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SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT

DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

For the convenience of readers and for information purpose only, the auditors’ report and the accompanying financial statements have been translated into English from the original Chinese version prepared and used in the Republic of China. In the event of any discrepancy between the English version and the original Chinese version or any differences in the interpretation of the two versions, the Chinese-language auditors’ report and financial statements shall prevail.

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AND INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents	Page
1. Cover Page	1
2. Table of Contents	2 ~ 3
3. Independent Auditors’ Report	4 ~ 11
4. Consolidated Balance Sheets	12 ~ 13
5. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	14
6. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity	15
7. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	16 ~ 17
8. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	18 ~ 81
(1) History and Organization	18
(2) The Date of Authorization for Issuance of the Financial Statements and Procedures for Authorization	18
(3) Application of New Standards, Amendments and Interpretations	18 ~ 19
(4) Summary of Material Accounting Policies	20 ~ 31
(5) Critical Accounting Judgements, Estimates and Key Sources of Assumption Uncertainty	31
(6) Details of Significant Accounts	31 ~ 63

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Contents

(7) Related Party Transactions 63
(8) Pledged Assets 64
(9) Significant Contingent Liabilities and Unrecognised Contract Commitments 64 ~ 65
(10) Significant Disaster Loss 65
(11) Significant Events after the Balance Sheet Date 65
(12) Others 65 ~ 78
(13) Supplementary Disclosures 78 ~ 79
(14) Segment Information 79 ~ 81

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INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO.,LTD

Opinion

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES (the “Group”) as at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for the years then ended, and notes to the consolidated financial statements, including a summary of material accounting policies.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Group as at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with the Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Securities Issuers and the International Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting Standards, IFRIC Interpretations, and SIC Interpretations that came into effect as endorsed by the Financial Supervisory Commission.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audits in accordance with the Regulations Governing Financial Statement Audit and Attestation Engagements of Certified Public Accountants and Standards on Auditing of the Republic of China. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Group in accordance with the Norm of Professional Ethics for Certified Public Accountant of the Republic of China, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

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Key audit matters

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the Group’s 2025 consolidated financial statements. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the consolidated financial statements as a whole and, in forming our opinion thereon, we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters.

Key audit matters for the Group’s 2025 consolidated financial statements are stated as follows:

Cut-off on sales revenue from distribution warehouse

Description

Refer to Note 4(29) for accounting policies on sales revenue recognition. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Group’s operating revenue amounted to NTD 6,977,352 thousand.

The Group is primarily engaged in the manufacturing and sales of various types of automobile parts. The types of sale are separated into direct delivery and distribution warehouse sales. Distribution warehouse sales revenue constitutes 63.70% of operating revenue. Distribution warehouse sales revenue is recognised when customers pick-up the goods (i.e. control is transferred). The Group primarily recognised sales revenue based on the daily inventory movement reports provided by distribution warehouses. As the Group’s distribution warehouses are located globally with numerous custodians, the process of such revenue recognition involves several manual procedures, which would potentially result in inaccurate timing of revenue recognition or the discrepancy in inventory quantities between the physical inventory and accounting records. Thus, we considered the timing of sales revenue recognition of distribution warehouse as one of the key audit matters.

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How our audit addressed the matter

We performed the following audit procedures in respect of the above key audit matter:

Obtained an understanding of the Group’s sales revenue procedures and its internal control process in order to assess the effectiveness of managements’ control over sales revenue recognition of distribution warehouse.
Tested the internal control of warehouse distribution (including checking the terms of transaction / timing of ownership transfer and dates of supporting documents) to confirm the accuracy of the timing of sales revenue recognition of distribution warehouse.
Performed cut-off procedures on sales revenue from distribution warehouses recognised during a specific period before and after the balance sheet date and verified the pick-up records of distribution warehouses; in addition, ensured that the movements of inventories indicated in the statements had been recognised in the appropriate period.
Performed physical inventory count and confirmation on the ending inventory quantities of distribution warehouses.

Assessment of allowance for inventory valuation losses

Description

Refer to Note 4(12) for accounting policies on inventory valuation, Note 5(2) for accounting estimates and assumptions, and Note 6(5) for the related information of allowance for inventory valuation loss. As of December 31, 2025, the total inventory and allowance for inventory valuation loss amounted to NTD 6,759,932 thousand and NTD 453,250 thousand, respectively.

The Group’s inventories were measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value, the reasonable net realisable value was identified according to individual inventory’s number using the item by item approach. The Group provided allowance for inventory valuation losses based on usable condition of inventories that were individually identified as obsolete and damaged. As the inventory and its allowance for loss were material to the financial statements and the determination of net realisable value involved subjective judgment and estimates, we considered the assessment of allowance for inventory valuation losses as one of the key audit matters.

How our audit addressed the matter

We performed the following audit procedures in respect of the above key audit matter:

Obtained an understanding of the Group’s nature of the operations and the industry, and assessed the reasonableness of the policies adopted in evaluating the allowance for inventory valuation losses.
Obtained an understanding of the Group’s warehousing control procedures, reviewed annual physical inventory count plan and participated in the annual inventory count in order to assess the classification of obsolete inventory and effectiveness of internal controls over obsolete inventory.
Obtained the report on net realisable value of each inventory item and checked whether the calculation logic was applied consistently to each inventory item; in addition, tested the reasonableness of the supporting documents for net realizable value.
Validated the accuracy of the Group’s inventory aging report used for valuation and recalculated to confirm that information in the report was in line with its policy.

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Other matter – Parent company only financial statements

We have audited and expressed an unmodified opinion on the parent company only financial statements of the SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO.,LTD as at and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Responsibilities of management and those charged with governance for the consolidated financial statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with the Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Securities Issuers and the International Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting Standards, IFRIC Interpretations, and SIC Interpretations that came into effect as endorsed by the Financial Supervisory Commission, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Group or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Those charged with governance, including the audit committee, are responsible for overseeing the Group’s financial reporting process.

Auditors’ responsibilities for the audit of the consolidated financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditors’ report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with the Standards on Auditing of the Republic of China will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these consolidated financial statements.

As part of an audit in accordance with the Standards on Auditing of the Republic of China, we exercise professional judgment and professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:

Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control.
Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.

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Conclude on the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditors’ report to the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditors’ report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Group to cease to continue as a going concern.
Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the consolidated financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the consolidated financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business activities within the Group to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and performance of the group audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion.

We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

We also provide those charged with governance with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.

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From the matters communicated with those charged with governance, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditors' report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.

Liu, Mei Lan
Lai, Chih-Wei

For and on behalf of PricewaterhouseCoopers, Taiwan

March 2, 2026

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are not intended to present the financial position and results of operations and cash flows in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in countries and jurisdictions other than the Republic of China. The standards, procedures and practices in the Republic of China governing the audit of such financial statements may differ from those generally accepted in countries and jurisdictions other than the Republic of China. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements and independent auditors' report are not intended for use by those who are not informed about the accounting principles or auditing standards generally accepted in the Republic of China, and their applications in practice.

As the financial statements are the responsibility of the management, PricewaterhouseCoopers cannot accept any liability for the use of, or reliance on, the English translation or for any errors or misunderstandings that may derive from the translation.

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SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
(Expressed in thousands of New Taiwan dollars)

Assets	Notes	December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
		AMOUNT	%	AMOUNT	%
Current assets
1100	Cash and cash equivalents	6(1)	$ 3,212,539	18	$ 2,153,486	12
1110	Financial assets at fair value through	6(2)
	profit or loss - current		11,158	-	19,315	-
1150	Notes receivable, net	6(4)	-	-	930	-
1170	Accounts receivable, net	6(4)	761,783	4	1,054,347	6
1200	Other receivables		42,926	-	27,629	-
1220	Current income tax assets		253	-	-	-
130X	Inventories	6(5)	6,306,682	35	5,994,214	34
1479	Other current assets, others		101,639	-	79,707	1
11XX	Current Assets		10,436,980	57	9,329,628	53
Non-current assets
1510	Non-current financial assets at fair	6(2)
	value through profit or loss		54,115	-	35,941	-
1535	Non-current financial assets at	6(3) and 8
	amortised cost		43,459	-	35,480	-
1600	Property, plant and equipment	6(6) and 8	7,384,725	41	7,819,404	45
1755	Right-of-use assets	6(7)	5,705	-	11,414	-
1780	Intangible assets	6(8)	27,643	-	8,253	-
1840	Deferred income tax assets	6(28)	170,629	1	174,900	1
1900	Other non-current assets		99,360	1	104,524	1
15XX	Non-current assets		7,785,636	43	8,189,916	47
1XXX	Total assets		$ 18,222,616	100	$ 17,519,544	100

(Continued)

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SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

(Expressed in thousands of New Taiwan dollars)

Liabilities and Equity	Notes	December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
		AMOUNT	%	AMOUNT	%
Current liabilities
2100	Short-term borrowings	6(10)	$ 2,252,056	12	$ 1,003,535	6
2120	Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss - current	6(2)	-	-	66	-
2130	Current contract liabilities	6(22)	14,115	-	27,573	-
2150	Notes payable		335,325	2	330,397	2
2170	Accounts payable		126,337	1	118,323	1
2200	Other payables	6(12)	673,747	4	754,773	4
2230	Current income tax liabilities	6(28)	49,439	-	71,423	1
2250	Current provisions	6(16)	-	-	26,002	-
2280	Current lease liabilities		2,635	-	5,375	-
2320	Long-term liabilities, current portion	6(13)	1,054,706	6	1,027,626	6
2399	Other current liabilities, others	6(13)(22)(24)	56,123	-	51,661	-
21XX	Current Liabilities		4,564,483	25	3,416,754	20
Non-current liabilities
2540	Long-term borrowings	6(13)	4,772,798	26	4,260,544	24
2560	Current tax liabilities-non-current	6(28)	70,578	1	-	-
2570	Deferred income tax liabilities	6(28)	-	-	679	-
2580	Non-current lease liabilities		3,173	-	6,139	-
2640	Non-current net defined benefit liability	6(14)	32,403	-	19,538	-
2670	Other non-current liabilities, others	6(13)	-	-	552	-
25XX	Non-current liabilities		4,878,952	27	4,287,452	24
2XXX	Total Liabilities		9,443,435	52	7,704,206	44
Equity
	Share capital	6(17)
3110	Common stock		2,307,821	13	2,377,841	14
	Capital surplus	6(18)
3200	Capital surplus		2,416,881	13	2,559,546	14
	Retained earnings	6(19)
3310	Legal reserve		1,052,945	6	977,146	6
3320	Special reserve		8,414	-	8,607	-
3350	Unappropriated retained earnings		3,494,518	19	3,995,169	23
	Other equity interest
3400	Other equity interest	6(20)	( 5,912)	-	( 8,414)	-
3500	Treasury stocks	6(17)	( 540,493)	( 3)	( 94,557)	( 1)
31XX	Equity attributable to owners of the parent		8,734,174	48	9,815,338	56
36XX	Non-controlling interest	6(21)	45,007	-	-	-
3XXX	Total equity		8,779,181	48	9,815,338	56
	Significant contingent liabilities and unrecognised contract commitments	9
	Significant events after the balance sheet date	11
3X2X	Total liabilities and equity		$ 18,222,616	100	$ 17,519,544	100

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

(Expressed in thousands of New Taiwan dollars, except as otherwise indicated)

	Items	Notes	Year ended December 31
			2025		2024
			AMOUNT	%	AMOUNT	%
4000	Sales revenue	6(22)	$ 6,977,352	100	$ 7,473,579	100
5000	Operating costs	6(5)(27)	( 5,493,252)	( 79)	( 5,469,886)	( 73)
5900	Net operating margin		1,484,100	21	2,003,693	27
	Operating expenses	6(27)
6100	Selling expenses		( 533,448)	( 8)	( 602,092)	( 8)
6200	General and administrative expenses		( 234,054)	( 3)	( 281,839)	( 4)
6300	Research and development expenses		( 153,354)	( 2)	( 151,096)	( 2)
6450	Expected credit impairment (loss) gain	12(2)	( 55)	-	9,192	-
6000	Total operating expenses		( 920,911)	( 13)	( 1,025,835)	( 14)
6900	Operating profit		563,189	8	977,858	13
	Non-operating income and expenses
7100	Interest income	6(23)	8,555	-	9,123	-
7010	Other income	6(24)	44,139	-	58,393	1
7020	Other gains and losses	6(25)	( 79,509)	( 1)	55,115	1
7050	Finance costs	6(26)	( 141,435)	( 2)	( 156,969)	( 2)
7000	Total non-operating income and expenses		( 168,250)	( 3)	34,338	-
7900	Profit before income tax		394,939	5	943,520	13
7950	Income tax expense	6(28)	( 76,741)	( 1)	( 188,036)	( 3)
8200	Profit for the year		$ 318,198	4	$ 755,484	10
	Other comprehensive income
	Components of other comprehensive income that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
8311	Other comprehensive income, before tax, actuarial losses (gains) on defined benefit plans	6(14)	($ 12,918)	-	$ 3,132	-
8349	Income tax related to components of other comprehensive income that will not be reclassified to profit or loss	6(28)	2,584	-	( 627)	-
8310	Components of other comprehensive income that will not be reclassified to profit or loss		( 10,334)	-	2,505	-
	Components of other comprehensive income that will be reclassified to profit or loss
8361	Financial statements translation differences of foreign operations	6(20)	3,128	-	241	-
8399	Income tax relating to the components of other comprehensive income	6(20)(28)	( 626)	-	( 48)	-
8360	Components of other comprehensive income that will be reclassified to profit or loss		2,502	-	193	-
8300	Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year		($ 7,832)	-	$ 2,698	-
8500	Total comprehensive income for the year		$ 310,366	4	$ 758,182	10
	Profit, attributable to:
8610	Owners of the parent		$ 318,191	4	$ 755,484	10
8620	Non-controlling interest		$ 7	-	$ -	-
	Comprehensive income attributable to:
8710	Owners of the parent		$ 310,359	4	$ 758,182	10
8720	Non-controlling interest		$ 7	-	$ -	-
	Basic earnings per share	6(29)
9750	Basic earnings per share		$ 1.42		$ 3.30
	Diluted earnings per share	6(29)
9850	Diluted earnings per share		$ 1.42		$ 3.29

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

(Expressed in thousands of New Taiwan dollars)

