modern surface geochemical and geophysical techniques (infill soil sampling, targeted 3d IP, etc.), and,
-
Complete confirmatory drill holes within known mineralized zones and in areas of potential that have limited or no drilling, as identified from the compilation and 3D targeting work
The technical work program would include additional data compilation, additional high resolution differential GPS ground survey, and targeted surface prospecting, mapping, geophysics and geochemistry to infill gaps in property coverage. An up-to-date comprehensive data compilation is required to improve target definition for future exploration. A 3D geological and structural model of the Flex Zone is required to initiate and complete a maiden resource calculation. This information can then be used to reinterpret the structural setting of the main gold vein zones which will better vector drill testing and provide an exploration model to further develop new drill targets. The technical work program expenditures are estimated at $500,000.
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Table 14: Proposed Charlotte Property Budget
| Description | Activity | Detail | **Type ** | Unit | Rate | Cost | Sub-total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logistics and | |||||||
| Prep | |||||||
| Pre-field | |||||||
| Program Planning/Logistics | planning | day | 10 | $ 850.00 |
$ 8,500.00 |
||
| Camp Materials transport to | Transport - All- | ||||||
| project site & return | in | Ls | 1 | $15,000.00 |
$ 15,000.00 | ||
| Camp Setup & Teardown + | Camp Materials | ||||||
| materials | & Rental - All-in | Ls | 1 | $75,000.00 |
$75,000.00 | $ 98,500.00 | |
| 2 Trucks @ 30 | |||||||
| Project | Days @ | ||||||
| Support | Truck Rental | $150/day | day | 60 | $ 150.00 |
$ 9,000.00 |
|
| 30 Days @ | |||||||
| Emergency Transport Vehicle | $175/day |
day | 30 | $ 175.00 |
$ 5,250.00 |
||
| 285 Man Days | |||||||
| Meals | @$50 | day | 285 | $ 50.00 |
$ 14,250.00 |
||
| Communication | 1 month | mon | 1 | $ 3,500.00 |
$ 3,500.00 |
||
| 30 Days @ | |||||||
| ATV Rental (2) | $100/day | day | 60 | $ 100.00 |
$ 6,000.00 |
||
| 30 Days @ | |||||||
| Flat Deck Trailer Rental (2) | $50/day | day | 60 | $ 50.00 |
$ 3,000.00 |
||
| 30 Days @ | |||||||
| Camp Generator | $150/day | day | 30 | $ 150.00 |
$ 4,500.00 |
||
| 210 mandays @ | |||||||
| Field Equipment Rental | $15/day | day | 210 | $ 15.00 |
$ 3,150.00 |
||
| Ancillary Camp Equipment | 30 Days @ | ||||||
| Rental | $40/day | day | 30 | $ 40.00 |
$ 1,200.00 |
||
| 1 Month @ | |||||||
| Core Saw Rental | $500/month | mon | 1 | $ 500.00 |
$ 500.00 |
||
| 30 day @ | |||||||
| Misc Supplies | $75/day | day | 30 | $ 75.00 |
$ 2,250.00 |
||
| 7 persons@ | |||||||
| Mobe/Demobe of Personnel | $1200/person | persons | 7 | $ 1,200.00 |
$ 8,400.00 |
||
| 1 month @ | |||||||
| Fuel Tank Rental | $3000 for 4500l | mon | 1 | $ 3,000.00 |
$ 3,000.00 |
||
| 30 days @ | |||||||
| Fuel | 200/day @ | ||||||
| (diesel,propane,gasoline) | $1.85/l | litre | 6000 | $1.85 |
$11,100.00 |
$ 75,100.00 | |
| 60 holes, avg | |||||||
| Drill Regional Soil Targets: | 50m depth @ | ||||||
| RAB Drilling | shallow veins | $50/m | mon | 3000 | $ 50.00 |
$150,000.00 |
|
| One load | |||||||
| Drill Mobe and Demobe | Mob/Demob | ls | 1 | $ 5,000.00 |
$ 5,000.00 |
||
| 1 month @ | |||||||
| Survey Tools | $2000/mon | mon | 1 | $ 2,000.00 |
$ 2,000.00 |
||
| Assume 150 | |||||||
| Samples @ | |||||||
| Assays | $55/Sample | sample | 150 | $55.00 |
$8,250.00 |
$165,250.00 | |
| Assume 750 | |||||||
| Samples @ | |||||||
| Soil Sampling | Infill Regional Soil Targets: |
$25/Sample | sample | 750 | $ 25.00 |
$ 18,750.00 |
|
| 30 days @ | |||||||
| XRF | $225/day | day | 30 | $ 225.00 |
$ 6,750.00 |
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| 4 weeks @ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSM 19 Magnetometer | $750/day | weeks | 4 | $750.00 |
$3,000.00 |
$ 28,500.00 | ||
| 5 Days @ | ||||||||
| Personnel | Supervising Geo | $1000/day | day | 5 | $ 1,000.00 |
$ 5,000.00 |
||
| 30 Days @ | ||||||||
| Project Geo | $850/day | day | 30 | $ 850.00 |
$ 25,500.00 |
|||
| 30 Days @ | ||||||||
| Soil Sampler1 | 425/day | day | 30 | $ 425.00 |
$ 12,750.00 |
|||
| 30 Days @ | ||||||||
| Soil Sampler 2 | 425/day | day | 30 | $ 425.00 |
$ 12,750.00 |
|||
| 30 Days @ | ||||||||
| Cook/Level 3 First Aid | $575/day | day | 30 | $ 575.00 |
$ 17,250.00 |
|||
| 30 Days @ | ||||||||
| Camp Manager | $550/day | day | 30 | $ 550.00 |
$ 16,500.00 |
|||
| 30 Days @ | ||||||||
| Technician | $475/day | day | 30 | $ 475.00 |
$ 14,250.00 |
|||
| 30 Days @ | ||||||||
| Sampler | $425/day | day | 30 | $425.00 |
$12,750.00 |
$116,750.00 | ||
| Program Data Compilation & | 15 Days @ | |||||||
| Reporting | Assessment Reporting | $850/day | day | 15 | $850.00 | $12,750.00 |
$ 12,750.00 | |
| Subtotal | $496,850.00 | $496,850.00 | ||||||
| Contingency & | ||||||||
| Overhead @ | ||||||||
| 10% | $ 49,685.00 | |||||||
| Project Total | $546,535.00 |
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27.0 References
AMC Mining Consultants (Canada) Ltd., 2016. Technical Report and PEA for the Klaza Au-Ag Deposit, Yukon, Canada, Prepared for Rockhaven Resources Ltd.
