REPUBLIC BANCORP INC /KY/

Quarterly Report • May 9, 2024

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

or

◻ Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 0-24649

REPUBLIC BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​	​	​
Kentucky	​	61-0862051
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	​	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

601 West Market Street , Louisville , Kentucky	​	40202
(Address of principal executive offices)	​	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: ( 502 ) 584-3600

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common	RBCAA	The Nasdaq Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ⌧ Yes ◻ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ⌧ Yes ◻ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Large accelerated filer ◻	​	Accelerated filer ⌧	​	Non-accelerated filer ◻	​	Smaller reporting company ◻
Emerging growth company ◻	​	​	​	​	​	​

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ◻ Yes ☒ No

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, as of April 30, 2024 was 17,261,545 and 2,150,669 .

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

​	​	​
​	​	​
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION		​
​	​	​
Item 1.	Financial Statements.	4
​	​	​
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	58
​	​	​
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.	92
​	​	​
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures.	92
​	​	​
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION		​
​	​	​
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings.	92
​	​	​
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	92
​	​	​
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	93
​	​	​
Item 5.	Other Information.	93
​	​	​
Item 6.	Exhibits.	94
​	​	​
​	SIGNATURES	95

2

Table of Contents

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

The terms identified in alphabetical order below are used throughout this Form 10-Q. You may find it helpful to refer to this page as you read this report.

​	​	​
Term		Definition
​	​	​
ACH	​	Automated Clearing House
ACL	​	Allowance for Credit Losses
ACLC	​	Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
ACLL	​	Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
ACLS	​	Allowance for Credit Losses on Securities
AFS	​	Available for Sale
AOCI	​	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
ASC	​	Accounting Standards Codification
ASU	​	Accounting Standards Update
Basic EPS	​	Basic earnings per Class A Common Share
BOLI	​	Bank Owned Life Insurance
BPO	​	Brokered Price Opinion
C&D	​	Construction and Development
C&I	​	Commercial and Industrial
CARES Act	​	Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
CBank Agreement	​	Agreement and Plan of Merger between Republic Bancorp, Inc., CBank, and RB&T
CECL	​	Current Expected Credit Losses
CMO	​	Collateralized Mortgage Obligation
Core Bank	​	The Traditional Banking and Warehouse Lending reportable segments of the Company
COVID	​	Coronavirus Disease of 2019
CRE	​	Commercial Real Estate
DDA	​	Demand Deposit Account
Diluted EPS	​	Diluted earnings per Class A Common Share
Economic Aid Act	​	Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues Act
ERA	​	Early Season Refund Advance
ESPP	​	Employee Stock Purchase Plan
EVP	​	Executive Vice President
FASB	​	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FDIC	​	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FFTR	​	Federal Funds Target Rate
FHLB	​	Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC	​	Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FICO	​	Fair Isaac Corporation
FNMA	​	Federal National Mortgage Association
FOMC	​	Federal Open Market Committee
FRB	​	Federal Reserve Bank
FTE	​	Full Time Equivalent
FTP	​	Funds Transfer Pricing
GAAP	​	Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States
HEAL	​	Home Equity Amortizing Loan
HELOC	​	Home Equity Line of Credit
HTM	​	Held to Maturity
IRS	​	Internal Revenue Service
ITM	​	Interactive Teller Machine
LGD	​	Loss Given Default
LIBOR	​	London Interbank Offered Rate
LOC	​	Line of Credit
LOC I	​	RCS product introduced in 2014 for which the Bank participates out a 90% interest and holds a 10% interest
LOC II	​	RCS product introduced in 2021 for which the Bank participates out a 95% interest and holds a 5% interest
LTV	​	Loan to Value
MBS	​	Mortgage Backed Securities
MSRs	​	Mortgage Servicing Rights
NA	​	Not Applicable
NIM	​	Net Interest Margin
NM	​	Not Meaningful
OBS	​	Off-Balance Sheet
OCI	​	Other Comprehensive Income
OREO	​	Other Real Estate Owned
OTTI	​	Other than Temporary Impairment
PCD	​	Purchased with Credit Deterioration
PD	​	Probability of Default
PPP	​	SBA's Paycheck Protection Program
Prime	​	The Wall Street Journal Prime Interest Rate
Provision	​	Provision for Expected Credit Loss Expense
PSU	​	Performance Stock Unit
RA	​	Refund Advance
RB&T / the Bank	​	Republic Bank & Trust Company
RCS	​	Republic Credit Solutions segment
Republic / the Company	​	Republic Bancorp, Inc.
RPG	​	Republic Processing Group
RPS	​	Republic Payment Solutions
RT	​	Refund Transfer
SBA	​	U.S. Small Business Administration
SEC	​	Securities and Exchange Commission
SSUAR	​	Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase
TDR	​	Troubled Debt Restructuring
The Captive	​	Republic Insurance Services, Inc.
TRS	​	Tax Refund Solutions segment
TRUP	​	Trust Preferred Security Investment
Warehouse	​	Warehouse Lending segment