	Equity attributable to owners of the parent
		Capital surplus			Retained earnings			Financial statements translation differences of foreign operations			Treasury stocks	Total
		Additional paid-in capital	Treasury stock transactions	Donated assets received	Legal reserve	Special reserve	Unappropriated retained earnings	Treasury stocks	Total	Non-controlling interest
Year ended December 31, 2024
Balance at January 1, 2024		$ 2,142,551	$ 998,112	$ 15,033	$ -	$ 916,325	$ 10,151	$ 3,724,967	($ 8,607)	($ 63,197)	$ 7,735,335	$ -	$ 7,735,335
Profit for the year		-	-	-	-	-	-	755,484	-	-	755,484	-	755,484
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year		-	-	-	-	-	-	2,505	193	-	2,698	-	2,698
Total comprehensive income		-	-	-	-	-	-	757,989	193	-	758,182	-	758,182
Appropriation and distribution of 2023 earnings:	6(19)
Legal reserve		-	-	-	-	60,821	-	( 60,821)	-	-	-	-	-
Special reserve		-	-	-	-	-	( 1,544)	1,544	-	-	-	-	-
Cash dividends		-	-	-	-	-	-	( 428,510)	-	-	( 428,510)	-	( 428,510)
Issuance of shares	6(17)	235,290	1,492,091	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1,727,381	-	1,727,381
Purchase of treasury shares	6(17)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	( 94,557)	( 94,557)	-	( 94,557)
Disgorgement exercised by the Company according to the related laws		-	-	-	7	-	-	-	-	-	7	-	7
Treasury shares transferred to employees	6(17)	-	-	54,303	-	-	-	-	-	63,197	117,500	-	117,500
Balance at December 31, 2024		$ 2,377,841	$ 2,490,203	$ 69,336	$ 7	$ 977,146	$ 8,607	$ 3,995,169	($ 8,414)	($ 94,557)	$ 9,815,338	$ -	$ 9,815,338
Year ended December 31, 2025
Balance at January 1, 2025		$ 2,377,841	$ 2,490,203	$ 69,336	$ 7	$ 977,146	$ 8,607	$ 3,995,169	($ 8,414)	($ 94,557)	$ 9,815,338	$ -	$ 9,815,338
Profit for the year		-	-	-	-	-	-	318,191	-	-	318,191	7	318,198
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year		-	-	-	-	-	-	( 10,334)	2,502	-	( 7,832)	-	( 7,832)
Total comprehensive income		-	-	-	-	-	-	307,857	2,502	-	310,359	7	310,366
Appropriation and distribution of 2024 earnings:	6(19)
Legal reserve		-	-	-	-	75,799	-	( 75,799)	-	-	-	-	-
Special reserve		-	-	-	-	-	( 193)	193	-	-	-	-	-
Cash dividends		-	-	-	-	-	-	( 504,381)	-	-	( 504,381)	-	( 504,381)
Purchase of treasury shares	6(17)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	( 887,142)	( 887,142)	-	( 887,142)
Retirement of treasury share	6(17)(18)	( 70,020)	( 73,329)	( 69,336)	-	-	-	( 228,521)	-	441,206	-	-	-
Acquisition of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries	6(21)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	45,000	45,000
Balance at December 31, 2025		$ 2,307,821	$ 2,416,874	$ -	$ 7	$ 1,052,945	$ 8,414	$ 3,494,518	($ 5,912)	($ 540,493)	$ 8,734,174	$ 45,007	$ 8,779,181

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

(Expressed in thousands of New Taiwan dollars)

	Year ended December 31
	Notes	2025	2024
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Profit before tax		$ 394,939	$ 943,520
Adjustments
Adjustments to reconcile profit (loss)
Depreciation expense-Property, plant and equipment	6(6)
Depreciation expense-Right-of-use assets	6(7)	836,822	901,604
Amortization expense	6(8)	4,895	6,229
Expected credit impairment (gain) loss	12(2)	6,980	8,875
Share-based payments	6(15)	55	(9,192)
Gain on financial assets or liabilities at fair value through profit or loss	6(2)(25)	-	38,331
Government grants income	6(24)	(10,640)	(45,801)
Interest income	6(23)	(14,781)	(7,047)
Interest expense	6(26)	8,555	(9,123)
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment	6(25)	141,435	156,969
Unrealized foreign exchange gain		1,198	(1,077)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities		17,916	-
Changes in operating assets
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss - current		-	16,728
Notes receivable		930	(930)
Accounts receivable		292,509	(28,375)
Other receivables		(15,084)	41,705
Inventories		(339,995)	273,523
Prepayments		(14,978)	2,944
Other current assets		(6,954)	5,122
Other non-current assets		1,250	(3,445)
Changes in operating liabilities
Current contract liabilities		(13,458)	(2,889)
Notes payable		(1,638)	(43,304)
Accounts payable		8,014	18,841
Other payables		(36,549)	89,350
Provisions		(26,002)	(56,610)
Other current liabilities		18,692	781
Net defined benefit liabilities		53	-
Cash inflow generated from operations		1,236,948	2,296,729
Interest received		8,342	9,151
Interest paid		(129,554)	(146,891)
Income taxes paid		(22,850)	(289,673)
Net cash flows from operating activities		1,092,886	1,869,316

(Continued)

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024
(Expressed in thousands of New Taiwan dollars)

	Notes	Year ended December 31
		2025	2024
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Acquisition of non-current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		($ 91,368)	($ 35,941)
Proceeds from disposal of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		91,925	-
Acquisition of financial assets at amortised cost		( 7,979)	( 2,533)
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment	6(30)	( 336,812)	( 481,362)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment	6(30)	1,627	16,377
Acquisition of intangible assets	6(8)	( 18,081)	( 3,315)
Capitalized interest payments	6(6)(26)(30)	( 4,010)	( 6,044)
Acquisition of other non-current assets		( 5,649)	-
Decrease in refundable deposits		6,644	9,656
Net cash flows used in investing activities		( 363,703)	( 503,162)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Increase in short-term loans	6(31)	3,595,127	1,398,153
Decrease in short-term loans	6(31)	( 2,372,250)	( 1,360,210)
Proceeds from long-term debt	6(31)	1,511,670	90,000
Repayments of long-term debt	6(31)	( 983,287)	( 1,935,262)
Repayments of lease liabilities	6(31)	( 4,900)	( 6,189)
Payments to acquire treasury shares	6(17)(30)	( 950,208)	( 13,216)
Treasury shares transferred to employees		-	89,245
Cash used for acquiring non-controlling interest of subsidiary	6(21)	45,000	-
Cash dividends paid	6(31)	( 504,381)	( 428,510)
Proceeds from issuing shares	6(17)	-	1,717,305
Disgorgement exercised		-	7
Net cash flows from (used in) financing activities		336,771	( 448,677)
Effects of foreign exchange rates		( 6,901)	( 1,036)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		1,059,053	916,441
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		2,153,486	1,237,045
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		$ 3,212,539	$ 2,153,486

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

(Expressed in thousands of New Taiwan dollars, except as otherwise indicated)

1. History and Organization

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. (the “Company”) was incorporated as a company limited by shares under the provisions of the Company Act of the Republic of China (R.O.C.) in June 1994, and the shares of the Company were officially listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange in May 2024. The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively referred herein as the “Group”) are primarily engaged in forging, manufacturing, processing and trading of aircraft components, vehicles and motorcycle components, aluminium-copper, steel-titanium alloys, hardware parts, and mold coupler.

2. The Date of Authorization for Issuance of the Financial Statements and Procedures for Authorization

These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on March 2, 2026.

3. Application of New Standards, Amendments and Interpretations

(1) Effect of the adoption of new issuances of or amendments to International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS®”) Accounting Standards that came into effect as endorsed by the Financial Supervisory Commission (“FSC”)

New standards, interpretations and amendments endorsed by the FSC and became effective from 2025 are as follows:

New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments	Effective date by International Accounting Standards Board
Amendments to IAS 21, ‘Lack of exchangeability’	January 1, 2025

The above standards and interpretations have no significant impact to the Group’s financial condition and financial performance based on the Group’s assessment.

(2) Effect of new issuances of or amendments to IFRS Accounting Standards as endorsed by the FSC but not yet adopted by the Group

New standards, interpretations and amendments endorsed by the FSC effective from 2026 are as follows:

The above standards and interpretations have no significant impact to the Group's financial condition and financial performance based on the Group's assessment.

(3) IFRS Accounting Standards issued by IASB but not yet endorsed by the FSC

New standards, interpretations and amendments issued by IASB but not yet included in the IFRS Accounting Standards as endorsed by the FSC are as follows:

New Standards, Interpretations and Amendments	Effective date by International Accounting Standards Board
Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28, ‘Sale or contribution of assets between an investor and its associate or joint venture’	To be determined by International Accounting Standards Board
IFRS 18, ‘Presentation and disclosure in financial statements’	January 1, 2027(Note)
IFRS 19, ‘Subsidiaries without public accountability: disclosures’	January 1, 2027
Amendments to IAS 21, ‘Translation to a Hyperinflationary Presentation Currency’	January 1, 2027

Note : The FSC has announced in a press release on September 25, 2025 that public companies will apply IFRS 18 starting from the fiscal year 2028. Additionally, entities can choose to adopt IFRS 18 earlier based on their requirements after the FSC endorses IFRS 18.

Except for the following, the above standards and interpretations have no significant impact to the Group's financial condition and financial performance based on the Group's assessment. The quantitative impact will be disclosed when the assessment is complete.

IFRS 18, 'Presentation and disclosure in financial statements'

IFRS 18, 'Presentation and disclosure in financial statements' replaces IAS 1. The standard introduces a defined structure of the statement of profit or loss, disclosure requirements related to management-defined performance measures, and enhanced principles on aggregation and disaggregation which apply to the primary financial statements and notes.

Summary of Material Accounting Policies

The principal accounting policies adopted are consistent with Note 4 in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025, except for the compliance statement, basis of preparation, basis of consolidation and additional policies as set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the periods presented, unless otherwise stated.

(1) Compliance statement

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with the "Regulations Governing the Preparation of Financial Reports by Securities Issuers".

(2) Basis of preparation

A. Except for the following items, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention:

(a) Financial assets and financial liabilities (including derivative instruments) at fair value through profit or loss.

(b) Defined benefit liabilities recognized based on the net amount of pension fund assets less present value of defined benefit obligation.

B. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 5.

(3) Basis of consolidation

A. Basis for preparation of consolidated financial statements:

(a) All subsidiaries are included in the Group's consolidated financial statements. Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Consolidation of subsidiaries begins from the date the Group obtains control of the subsidiaries and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiaries.

(b) Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses on transactions between companies within the Group are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

(c) Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the parent and to the non-controlling interests. Total comprehensive income is attributed to the owners of the parent and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

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(d) Changes in a parent's ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in the parent losing control of the subsidiary (transactions with non-controlling interests) are accounted for as equity transactions, i.e. transactions with owners in their capacity as owners. Any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognized directly in equity.

(e) When the Group loses control of a subsidiary, the Group remeasures any investment retained in the former subsidiary at its fair value. That fair value is regarded as the fair value on initial recognition of a financial asset or the cost on initial recognition of the associate or joint venture. Any difference between fair value and carrying amount is recognized in profit or loss. All amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to the subsidiary are reclassified to profit or loss on the same basis as would be required if the related assets or liabilities were disposed of. That is, when the Group loses control of a subsidiary, all gains or losses previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to the subsidiary should be reclassified from equity to profit or loss, if such gains or losses would be reclassified to profit or loss when the related assets or liabilities are disposed of.

B. Subsidiaries included in the consolidated financial statements:

Name of investor	Name of subsidiary	Main business activities	Ownership(%)		Description
			December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	SuperAlloy Manufaktur GmbH. (SAMF)	Coating and processing of vehicle components, European Logistics Centre	100%	100%
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	Jiayi Co., Ltd.	Casting of aluminum	85%	0%	Note

Note: To expand the application of recycled aluminum products and enhance the Company's growth momentum of future business, on October 1, 2024, the Board of Directors resolved to invest and establish the subsidiary, Jiayi Co., Ltd.. The shareholding ratio of the investment was 85% with an investment amount of $255,000 thousand, and the registration was approved by the competent authority on April 28, 2025.

C. Subsidiaries not included in the consolidated financial statements: None.

D. Adjustments for subsidiaries with different balance sheet dates: None.

E. Significant restrictions

None.

F. Subsidiaries that have non-controlling interests that are material to the Group:

None.

(4) Foreign currency translation

The consolidated financial statements are presented in New Taiwan dollars, which is the Company's functional currency.

A. Foreign currency transactions and balances

(a) Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are remeasured. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

(b) Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the period end are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising upon re-translation at the balance sheet date are recognized in profit or loss.

(c) Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies held at fair value through profit or loss are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date; their translation differences are recognized in profit or loss. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies held at fair value through other comprehensive income are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date; their translation differences are recognized in other comprehensive income. However, non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are not measured at fair value are translated using the historical exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

(d) All foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement of comprehensive income within 'other gains and losses'.

B. Translation of foreign operations

The operating results and financial position of all the group entities that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

(a) Assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing exchange rate at the date of that balance sheet;

(b) Income and expenses for each statement of comprehensive income are translated at average exchange rates of that period; and

(5) Classification of current and non-current items

A. Assets that meet one of the following criteria are classified as current assets; otherwise they are classified as non-current assets:

(a) Assets that are expected to be realised, or are intended to be sold or consumed in the normal

~22~

operating cycle;

(b) Assets that are held primarily for the purpose of trading;
(c) Assets that are expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting period;
(d) Cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents and those that are to be exchanged or used to settle liabilities for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

B. Liabilities that meet one of the following criteria are classified as current liabilities; otherwise they are classified as non-current liabilities:

(a) Liabilities that are expected to be settled in the normal operating cycle;
(b) Liabilities that are held primarily for the purpose of trading;
(c) Liabilities that are due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period;
(d) It does not have the right at the end of the reporting period to defer settlement of the liability at least twelve months after the reporting period.

(6) Cash equivalents

Cash equivalents refer to short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Time deposits that meet the definition above and are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments in operations are classified as cash equivalents.

(7) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

A. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are financial assets that are not measured at amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income. Financial assets at amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income are designated as at fair value through profit or loss at initial recognition when they eliminate or significantly reduce a measurement or recognition inconsistency.
B. On a regular way purchase or sale basis, financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognised and derecognised using trade date accounting.
C. At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial assets at fair value and recognises the transaction costs in profit or loss. The Group subsequently measures the financial assets at fair value, and recognises the gain or loss in profit or loss.
D. The Group recognises the dividend income when the right to receive payment is established, future economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Group and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably.

(8) Financial assets at amortized cost

A. Financial assets at amortized cost are those that meet all of the following criteria:

(a) The objective of the Group's business model is achieved by collecting contractual cash flows.
(b) The assets' contractual cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest.

B. On a regular way purchase or sale basis, financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognized and derecognized using trade date accounting.

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C. At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial assets at fair value plus transaction costs. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest method. A gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired.

D. The Group’s time deposits which do not fall under cash equivalents are those with a short maturity period and are measured at initial investment amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

(9) Accounts and notes receivable

A. Accounts and notes receivable entitle the Group a legal right to receive consideration in exchange for transferred goods or rendered services.

B. The short-term accounts and notes receivable without bearing interest are subsequently measured at initial invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

(10) Impairment of financial assets

For financial assets at amortized cost including accounts receivable or contract assets that have a significant financing component, at each reporting date, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for 12 months expected credit losses if there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or recognizes the impairment provision for the lifetime expected credit losses (ECLs) if such credit risk has increased since initial recognition after taking into consideration all reasonable and verifiable information that includes forecasts. On the other hand, for accounts receivable or contract assets that do not contain a significant financing component, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for lifetime ECLs.

(11) Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the financial asset expire.

(12) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted-average method. The cost of finished goods and work in progress comprises raw materials, direct labor, other direct costs and related production overheads which are allocated based on normal operating capacity. It excludes borrowing costs. The item by item approach is used in applying the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(13) Property, plant and equipment

A. Property, plant and equipment are initially recorded at cost. Borrowing costs incurred during the construction period are capitalized.

B. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the

~24~

replaced part is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred.

C. Land is not depreciated. Other property, plant and equipment apply cost model and are depreciated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost over their estimated useful lives. Each part of an item of property, plant, and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item must be depreciated separately.