AMC Mining Consultants (Canada) Ltd., 2018. Technical Report Describing Updated Diamond Drilling, Metallurgical Testing and Mineral Resources on the Klaza Property, Yukon, Canada. Prepared for Rockhaven Resources Ltd.
AMC Mining Consultants (Canada) Ltd., 2020. Technical Report and Preliminary Economic Assessment Update for the Klaza Property, Yukon, Canada. Prepared for Rockhaven Resources Ltd.
Andersen, F. and Stroshein, R., 1998. Geology of the Flex Gold-Silver Vein System, Mt. Nansen Area, Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 1997, Exploration and Geological Services Division, Yukon, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, p. 139-142.
Carlson, G.G., 1987. Geology of Mt. Nansen (115-I/3) and Stoddart Creek (115-I/6) Map Areas, Dawson Range, Central Yukon. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Northern Affairs: Yukon Region Open File 19872.
Campbell, D., 1983. Summary Review on Mt. Nansen Property, Carmacks, Yukon Territory, Canada. Report for Mt. Nansen Gold and Silver Ltd.
Campbell, D., 1994. Feasibility Study Report on Mt. Nansen Gold Project in Yukon Territory, Canada, Volume 1. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc.
Cowdery, P.H. 2008. An Exploration Report for the Mt. Nansen Property, Yukon Province, Canada. Report for 101073531 Saskatchewan Ltd.
Dadson, P. and Amy, C., 2012, Assessment Report on the 2011 Trenching, Diamond Drilling and Soil Sampling Program, Etzel Property, Whitehorse Mining District, Yukon Territory. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 095804.
Dadson, P. and Struyk, N.M., 2012, Assessment Report on the 2012 Trenching and Diamond Drill Program, Charlotte Property, Whitehorse Mining District, Yukon Territory. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 096109.
Davidson, G.S. 1997. Geological Summary Report on the Aurchem Property. Mt. Nansen Area. Whitehorse Mining District. Report for BYG Natural Resources Ltd.
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Denholm, E., Dumka, D. and Farquharson, G., 2000. A Review of the Mt. Nansen Property, Yukon Territory. Unpublished report for Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.
Eaton, W.D., 1986. Report on Geological, Geochemical, Geophysical, Trench and Drilling Results from Work Done between June 15 and September 27, 1985 on the Mt. Nansen Property Located at Latitude 62[o] 05’N and Longitude 137[o] 08’W on NTS Mapsheet 115I/3. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 091825.
Eaton, W.D., and Archer, A.R., 1989. Report on the Geology and Mineral Inventory of the Mt. Nansen and Tawa Properties, Yukon Territory with Assessment of the Economical Potential for Open Pit Mining of Oxidized Mineralization in the Brown-McDade Zone. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc and Chevron Minerals Ltd.
Evans, A.M., 2005. Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. P. 262271.
Geotech Ltd., 2009. Report on a helicopter-borne versatile Time Domain Electromagnetic (VTEM) Geophysical Survey, Mt. Nansen Property. Report for 101073531 Saskatchewan Corp.
Gunn, D., and Unknown author, 1981. Feasibility Report on Mt. Nansen Mine, Carmacks, YT. Report by Dolmage Campbell and Associates (1975) Ltd, Vancouver, Canada.
Gunn, D., and Unknown author, 1982. Feasibility Report on Mt. Nansen Mine, Carmacks, YT. Report by Dolmage Campbell and Associates (1975) Ltd, Vancouver, Canada.
Hart, Craig J.R., and Langdon, Mark. Geology and mineral deposits of the Mt. Nansen camp, Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 1997, Exploration and Geological Services Division, Yukon, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, p.129-138.
Hiner, J.E. and Norton, C., 2010. Assessment Report on the 2010 Trenching and Diamond Drilling Program, Charlotte Property, Yukon Territory, Canada. Report for Guinness Exploration Inc. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 095315.
Hiner, J.E. and Mundhenk, H., 2010. NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Charlotte Property, Whitehorse Mining District, Yukon Territory for Ansell Capital Corp.
Klöcking, M., Mills, L., Mortensen, J. and Roots†, C., 2016. Geology of mid-Cretaceous volcanic rocks at Mt. Nansen, central Yukon, and their relationship to the Dawson Range batholith. Yukon Geological Survey, Open File 2016-25, 37 p. plus appendices.