3

Table of Contents

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATIO N

Item 1. Financial Statements.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ( in thousands)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		March 31,			December 31,
​	​	2024		​	2023
ASSETS	​	(Unaudited)		​	(Audited)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	$	546,363	​	$	316,567
Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value (amortized cost of $ 614,368 in 2024 and $ 618,525 in 2023, allowance for credit losses of $ 0 in 2024 and 2023)	​		587,805	​		591,313
Held-to-maturity debt securities (fair value of $ 76,119 in 2024 and $ 76,167 in 2023, allowance for credit losses of $ 10 in 2024 and $ 10 in 2023)	​		76,254	​		76,387
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value	​	​	235	​	​	174
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value	​		80,884	​		3,227
Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value	​	​	6,093	​	​	7,914
Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value	​	​	13,083	​	​	16,094
Loans (loans carried at fair value of $ 0 in 2024 and $ 0 in 2023)	​		5,224,292	​		5,239,861
Allowance for credit losses	​		( 108,702 )	​		( 82,130 )
Loans, net	​		5,115,590	​		5,157,731
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost	​		43,729	​		23,770
Premises and equipment, net	​		33,557	​		33,411
Right-of-use assets	​	​	33,210	​	​	34,691
Goodwill	​		40,516	​		40,516
Other real estate owned	​		1,486	​		1,370
Bank owned life insurance	​		104,670	​		103,916
Low-income housing tax credit investments	​	​	73,621	​	​	75,055
Other assets and accrued interest receivable	​		118,496	​		112,755
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
TOTAL ASSETS	​	$	6,875,592	​	$	6,594,891
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
LIABILITIES	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Deposits:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing	​	$	1,359,516	​	$	1,676,998
Interest-bearing	​		4,061,133	​		3,376,165
Total deposits	​		5,420,649	​		5,053,163
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings	​		84,522	​		97,618
Operating lease liabilities	​	​	34,076	​	​	35,539
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	​		270,000	​		380,000
Low-income housing tax credit obligations	​	​	56,093	​	​	58,619
Other liabilities and accrued interest payable	​		74,669	​		57,196
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total liabilities	​		5,940,009	​		5,682,135
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Footnote 9)	​		—	​		—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Preferred stock, no par value	​		—	​		—
Class A Common Stock, no par value, 30,000,000 shares authorized, 17,260,406 shares (2024) and 17,203,355 shares (2023) issued and outstanding ; Class B Common Stock, no par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, 2,150,669 shares (2024) and 2,154,562 shares (2023) issued and outstanding	​		4,578	​		4,553
Additional paid in capital	​		142,091	​		142,124
Retained earnings	​		808,836	​		786,487
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	​		( 19,922 )	​		( 20,408 )
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total stockholders’ equity	​		935,583	​		912,756
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	​	$	6,875,592	​	$	6,594,891

See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements.

4

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMEN TS OF INCOME ( UNAUDITED )

( in thousands, except per share data )