D. The assets' residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each financial year-end. If expectations for the assets' residual values and useful lives differ from previous estimates or the patterns of consumption of the assets' future economic benefits embodied in the assets have changed significantly, any change is accounted for as a change in estimate under IAS 8, 'Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors', from the date of the change. The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

Land improvements	3 ~ 11 years
Buildings and structures	2 ~ 51 years
Machinery and equipment	1 ~ 18 years
Utility equipment	2 ~ 25 years
Other equipment	1 ~ 16 years

(14) Leasing arrangements (lessee) — right-of-use assets / lease liabilities

A. Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability at the date at which the leased asset is available for use by the Group. For short-term leases or leases of low-value assets, lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

B. Lease liabilities include the net present value of the remaining lease payments at the commencement date, discounted using the incremental borrowing interest rate.

Lease payments are comprised of fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable.

The Group subsequently measures the lease liability at amortized cost using the interest method and recognizes interest expense over the lease term. The lease liability is remeasured and the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset when there are changes in the lease term or lease payments and such changes do not arise from contract modifications.

C. At the commencement date, the right-of-use asset is stated at cost comprising the following:

(a) The amount of the initial measurement of lease liability;

(b) Any lease payments made at or before the commencement date;

The right-of-use asset is measured subsequently using the cost model and is depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the asset's useful life or the end of the

~25~

lease term. When the lease liability is remeasured, the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

(15) Intangible assets

A. Trademarks and patents

Separately acquired trademarks and patents are stated at historical cost. Trademarks and patents have a finite useful life and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 3 to 21 years.

B. Computer software

Computer software is stated at acquisition cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of 3~7 years.

(16) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Group assesses at each balance sheet date the recoverable amounts of those assets where there is an indication that they are impaired. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell or value in use. When the circumstances or reasons for recognizing impairment loss for an asset in prior years no longer exist or diminish, the impairment loss is reversed. The increased carrying amount due to reversal should not be more than what the depreciated or amortized historical cost would have been if the impairment had not been recognized.

(17) Borrowings

Borrowings comprise long-term and short-term bank borrowings. Borrowings are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

(18) Accounts and notes payable

A. Accounts payable are liabilities for purchases of raw materials, goods or services and notes payable are those resulting from operating and non-operating activities.

B. The short-term notes and accounts payable without bearing interest are subsequently measured at initial invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

(19) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

A. Financial liabilities are classified in this category of held for trading if acquired principally for the purpose of repurchasing in the short-term. Derivatives are also categorized as financial liabilities held for trading unless they are designated as hedges or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities that meet one of the following criteria are designated as at fair value through profit or loss at initial recognition:

(a) Hybrid (combined) contracts; or
(b) They eliminate or significantly reduce a measurement or recognition inconsistency; or

~26~

(c) They are managed and their performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management policy.

B At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial liabilities at fair value. All related transaction costs are recognized in profit or loss. The Group subsequently measures these financial liabilities at fair value with any gain or loss recognized in profit or loss.

(20) Derecognition of financial liabilities

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation specified in the contract is either discharged or cancelled or expires.

(21) Offsetting financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and reported in the net amount in the balance sheet when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

(22) Non-hedging and embedded derivatives

A. Non-hedging derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and recorded as financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss. They are subsequently remeasured at fair value and the gains or losses are recognized in profit or loss.

B. Under the financial assets, the hybrid contracts embedded with derivatives are initially recognized as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and financial assets at amortized cost based on the contract terms.

C. Under the non-financial assets, whether the hybrid contracts embedded with derivatives are accounted for separately at initial recognition is based on whether the economic characteristics and risks of an embedded derivative are closely related in the host contract. When they are closely related, the entire hybrid instrument is accounted for by its nature in accordance with the applicable standard. When they are not closely related, the derivative is accounted for differently from the host contract as derivative while the host contract is accounted for by its nature in accordance with the applicable standard. Alternatively, the entire hybrid instrument is designated as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss upon initial recognition.

(23) Provisions

A. Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, and it is probable that an outflow of economic resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount of the obligation can be reliably estimated. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation on the balance sheet date, which is discounted using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognized as interest expense. Provisions are not recognized for future operating losses.

~27~

B. Under the Climate Change Response Act and its regulations in the ROC, carbon fees levied are not applicable under IFRIC 21, ‘Levies’ but are recognised and measured in accordance with IAS 37, ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’. If the estimated annual emissions are probable to exceed the threshold for levying, liabilities in relation to emission fees are estimated and accrued based on the proportion of emissions already incurred to the estimated annual emissions in the interim financial statements.

(24) Employee benefits

A. Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in respect of service rendered by employees in a period and should be recognized as expense in that period when the employees render service.

B. Pensions

(a) Defined contribution plans

For defined contribution plans, the contributions are recognized as pension expense when they are due on an accrual basis. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent of a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments.

(b) Defined benefit plans

i. Net obligation under a defined benefit plan is defined as the present value of an amount of pension benefits that employees will receive on retirement for their services with the Group in current period or prior periods. The liability recognized in the balance sheet in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date less the fair value of plan assets. The net defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The rate used to discount is determined by using interest rates of government bonds (at the balance sheet date) of a currency and term consistent with the currency and term of the employment benefit obligations.

ii. Remeasurements arising on defined benefit plans are recognized in other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise and are recorded as retained earnings.

C. Employees’ compensation and directors’ and supervisors’ remuneration

Employees’ compensation and directors’ and supervisors’ remuneration are recognized as expense and liability, provided that such recognition is required under legal or constructive obligation and those amounts can be reliably estimated. Any difference between the resolved amounts and the subsequently actual distributed amounts is accounted for as changes in estimates. If employee compensation is paid by shares, the Group calculates the number of shares based on the closing price at the previous day of the board meeting resolution.

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(25) Employee share-based payment

For the equity-settled share-based payment arrangements, the employee services received are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments granted at the grant date, and are recognized as compensation cost over the vesting period, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. The fair value of the equity instruments granted shall reflect the impact of market vesting conditions and non-vesting conditions. Compensation cost is subject to adjustment based on the service conditions that are expected to be satisfied and the estimates of the number of equity instruments that are expected to vest under the non-market vesting conditions at each balance sheet date. Ultimately, the amount of compensation cost recognized is based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest.

(26) Income tax

A. The tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or items recognized directly in equity, in which cases the tax is recognized in other comprehensive income or equity.

B. The current income tax expense is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in accordance with applicable tax regulations. It establishes provisions where appropriate based on the amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities. An additional tax is levied on the unappropriated retained earnings and is recorded as income tax expense in the year the stockholders resolve to retain the earnings.

C. Deferred tax is recognized, using the balance sheet liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet. However, the deferred tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.

D. Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. At each balance sheet date, unrecognized and recognized deferred tax assets are reassessed.

E. Current income tax assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset on the balance sheet when the entity has the legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and they are levied by the same taxation authority on either the same entity that intend to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

~29~

F. A deferred tax asset shall be recognized for the carryforward of unused tax credits resulting from acquisitions of equipment or technology, research and development expenditures, personnel training expenditures and equity investments to the extent that it is possible that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax credits can be utilized.

(27) Share capital

A. Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or stock options are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

B. Where the Company repurchases the Company’s equity share capital that has been issued, the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs (net of income taxes) is deducted from equity attributable to the Company’s equity holders. Where such shares are subsequently reissued, the difference between their book value and any consideration received, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and the related income tax effects, is included in equity attributable to the Company’s equity holders.

(28) Dividends

Cash dividends are recorded as liabilities in the Group’s financial statements in the period in which they are resolved by the Company’s Board of Directors. Stock dividends are recorded as stock dividends to be distributed and are reclassified to ordinary shares on the effective date of new shares issuance.

(29) Revenue recognition

The Group manufactures and sells forging wheel products. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable taking into account of value-added tax, returns, rebates and discounts for the sale of goods to external customers in the ordinary course of the Group’s activities. The products are often sold with volume discounts based on aggregate sales over a 12-month period. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the volume discounts, using the expected value method, and revenue is only recognised to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal will not occur. The estimation is subject to an assessment at each reporting date. Revenue arising from the sales of goods should be recognised when the Group has delivered the goods to the customer, the amount of sales revenue can be measured reliably and it is probable that the future economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. The delivery of goods is completed when the control of ownership has been transferred to the customer, the Group retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold, and the customer has accepted the goods based on the sales contract or there is objective evidence showing that all acceptance provisions have been satisfied.

~30~

(30) Government grants

Government grants are recognized at their fair value only when there is reasonable assurance that the Group will comply with any conditions attached to the grants and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognized in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Group recognizes expenses for the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Government grants related to property, plant and equipment are recognized as non-current liabilities and are amortized to profit or loss over the estimated useful lives of the related assets using the straight-line method.

(31) Operating segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The Group’s chief operating decision-maker is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments.

Critical Accounting Judgements, Estimates and Key Sources of Assumption Uncertainty

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make critical judgements in applying the Group’s accounting policies and make critical assumptions and estimates concerning future events. Assumptions and estimates may differ from the actual results and are continually evaluated and adjusted based on historical experience and other factors. Such assumptions and estimates have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year; and the related information is addressed below:

(1) Critical judgements in applying the Group’s accounting policies

None.

(2) Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

Evaluation of inventories

As inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value, the Group must determine the net realizable value of inventories on balance sheet date using judgements and estimates. Due to the rapid technology innovation, the Group evaluates the amounts of normal inventory consumption, obsolete inventories or inventories without market selling value on balance sheet date, and writes down the cost of inventories to the net realizable value. There might be material changes to the evaluation of inventories.

As of December 31, 2025, the carrying amount of inventories was $6,306,682 thousand.

Details of Significant Accounts

(1) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash on hand and revolving funds

Checking accounts and demand deposits

Time deposits

December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
$ 368	$ 382
1,667,091	1,418,454
1,545,080	734,650
$ 3,212,539	$ 2,153,486

A. The Group transacts with a variety of financial institutions all with high credit quality to disperse credit risk, so it expects that the probability of counterparty default is remote.

B. The Group’s time deposits with maturity date over 3 months and time deposits pledged as collateral have been reclassified under “financial assets at amortised cost”, please refer to Notes 6(3) and 8.

(2) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Current items:
Financial assets mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
-Fund	$ 13,545	$ 22,280
Valuation adjustment	( 2,387)	( 2,965)
	$ 11,158	$ 19,315
Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
-Derivative instruments	$ -	$ 66
Non-current items:
Financial assets mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
-Unlisted stocks and equity interests	$ 54,115	$ 35,941
	$ 54,115	$ 35,941

A. Amounts recognised in profit or loss in relation to financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are listed below:

	2025	2024
Net gains on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss	$ 10,640	$ 45,801

B. The non-hedging derivative instruments transaction and contract information are as follows: For the year ended December 31, 2025: None.

Derivative financial instruments	December 31, 2024
	Contract notional principal		Contract period
Current items:
Forward exchange contracts	EUR	2,000 thousand	2024.12.17~2025.12.19

The Group entered into cross currency swaps to hedge exchange rate risk of fund transferring demand. However, these cross currency swaps are not accounted for under hedge accounting.

C. Information relating to credit risk of financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss is provided in Note 12(2).

(3) Financial assets at amortized cost

Items	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Non-current items:
Pledged time deposits	$ 43,459	$ 35,480

A. Amounts recognized in profit or loss in relation to financial assets at amortized cost are listed below:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Interest income	$ 1,521	$ 1,501

B. As at December 31, 2025 and 2024, without taking into account any collateral held or other credit enhancements, the maximum exposure to credit risk in respect of the amount that best represents the financial assets at amortized cost held by the Group was $43,459 thousand and $35,480 thousand, respectively.

C. Details of the Company’s financial assets at amortized cost pledged to others as collateral are provided in Note 8.

D. Information relating to credit risk of financial assets at amortized cost is provided in Note 12(2). The counterparties of the Group’s investments in certificates of deposits are financial institutions with high credit quality, so the Group expects that the probability of counterparty default is remote.

(4) Accounts receivable

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Notes receivable	$ -	$ 930
Accounts receivable	$ 762,515	$ 1,055,024
Less: Allowance for bad debts	( 732)	( 677)
	$ 761,783	$ 1,054,347

A. The ageing analysis of accounts receivable that were past due but not impaired is as follows:

	December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
	Accounts receivable	Notes receivable	Accounts receivable	Other notes receivable
Not past due	$ 722,071	$ -	$ 992,055	$ 930
Up to 30 days	32,135	-	50,669	-
31 to 90 days	1,957	-	6,148	-
91 to 180 days	4,771	-	4,553	-
181 to 365 days	981	-	1,304	-
Over 1 year	600	-	295	-
	$ 762,515	$ -	$ 1,055,024	$ 930

The above ageing analysis was based on past due date.

B. As at December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and January 1, 2024, the balances of receivables from contracts with customers amounted to $762,515 thousand, $1,055,954 thousand and $1,031,789 thousand, respectively.

C. As at December 31, 2025 and 2024, without taking into account any collateral held or other credit enhancements, the maximum exposure to credit risk in respect of the amount that best represents the Group's notes and accounts receivable was $0 thousand and $930 thousand; $761,783 thousand and $1,054,347 thousand, respectively.

D. The Group has no notes and accounts receivable pledged to others.

E. Information relating to credit risk of accounts receivable is provided in Note 12(2).

(5) Inventories

	December 31, 2025
	Cost	Allowance for valuation loss	Book value
Raw materials	$ 4,269,321	($ 113,776)	$ 4,155,545
Work in progress	1,265,755	( 93,735)	1,172,020
Finished goods	1,224,856	( 245,739)	979,117
	$ 6,759,932	($ 453,250)	$ 6,306,682

~35~

December 31, 2024

	Cost	Allowance for valuation loss	Book value
Raw materials	$ 3,792,908	($ 128,356)	$ 3,664,552
Work in progress	1,377,764	( 159,685)	1,218,079
Finished goods	1,341,605	( 230,022)	1,111,583
	$ 6,512,277	($ 518,063)	$ 5,994,214

The cost of inventories recognized as expense for the period:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Cost of goods sold	$ 5,374,554	$ 5,255,482
Unallocated fixed overhead expense	212,180	247,526
Gain on reversal of slow-moving inventories and decline in market value	( 64,813)	( 61,806)
Others	( 28,668)	28,684
	$ 5,493,253	$ 5,469,886

The Group reversed a previous inventory write-down because of the sale of obsolete and slow-moving inventories and inventories which were previously provided with allowance for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(Remainder of page intentionally left blank)

(6) Property, plant and equipment

Year ended December 31, 2025	Beginning balance	Additions	Decreases	Transfers	Net exchange differences	Ending balance
Cost
Land	$ 2,546,940	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 1,704	$ 2,548,644
Land improvements	31,191	-	( 28,795)	-	-	2,396
Buildings and structures	2,864,936	5,290	( 66,562)	364	22,045	2,826,073
Machinery and equipment	4,985,181	147,203	( 358,358)	255,310	23,482	5,052,818
Utilities equipment	861,690	2,631	( 141,452)	1,087	-	723,956
Other equipment	681,327	84,377	( 303,368)	27,013	3,339	492,688
Unfinished construction and equipment under acceptance	257,642	112,969	-	( 256,247)	640	115,004
	$ 12,228,907	$ 352,470	($ 898,535)	$ 27,527	$ 51,210	$ 11,761,579
Accumulated depreciation
Land improvements	($ 29,721)	($ 411)	$ 28,796	$ -	$ -	($ 1,336)
Buildings and structures	( 1,003,471)	( 86,655)	66,561	-	( 6,405)	( 1,029,970)
Machinery and equipment	( 2,383,628)	( 562,197)	355,533	-	( 17,464)	( 2,607,756)
Utilities equipment	( 557,510)	( 61,629)	141,452	-	-	( 477,687)
Other equipment	( 435,173)	( 125,930)	303,368	-	( 2,370)	( 260,105)
	($ 4,409,503)	($ 836,822)	$ 895,710	$ -	($ 26,239)	($ 4,376,854)
Book value	$ 7,819,404					$ 7,384,725

~36~

Year ended December 31,2024	Beginningbalance	Additions	Decreases	Transfers	Net exchange differences	Ending balance
Cost
Land	$ 2,546,841	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 99	$ 2,546,940
Land improvements	31,191	-	-	-	-	31,191
Buildings and structures	2,859,321	3,005	-	1,333	1,277	2,864,936
Machinery and equipment	5,817,386	82,076	(1,280,042)	364,459	1,302	4,985,181
Utilities equipment	855,257	5,607	-	825	-	861,689
Other equipment	729,526	72,055	(95,695)	(24,671)	112	681,327
Unfinished construction andequipment under acceptance	379,430	247,211	-	(368,996)	(2)	257,643
	$ 13,218,952	$ 409,954	($ 1,375,737)	($ 27,050)	$ 2,788	$ 12,228,907
Accumulated depreciation
Land improvements	$ 28,276	$ 1,445	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 29,721
Buildings and structures	917,094	86,263	-	-	114	1,003,471
Machinery and equipment	3,044,802	615,072	(1,276,559)	-	313	2,383,628
Utilities equipment	495,598	61,912	-	-	-	557,510
Other equipment	393,915	136,912	(95,695)	-	41	435,173
	$ 4,879,685	$ 901,604	($ 1,372,254)	$ -	$ 468	$ 4,409,503
Book value	$ 8,339,267					$ 7,819,404

Note: The aforementioned property, plant and equipment were all for its own use.