Langdon, M. 1988. Report on Diamond Drilling, Geology, Magnetometer Survey, Em-16 Survey and Soil Survey Carried out on Wedge #5, Wedge #6, Wedge #7, Wedge #8. Wedge #9, Wedge#10, Wedge#15,
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RAS 1, RAS 2, RAS 3, RAS 4, LGCS 1, LGCS 3, MSL, BIT 1, BIT 2, BIT 3, BIT 4, BIT 5. Claim sheet 115 I/3, 62 05’ N/137 10’W, May 1, 1988 to August 30, 1988. Report for Aurchem Exploration Ltd.
Langdon, M., 1989. 1989 Exploration Program: Report on Trenching, Geology, Magnetometer Survey and Soil Geochemical Survey Carried Out on Wedge 5, Wedge 6, Wedge 7, Wedge 8, Wedge 9, Wedge 10, Wedge 15, Ras 1, Ras 2, Ras 3, Ras 4, MSL, Bit 1, Bit 2, Bit 3, Bit 4, Bit 5 for Aurchem Exploration Ltd. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report. Document No: 092770.
Langdon, M., 1993. Report on a Soil Geochem Survey Carried Out on the Discovery Creek Property for Aurchem Exploration Ltd. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report. Document No: 093138.
Langdon, M., 1997. Summary Report on the Diamond Drilling Program of January 1997 to March 1997 Carried Out on the Claims of JON WEDGE-2F, JBF-1F, JBF-4F, JBF-6F, JBF-7F, J.BILL-30, BULL-1, BULL-2. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report. Document No: 093701.
Lecuyer, N.L., 1997. Mt. Nansen Property Huestis and Webber Zones Feasibility Study. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc.
Melling, D.R., 1995. Summary Report: 1994 Exploration Program on Mt. Nansen Gold Project, Carmacks, Yukon Territory, Canada. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report. Document No: 093231.
Melling, D.R., 1995. Summary Report: 1995 Exploration Program on Mt. Nansen Gold Project, Carmacks, Yukon Territory, Canada. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report. Document No: 093365.
Middleton, R.S., 2009. National Instrument 43-101 Report on the Mt. Nansen Property and the Tawa Property, Whitehorse Mining District, Yukon Territory for 101073531 Saskatchewan Ltd.
Mortensen, J.K., Hart, C.J.R., Tarswell, J. and Allan, M.M., 2016. U-Pb zircon age and Pb isotopic constraints on the age and origin of porphyry and epithermal vein mineralization in the eastern Dawson Range, Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration Geology 2015, K.E. MacFarlane and M.G. Nordling (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 165-185, including appendices.
Mortensen, J.K., Appel, V.L. and Hart, C.J.R., 2003. Geological and U-Pb age constraints on base and precious metal vein systems in the Mt. Nansen area, eastern Dawson Range, Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2002, D.S. Emond and L.L. Lewis (eds.), Exploration and Geological Services Division, Yukon Region, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, p. 165-174.
Mortensen, J.K., Hart, C.J.R., Tarswell, J. and Allan, M.M., 2016. U-Pb zircon age and Pb isotopic constraints on the age and origin of porphyry and epithermal vein mineralization in the eastern Dawson Range, Yukon.
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In: Yukon Exploration Geology 2015, K.E. MacFarlane and M.G. Nordling (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 165-185, including appendices.
Mundenk, H. and Hiner, J.E., 2010. Summary Report on the 2010 Trenching and Diamond Drilling Program, Charlotte Property, Yukon Territory, Canada. Report for Ansell Capital Corp Ltd.
Quantec IP Inc. 1996. IP survey over the BMD pit and Eliza Creek Extension.
Quist, B, 2014. Summary report of the 2013 Geophysical Work and Mineralogical Study on the Charlotte Property. Final report for 2013 VMIP Funding under the Target Evaluation Module.
Rockhaven Resources, 2021. Rockhaven Identifies New Bonanza Grade Gold-Silver and Extends HighGrade Mineralization to Depth at Klaza Project, Yukon (Press Release). February 18, 2021. https://www.rockhavenresources.com/news/news-releases/rockhaven-identifies-new-bonanza-gradegold-silver-and-extends-high-grade-mineralization-to-depth-at-klaza-project-yukon
Rodger., R.J., 1995. Review of Proposed Work Programme on Mt. Nansen Property. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc.
Rodger, R.J., 1996. Property Evaluation Report on Tawa Mineral Property and Arctic Mineral Property. Report for Trumpeter Yukon Gold Inc (a subsidiary of BYG Natural Resources Inc).
Roth, J., 1991. Report on Magnetic and IP Surveys Discovery Creek Project Yukon Territory for Aurchem Exploration Ltd. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report. Document No: 092987.
Ryan, J.J., Westberg, E.E., Williams, S.P., and Chapman, J.B., 2016. Geology, Mt. Nansen–Nisling River area, Yukon; Geological Survey of Canada, Canadian Geoscience Map 292 (preliminary), scale 1:100 000. doi:10.4095/298835
Salter, RS, Furey, J.T. and McPhail, R.S., 1989. An Investigation of the Recovery of Gold from Nansen Project Samples Submitted by Archer Cathro and Associates (1981) Ltd per Melis Engineering Progress Report No 2.
Salter, R.S., Jackman, I., and MacPhail, R.S., 1989. An Investigation of the Recovery of Gold from Nansen Project Samples Submitted by Archer Cathro and Associates (1981) Ltd per Melis Engineering Progress Report No 1.
Sawyer, J.B.P. and Dickinson R.A., 1975. Porphyry Mineralization at Mt. Nansen. Private Report.
Sillitoe, R.H. 1993. Epithermal Models: Genetic Types, Geometrical Controls and Shallow Features. Geological Association of Canada: Special Paper 40, p. 403-417.