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	Three Months Ended						​
​	March 31,					​	​
​	2024		​	2023		​	​
INTEREST INCOME:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loans, including fees	$	118,907	​	$	92,609	​	​
Taxable investment securities		4,452	​		4,603	​	​
Federal Home Loan Bank stock and other		7,273	​		3,144	​	​
Total interest income		130,632	​		100,356	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
INTEREST EXPENSE:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Deposits		26,996	​		4,878	​	​
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings		130	​		248	​	​
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		6,587	​		2,588	​	​
Total interest expense		33,713	​		7,714	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
NET INTEREST INCOME		96,919	​		92,642	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Provision for expected credit loss expense for on-balance sheet exposures (loans and investment securities)		30,622	​		26,766	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION		66,297	​		65,876	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
NONINTEREST INCOME:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Service charges on deposit accounts		3,313	​		3,299	​	​
Net refund transfer fees		10,820	​		10,807	​	​
Mortgage banking income		310	​		800	​	​
Interchange fee income		3,157	​		3,051	​	​
Program fees		4,179	​		3,241	​	​
Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance		754	​		635	​	​
Net losses on other real estate owned		( 53 )	​		( 53 )	​	​
Other		893	​		901	​	​
Total noninterest income		23,373	​		22,681	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
NONINTEREST EXPENSE:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Salaries and employee benefits		29,716	​		29,961	​	​
Technology, equipment, and communication		7,490	​		7,228	​	​
Occupancy		3,822	​		3,406	​	​
Marketing and development		1,924	​		1,574	​	​
FDIC insurance expense		772	​		637	​	​
Interchange related expense		1,298	​		1,499	​	​
Legal and professional fees	​	1,055	​	​	1,061	​	​
Merger expense	​	41	​	​	2,073	​	​
Other		4,853	​		5,004	​	​
Total noninterest expense		50,971	​		52,443	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSE		38,699	​		36,114	​	​
INCOME TAX EXPENSE		8,093	​		8,022	​	​
NET INCOME	$	30,606	​	$	28,092	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
BASIC EARNINGS PER SHARE:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Common Stock	$	1.59	​	$	1.42	​	​
Class B Common Stock	​	1.44	​	​	1.30	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Common Stock	$	1.58	​	$	1.42	​	​
Class B Common Stock	​	1.43	​	​	1.29	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements.

5

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ( UNAUDITED)

( in thousands )

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	Three Months Ended					​
​	March 31,					​
​	2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income	$	30,606	​	$	28,092	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities		592	​		5,205	​
Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings		57	​		5	​
Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income tax		649	​		5,210	​
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income		( 163 )	​		( 1,305 )	​
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		486	​		3,905	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	31,092	​	$	31,997	​

See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements.

6

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024																		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Common Stock						​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Accumulated		​	​	​	​
​		Class A		Class B			​		Additional				​		Other			Total		​
​	​	Shares	​	Shares	​	​	​	​	Paid In		​	Retained		​	Comprehensive		​	Stockholders’		​
(in thousands, except per share data)	​	Outstanding	​	Outstanding	​	Amount		​	Capital		​	Earnings		​	Income (Loss)		​	Equity		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, January 1, 2024		17,203	​	2,155	​	$	4,553	​	$	142,124	​	$	786,487	​	$	( 20,408 )	​	$	912,756	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		30,606	​		—	​		30,606	​
Net change in AOCI		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		486	​		486	​
Dividends declared on Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Shares ( $ 0.407 per share)		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		( 6,986 )	​		—	​		( 6,986 )	​
Class B Shares ( $ 0.370 per share)		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		( 796 )	​		—	​		( 796 )	​
Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld		37		—	​		26	​		( 689 )	​		( 437 )	​		—	​		( 1,100 )	​
Conversion of Class B to Class A Common Shares	​	4		( 4 )	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​
Deferred compensation - Class A Common Stock:		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Directors	​	—		—	​		( 1 )	​		135	​		—	​		—	​		134	​
Designated key employees	​	11		—	​		—	​		167	​		—	​		—	​		167	​
Employee stock purchase plan - Class A Common Stock	​	4		—	​		1	​		183	​		—	​		—	​		184	​
Stock-based awards - Class A Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Performance stock units		—		—	​		—	​		36	​		—	​		—	​		36	​
Restricted stock		1		—	​		( 1 )	​		( 34 )	​		( 38 )	​		—	​		( 73 )	​
Stock options		—		—	​		—	​		169	​		—	​		—	​		169	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, March 31, 2024	​	17,260	​	2,151	​	$	4,578	​	$	142,091	​	$	808,836	​	$	( 19,922 )	​	$	935,583	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023																		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Common Stock						​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Accumulated		​	​	​	​
​		Class A		Class B			​		Additional				​		Other			Total		​
​	​	Shares	​	Shares	​	​	​	​	Paid In		​	Retained		​	Comprehensive		​	Stockholders’		​
(in thousands, except per share data)	​	Outstanding	​	Outstanding	​	Amount		​	Capital		​	Earnings		​	Income (Loss)		​	Equity		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, January 1, 2023		17,585		2,160	​	$	4,648	​	$	141,694	​	$	742,250	​	$	( 31,979 )	​	$	856,613	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		28,092	​		—	​		28,092	​
Net change in AOCI		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		3,905	​		3,905	​
Dividends declared on Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Shares ( $ 0.374 per share)		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		( 6,581 )	​		—	​		( 6,581 )	​
Class B Shares ( $ 0.340 per share)		—		—	​		—	​		—	​		( 734 )	​		—	​		( 734 )	​
Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld		—		—	​		—	​		( 84 )	​		—	​		—	​		( 84 )	​
Net change in notes receivable on Class A Common Stock		—		—	​		—	​		84	​		—	​		—	​		84	​
Deferred compensation - Class A Common Stock:		—	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Directors	​	—		—	​		—	​		110	​		—	​		—	​		110	​
Designated key employees	​	7		—	​		—	​		221	​		—	​		—	​		221	​
Employee stock purchase plan - Class A Common Stock	​	4		—	​		—	​		162	​		—	​		—	​		162	​
Stock-based awards - Class A Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Performance stock units		—		—	​		—	​		39	​		—	​		—	​		39	​
Restricted stock		2		—	​		—	​		173	​		—	​		—	​		173	​
Stock options		—		—	​		—	​		202	​		—	​		—	​		202	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, March 31, 2023		17,598		2,160	​	$	4,648	​	$	142,601	​	$	763,027	​	$	( 28,074 )	​	$	882,202	​