A. Amount of borrowing costs capitalized as part of property, plant and equipment and the range of the interest rates for such capitalization are as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Amount capitalised	$ 4,010	$ 6,044
Range of the interest rates for capitalisation	1.83%~2.16%	1.55%~2.07%

B. The amount of transfers for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 pertained to the completion of acceptance of the construction in progress and equipment under acceptance, the items which belonged to equipment in nature transferred from inventories and the items which belonged to intangible assets, etc. in nature transferred to related accounts.

C. Information about the property, plant and equipment that were pledged to others as collaterals is provided in Note 8.

D. The Group acquired land with nos. #407, #408, #409, #410, #411, Huxi Section, Douliu City, Yunlin County, with a total book value of $50,145 thousand. The land is adjacent to the industrial zone, which is currently used for the Group’s business. As the lands are farmlands which cannot be transferred to the Group, the ownership is under the name of other parties. The Group retains the original certificate of the land ownership and has a trust agreement with the nominal owner. The two parties have agreed, before the ownership registration, that the nominal owner shall not transfer the ownership to any third party nor set up any mortgage.

(7) Leasing arrangements—lessee

A. The Group leases various assets including land, buildings and forklifts. Rental contracts are typically made for periods of 2 to 5 years. Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a wide range of different terms and conditions. The lease agreements do not impose covenants, but leased assets may not be used as security for borrowing purposes.

B. The Group’s short-term leases pertain to land improvements, dormitories and forklift trucks.

C. The carrying amount of right-of-use assets and the depreciation charge are as follows:

| | December 31, 2025
Carrying amount | December 31, 2024
Carrying amount |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Land | $ 1,136 | $ 2,272 |
| Buildings | 3,540 | 3,982 |
| Transportation equipment (forklifts) | 1,029 | 5,160 |
| | $ 5,705 | $ 11,414 |

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
	Depreciation charge	Depreciation charge
Land	$ 1,136	$ 1,136
Buildings	442	1,152
Transportation equipment (forklifts)	3,317	3,941
	$ 4,895	$ 6,229

D. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the additions to right-of-use assets were $0 thousand and $10,961 thousand, respectively.

E. The information on profit and loss accounts relating to lease contracts is as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Items affecting profit or loss
Interest expense on lease liabilities	$ 133	$ 184
Expense on short-term lease contracts	8,382	10,146
	$ 8,515	$ 10,330

F. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Group's total cash outflow for leases were $13,415 thousand and $16,519 thousand, respectively.

(8) Intangible assets

Year ended December 31, 2025

Cost	Beginning balance	Additions	Amortizations	Transfers	Ending balance
Computer software	$ 7,415	$ 18,081	($ 6,897)	$ 8,289	$ 26,888
Intangible assets	838	-	( 83)	-	755
Book value	$ 8,253	$ 18,081	($ 6,980)	$ 8,289	$ 27,643
Year ended December 31, 2024
Cost	Beginning balance	Additions	Amortizations	Transfers	Ending balance
---	---	---	---	---	---
Computer software	$ 12,596	$ 3,304	($ 8,635)	$ 150	$ 7,415
Intangible assets	1,047	11	( 240)	20	838
Book value	$ 13,643	$ 3,315	($ 8,875)	$ 170	$ 8,253

Details of amortization on intangible assets are as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Operating costs	$ 730	$ 719
Selling expenses	863	863
General and administrative expenses	2,801	4,758
Research and development expenses	2,586	2,535
	$ 6,980	$ 8,875
(9) Other non-current assets
	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Prepayments for business facilities	$ 64,505	$ 59,135
Guarantee deposits paid	29,217	35,861
Others	5,638	9,528
	$ 99,360	$ 104,524
(10) Short-term borrowings
Type of borrowings	December 31, 2025	Interest rate range
Unsecured borrowings	$ 2,252,056	1.70%~4.50%
Type of borrowings	December 31, 2024	Interest rate range
Unsecured borrowings	$ 1,003,535	1.78%~5.40%
		Collateral
		None
		Collateral
		None

Information about interest expense recognized in profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is provided in Note 6(26).

(11) Notes payable

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Notes payable – general	$ 304,100	$ 305,738
Notes payable – payment for equipment	31,225	24,659
	$ 335,325	$ 330,397

(12) Other payables

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Wages and salaries payable	$ 183,277	$ 188,508
Freight payable	102,068	91,768
Utilities expense payable	51,093	35,872
Payable on machinery and equipment	48,289	37,837
Processing fees payable	46,729	51,373
Employees’ compensation and directors’ and supervisors’ remuneration payable	38,690	63,092
Environmental protection expense payable	24,238	29,184
Labour and health insurance fees payable	23,065	22,125
Treasury shares payable	18,275	81,341
Interest payable	10,562	6,164
Commission payable	9,534	10,426
Other payables, others	117,927	137,083
	$ 673,747	$ 754,773

(13) Long-term borrowings

Type of borrowings	Borrowing period and repayment term	Interest rate range	Collateral	December 31, 2025
Long-term bank borrowings
Secured borrowings	Borrowings are repayable in installments before March 2040	1.38%~ 4.83%	Property, plant and equipment	$ 3,766,916
Unsecured borrowings	Borrowings are repayable in installments before August 2028	1.33%~ 1.89%	None
				2,061,140
				5,828,056
Less: Gains on deferred government grants				( 552)
Less: Current portion				( 1,054,706)
				$ 4,772,798

Type of borrowings	Borrowing period and repayment term	Interest rate range	Collateral	December 31, 2024
Long-term bank borrowings
Secured borrowings	Borrowings are repayable in installments before March 2040	1.38%~ 2.70%	Property, plant and equipment	$ 3,139,403
Unsecured borrowings	Borrowings are repayable in installments before March 2028	1.33%~ 1.89%	None
				2,153,056
				5,292,459
Less: Gains on deferred government grants				( 4,289)
Less: Current portion				( 1,027,626)
				$ 4,260,544

Details of interest expense recognised in profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are provided in Note 6(26).

(14) Pensions

A. (a) The Group has a defined benefit pension plan in accordance with the Labor Standards Act, covering all regular employees' service years prior to the enforcement of the Labor Pension Act on July 1, 2005 and service years thereafter of employees who chose to continue to be subject to the pension mechanism under the Labor Standards Act. Under the defined benefit pension plan, two units are accrued for each year of service for the first 15 years and one unit for each additional year thereafter, subject to a maximum of 45 units. Pension benefits are based on the number of units accrued and the average monthly salaries and wages of the last 6 months prior to retirement. The Group contributes monthly an amount equal to 2% of the employees' monthly salaries and wages to the retirement fund deposited with Bank of Taiwan, the trustee, under the name of the independent retirement fund committee. Also, the Group would assess the balance in the aforementioned labor pension reserve account by the end of December 31, every year. If the account balance is insufficient to pay the pension calculated by the aforementioned method to the employees expected to qualify for retirement in the following year, the Group will make contributions for the deficit by next March.

(b) The amounts recognized in the balance sheet are as follows:

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Present value of defined benefit obligations	$ 54,804	$ 39,861
Fair value of plan assets	( 22,401)	( 20,323)
Net defined benefit liability	$ 32,403	$ 19,538

	Present value of defined benefit obligations	Fair value of plan assets	Net defined benefit liability
2025
At January 1	$ 39,861	($ 20,323)	$ 19,538
Current service cost	(48)	-	(48)
Interest expense (income)	648	(338)	310
	40,461	(20,661)	19,800
Remeasurements:
Return on plan assets	-	(1,425)	(1,425)
Change in demographic assumptions	68	-	68
Change in financial assumptions	1,432	-	1,432
Experience adjustments	12,843	-	12,843
	14,343	(1,425)	12,918
Pension fund contribution	-	(315)	(315)
At December 31	$ 54,804	($ 22,401)	$ 32,403
	Present value of defined benefit obligations	Fair value of plan assets	Net defined benefit liability
2024
At January 1	$ 41,367	($ 18,697)	$ 22,670
Current service cost	86	-	86
Interest expense (income)	511	(236)	275
	41,964	(18,933)	23,031
Remeasurements:
Return on plan assets	-	(1,794)	(1,794)
Change in demographic assumptions	(1)	-	(1)
Change in financial assumptions	(1,621)	-	(1,621)
Experience adjustments	284	-	284
	(1,338)	(1,794)	(3,132)
Pension fund contribution	-	(361)	(361)
Paid pension	(765)	765	-
At December 31	$ 39,861	($ 20,323)	$ 19,538

(d) The Bank of Taiwan was commissioned to manage the Fund of the Group's defined benefit pension plan in accordance with the Fund's annual investment and utilization plan and the "Regulations for Revenues, Expenditures, Safeguard and Utilization of the Labor Retirement Fund" (Article 6: The scope of utilization for the Fund includes deposit in domestic or foreign financial institutions, investment in domestic or foreign listed, over-the-counter, or private

placement equity securities, investment in domestic or foreign real estate securitization products, etc.). With regard to the utilization of the Fund, its minimum earnings in the annual distributions on the final financial statements shall be no less than the earnings attainable from the amounts accrued from two-year time deposits with the interest rates offered by local banks. If the earnings is less than aforementioned rates, government shall make payment for the deficit after being authorized by the Regulator. The Group has no right to participate in managing and operating that fund and hence the Group is unable to disclose the classification of plan assets fair value in accordance with IAS 19 paragraph 142. The composition of fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 is given in the Annual Labor Retirement Fund Utilization Report announced by the government.

(e) The principal actuarial assumptions used were as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Discount rate	1.40%	1.65%
Future salary increases	2.00%	2.00%

Assumptions regarding future mortality rate are set based on the 6th and 5th Taiwan Standard Ordinary Experience Mortality Table.

Because the main actuarial assumption changed, the present value of defined benefit obligation is affected. The analysis was as follows:

	Discount rate		Future salary increases
	Increase 0.25%	Decrease 0.25%	Increase 0.25%	Decrease 0.25%
December 31, 2025
Effect on present value of defined benefit obligation	($ 1,433)	$ 1,486	$ 1,474	($ 1,428)
December 31, 2024
Effect on present value of defined benefit obligation	($ 967)	$ 1,002	$ 996	($ 966)

The sensitivity analysis above is based on one assumption which changed while the other conditions remain unchanged. In practice, more than one assumption may change all at once. The method of analysing sensitivity and the method of calculating net pension liability in the balance sheet are the same.

The methods and types of assumptions used in preparing the sensitivity analysis did not change compared to the previous period.

(f) Expected contributions to the defined benefit pension plans of the Group for the year ending December 31, 2026 amount to $1,512 thousand.

(g) As of December 31, 2025, the weighted average duration of the retirement plan is 10 years. The analysis of timing of the future pension payment was as follows:

Within 1 year	$	1,189
1-2 year(s)		1,503
2-5 years		8,479
Over 5 years		52,402
	$	63,573

B. (a) Effective July 1, 2005, the Company has established a defined contribution pension plan (the "New Plan") under the Labor Pension Act (the "Act"), covering all regular employees with R.O.C. nationality. Under the New Plan, the Group contributes monthly an amount based on $6\%$ of the employees' monthly salaries and wages to the employees' individual pension accounts at the Bureau of Labor Insurance. The benefits accrued are paid monthly or in lump sum upon termination of employment.
(b) For the aforementioned pension plan, the Group recognized pension costs of $30,334 thousand and$ 31,807 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
(c) The subsidiaries in Europe contribute to the statutory pension insurance or pension fund for their employees based on their wages and salaries in compliance with local laws and regulations. Other than the annual contributions, the entities have no further obligations. For the aforementioned pension plan, the Group recognized pension costs of $10,989 thousand and$ 7,804 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(15) Share-based payment

A. For the year ended December 31, 2025: None

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company's share-based payment arrangements were as follows:

Year ended December 31, 2024

Type of arrangement	Grant date	Quantity granted	Contract period	Vesting conditions
Treasury stock transferred to employees	2024.3.7	1,373 thousand shares	0.06 year	Vested immediately
Treasury stock transferred to employees	2024.4.26	1,106 thousand shares	0.03 year	Vested immediately

Treasury stock transferred to employee plan issued by the Company shall not be disposed within one year after the stocks are subscribed. Employees are not required to return the stocks received and related dividends distributed if they resign during the vesting period.

B. Details of the share-based payment arrangements are as follows:

	2024
	No. of options	Weighted-average exercise price (in dollars)
Options outstanding at January 1	-	$ -
Options granted	2,479	-
Options exercised	(2,479)	65.00~70.00
Options outstanding at December 31	-	-
Options exercisable at December 31	-	-

C. The fair value of stock options granted on grant date is measured using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Relevant information is as follows:

Year ended December 31, 2024

Type of arrangement	Grant date	Stock price	Exercise price	Expected price volatility	Expected option life	Expected dividends	Risk-free interest rate	Fair value per unit of the option	Fair value of the target
Treasury stock transferred to employees	2024.3.7	96.10	65.00	40.52%	0.06	-	1.09%	20.5787	85.53
Cash capital increase reserved for employee preemption	2024.4.26	86.70	70.00	45.94%	0.03	-	1.22%	9.1141	78.92

(a) The fair value of the target takes into consideration that the transferred stocks were subject to the restriction that they shall not be transferred within one year. Thus, the range of discount of the target stocks subject to this restriction was considered to reasonably reflect the fair value of the restricted stocks.

(b) Expected price volatility rate was estimated by using the daily history stock prices of the most recent three months before the grant date, and the standard deviation of return on the stock during this period.