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Sinclair, W.D., 2007, Porphyry deposits, in Goodfellow, W.D., ed., Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication No. 5, p. 223-243.
Stroshein, R.W., 1998. Overburden Stripping Program on the Flex Deposit. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 093877.
Stroshein, R.W., 2004. Exploration Report for 2003 Geological, Geochemical and Trenching on the Bull, JBF, Etzel, J.Bill and JCS Mineral Claims. Discovery Creek Property (AR 94450). Report for Aurchem Exploration Ltd.
Stroshein, R.W., 2007. Geological Exploration Summary Mt. Nansen Property Discovery Creek Property. The Willow Creek-Eliza Creek – Tit Mtn. Breccia Zones, Yukon Territory. Protore Geological Services. Report for Aurchem Exploration Ltd.
Stroshein, R.W., 2007a. Geological Exploration Summary Mt. Nansen Project Brown McDade Deposit (Core Claims), Yukon Territory. Report for Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Assessment and Abandoned Mines Branch and Pricewatershousecoopers Inc.
Stroshein, R.W., 2007b. Geological Exploration Summary Mt. Nansen Project Brown McDade Deposit (Peripheral Claims), Yukon Territory. Report for Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Assessment and Abandoned Mines Branch and Pricewatershousecoopers Inc.
Struyk, N.M. and Dadson, P., 2011. Summary Report on the 2011 Reconnaissance Mapping and Soil Geochemistry Program, Discovery Creek Property. Report for Ansell Capital Corp. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 095471.
Struyk, N.M. and Dadson, P., 2012. Assessment Report on the 2011 Trenching, and Diamond Drilling Program, Charlotte Property. Report for Ansell Capital Corp. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 095861.
Taylor, B.E., 2007, Epithermal gold deposits, in Goodfellow, W.D., ed., Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication No. 5, p. 113-139.
Unknown author, 1996. Mill Production Memo for BYG Natural Resources Inc.
Unknown author, 1984. Summary Review on Mt. Nansen Property, Carmacks, Yukon Territory, Canada. Report for Nansen Mining Corporation.
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Unknown author, 1994. Mt. Nansen Project Summary Report. Report for BYG Natural Resources Inc.
Unknown author, 2008. An Exploration Report for the Mt. Nansen Property, Yukon, Canada. Report for 101073531 Saskatchewan Ltd.
Walls, M.J. and Eaton, W.D., 1987. Nansen Project Final Report. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document No: 092122.
Walls, M.J. and Eaton, W.D., 1988. Tawa Property 1988 Final Report. Yukon Mineral Assessment Report. Document No: 092585.
Walton, L., 2020. ASSESSMENT REPORT describing STRUCTURAL REVIEW OF CONTROLS ON GOLD MINERALIZATION at the CHARLOTTE PROPERTY. Unassigned Yukon Mineral Assessment Report Document.
Woodcock, J.R., 1992. Mountain Nansen Porphyry Copper Centre. BYG Resources Inc.
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Statement of Qualifications
I, F. Kenneth (Ken) MacDonald, P. Geo., do hereby certify that:
-
I am currently employed as an independent consulting geologist, residing at 2665 Carlisle Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, V2H 4B5.
-
I graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree with Specialization in Geology from the University of Alberta in 1987.
-
I am a member in good standing of the Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia with Professional Geoscientist status since 1997.
-
I have worked continuously as a geologist since 1987. I have assisted on and directed mineral exploration projects in British Columbia and elsewhere, as an employee and as an independent geological consultant. I have worked on properties of all stages of exploration, from grass roots to early stage exploration through to advance stage exploration and development and production.
-
I have read the definition of “qualified person” as set out in Companion Policy 43-101CP to National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional organization and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a ”qualified person” for the purposes of National Instrument 43-101.
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I supervised an exploration drill program on the Charlotte property from August 9[th] -23[rd] , 2010, conducted a site visit on May 14, 2019, designed the 2020 drill program and attended the program on October 6[th] to the 7[th] while under duration.
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I am responsible for the preparation of the Technical Report entitled Technical Summary Report on the Charlotte Property , with a report date of May 26, 2022.
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I am not aware of any material fact or material change with respect to the subject matter of the Technical Report that is not reflected in the Technical Report, the omission to disclose which makes the Technical Report misleading.
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I am independent of the issuer applying all of the tests in section 1.5 of National Instrument 43101.
-
I have read National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects and Companion Policy 43-101CP and Form 43-101F1 – Technical Report (collectively, “NI 43-101”); and certify that this Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with these instruments and forms.
-
I consent to the public filing of the Technical Report entitled Technical Summary Report on the Charlotte Property , with a report date of May 26, 2022, with any stock exchange and other regulatory authority and any publication, including electronic publication in the company public files and their websites accessible by the public.
Dated in Prince George, British Columbia, this 26th day of May, 2022.