See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements.

7

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,
​		2024			2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income	​	$	30,606	​	$	28,092
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net amortization on investment securities and low-income housing investments	​		1,555	​		1,438
Net accretion and amortization on loans	​		( 639 )	​		( 618 )
Unrealized and realized losses on equity securities with readily determinable fair value	​	​	( 61 )	​	​	4
Depreciation of premises and equipment	​		1,944	​		1,594
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights	​		426	​		490
Provision for on-balance sheet exposures	​		30,622	​		26,766
Provision for off-balance sheet exposures	​	​	( 110 )	​	​	210
Net gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	​		80	​		( 420 )
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale	​		( 27,046 )	​		( 15,942 )
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale	​		18,773	​		16,630
Net gain on sale of consumer loans held for sale	​	​	( 3,405 )	​	​	( 2,534 )
Origination of consumer loans held for sale	​	​	( 188,347 )	​	​	( 207,222 )
Proceeds from sale of consumer loans held for sale	​	​	196,584	​	​	210,199
Writedowns of other real estate owned	​		53	​		52
Deferred compensation expense - Class A Common Stock	​		301	​		331
Stock-based awards and ESPP expense - Class A Common Stock	​		160	​		438
Amortization of right-of-use assets	​		1,481	​	​	1,544
Accretion of operating lease liabilities	​	​	( 1,463 )	​		( 1,550 )
Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance	​		( 754 )	​		( 635 )
Net change in other assets and liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Accrued interest receivable	​		( 1,878 )	​		( 2,502 )
Accrued interest payable	​		2,832	​		103
Other assets	​		( 5,489 )	​		( 5,402 )
Other liabilities	​		14,999	​		19,670
Net cash provided by operating activities	​		71,224	​		70,736
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net cash proceeds paid in acquisition	​		—	​		( 40,970 )
Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities	​		( 50,000 )	​		( 25,000 )
Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities	​		—	​		( 25,000 )
Proceeds from calls, maturities and paydowns of equity and available-for-sale debt securities	​		54,220	​		54,066
Proceeds from calls, maturities and paydowns of held-to-maturity debt securities	​		133	​		278
Net change in outstanding warehouse lines of credit	​		( 123,526 )	​		( 53,805 )
Purchase of correspondent loans, including premiums paid	​		—	​		( 8,731 )
Net change in other loans	​		66,188	​		19,670
Net purchases of Federal Home Loan Bank stock	​	​	( 19,959 )	​	​	( 16,793 )
Investments in low-income housing tax partnerships	​	​	( 2,710 )	​	​	( 1,172 )
Net purchases of premises and equipment	​		( 2,090 )	​		( 1,688 )
Net cash used in investing activities	​		( 77,744 )	​		( 99,145 )
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net change in deposits	​		367,486	​		40,145
Net change in securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings	​		( 13,096 )	​		( 82,544 )
Payments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances	​		( 110,000 )	​		—
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances	​		—	​		13,000
Net proceeds from Class A Common Stock purchased through employee stock purchase plan	​	​	156	​	​	138
Net proceeds from option exercises and equity awards vested - Class A Common Stock	​		( 1,100 )	​		( 84 )
Cash dividends paid	​		( 7,130 )	​		( 6,646 )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	​		236,316	​		( 35,991 )
NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	​		229,796	​		( 64,400 )
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD	​		316,567	​		313,689
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD	​	$	546,363	​	$	249,289
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASHFLOW INFORMATION:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash paid during the period for:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest	​	$	30,882	​	$	7,611
Income taxes	​		570	​		471
SUPPLEMENTAL NONCASH DISCLOSURES:	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mortgage servicing rights capitalized	​	$	118	​	$	127
Transfers from loans to real estate acquired in settlement of loans	​	​	169	​	​	—
Transfers from loans held for investment to held for sale	​	​	69,464	​	​	—
Right-of-use assets recorded	​	​	—	​	​	722