D. Expenses incurred on share-based payment transactions are shown below:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Equity-settled	$ -	$ 38,331

(16) Provisions

	Provision for litigation
	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Beginning of period	$ 26,002	$ 77,959
Additional provisions	-	17,186
Decrease provisions	( 26,002)	( 69,143)
End of Period	$ -	$ 26,002
Analysis of total provisions:
	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Current	$ -	$ 26,002

For the Group’s litigations relating to business matters, it is assessed that the Group shall compensate for the litigations based on the arbitral award result. Details are provided in Note 9.

(17) Share capital

A. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s authorized capital was $4,000,000 thousand, consisting of 400,000 thousand shares of ordinary stock (including 40,000 thousand shares reserved for employee stock options), and the paid-in capital was $2,307,821 thousand with a par value of $10 (in dollars) per share. As of December 31, 2025, the number of ordinary shares outstanding amounted to 221,738 thousand shares.

B. Movements in the number of the Company’s ordinary shares (in thousands) outstanding are as follows:

	2025	2024
At January 1	$ 236,214	$ 212,882
Add: Cash capital increase	-	23,529
Add: Transfer of treasury shares	-	1,373
Less: Purchase of treasury shares	( 14,476)	( 1,570)
At December 31	221,738	236,214

C. In order to cooperate with the public underwriting before the initial listing on the Taipei Exchange, the Board of Directors of the Company during its meeting on March 7, 2024 adopted a resolution to increase the Company’s capital by issuing 23,529 thousand ordinary shares with a par value of NT$10 (in dollars) per share. The paid-in capital was $1,720,485 thousand, and the effective date of the capital increase was set on May 9, 2024. The registration for the capital increase had been completed.

D. Treasury share

(a) Reason for share reacquisition and movements in the number of the Company’s treasury shares (in thousand) are as follows:

	2025
Reason for share reacquisition	At January 1	Additions	Retirement	At December 31	Book value
To be reissued to employees	1,570	6,950	-	8,520	$ 515,173
To maintain the Company’s credit rating and shareholders’ equity	-	7,526	( 7,002)	524	$ 25,320
			2024
Reason for share reacquisition	At January 1	Additions	Transferred	At December 31	Book value
To be reissued to employees	1,373	1,570	( 1,373)	1,570	$ 94,557

(b) To maintain the Company’s credit rating and shareholders’ equity, on December 24, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to repurchase the Company’s outstanding ordinary shares. The Company expects to repurchase 10,000 thousand shares during the period from December 26, 2025 to February 23, 2026, which accounted for 4.33% of the Company’s issued shares, and the price range is between $36 and $62. As of December 31, 2025, the aforementioned actual repurchased treasury shares were 524 thousand shares. As of December 31, 2025, the unpaid amount of $18,275 thousand was shown as other payables.

(c) On May 8, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to retire 7,002 thousand treasury shares with the effective date set on June 18, 2025. On August 14, 2025, the retirement of treasury shares and the registration change for the paid-in capital were completed.

(d) To maintain the Company’s credit rating and shareholders’ equity, on March 3, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to repurchase the Company’s outstanding ordinary shares. The Company expects to repurchase 8,000 thousand shares during the period from March 4, 2025 to May 3, 2026, which accounted for 3.36% of the Company’s issued shares, and the price range is between $50 and $95. The aforementioned actual repurchased treasury shares were 7,002 thousand shares, which were executed completely on May 2, 2025.

(e) On December 26, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to repurchase the Company’s ordinary shares and transfer them to employees. The Company expects to repurchase 10,000 thousand shares during the period from December 27, 2024 to February 26, 2025, and the price range is between $40 and $86. As of June 30, 2025, the aforementioned actual repurchased treasury shares were 8,520 thousand shares, which were executed completely on February 26, 2025.

(f) On March 7, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to transfer 1,373 thousand shares of treasury shares purchased in 2022 to employees at NT$65 (in dollars) per share. The capital verification was completed on April 1, 2024 (the payment had been settled on March 28, 2024).

(g) Pursuant to the R.O.C. Securities and Exchange Act, the number of shares bought back as

~48~

treasury share should not exceed 10% of the number of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares and the amount bought back should not exceed the sum of retained earnings, paid-in capital in excess of par value and realized capital surplus. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the balance of the treasury shares repurchased and transferred to employees amounted to $540,493 thousand and $94,557 thousand, respectively.

(h) Pursuant to the R.O.C. Securities and Exchange Act, treasury shares should not be pledged as collateral and is not entitled to dividends before it is reissued.

(i) Pursuant to the R.O.C. Securities and Exchange Act, treasury shares should be reissued to the employees within five years from the reacquisition date and shares not reissued within the five-year period are to be retired.

(18) Capital surplus

Pursuant to the R.O.C. Company Act, capital surplus arising from paid-in capital in excess of par value on issuance of common stocks and donations can be used to cover accumulated deficit or to issue new stocks or cash to shareholders in proportion to their share ownership, provided that the Company has no accumulated deficit. Further, the R.O.C. Securities and Exchange Act requires that the amount of capital surplus to be capitalized mentioned above should not exceed 10% of the paid-in capital each year. Capital surplus should not be used to cover accumulated deficit unless the legal reserve is insufficient.

	2025
	Issue premium	Treasury share transactions	Donated assets received
At January 1	$ 2,490,203	$ 69,336	$ 7
Retirement of treasury shares	( 73,329)	( 69,336)	-
At December 31	$ 2,416,874	$ -	$ 7
	2024
	Issue premium	Treasury share transactions	Donated assets received
At January 1	$ 998,112	$ 15,033	$ -
Cash capital increase	1,492,091	-	-
Disgorgement exercised by the Company according to the related laws	-	-	7
Treasury shares transferred to employees	-	54,303	-
At December 31	$ 2,490,203	$ 69,336	$ 7

On March 2, 2026, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to distribute cash dividends from capital surplus, additional paid-in capital amounting to $217,088 thousand at a price of $1 (in dollars)

~49~

per share.

(19) Retained earnings

A. Under the Company's Articles of Incorporation, the current year's earnings, if any, shall first be used to pay income tax returns and offset prior years' operating losses and then 10% of the remaining amount shall be set aside as legal reserve until the legal reserve equals the paid-in capital. In addition, after special reserve is set aside or reversed in accordance with relevant regulations, the remainder along with accumulated unappropriated earnings shall be proposed by the Board of Directors and resolved at the shareholders' meeting to be distributed as dividends and bonus to shareholders. However, the distribution of dividends and bonus or legal reserve and capital surplus, in whole or in part, in the form of cash in accordance with regulations or paragraph 5, Article 240 of the Company Act, shall be authorized to the Board of Directors, through a resolution adopted by the majority vote at their meeting attended by at least two-thirds of the total number of directors, and the report of such distribution shall be reported to the shareholders during their meeting.

B. The Company's dividend policy is summarized below:

To improve the Company's dividend policy and consider the Company's capital position, the total dividends are distributed at 10% to 90% of the accumulated distributable earnings, and cash dividends shall account for at least 20% of the total dividends distributed.

C. Except for covering accumulated deficit or issuing new stocks or cash to shareholders in proportion to their share ownership, the legal reserve shall not be used for any other purpose. The use of legal reserve for the issuance of stocks or cash to shareholders in proportion to their share ownership is permitted, provided that the distribution of the reserve is limited to the portion in excess of 25% of the Company's paid-in capital.

D. In accordance with the regulations, the Company shall set aside special reserve from the debit balance on other equity items at the balance sheet date before distributing earnings. When debit balance on other equity items is reversed subsequently, the reversed amount could be included in the distributable earnings.

E. (a) The appropriations of 2024 and 2023 earnings as resolved by the shareholders' meeting on May 21, 2025 and May 27, 2024, respectively, were as follows:

	2024		2023
	Amount	Dividends per share (in dollars)	Amount	Dividends per share (in dollars)
Legal reserve	$ 75,799		$ 60,821
Reversal of special reserve	(193)	$ 2.20	(1,544)
Cash dividends	504,381		428,510	$ 2.01
	$ 579,987		$ 487,787

(b) The appropriations of 2025 earnings as proposed by the Board of Directors on March 2, 2026,

are as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2025
	Amount	Dividends per share (in dollars)
Legal reserve	$ 30,786
Reversal of special reserve	( 2,502)	$ 1.00
Cash dividends	217,088
	$ 245,372

As of March 2, 2026, except for the distribution of cash dividends, the Company's appropriations of 2025 earnings have not yet been resolved by the shareholders during their meeting.

(20) Other equity items

	Years ended December 31
	2025		2024
At January 1	($	8,414)	($ 8,607)
Currency translation differences:
- Group		3,128	241
- Tax on Group	(	626)	( 48)
At December 31	($	5,912)	($ 8,414)

(21) Non-controlling interest

	Year ended December 31, 2025
Balance at January 1	$ -
Shares attributable to non-controlling interest:
Profit for the year	7
Changes in non-controlling interests	45,000
Balance at December 31	$ 45,007

The changes in non-controlling interests for the year ended December 31, 2025 mainly resulted from the initial issuance of 30 million shares of Jiayi Co., Ltd., totaling $300,000 thousand. On April 16, 2025, the Company paid the proceeds from shares. The investment amounted to $255,000 thousand, and the investment percentage was 85%. The remaining $45,000 thousand was subscribed by the non-controlling interest.

(22) Sales revenue

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Revenue from contracts with customers	$ 6,977,352	$ 7,473,579

A. Disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers

The Group derives revenue from the transfer of goods at a point in time in the following major geographical regions:

	Year ended December 31, 2025
	Wheels				Other products	Total
	America	Europe	Asia	Other
Revenue from external customer contracts	$ 1,009,972	$ 3,526,792	$ 1,800,691	$ 3,363	$ 636,534	$ 6,977,352
	Year ended December 31, 2024
	Wheels				Other products	Total
	America	Europe	Asia	Other
Revenue from external customer contracts	$ 1,099,766	$ 4,076,881	$ 1,501,336	$ 6,746	$ 789,050	$ 7,473,779

B. Contract liabilities and refund liabilities

(a) The Group has recognized the following revenue-related contract liabilities and refund liabilities (recorded as other current liabilities):

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024	January 1, 2024
Contract liabilities	$ 14,115	$ 27,573	$ 30,462
Refund liabilities	$ 35,387	$ 34,002	$ 37,196

(b) Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period	$ 19,807	$ 25,575

(23) Interest income

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Interest income from bank deposits	$ 7,034	$ 7,622
Interest income from financial assets measured at amortized cost	1,521	1,501
	$ 8,555	$ 9,123

(24) Other income

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Government grant income	$ 19,787	$ 21,087
Compensation income	353	1,138
Other income, others	23,999	36,168
	$ 44,139	$ 58,393

A. The Company had obtained 7 loans totaling $749,618 thousand at the preferential interest rates from the government under the "Action Plan for Accelerated Investment by Domestic Corporations" from Chang Hwa Bank, Taiwan Cooperative Bank and Bank of Taiwan, respectively, as of December 31, 2025. The loans will be used for the working capital and purchase of equipment and will be repaid in installments before November 2028 and September 2026, respectively. The fair value of the loans estimated based on the market interest rate of each loan at the time was $749,066 thousand in total. The differences between the obtained amount and the fair value of the loans amounting to $552 thousand were considered as government grants of low-interest loans and recognized as gain on deferred government grants (shown as other current liabilities). The gain on deferred government grants was transferred to other income - government grant income following the interest amortization. There were $3,737 thousand and $7,047 thousand transferred to other income - government grant income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

B. The Group had obtained the government grants from the 'Taiwan Industry Innovation Platform Program' of the Ministry of Economic Affairs for the year ended December 31, 2023 and transferred other income - government grant income amounting to $1,000 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024.

C. The Group had obtained the government grants from the project of 'SUPERALLOY Smart Dynamic Management Optimisation Platform' under the 'Low-Carbon and Smart Upgrading and Transformation Subsidy (Smartisation) for Big-Leads-Small Manufacturing Industries' provided by the Ministry of Economic Affairs for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

The Group recognised government grant income amounting to $3,761 thousand and $13,040 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

D. The Group had obtained the government grants from the Ministry of Finance to strengthen financial support for exporters in response to the international economic and trade situation for the year ended December 31, 2025 and recognised government grant income amounting to $997 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025.

E. The Group had obtained the government grants from the ‘Energy-Saving Manufacturing Technology Integration and Development Program for the Next-Generation Aluminum Alloys of Electric Vehicles’ of the Science and Technology Research and Development Project of the Ministry of Economic Affairs for the year ended December 31, 2024. These grants were drawn on a pay-as-you-go basis. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Group recognised government grant income amounting to $11,044 thousand and $0 thousand, respectively. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the remaining grants amounted to $8,152 thousand and $5,452 thousand, respectively, which were recognised as gain on deferred government grants - current (shown as other current liabilities)

(25) Other gains and losses

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Foreign exchange (losses) gains	($ 88,944)	$ 59,695
Net gains on financial assets at fair value through profit or loss	10,640	45,801
(Losses) gains on disposals of property, plant and equipment	( 1,198)	1,077
Other losses	( 7)	( 51,458)
	($ 79,509)	$ 55,115

For the Group’s litigations relating to business matters, it is assessed that the Group shall compensate for the litigations based on the arbitral award result. Details are provided in Note 9.

(26) Finance costs

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Interest expense - bank borrowings	$ 145,312	$ 128,302
Interest expense - lease liabilities	133	184
Interest expense - others	-	34,527
Less: Capitalisation of qualifying assets	( 4,010)	( 6,044)
	$ 141,435	$ 156,969

For the Group’s litigations relating to business matters, it is assessed that the Group shall compensate for the litigations based on the arbitral award result. Details are provided in Note 9.

(27) Expenses by nature

	Year ended December 31, 2025
	Classified as operating costs	Classified as operating expenses	Total
Employee benefit expense
Wages and salaries	$ 785,031	$ 169,934	$ 954,965
Labour and health insurance fees	84,893	18,508	103,401
Pension costs	33,560	8,025	41,585
Directors’ remuneration	-	9,507	9,507
Other personnel expenses	60,390	21,629	82,019
	$ 963,874	$ 227,603	$ 1,191,477
Depreciation charges	$ 807,823	$ 33,894	$ 841,717
Amortization charges	$ 730	$ 6,250	$ 6,980
	Year ended December 31, 2024
	Classified as operating costs	Classified as operating expenses	Total
Employee benefit expense
Wages and salaries	$ 793,805	$ 185,652	$ 979,457
Labour and health insurance fees	83,060	18,407	101,467
Pension costs	31,739	8,233	39,972
Directors’ remuneration	-	17,651	17,651
Share-based payment	13,667	24,664	38,331
Other personnel expenses	59,810	13,959	73,769
	$ 982,081	$ 268,566	$ 1,250,647
Depreciation charge	$ 866,704	$ 41,129	$ 907,833
Amortization charge	$ 719	$ 8,156	$ 8,875

A. In accordance with the Articles of Incorporation of the Company, a ratio of distributable profit of the current year, after covering accumulated losses, shall be distributed as employees' compensation and directors' remuneration. The ratio shall be 3%~15% for employees' compensation and shall not be higher than 3% for directors' remuneration. The aforementioned employees' compensation shall be distributed no lower than 60% as non-managerial employees' compensation.

B. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the employees' compensation and directors' remuneration were estimated and accrued respectively as follows based on the distributable profit of current year as of the end of reporting period:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Employees’ compensation	$ 12,329	$ 39,811
Accrued ratio	3.0%	4.00%
Directors’ remuneration	$ 3,699	$ 11,943
Accrued ratio	0.9%	1.20%

Employees’ compensation and directors’ and supervisors’ remuneration of 2024 as resolved by the Board of Directors were in agreement with those amounts recognized in the 2024 financial statements.

Information about employees’ compensation and directors’ remuneration of the Company as resolved by the Board of Directors will be posted in the “Market Observation Post System” at the website of the Taiwan Stock Exchange.

(28) Income tax

A. Income tax expense

(a) Components of income tax expense:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Current tax:
Current tax on profits for the period	$ 74,559	$ 168,754
Prior year income tax overestimation	( 3,368)	( 698)
Total current tax	71,191	168,056
Deferred tax:
Origination and reversal of temporary differences	5,550	19,980
Total deferred tax	5,550	19,980
Income tax expense	$ 76,741	$ 188,036

(b) The income tax (charge)/credit relating to components of other comprehensive income is as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Remeasurement of defined benefit plan	$ 2,584	($ 627)
Currency translation differences	( 626)	( 48)
	$ 1,958	($ 675)

B. Reconciliation between income tax expense and accounting profit:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Tax calculated based on profit before tax and statutory tax rate	$ 71,609	$ 188,844
Taxable loss not recognised as deferred tax assets	7,377	-
Effect from items disallowed by the regulation	90	31
Change in assessment of realisation of deferred tax assets	1,033	(141)
Prior year income tax overestimation	(3,368)	(698)
Income tax expense	$ 76,741	$ 188,036

(Remainder of page intentionally left blank)

C. Applicable tax rate: Amounts of deferred tax assets or liabilities as a result of temporary differences, tax losses and investment tax credits are as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2025
	January 1	Recognised in profit or loss	Recognised in other comprehensive income	December 31
Temporary differences
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for inventory valuation losses and loss for obsolete and slow-moving inventories	$ 103,612	($ 12,962)	$ -	$ 90,650
Allowance for bad debts that exceeds the limit for tax purpose	482	411	-	893
Unused compensated absences for employees	6,602	131	-	6,733
Loss on long-term foreign investments	56,404	4,918	-	61,322
Unrealised loss on valuation of financial assets and liabilities	606	( 129)	-	477
Accumulated translation adjustment of long-term equity investments	2,104	-	( 626)	1,478
Unrealised exchange loss	2,644	3,529	-	6,173
Remeasurement of defined benefit obligations	-	9	1,905	1,914
Other	2,446	( 1,457)	-	989
	$ 174,900	($ 5,550)	$ 1,279	$ 170,629
Temporary differences
Deferred tax liabilities:
Remeasurement of defined benefit obligations	($ 679)	$ -	$ 679	$ -
	($ 679)	$ -	$ 679	$ -
		($ 5,550)	$ 1,958

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Year ended December 31, 2024

	January 1	Recognised in profit or loss	Recognised in other comprehensive income	December 31
Temporary differences
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for inventory valuation losses and loss for obsolete and slow-moving inventories	$ 115,974	($ 12,362)	$ -	$ 103,612
Allowance for bad debts that exceeds the limit for tax purpose	2,320	( 1,838)	-	482
Unused compensated absences for employees	6,411	191	-	6,602
Loss on long-term foreign investments	56,498	( 94)	-	56,404
Unrealised loss on valuation of financial assets and liabilities	1,965	( 1,359)	-	606
Accumulated translation adjustment of long-term equity investments	2,152	-	( 48)	2,104
Unrealised exchange loss	1,777	867	-	2,644
Unrealised provisions	7,831	( 7,831)	-	-
Other	-	2,446	-	2,446
	$ 194,928	($ 19,980)	($ 48)	$ 174,900
Temporary differences
Deferred tax liabilities:
Remeasurement of defined benefit obligations	($ 52)	$ -	($ 627)	($ 679)
	($ 52)	$ -	($ 627)	($ 679)
		($ 19,980)	($ 675)

D. The subsidiary's expiration dates of unused tax losses and amounts of unrecognized deferred tax assets are as follows:

December 31, 2025

Year incurred	Amount filed/ assessed	Unused amount	Unrecognised deferred tax assets	Expiry year
2016	Amount assessed	$ 5,035	$ 5,035	Note
2017	Amount assessed	33,675	33,675	Note
2018	Amount assessed	33,880	33,880	Note
2019	Amount assessed	55,507	55,507	Note
2020	Amount assessed	62,211	62,211	Note
2021	Amount assessed	53,238	53,238	Note
2022	Amount assessed	48,961	48,961	Note
2025	Amount filed	24,591	24,591	Note
		$ 317,098	$ 317,098

December 31, 2024

Year incurred	Amount filed/ assessed	Unused amount	Unrecognised deferred tax assets	Expiry year
2016	Amount assessed	$ 5,054	$ 5,054	Note
2017	Amount assessed	33,675	33,675	Note
2018	Amount assessed	33,880	33,880	Note
2019	Amount assessed	55,507	55,507	Note
2020	Amount assessed	62,211	62,211	Note
2021	Amount assessed	53,238	53,238	Note
2022	Amount assessed	48,961	48,961	Note
		$ 292,526	$ 292,526

Note: Loss carryforward was not limited to the expiry year according to the Enterprise Income Tax Act of Germany.

E. The Company's income tax returns through 2023 have been assessed and approved by the Tax Authority.

F. Information relating to the current tax liabilities and current tax liabilities-non-current of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
	Income tax payable		Income tax payable
	Current (within one year)	Non-current (over one year)	Current (within one year)	Non-current (over one year)
2024	$ 21,920	$ 32,880	$ 71,423	$ -
2025	27,519	37,698	-	-
	$ 49,439	$ 70,578	$ 71,423	$ -

In accordance with Article 26 of the Tax Collection Act and Tai-Cai-Shui-Zi No. 11404554260 issued by the Ministry of Finance on April 17, 2025, the Company applied to pay in installments for the business income tax of $65,760 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024 and the provisional business income tax of $82,558 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025.

G. Applicable tax rate:

Name of subsidiary	Applicable Income Tax Act	Applicable tax rate
SAMF	Enterprise Income Tax Act of Germany	Applicable tax rate 30%

(29) Earnings per share

	Year ended December 31, 2025
	Amount after tax	Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (share in thousands)	Earnings per share (in dollars)
Basic earnings per share
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the parent	$ 318,191	224,487	$ 1.42
Diluted earnings per share
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the parent	318,191	224,487
Assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares
Employees’ compensation	-	363
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the parent plus assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares	$ 318,191	224,850	$ 1.42
	Year ended December 31, 2024
	Amount after tax	Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (share in thousands)	Earnings per share (in dollars)
Basic earnings per share
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the parent	$ 755,484	229,096	$ 3.30
Diluted earnings per share
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the parent	755,484	229,096
Assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares
Employees’ compensation	-	741
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders of the parent plus assumed conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares	$ 755,484	229,837	$ 3.29

When calculating diluted earnings per share, the Group assumes that the employees’ compensation will all be distributed in the form of shares for the period and the resulting potential shares will be included in the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding if those shares have a dilutive effect.

(30) Supplemental cash flow information

A. Investing activities with partial cash payments

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	$ 352,470	$ 409,954
Add: Opening balance of payable on equipment	37,837	131,804
Add: Opening balance of notes payable on equipment	24,659	20,630
Add: Ending balance of prepayments for business facilities	64,505	59,135
Less: Ending balance of payable on equipment	( 48,289)	( 37,837)
Less: Ending balance of notes payable on equipment	( 31,225)	( 24,659)
Less: Opening balance of prepayments for business facilities	( 59,135)	( 71,621)
Less: Cash from capitalized interest payments	( 4,010)	( 6,044)
Cash paid during the period	$ 336,812	$ 481,362
	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Disposal of property, plant and equipment	$ 1,627	$ 4,560
Add: Opening balance of receivable on equipment	-	7,342
Add: Opening balance of other notes receivable	-	4,475
Less: Ending balance of receivable on equipment	-	-
Cash received during the year	$ 1,627	$ 16,377

B. Net cash paid for repurchase of treasury shares:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Repurchase of treasury shares	$ 887,142	$ 94,557
Add: Opening balance of Unpaid shares (Note)	81,341	-
Less: Ending balance of Unpaid shares (Note)	( 18,275)	( 81,341)
Cash Paid During the Period	$ 950,208	$ 13,216

(Note: shown as 'other payables')

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(31) Changes in liabilities from financing activities

	Short-term borrowings	Long-term borrowings (including current portion)	Lease liabilities	Dividends payable	Liabilities from financing activities-gross
At January 1, 2025	$ 1,003,535	$ 5,288,170	$ 11,514	$ -	$ 6,303,219
Changes in cash flow from financing activities	1,222,877	528,383	( 4,900)	( 504,381)	1,241,979
Changes in other non-cash items	17,916	3,737	( 806)	504,381	525,228
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rate	7,728	7,214	-	-	14,942
At December 31, 2025	$ 2,252,056	$ 5,827,504	$ 5,808	$ -	$ 8,085,368
	Short-term borrowings	Long-term borrowings (including current portion)	Lease liabilities	Dividends payable	Liabilities from financing activities-gross
At January 1, 2024	$ 965,144	$ 7,125,788	$ 8,498	$ -	$ 8,099,430
Changes in cash flow from financing activities	37,943	( 1,845,262)	( 6,189)	( 428,510)	( 2,242,018)
Changes in other non-cash items	-	7,048	9,205	428,510	444,763
Impact of changes in foreign exchange rate	448	596	-	-	1,044
At December 31, 2024	$ 1,003,535	$ 5,288,170	$ 11,514	$ -	$ 6,303,219

Related Party Transactions

Key management compensation

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Short-term employee benefits	$ 17,916	$ 28,921
Post-employment benefits	125	128
Share-based payments	-	1,476
	$ 18,041	$ 30,525

Pledged Assets

The Group’s assets pledged as collateral are as follows:

Pledged asset	Book value		Purpose
	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Property, plant and equipment	$ 4,612,317	$ 4,356,300	Long-term borrowings
Guarantee deposits for
Pledged time deposits (Note 1)	43,459	35,480	CPC corporation and
purchases of materials
Guarantee deposits paid (Note 2)	29,217	35,861	Performance guarantee
	$ 4,684,993	$ 4,427,641

Note 1: Shown as non-current financial assets at amortized cost.
Note 2: Shown as other non-current assets.

Significant Contingent Liabilities and Unrecognised Contract Commitments

(1) Commitments

A. Capital expenditure contracted for at the balance sheet date but not yet incurred is as follows:

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Property, plant and equipment	$ 181,514	$ 102,180

B. To ensure a stable safety stock of raw materials, on January 12, 2026, the Company entered into a minimum order quantity contract with the main raw material supplier, Emirates Global Aluminium (Singapore) Pte Ltd. (EGA). The contract specifies that the Company must purchase minimum amount annually, and the payment terms are by telegraphic transfer after EGA ships the goods. Based on the assessment, the Company has no concerns regarding fulfilling the obligations specified in the contract before the expiration of the contract.

(2) Contingencies

The Group entered into the Sales Representation Agreement (the “Agreement”) with the German entity, LCTec GmbH (“LCTec” (Note)), in 2011. The Agreement stipulated that LCTec provides services such as sales management and technical support. The period of the Agreement was to August 31, 2016. Except for a notice in advance of 90 days for cancelling the automatic renewal, the Agreement could continue to be renewed for 2 years automatically. The Group notified LCTec to cancel the automatic renewal in April 2018. The Group later discovered there were flaws that made the Agreement entered into invalid and notified LCTec to terminate the Agreement immediately in August 2018.

LCTec filed an application to a German arbitration institution for commencing an arbitration in December 2021 and requested the Group to propose the commission reports from November 2018 to November 2021 then pay the commissions and interests based on the reports to it. The management assessed the results of the repayment and recorded the profit or loss recognised for the provision as operating expenses and finance costs according to the nature after taking appropriate

~64~

legal advice for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Group received an arbitral award in September 2024, which ruled that the Group shall propose related commission reports in accordance with the agreement, and shall pay the commissions and interests to LCTec based on the commission reports, as well as pay the agent compensation amounting to EUR 1,343 thousand and its interests. In September 2024, the Group had paid related agent compensation and interest expense amounting to $74,154 thousand based on the result of arbitral award, which were recognised as other losses and finance costs, respectively. Additionally, in October 2024, the Group proposed the commission reports and paid the commissions amounting to EUR 1,993 thousand ($69,143 thousand). However, the interests arising from the related commissions have been estimated and accrued as provision based on the basic interest rate in accordance with Article 247 of the German Commercial Law; The Group had completed the payment in accordance with the contract on August 1, 2025..

Note: The entity had changed its name on September 25, 2018. Its original name was SuperAlloy International GmbH.

Significant Disaster Loss

None.

Significant Events after the Balance Sheet Date

A. Refer to Note 6(19)E.(b) for the details of the appropriation of 2025 earnings.

B. To meet the operating needs, on January 20, 2026, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to participate in a procurement of the property, plant and equipment, and the chairman was authorised to fully handle the matters related to the bid. On January 21, 2026, the Company participated in a court auction to acquire the land and buildings located in Dapumei Park, Dalin Township, Chiayi County at a transaction price of $1,230,000 thousand. The aforementioned payment was fully paid on January 28, 2026. As of March 2, 2026, the transfer of ownership for the property and land has not yet been completed.

C. On March 2, 2026, the Board of Directors of the Company resolved to retire 5,174 thousand treasury shares with the effective date set on March 23, 2026, which has not yet been conducted as of March 2, 2026.

D. To adjust the capital structure, on March 2, 2026, the Board of Directors of the Company proposed to carry out a capital reduction and return capital to shareholders by retiring 56,402 thousand shares. The capital reduction amounted to $564,020 thousand and the ratio of capital reduction was 25%. As of March 2, 2026, the proposal has not yet been resolved by the shareholders during their meeting.

Others

(1) Capital management

The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, issue new shares or sell assets to reduce

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debt. The Group monitors the Company's capital on the basis of the gearing ratio.

(2) Financial instruments

A. Financial instruments by category

Financial assets	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss	$ 65,273	$ 55,256
Financial assets at amortised cost
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,212,539	$ 2,153,486
Financial assets at amortised cost (including non-current)	43,459	35,480
Notes receivable	-	930
Accounts receivable	761,783	1,054,347
Other receivables	42,926	27,629
Guarantee deposits paid (shown as other non-current assets)	29,217	35,861
	$ 4,089,924	$ 3,307,733
Financial liabilities	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Financial liabilities held for trading	$ -	$ 66
Financial liabilities at amortised cost
Short-term borrowings	$ 2,252,056	$ 1,003,535
Notes payable	335,325	330,397
Accounts payable	126,337	118,323
Other accounts payable	673,747	754,773
Long-term borrowings (including current portion)	5,827,504	5,288,170
	$ 9,214,969	$ 7,495,198
Lease liability	$ 5,808	$ 11,514

B. Financial risk management policies

(a) The Group's activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk and price risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group's overall risk management programme focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimise potential adverse effects on the Group's financial position and financial performance.

(b) Risk management is carried out by a central treasury department (Group treasury). Group treasury identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks such as foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, use of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative

financial instruments and investment of excess liquidity in close co-operation with the operating units.