/s/ "Ken MacDonald"
F. Kenneth MacDonald, P.Geo. (License #23018)
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APPENDIX 1
Units of Conversion and Abbreviations
Abbreviations
ppb part per billion ppm part per million
g gram
g/t gram per tonne opt (troy) ounce per short ton
oz/t (troy) ounce per short ton Moz million ounces
- Mt million tonnes
t metric tonne (1000 kilograms) st short ton (2000 pounds)
Conversions
- 1 gram = 0.0322 troy ounces 1 troy ounce = 31.104 grams 1 ton = 2000 pounds 1 tonne = 1000 kilograms 1 gram/tonne = 1ppm = 1000ppb 1 troy ounces/ton = 34.29 gram/tonne 1 gram/tonne = 0292 troy ounces/ton 1 kilogram = 32.151 troy ounces = 2.205 pounds 1 pound = 0.454 kilograms 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 foot = 0.3048 metres 1 metre = 39.37 inches = 3.281 feet 1 mile = 1.609 kilometres 1 acre = 0.4047 hectares 1 sq mile = 2.59 square kilometres 1 hectare = 10,000 square metres = 2.471 acres
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APPENDIX 2
Historical Drill Hole Collar Details 1985 – 2012
| HOLE_ID | Easting | Northing | Elevation | LENGTH (m) |
AZIMUTH (°) |
DIP (°) |
ENDDIP (°) |
YEAR | ZONE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDH-85-19 | 386,319 | 6,882,095 | 1,304 | 48.77 | 62 | -55 | -54.8 | 1985 | Webber |
| DDH-85-20 | 386,337 | 6,881,974 | 1,308 | 38.10 | 62 | -55 | -53 | 1985 | Webber |
| DDH-85-21 | 386,345 | 6,882,029 | 1,309 | 43.28 | 62 | -55 | -53 | 1985 | Webber |
| DDH-85-22 | 386,368 | 6,881,995 | 1,314 | 39.62 | 62 | -55 | -56 | 1985 | Webber |
| DDH-85-23 | 386,317 | 6,882,011 | 1,304 | 41.15 | 62 | -55 | -54.8 | 1985 | Webber |
| DDH-85-24 | 386,371 | 6,881,950 | 1,313 | 39.62 | 62 | -55 | -55 | 1985 | Webber |
| DDH-85-25 | 386,403 | 6,881,907 | 1,312 | 59.74 | 62 | -55 | -55 | 1985 | Webber |
| DDH-86-26 | 386,797 | 6,881,617 | 1,280 | 64.01 | 45 | -50 | -49 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-27 | 386,796 | 6,881,682 | 1,283 | 39.62 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-28 | 386,796 | 6,881,682 | 1,283 | 61.26 | 45 | -85 | -84 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-29 | 386,742 | 6,881,737 | 1,294 | 36.58 | 45 | -50 | -51 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-30 | 386,783 | 6,881,773 | 1,304 | 68.58 | 45 | -50 | -51 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-31 | 386,815 | 6,881,630 | 1,276 | 27.74 | 45 | -50 | -51 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-32 | 386,765 | 6,881,755 | 1,299 | 73.76 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-33 | 386,814 | 6,881,735 | 1,297 | 51.82 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-34 | 386,726 | 6,881,787 | 1,310 | 71.93 | 45 | -50 | -48 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-35 | 386,745 | 6,881,901 | 1,336 | 46.02 | 45 | -50 | -51 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-86-36 | 387,036 | 6,881,786 | 1,332 | 35.05 | 49 | -50 | -50 | 1986 | Flex |
| DDH-87-38 | 386,322 | 6,882,070 | 1,308 | 74.68 | 45 | -50 | -47 | 1987 | Webber |
| DDH-87-39 | 386,313 | 6,882,132 | 1,302 | 49.22 | 45 | -50 | -49 | 1987 | Webber |
| DDH-87-40 | 386,284 | 6,882,178 | 1,281 | 61.26 | 45 | -50 | -48 | 1987 | Webber |
| DDH-87-41 | 386,722 | 6,881,879 | 1,330 | 86.87 | 45 | -50 | -51 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-42 | 386,764 | 6,881,915 | 1,340 | 35.36 | 45 | -50 | -47.5 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-43 | 386,752 | 6,881,814 | 1,314 | 46.94 | 45 | -50 | -49 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-44 | 386,769 | 6,881,827 | 1,317 | 53.64 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-45 | 386,825 | 6,881,746 | 1,301 | 33.53 | 45 | -50 | -48 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-46 | 386,793 | 6,881,712 | 1,290 | 64.00 | 45 | -50 | -48 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-47 | 386,811 | 6,881,695 | 1,288 | 45.72 | 45 | -50 | -50.5 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-48 | 386,842 | 6,881,658 | 1,294 | 49.07 | 45 | -50 | -49 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-49 | 386,825 | 6,881,642 | 1,290 | 30.78 | 45 | -50 | -48 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-87-50 | 387,013 | 6,881,769 | 1,316 | 47.55 | 45 | -50 | -51 | 1987 | Huestis North |
| DDH-87-51 | 387,110 | 6,881,492 | 1,281 | 76.20 | 45 | -50 | -48.3 | 1987 | Flex-Huestis |
| DDH-87-52 | 387,101 | 6,881,482 | 1,279 | 56.69 | 45 | -60 | -59 | 1987 | Flex-Huestis |
| DDH-87-53 | 386,737 | 6,881,828 | 1,317 | 64.92 | 45 | -50 | -48.2 | 1987 | Flex |
| DDH-88-102x | 387,396 | 6,881,172 | 1,304 | 40.50 | 279 | -50 | -49 | 1988 | Huestis |
| DDH-88-105x | 387,100 | 6,881,506 | 1,279 | 45.10 | 48 | -50 | -49 | 1988 | Flex-Huestis |
| DDH-88-87x | 387,041 | 6,883,004 | 1,450 | 24.40 | 56 | -50 | -49.5 | 1988 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-88-88x | 387,066 | 6,882,938 | 1,422 | 54.90 | 59 | -50 | -49 | 1988 | Orloff-King |
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| DDH-88-89x | 387,065 | 6,882,937 | 1,445 | 32.90 | 59 | -75 | -75 | 1988 | Orloff-King |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDH-88-91x | 387,101 | 6,882,886 | 1,431 | 21.90 | 62 | -50 | -50 | 1988 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-88-94x | 387,151 | 6,882,806 | 1,443 | 24.70 | 63 | -60 | -60 | 1988 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-88-101x | 387,725 | 6,881,998 | 1,445 | 19.80 | 26 | -50 | -50 | 1988 | Dickson |
| DDH-88-96x | 387,743 | 6,882,041 | 1,446 | 41.10 | 35 | -50 | -47 | 1988 | Dickson |
| DDH-88-99x | 387,761 | 6,882,050 | 1,442 | 34.70 | 215 | -50 | -49 | 1988 | Dickson |
| DDH-94-137 | 386,820 | 6,881,618 | 1,275 | 25.29 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1994 | Flex |
| DDH-94-138 | 386,834 | 6,881,681 | 1,287 | 35.97 | 45 | -59 | -50 | 1994 | Flex |
| DDH-94-139 | 386,821 | 6,881,664 | 1,283 | 46.33 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1994 | Flex |
| DDH-94-140 | 386,846 | 6,881,623 | 1,278 | 43.59 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1994 | Flex |
| DDH-94-141 | 386,863 | 6,881,643 | 1,282 | 37.49 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1994 | Flex |
| DDH-94-142 | 387,041 | 6,881,753 | 1,330 | 52.74 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1994 | Huestis |
| DDH-95-149 | 387,149 | 6,881,642 | 1,306 | 139.60 | 212 | -50 | -54 | 1995 | Huestis |
| DDH-95-150 | 387,149 | 6,881,642 | 1,306 | 200.25 | 220 | -68 | -68 | 1995 | Huestis |
| DDH-95-151 | 387,324 | 6,881,753 | 1,342 | 549.86 | 220 | -70 | -71 | 1995 | Huestis |
| DDH-95-152 | 386,730 | 6,881,932 | 1,345 | 29.26 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-153 | 386,729 | 6,881,931 | 1,344 | 31.70 | 45 | -90 | -90 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-154 | 386,746 | 6,881,906 | 1,337 | 17.07 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-155 | 386,756 | 6,881,878 | 1,330 | 21.34 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-156 | 386,755 | 6,881,877 | 1,329 | 33.83 | 0 | -90 | -90 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-157 | 386,757 | 6,881,849 | 1,322 | 30.48 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-158 | 386,756 | 6,881,847 | 1,322 | 35.05 | 0 | -90 | -90 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-159 | 386,790 | 6,881,781 | 1,306 | 19.81 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-160 | 386,793 | 6,881,747 | 1,299 | 26.82 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-161 | 386,792 | 6,881,746 | 1,298 | 38.40 | 0 | -90 | -90 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-162 | 386,803 | 6,881,724 | 1,294 | 36.88 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-163 | 386,827 | 6,881,673 | 1,285 | 41.45 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-164 | 386,840 | 6,881,652 | 1,293 | 39.93 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-165 | 386,871 | 6,881,652 | 1,285 | 24.69 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-166 | 386,855 | 6,881,634 | 1,280 | 52.12 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-167 | 386,882 | 6,881,627 | 1,280 | 27.74 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-168 | 386,765 | 6,881,790 | 1,308 | 35.36 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH-95-169 | 386,764 | 6,881,789 | 1,308 | 58.22 | 45 | -90 | -90 | 1995 | Flex |
| DDH 96-176 | 386,512 | 6,881,768 | 1,292 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1996 | Webber |
| DDH 96-177 | 386,548 | 6,881,722 | 1,285 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1996 | Webber |
| DDH 96-180 | 386,581 | 6,881,675 | 1,277 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1996 | Webber |
| DDH-98-183 | 386,766 | 6,881,971 | 1,358 | 40.50 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-184 | 386,757 | 6,881,971 | 1,358 | 43.90 | 78 | -60 | -60 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-185 | 386,751 | 6,881,943 | 1,349 | 43.40 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-186 | 386,748 | 6,881,890 | 1,333 | 92.70 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-187 | 386,762 | 6,881,918 | 1,341 | 60.40 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-188 | 386,762 | 6,881,970 | 1,358 | 118.60 | 258 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-189 | 386,777 | 6,881,871 | 1,328 | 66.80 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
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| DDH-98-190 | 386,717 | 6,881,960 | 1,354 | 71.80 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDH-98-191 | 386,717 | 6,881,908 | 1,337 | 77.42 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-192 | 386,699 | 6,881,930 | 1,343 | 92.40 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-193 | 386,669 | 6,881,948 | 1,348 | 101.80 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-194 | 386,677 | 6,881,897 | 1,333 | 113.10 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-195 | 386,660 | 6,881,973 | 1,358 | 107.90 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-196 | 386,645 | 6,882,017 | 1,371 | 107.60 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-223 | 386,639 | 6,882,064 | 1,422 | 122.50 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-224 | 386,668 | 6,882,111 | 1,424 | 100.90 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-225 | 386,748 | 6,883,530 | 1,492 | 123.10 | 55 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-98-226 | 386,741 | 6,881,861 | 1,331 | 61.00 | 87 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-227 | 386,740 | 6,881,888 | 1,337 | 61.00 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-228 | 386,727 | 6,881,936 | 1,354 | 69.04 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-229 | 386,718 | 6,881,983 | 1,373 | 109.72 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-230 | 386,862 | 6,881,634 | 1,281 | 52.00 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-231 | 386,823 | 6,881,652 | 1,284 | 76.20 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-232 | 386,810 | 6,881,685 | 1,294 | 41.20 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-233 | 386,818 | 6,881,740 | 1,312 | 44.20 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-234 | 386,759 | 6,881,725 | 1,291 | 61.00 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-235 | 386,768 | 6,881,767 | 1,310 | 65.25 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-236 | 386,742 | 6,881,785 | 1,309 | 61.00 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-237 | 386,771 | 6,881,817 | 1,320 | 50.30 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-238 | 386,882 | 6,881,589 | 1,273 | 68.60 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-98-239 | 386,892 | 6,881,539 | 1,262 | 54.90 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 1998 | Flex |