(c) Information about derivative financial instruments that are used to hedge certain exchange rate risk are provided in Note 6(2).

C. Significant financial risks and degrees of financial risks

(a) Market risk

Foreign exchange risk

i. The Group operates internationally and is exposed to exchange rate risk arising from the transactions of the Company and its subsidiaries used in various functional currency, primarily with respect to the USD, EUR and JPY. Foreign exchange rate risk arises from future commercial transactions and recognised assets and liabilities.

ii. Management has set up a policy to require the Group to manage its foreign exchange risk against its functional currency. Each unit of the Group is required to hedge its entire foreign exchange risk exposure with the Group treasury. Each unit of the Group uses natural hedges or forward foreign exchange contracts with the Group treasury to manage and hedge the foreign exchange risk arises from future commercial transactions and recognised assets and liabilities. Foreign exchange risk arises when future commercial transactions and recognised assets or liabilities are denominated in a currency that is not the entity's functional currency.

iii. The Group hedges foreign exchange rate by using foreign exchange swap contracts. However, the Group does not adopt hedging accounting. Details of financial assets or liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are provided in Note 6(2).

(Remainder of page intentionally left blank)

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iv. The Group's businesses involve some non-functional currency operations. The information on assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies whose values would be materially affected by the exchange rate fluctuations is as follows:

	December 31, 2025
	Foreign currency amount (In thousands)	Exchange rate	Book value (NTD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency)
Financial assets
Monetary items
Bank deposits
USD:NTD	$ 3,349	31.4300	$ 105,259
EUR:NTD	895	36.9000	33,026
JPY:NTD	13,133,881	0.2008	2,637,283
Financial assets at amortised cost
USD:NTD	$ 1,370	31.4300	$ 43,059
Receivables
USD:NTD	$ 15,645	31.4300	$ 491,722
EUR:NTD	6,412	36.9000	236,603
JPY:NTD	830,163	0.2008	166,697
Current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
JPY:NTD	$ 55,568	0.2008	$ 11,158
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
Payables
USD:NTD	$ 665	31.4300	$ 20,901
EUR:NTD	2,833	36.9000	104,538
GBP:NTD	151	42.3300	6,392
Bank borrowings
USD:NTD	$ 18,541	31.4300	$ 582,744

	December 31, 2024
	Foreign currency amount (In thousands)	Exchange rate	Book value (NTD)
(Foreign currency: functional currency)
Financial assets
Monetary items
Bank deposits
USD:NTD	$ 1,611	32.7850	$ 52,805
EUR:NTD	1,525	34.1400	52,049
JPY:NTD	8,116,229	0.2099	1,703,596
Financial assets at amortised cost
USD:NTD	$ 1,070	32.7850	$ 35,080
Receivables
USD:NTD	$ 18,023	32.7850	$ 590,884
EUR:NTD	9,165	34.1400	312,893
JPY:NTD	1,269,319	0.2099	266,430
Current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
EUR:NTD	$ 100,752	0.2099	$ 21,148
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
Payables
USD:NTD	$ 725	32.7850	$ 23,769
EUR:NTD	711	34.1400	24,274
Bank borrowings
USD:NTD	$ 12,443	32.7850	$ 407,944

v. The total net exchange (loss) gain, including realized and unrealized, arising from significant foreign exchange variation on the monetary items held by the Group for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, amounted to ($88,944) thousand and $59,695 thousand, respectively.

vi. Analysis of foreign currency market risk arising from significant foreign exchange variation:

	December 31, 2025
	Sensitivity analysis
	Degree of variation	Effect on profit or loss	Effect on other comprehensive income
(Foreign currency: functional currency)
Financial assets
Monetary items
Cash in banks
USD:NTD	1%	$ 1,053	$ -
EUR:NTD	1%	330	-
JPY:NTD	1%	26,373	-
Financial assets at amortised cost
USD:NTD	1%	$ 431	-
Receivables
USD:NTD	1%	$ 4,917	-
EUR:NTD	1%	2,366	-
JPY:NTD	1%	1,667	-
Current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
JPY:NTD	1%	$ 112	-
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
Payables
USD:NTD	1%	$ 209	-
EUR:NTD	1%	1,045	-
GBP:NTD	1%	64	-
Bank borrowings
USD:NTD	1%	$ 5,827	-

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	December 31, 2024
	Sensitivity analysis
	Degree of variation	Effect on profit or loss	Effect on other comprehensive income
(Foreign currency: functional currency)
Financial assets
Monetary items
Cash in banks
USD:NTD	1%	$ 528	$ -
EUR:NTD	1%	520	-
JPY:NTD	1%	17,036	-
Financial assets at amortised cost
USD:NTD	1%	$ 351	-
Receivables
USD:NTD	1%	$ 5,909	-
EUR:NTD	1%	3,129	-
JPY:NTD	1%	2,664	-
Current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
USD:NTD	1%	$ 211	-
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
Payables
USD:NTD	1%	$ 238	-
EUR:NTD	1%	243	-
Bank borrowings
USD:NTD	1%	$ 4,079	-

Price risk

i. The Group's financial instruments, which are exposed to price risk, are the held financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. To manage its price risk arising from investments in financial instruments, the Group diversifies its portfolio. Diversification of the portfolio is done in accordance with the limits set by the Group.

ii. The Group's investments in financial instruments comprise funds and unlisted stocks issued by the domestic and foreign companies. The prices of financial instruments would change due to the change of the future value of investee companies. If the prices of these

financial instruments had increased/decreased by 1% with all other variables held constant, profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 would have increased/decreased by $552 thousand and $442 thousand, respectively, as a result of gains/losses on financial instruments classified as at fair value through profit or loss.

Cash flow and fair value interest rate risk

i. The Group’s interest rate risk arises from short-term and long-term borrowings with variable rates, which expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk. However, partial interest rate risk is offset by cash and cash equivalents held at variable rates. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Group’s borrowings at variable rate were mainly denominated in New Taiwan dollars, US dollars and Euros.

ii. If the interest rates of had increased or decreased by 0.25%, the maximum impact on the net of tax for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 would have decreased or increased by $20,199 thousand and $15,729 thousand, respectively.

(b) Credit risk

i. Credit risk refers to the risk of financial loss to the Group arising from default by the clients or counterparties of financial instruments on the contract obligations. The main factor is that counterparties could not repay in full the accounts receivable based on the agreed terms, and the contract cash flows stated at amortised cost and at fair value through profit or loss.

ii. According to the Group’s credit policy, each local entity in the Group is responsible for managing and analysing the credit risk for each of their new clients before standard receipt or payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. Internal risk control assesses the credit quality of the customers, taking into account their financial position, past experience and other factors. Individual risk limits are set based on internal or external ratings in accordance with limits set by the Board of Directors. The utilisation of credit limits is regularly monitored.

iii. The Group adopts the assumptions under IFRS 9, the default occurs when the contract payments are past due over 90 days.

iv. The Group adopts assumptions under IFRS 9 to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk on that instrument since initial recognition:

If the contract payments were past due over 30 days based on the terms, there has been a significant increase in credit risk on that instrument since initial recognition.

v. The following indicators are used to determine whether the credit impairment of debt instruments has occurred:

(i) It becomes probable that the issuer will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation due to their financial difficulties;

(ii) The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial

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difficulties;

(iii) Default or delinquency in interest or principal repayments;
(iv) Adverse changes in national or regional economic conditions that are expected to cause a default.

vi. The Group adopts the assumptions under IFRS 9, the default occurs when the contract payments are past due over 1 year.
vii. The Group classifies customers' accounts receivable by applying the modified approach using a provision matrix based on the loss rate methodology to estimate the expected credit loss.
viii. The Group wrote-off the financial assets, which cannot be reasonably expected to be recovered, after initiating recourse procedures. However, the Group will continue executing the recourse procedures to secure their rights.
ix. The Group used the forecastability to adjust historical and timely information to assess the default possibility of accounts receivable. On December 31, 2025 and 2024, the provision matrix is as follows:

At December 31, 2025	Expected loss rate	Total book value	Loss allowance
Not past due	0.00%	$ 722,071	$ -
Up to 30 days	0.02%	32,135	8
31 to 90 days	0.26%	1,957	5
91 to 180 days	0.82%	4,771	39
181 to 365 days	12.54%	981	123
Over 1 year	93%	600	557
		$ 762,515	$ 732
At December 31, 2024	Expected loss rate	Total book value	Loss allowance
Not past due	0.01%	$ 992,055	$ 100
Up to 30 days	0.14%	50,669	69
31 to 90 days	0.59%	6,148	36
91 to 180 days	3.01%	4,553	137
181 to 365 days	3.07%	1,304	40
Over 1 year	100%	295	295
		$ 1,055,024	$ 677

x. Movements in relation to the Group applying the modified approach to provide loss allowance for accounts receivable are as follows:

	2025		2024
	Accounts receivable		Accounts receivable
At January 1	$	677	$	10,534
Provision for impairment		55		-
Reversal allowance of impairment loss		-	(	9,192)
Write-offs of allowance for uncollectible accounts		-	(	665)
At December 31	$	732	$	677

i. Group treasury monitors rolling forecasts of the liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs while maintaining sufficient headroom on its undrawn committed borrowing facilities at all times so that the Group does not breach borrowing limits or covenants (where applicable) on any of its borrowing facilities.

ii. Group treasury invests surplus cash in interest bearing current accounts, time deposits and beneficiary certificates, choosing instruments with appropriate maturities or sufficient liquidity to provide sufficient head-room as determined by the above-mentioned forecasts.

iii. The Company has the following undrawn borrowing facilities:

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Floating rate
Expiring within one year	$ 1,765,880	$ 2,609,127
Expiring beyond one year	1,850,000	-
	$ 3,615,880	$ 2,609,127

iv. iv. The table below analyses the Group's non-derivative financial liabilities and net-settled derivative financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet date to the contractual maturity date for non-derivative financial liabilities.

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December 31, 2025	Less than 3 months	Between 3 months and 1 year	Between 1 and 2 year(s)	Between 2 and 5 years	Over 5 years	Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Short-term borrowings (Note)	$ 1,320,647	$ 945,844	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 2,266,491
Notes payable	334,800	525	-	-	-	335,325
Accounts payable	123,596	2,741	-	-	-	126,337
Other payables	673,747	-	-	-	-	673,747
Long-term borrowings (including current portion; Note)	316,432	832,771	1,270,787	1,927,280	1,934,676	6,281,946
Lease liability (Note)	1,244	1,792	480	1,440	1,440	6,396
December 31, 2024	Less than 3 months	Between 3 months and 1 year	Between 1 and 2 year(s)	Between 2 and 5 years	Over 5 years	Total
Non-derivative financial liabilities
Short-term borrowings (Note)	$ 452,707	$ 560,170	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 1,012,877
Notes payable	329,256	1,141	-	-	-	330,397
Accounts payable	115,475	2,848	-	-	-	118,323
Other payables	754,773	-	-	-	-	754,773
Long-term borrowings (including current portion; Note)	287,944	824,258	1,047,731	1,540,832	2,029,893	5,730,658
Lease liability (Note)	1,379	4,136	3,035	1,440	1,920	11,910
Derivative financial liabilities
Forward exchange contract	$ -	$ 66	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 66

Note: The amount includes expected future interest payments.

(3) Fair value information

A. The different levels that the inputs to valuation techniques are used to measure fair value of financial and non-financial instruments have been defined as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date. A market is regarded as active where a market in which transactions for the asset or liability take place with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. The fair value of the Group’s investment in derivative instruments is included in Level 2.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The fair value of the Group’s investment in hybrid instruments and equity investment without active market is included in Level 3.

B. Financial instruments not measured at fair value

The Group’s financial instruments not measured at fair value includes the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables, financial assets at amortised cost, guarantee deposits paid (shown as other non-current assets), short-term borrowings, notes payable, accounts payable, other payables, long-term borrowings and lease liability.

C. The related information of financial and non-financial instruments measured at fair value by level on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the assets and liabilities at December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

(a) The related information of natures of the assets and liabilities is as follows:

December 31, 2025	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total
Assets
Recurring fair value measurements
Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
-Fund	$ 11,158	$ -	$ -	$ 11,158
-Unlisted stocks and equity interests	-	-	54,115	54,115
	$ 11,158	$ -	$ 54,115	$ 65,273

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December 31, 2024	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total
Assets
Recurring fair value measurements
Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
-Fund	$ 19,315	$ -	$ -	$ 19,315
-Unlisted stocks	-	-	35,941	35,941
	$ 19,315	$ -	$ 35,941	$ 55,256
Liabilities
Recurring fair value measurements
Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
-Derivative instruments	$ -	$ 66	$ -	$ 66

D. The methods and assumptions the Group used to measure fair value are as follows:

(a) The instruments the Group used market quoted prices as their fair values (that is, Level 1) are listed below by characteristics:

Market quoted price	Net asset value
Open-end fund

(b) Except for financial instruments with active markets, the fair value of other financial instruments is measured by using valuation techniques or by reference to counterparty quotes. The fair value of financial instruments measured by using valuation techniques can be referred to current fair value of instruments with similar terms and characteristics in substance, discounted cash flow method or other valuation methods, including calculated by applying model using market information available at the consolidated balance sheet date (i.e. yield curves on the Taipei Exchange, average commercial paper interest rates quoted from Reuters).

(c) When assessing non-standard and low-complexity financial instruments, for example, debt instruments without active market, interest rate swap contracts, foreign exchange swap contracts and options, the Group adopts valuation technique that is widely used by market participants. The inputs used in the valuation method to measure these financial instruments are normally observable in the market.

(d) The valuation of derivative financial instruments is based on valuation model widely accepted by market participants. Forward exchange contracts are usually valued based on the current forward exchange rate. Structured foreign exchange derivative instruments are

measured by using appropriate option pricing models (i.e. Black-Scholes model).

(e) For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was no transfer between Level 1 and Level 2.
(f) The following chart is the movement of Level 3 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

	2025		2024
At January 1	$	35,941	$	-
Gains recognised in profit or loss
Recorded as non-operating income and expenses		2,290		-
purchase this period		79,311		35,941
Sold in the year	(	63,427)		-
At December 31	$	54,115	$	35,941

(g) For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was no transfer into or out from Level 3.
(h) The following is the qualitative information of significant unobservable inputs and sensitivity analysis of changes in significant unobservable inputs to valuation model used in Level 3 fair value measurement:

	Fair value as of December 31, 2025	Valuation technique	Significant unobservable inputs	Range (weighted average)	Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument: Unlisted shares	$ 35,941	Discounted Cash Flow Method	Weighted Average Cost of Capital	5.43%	The higher the discount for weighted average cost of capital, the lower the fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument: Unlisted shares	18,174	Net asset value	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable
	Fair value as of December 31, 2024	Valuation technique	Significant unobservable inputs	Range (weighted average)	Relationship of inputs to fair value
Non-derivative equity instrument: Unlisted shares	$ 35,941	Discounted Cash Flow Method	Weighted Average Cost of Capital	7.08%	The higher the discount for weighted average cost of capital, the lower the fair value
			long-term pre-tax operating profit	-	The higher the long-term pre-tax operating margin, the higher the fair value

13. Supplementary Disclosures

(1) Significant transactions information

A. Loans to others: Please refer to table 1.

B. Provision of endorsements and guarantees to others: Please refer to table 2.
C. Holding of significant marketable securities at the end of the period (not including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures): Please refer to table 3.
D. Purchases or sales of goods from or to related parties reaching $100 million or 20% of paid-in capital or more: Please refer to table 4.
E. Receivables from related parties reaching $100 million or 20% of paid-in capital or more: Please refer to table 5.
F. Significant inter-company transactions during the reporting period: Please refer to table 6.