| DDH-10-240 | 386,674 | 6,881,951 | 1,355 | 102.70 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-241 | 386,681 | 6,881,900 | 1,343 | 118.30 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-242 | 386,784 | 6,881,771 | 1,306 | 72.54 | 45 | -50 | -50.7 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-243 | 386,804 | 6,881,662 | 1,289 | 57.20 | 45 | -50 | 50.2 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-244 | 386,825 | 6,881,648 | 1,288 | 71.02 | 45 | -50 | -51.7 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-245 | 386,838 | 6,881,629 | 1,286 | 83.20 | 45 | -60 | -60 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-246 | 386,886 | 6,881,537 | 1,274 | 77.11 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-247 | 386,854 | 6,881,553 | 1,275 | 37.50 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-248 | 386,674 | 6,881,951 | 1,355 | 130.75 | 78 | -65 | -65 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-249 | 386,676 | 6,881,925 | 1,349 | 110.70 | 77.6 | -50 | -48.8 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-250 | 386,676 | 6,881,925 | 1,349 | 122.53 | 76 | -65 | -65 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-251 | 386,662 | 6,881,975 | 1,362 | 133.50 | 78 | -65 | -65 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-252 | 386,652 | 6,882,020 | 1,377 | 121.92 | 78 | -65 | -64 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-10-253 | 386,626 | 6,881,933 | 1,344 | 212.75 | 78 | -65 | -63 | 2010 | Flex |
| DDH-11-254 | 386,671 | 6,881,925 | 1,348 | 164.90 | 60 | -65 | -65 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-255 | 386,655 | 6,881,926 | 1,346 | 193.50 | 78 | -65 | -65 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-256 | 386,662 | 6,881,976 | 1,362 | 144.60 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-257 | 386,806 | 6,881,660 | 1,289 | 91.40 | 38 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-258 | 386,776 | 6,881,664 | 1,289 | 102.40 | 45 | -52 | -52 | 2011 | Flex |
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| DDH-11-259 | 386,853 | 6,881,551 | 1,275 | 160.76 | 79 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDH-11-260 | 386,864 | 6,881,529 | 1,272 | 63.41 | 78 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-260B | 386,864 | 6,881,529 | 1,272 | 350.00 | 71 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-261 | 386,760 | 6,881,681 | 1,289 | 148.78 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-262 | 386,761 | 6,881,646 | 1,283 | 135.67 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-263 | 386,846 | 6,881,612 | 1,283 | 224.83 | 52 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-264 | 386,758 | 6,881,765 | 1,305 | 144.66 | 45 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-265 | 386,637 | 6,881,968 | 1,355 | 189.79 | 75 | -65 | -65 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-266 | 386,612 | 6,882,054 | 1,362 | 160.98 | 75 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-267 | 386,813 | 6,883,371 | 1,463 | 243.29 | 55 | -65 | -65 | 2011 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-11-268 | 386,754 | 6,883,429 | 1,469 | 160.21 | 65 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-11-269 | 386,932 | 6,883,454 | 1,475 | 83.84 | 230 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-11-270 | 386,876 | 6,883,341 | 1,464 | 120.12 | 65 | -45 | -45 | 2011 | Orloff-King |
| DDH-11-271 | 386,802 | 6,881,663 | 1,289 | 185.06 | 42 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-272 | 386,781 | 6,881,640 | 1,284 | 194.21 | 41 | -51 | -51 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-273 | 386,845 | 6,881,514 | 1,268 | 194.82 | 73 | -50 | -50 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-11-274 | 386,656 | 6,881,897 | 1,338 | 192.99 | 80 | -61 | -61 | 2011 | Flex |
| DDH-12-275 | 386517 | 6881900 | 1,330 | 343.51 | 075 | -55 | -55 | 2012 | Flex |
| DDH-12-276 | 386633 | 6881865 | 1,333 | 307.01 | 075 | -60 | -63.8 | 2012 | Flex |
| DDH-12-277 | 386760 | 6881581 | 1,285 | 410.67 | 045 | -51 | -53.7 | 2012 | Flex |
| DDH-12-278 | 386876 | 6881496 | 1,255 | 300.23 | 075 | -55 | -59.9 | 2012 | Flex |
| DDH-12-279 | 386876 | 6881496 | 1,255 | 273.71 | 095 | -71 | -73.5 | 2012 | Flex |
| DDH-12-280 | 386,627 | 6,881,836 | 1,325 | 248.41 | 076 | -71.1 | -73.2 | 2012 | Flex |
n/a indicates no data available
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APPENDIX 3
2019 Site Visit Check Samples and Results
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| Check Sample# | Sample Type |
Weight kg |
Au ppm | Sample Location |
Sample Description | Drill Hole# | Drill Hole Sample Interval |
Original Assay Result |
Location UTM N |
Location UTM E |
Elevation m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Granite Blank | QC-P- BK |
- | <0.05 | Lab Control Sample (blank) |
Lab Control Sample (blank) |
n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Granite Blank | QC-P- BK |
- | <0.05 | Lab Control Sample (blank) |
Lab Control Sample (blank) |
n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| CH19-KM01 | Rock | 1.85 | 56.31 | Grab Sample from Flex Main Vein |
Sheared and strongly oxidized, anastomosing, quartz-sulphide veinlets in pseudo- breccia fabric. Malachite- chalcopyrite- arsenopyrite. Remnant qtz eyes. Shear @ 050°/60°NW |
n/a | n/a | n/a | 6881934 | 386777 | 1346 |
| CH19-KM01PD | QC-PD | - | 57.42 | Lab Control Sample (duplicate) |
Lab Control Sample (duplicate) |
n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| CH19-KM02 | Drill Core |
0.49 | 1.23 | Grab Sample from racked drill core |
20cm sample of drill core from 8.25- 8.45m from drill hole DDH-11-256. Acme sample #1064984. Faulted bleached gneiss. Patchy alteration including localized strong silica overprint. |
DDH-11- 256 |
8.20- 9.70m (1.5m) |
0.480 g/t Au |
6881829 | 386109 | 1273 |
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| CH19-KM03 | Drill Core |
0.89 | 0.39 | Grab Sample from racked drill core |
30cm sample of drill core from 8.65- 8.95m from drill hole DDH-11-256. Acme sample #1064984. Faulted bleached gneiss. Patchy alteration including localized strong silica overprint. |
DDH-11- 256 |
8.20- 9.70m (1.5m) |
0.480 g/t Au |
6881829 | 386109 | 1273 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH19-KM04 | Drill Core |
0.64 | 0.7 | Grab Sample from racked drill core |
30cm sample of drill core from 109.12- 119.75m from drill hole DDH-10-251. Acme sample #523370. Sulphide breccia in QFP, strongly silicified. Overall sx content <2 % |
DDH-10- 251 |
109.12- 110.64 (1.52m) |
0.379 g/t Au |
6881829 | 386109 | 1273 |
| CH19-KM05 | Drill Core |
0.71 | 2.19 | Grab Sample from racked drill core |
30cm sample of drill core from 115.25- 115.55m from drill hole DDH-10-251. Acme sample #523374. Sulphide breccia in QFP, strongly silicified. Overall sx content <10%. Intergrown laths of galena and sphalerite. |
DDH-10- 251 |
114.75- 116.74 (1.99m) |
2.053 | 6881829 | 386109 | 1273 |
| STD BLANK | <0.05 | Lab Control Sample (standard blank) |
Lab Control Sample (standard blank) |
n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
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| STD OxQ90 | 25.16 | 25.16 | Lab Control Sample (standard) |
Lab Control Sample (standard) |
Lab Control Sample (standard) |
n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 Historical Collar Survey | Datum | Zone | Easting | Northing | Original Source | Easting | Northing | |||||||||
| DDH 10-240 078/-50° 102.70m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386675 | 6881949 | CMG Assessment Report | 386674 | 6881951 | |||||||||
| DDH 10-241 078/-50° 118.26m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386683 | 6881904 | CMG Assessment Report | 386681 | 6881900 | |||||||||
| DDH 10-248 078/-65° 130.75m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386675 | 6881949 | CMG Assessment Report | 386674 | 6881951 | |||||||||
| DDH 10-249 078/-50° 110.64m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386675 | 6881928 | CMG Assessment Report | 386676 | 6881925 | |||||||||
| DDH 10-251 078/-65° 133.5m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386664 | 6881978 | CMG Assessment Report | 386662 | 6881975 | |||||||||
| DDH 10-252 078/-65° 122m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386653 | 6882019 | CMG Assessment Report | 386652 | 6882020 | |||||||||
| DDH 10-253 078/-65° 212.75m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386625 | 6881936 | CMG Assessment Report | 386626 | 6881933 | |||||||||
| DDH 11-254 060/-65° 164.9m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386670 | 6881927 | CMG Assessment Report | 386671 | 6881925 | |||||||||
| DDH 11-255 078/-65° 193.2m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386658 | 6881929 | CMG Assessment Report | 386655 | 6881926 | |||||||||
| DDH 11-256 078/-50° 144.82m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386664 | 6881978 | CMG Assessment Report | 386662 | 6881976 | |||||||||
| DDH 11-265 075/-65° 189.74m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386635 | 6881969 | CMG Assessment Report | 386637 | 6881968 | |||||||||
| DDH 11-274 078/-60° 192.9m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386656 | 6881899 | CMG Assessment Report | 386656 | 6881897 | |||||||||
| DDH 12-276 075/-60° 307.0m EOH | NAD83 | 08 V | 386631 | 6881868 | CMG Assessment Report | 386633 | 6881865 |
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APPENDIX 4
2019 Site Visit Photos
==> picture [334 x 251] intentionally omitted <==
Charlotte Exploration Camp (2010-2012, 2020). Looking northwest
==> picture [334 x 251] intentionally omitted <==
Flex Zone. Looking along strike to the Southeast
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==> picture [370 x 277] intentionally omitted <==
Flex Zone. Main Vein. 2019 sample site CH19-KM01
==> picture [370 x 278] intentionally omitted <==
Flex Zone. Charlotte exploration camp middle left. Looking Southeast
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Flex Zone: Drill collar located for DDH-10-251 (0386659mE, 6881972mN)
==> picture [370 x 277] intentionally omitted <==
CMG Core Storage (2010-2012). Looking southwest
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Check sample CH19-KM04 from DDH 10-251 (Box 20)
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