(2) Information on investees

Names, locations and other information of investee companies (not including investees in Mainland China): Please refer to table 7.

(3) Information on investments in Mainland China

A. Basic information: None.
B. Significant transactions, either directly or indirectly through a third area, with investee companies in the Mainland Area: None.

Segment Information

(1) General information

Management has determined the reportable operating segments based on the reports reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker that are used to make strategic decisions. It has been identified that the Group has two reportable operating segments which were divided based on different products including rims and other products (chassis components, aerospace components and aluminium, etc.).

There is no material change in the basis for formation of entities and division of segments in the Group or in the measurement basis for segment information during this period.

(2) Measurement of segment information

A. The Group did not allocate income tax expenses to reportable segments. The reportable amounts are in agreement with the amount stated in the report to the Chief Operating Decision-Maker.
B. The accounting policies of the operating segments are in agreement with the significant accounting policies summarized in Note 4. The Group's segment profit or loss is measured with the gross profit, which is used as a basis for the Group in assessing the performance of the operating segments.

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(3) Information about segment revenue and segment income (loss)

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the segment information provided to the chief operating decision-maker for the reportable segments is as follows:

Year ended December 31, 2025	Wheels	All other segments	Write-offs	Total
Revenue
Revenue from external customers	$ 6,340,818	$ 636,534	$ -	$ 6,977,352
Inter-segment revenue	-	377,265	( 377,265)	-
Total segment revenue	$ 6,340,818	$ 1,013,799	($ 377,265)	$ 6,977,352
Segment income	$ 1,433,095	$ 51,004	$ -	$ 1,484,099
Year ended December 31, 2024	Wheels	All other segments	Write-offs	Total
Revenue
Revenue from external customers	$ 6,684,529	$ 789,050	$ -	$ 7,473,579
Inter-segment revenue	-	-	-	-
Total segment revenue	$ 6,684,529	$ 789,050	$ -	$ 7,473,579
Segment income	$ 1,913,337	$ 90,356	$ -	$ 2,003,693

(4) Reconciliation for segment revenue and segment income (loss)

Sales between segments are carried out at arm’s length. The revenue from external customers reported to the chief operating decision-maker is measured in a manner consistent with that in the statement of comprehensive income.

A. A reconciliation of adjusted total revenue to the total revenue of reportable operating segments is as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2025	2024
Adjusted revenue of reportable operating segments	$ 7,354,617	$ 7,770,200
Elimination of inter-segment revenue	( 377,265)	( 296,621)
Total consolidated operating revenue	$ 6,977,352	$ 7,473,579

B. Pre-tax adjustment is consistent with the reportable segment income or loss. No reconciliation required.

(5) Information and products and services

The Group is engaged in forging, manufacturing, processing and trading of aircraft components, vehicles and motorcycle components, aluminium-copper, steel-titanium alloys, hardware parts, and mold coupler, which are divided into wheels, chassis parts and aerospace parts.

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Wheels	$ 6,340,818	$ 6,684,529
Chassis parts and aerospace parts	636,534	789,050
	$ 6,977,352	$ 7,473,579

(6) Geographical information

Geographical information for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2025		Year ended December 31, 2024
	Revenue	Non-current assets	Revenue	Non-current assets
Germany	$ 2,283,947	$ 330,203	$ 2,345,243	$ 314,459
Taiwan	2,123,688	7,158,013	1,883,856	7,593,275
UK	1,239,696	-	1,588,614	-
USA	1,064,751	-	1,160,090	-
Europe	261,074	-	486,451	-
Others	4,196	-	9,325	-
	$ 6,977,352	$ 7,488,216	$ 7,473,579	$ 7,907,734

The Group's geographical revenue is calculated based on the countries where sales occur. Europe refers to European countries other than the United Kingdom and Germany, including Italy, Austria, Belgium, Slovakia, Czechia, Luxembourg and Sweden. Other countries include Australia, Vietnam and China. Non-current assets refer to property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets, intangible assets and other non-current assets, but exclude financial instruments, guarantee deposits paid and deferred income tax assets.

(7) Major customer information

Major customer information of the Group for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2025		Year ended December 31, 2024
	Revenue	Segment	Revenue	Segment
A company	$ 1,801,342	26	$ 1,508,427	20
B company	1,237,796	18	1,223,921	16
C company	942,760	14	1,079,716	14
	$ 3,981,898	58	$ 3,812,064	50

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Loans to others

Year ended December 31, 2025

Table 1

No. (Note 1)	Creditor	Borrower	General ledger account	Is a related party	Maximum outstanding balance during the year ended December 31, 2025	Balance at December 31, 2025	Actual amount drawn down	Interest rate	Nature of loan	Amount of transactions with the borrower	Reason for short-term financing	Allowance for doubtful accounts	Collateral		Limit on loans granted to a single party	Ceiling on total loans granted	Footnote
													Item	Value
0	SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	SuperAlloy Manufaktur GmbH	Other receivables	Y	$ 132,840	$ 132,840	$ 132,840	1.82%	Note 2	377,265	Not applicable	-	None	-	$ 377,265	$ 1,746,835

Note 1: The numbers filled in for the loans provided by the Company or subsidiaries are as follows:
(1) The Company is '0'.
(2) The subsidiaries are numbered in order starting from '1'.
Note 2: The amount of transactions with the borrower for a most recent year.
Note 3: The amount of loan at the end of the period has been translated at the exchange rate prevailing at December 31, 2025.
Note 4: For the companies having business relationship with the Company, the ceiling on total loans granted shall not exceed 20% of the creditor's net worth; limit on loans granted to a single party shall not exceed the amount of business transactions occurred between the creditor and borrower in the latest one year.

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Provision of endorsements and guarantees to others

Year ended December 31, 2025

Table 2

Expressed in thousands of NTD

(Except as otherwise indicated)

Party being endorsed/ guaranteed

Number (Note 1)	Endorser/guarantee	Company name	Relationship with the endorser /guarantee (Note 2)	Limit on endorsements/ guarantees provided for a single party (Note 3)	Maximum outstanding endorsement/ guarantee amount as of December 31, 2025	Outstanding endorsement/ guarantee amount at December 31, 2025	Actual amount drawn down	Amount of endorsements/ guarantees secured with collateral	Ratio of accumulated endorsement/ guarantee amount to net asset value of the endorser/guarantee company	Ceiling on total amount of endorsements/ guarantees provided (Note 3)	Provision of endorsements/ guarantees by parent company to subsidiary	Provision of endorsements/ guarantees by subsidiary to parent company	Provision of endorsements/ guarantees to the party in Mainland China	Footnote
0	SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	SuperAlloy	2	$ 2,620,252	$ 351,327	$ 351,327	$ 176,704	$ -	4.02%	$ 4,367,087	Y	N	N

Note 1: The numbers filled in for the endorsements/guarantees provided by the Company or subsidiaries are as follows:

(1)The Company is '0'.
(2)The subsidiaries are numbered in order starting from '1'.
Note 2: Relationship between the endorser/guarantee and the party being endorsed/guaranteed is classified into the following six categories; fill in the number of category each case belongs to:

(1) Having business relationship.
(2) The endorser/guarantee parent company owns directly more than $50\%$ voting shares of the endorsed/ guaranteed subsidiary.
(3) The Endorser/guarantee parent company and its subsidiaries jointly own more than $50\%$ voting shares of the endorsed/ guaranteed company.
(4) The endorsed/guaranteed parent company directly or indirectly owns more than $50\%$ voting shares of the endorser/guarantee subsidiary.
(5) Mutual guarantee of the trade as required by the construction contract.
(6) Due to joint venture, each shareholder provides endorsements/guarantees to the endorsed/guaranteed company in proportion to its ownership.

Note 3: Total endorsements/guarantees to others are $50\%$ of the Company's net assets. Limit on endorsements/guarantees provided for a single party is $20\%$ of the Company's net assets. However, limit on endorsements/guarantees provided for a single overseas affiliate is $30\%$ of the Company's net assets.

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Holding of significant marketable securities at the end of the period (not including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures)

Year ended December 31, 2025

Table 3
Expressed in thousands of NTD
(Except as otherwise indicated)

Securities held by	Marketable securities	Relationship with the securities	General ledger account	As of December 31, 2025
				Number of shares	Book value	Ownership (%)	Fair value
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	Funds-Franklin Stable Monthly Income Fund (JPY Hedged Class A)	None	Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss - current, mandatory	61	$ 13,545	-	$ 11,158
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	Stocks-Kai-Hong Energy Co., Ltd.	None	Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss - non-current, mandatory	3,594	35,941	1.89%	35,941
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	Equity interests-Noah Green Technology Capital	None	Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss - non-current, mandatory	-	18,174	1.73%	18,174
				$ 67,660			$ 65,273
				valuation adjustment ( 2,387)
				$ 65,273

Table 3 Page 1

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Purchases or sales of goods from or to related parties reaching NT$100 million or 20% of paid-in capital or more

Year ended December 31, 2025

Table 4

Purchaser/seller	Counterparty	Relationship counterparty	Transaction				Differences in transaction terms compared to third party transactions (Note 1)		Notes/accounts receivable (payable)		Footnote
			Purchases (sales)	Amount	Percentage of total purchases (sales)	Credit term	Unit price	Credit term	Balance	Percentage of total notes/accounts (payable)
SuperAlloy Manufaktur GmbH	SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	The Company's subsidiary	Outsourcing expenses	$ 377,265	5.41%	Payment term is 30 days after monthly billings.	Note 1	Note 1	$ 54,814	7.20%	Note 2

Note 1: It is refer to the market price and would be determined based on mutual agreement.
Note 2: The transaction had been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Receivables from related parties reaching NT$100 million or 20% of paid-in capital or more

December 31, 2025

Table 5

Expressed in thousands of NTD

(Except as otherwise indicated)

Creditor	Counterparty	Relationship with the counterparty	Balance as at December 31, 2025		Turnover rate	Overdue receivables		Amount collected subsequent to the balance sheet date (Note 1)	Allowance for doubtful accounts	Footnote
			General ledger account	Amount		Amount	Action taken
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	SuperAlloy Manufaktur GmbH	The Company's subsidiary	Other receivables	$ 134,059	-	$ -	-	$ -	$ -	Notes 2, 3

Note 1: Amounts have been collected as of March 2, 2026.
Note 2: The transaction had been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.
Note 3: The amount is in the nature of a loan of funds, thus the turnover rate is not applicable.

Table 5 Page 1

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Significant inter-company transactions during the reporting periods

Year ended December 31, 2025

Table 6

Expressed in thousands of NTD

(Except as otherwise indicated)

Number (Note 1)	Company name	Counterparty	Relationship (Note 2)	Transaction
				General ledger account	Amount	Transaction terms	Percentage of consolidated total operating revenues or total assets (Note 3)
0	SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	SuperAlloy Manufaktur GmbH	1	Outsourcing expenses	$ 377,265	Payment term is 30 days after monthly billings.	5.41%
0	SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	SuperAlloy Manufaktur GmbH	1	Other receivables	134,059	Notes 5	0.74%

Note 1: The numbers filled in for the transaction company in respect of inter-company transactions are as follows:
(1) Parent company is '0'.
(2) The subsidiaries are numbered in order starting from '1'.
Note 2: Relationship between transaction company and counterparty is classified into the following three categories; fill in the number of category each case belongs to (If transactions between parent company and subsidiaries or between subsidiaries refer to the same transaction, it is not required to disclose twice. For example, if the parent company has already disclosed its transaction with a subsidiary, then the subsidiary is not required to disclose the transaction; for transactions between two subsidiaries, if one of the subsidiaries has disclosed the transaction, then the other is not required to disclose the transaction.):
(1) Parent company to subsidiary.
(2) Subsidiary to parent company.
(3) Subsidiary to subsidiary.
Note 3: Regarding percentage of transaction amount to consolidated total operating revenues or total assets, it is computed based on period-end balance of transaction to consolidated total assets for balance sheet accounts and based on accumulated transaction amount for the period to total operating revenues for income statement accounts.
Note 4: The Company may decide to disclose or not to disclose transaction details in this table based on the Materiality Principle.
Note 5: It is refer to the market price and would be determined based on mutual agreement.

Table 6 Page 1

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Information on investees

Year ended December 31, 2025

Table 7

Expressed in thousands of NTD

(Except as otherwise indicated)

Investor	Investee (Note 1)	Location	Main business activities	Initial investment amount		Shares held as at December 31, 2025		Bodence value	Net profit (loss) of the investee for the year ended December 31, 2025 (Note 2)	Investment income (loss) recognised by the Company for the year ended December 31, 2025 (Note 2)
				Balance as at December 31, 2025	Balance as at December 31, 2024	Number of shares	Ownership (%)
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	SuperAlloy Manufaktur GmbH	Germany	Coating and manufacturing of rims	$ 358,258	$ 358,258	-	100.00	$ 32,112	($ 24,591)	($ 24,591)
SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.	Jiayi Co., Ltd.	Taiwan	Casting of aluminum	255,000	-	25,500	85.00	254,930	46 (	70)

Note 1: If a public company is equipped with an overseas holding company and takes consolidated financial report as the main financial report according to the local law rules, it can only disclose the information of the overseas holding company about the disclosure of related overseas investee information.

Note 2: If situation does not belong to Note 1, fill in the columns according to the following regulations:

(1) The columns of 'Investee', 'Location', 'Main business activities', Initial investment amount' and 'Shares held as at December 31, 2025' should fill orderly in the Company's (public company's) information on investees and every directly or indirectly controlled investee's investment information, and note the relationship between the Company (public company) and its investee each (ex. direct subsidiary or indirect subsidiary) in the 'footnote' column.

(2) The 'Net profit (loss) of the investee for the year ended December 31, 2025' column should fill in amount of net profit (loss) of the investee for this period.

(3) The 'Investment income (loss) recognised by the Company for the year ended December 31, 2025' column should fill in the Company (public company) recognised investment income (loss) of its direct subsidiary and recognised investment income (loss) of its investee accounted for under the equity method for this period. When filling in recognised investment income (loss) of its direct subsidiary, the Company (public company) should confirm that direct subsidiary's net profit (loss) for this period has included its investment income (loss) which shall be recognised by regulations.

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SAI — Audit Report / Information 2025

51866_rns_2026-04-24_e9768cea-80b8-4eb2-ab32-e6845d60aa11.pdf

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

Opinion

Basis for opinion

Key audit matters

Cut-off on sales revenue from distribution warehouse

Description

How our audit addressed the matter

Assessment of allowance for inventory valuation losses

Description

How our audit addressed the matter

Other matter – Parent company only financial statements

Responsibilities of management and those charged with governance for the consolidated financial statements

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

SUPERALLOY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 AND 2024

1. History and Organization

2. The Date of Authorization for Issuance of the Financial Statements and Procedures for Authorization

3. Application of New Standards, Amendments and Interpretations

(14) Pensions

(15) Share-based payment

(18) Capital surplus

(28) Income tax

(2) Financial instruments

Price risk

Cash flow and fair value interest rate risk

(b) Credit risk

13. Supplementary Disclosures

(1) Significant transactions information

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SAI Audit Report / Information 2025