See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS –MARCH 31, 2024 and 2023 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023 (UNAUDITED)

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Republic Bancorp, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Republic Bank & Trust Company and Republic Insurance Services, Inc. As used in this filing, the terms “Republic,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Republic Bancorp, Inc., and, where the context requires, Republic Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The term “Bank” refers to the Company’s subsidiary bank: Republic Bank & Trust Company. The term “Captive” refers to the Company’s insurance subsidiary: Republic Insurance Services, Inc. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Republic is a financial holding company headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. The Bank is a Kentucky-based, state-chartered non-member financial institution that provides both traditional and non-traditional banking products through five reportable segments using a multitude of delivery channels. While the Bank operates primarily in its geographic market footprint where it has physical locations, its non-brick-and-mortar delivery channels allow it to reach clients across the U.S. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company dissolved its Captive, a Nevada-based, wholly owned insurance subsidiary of the Company. The Captive provided property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank, as well as a group of unrelated third-party insurance captives.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2024. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in Republic’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Certain amounts presented in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported prior periods’ net income or shareholders’ equity.

BUSINESS SEGMENT COMPOSITION

As of March 31, 2024, the Company was divided into five reportable segments: Traditional Banking, Warehouse Lending, TRS, RPS, and RCS. Republic had previously reported mortgage banking as a separate reportable segment prior to the first quarter of 2024. Due to the quantitative and qualitative immateriality of this division, Management concluded its mortgage banking operations no longer constitutes a separate reportable segment for SEC reporting purposes.

Management considers the first two segments to collectively constitute “Core Bank” or “Core Banking” operations, while the last three segments collectively constitute RPG operations.

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Core Bank

Traditional Banking segment — The Traditional Banking segment, which also includes the results of the former mortgage banking segment, provides traditional banking products primarily to customers in the Company’s market footprint. As of March 31, 2024, Republic had 47 banking centers with locations as follows:

● Kentucky — 29

● Metropolitan Louisville — 19

● Central Kentucky — 6

● Georgetown — 1

● Lexington — 5

● Northern Kentucky (Metropolitan Cincinnati) — 4

● Bellevue— 1

● Covington — 1

● Crestview Hills — 1

● Florence — 1

● Indiana — 3

● Southern Indiana (Metropolitan Louisville) — 3

● Floyds Knobs — 1

● Jeffersonville — 1

● New Albany — 1

● Florida — 7

● Metropolitan Tampa — 7

● Ohio — 4

● Metropolitan Cincinnati — 4

● Tennessee — 4

● Metropolitan Nashville — 4

Republic’s headquarters are in Louisville, which is the largest city in Kentucky based on population.

Traditional Banking results of operations are primarily dependent upon net interest income, which represents the difference between the interest income and fees on interest-earning assets and the interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Principal interest-earning Traditional Banking assets represent investment securities and commercial and consumer loans primarily secured by real estate and/or personal property. Interest-bearing liabilities primarily consist of interest-bearing deposit accounts, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, as well as short-term and long-term borrowing sources. FHLB advances have traditionally been a significant borrowing source for the Bank.

Other sources of Traditional Banking income include mortgage banking income, service charges on deposit accounts, debit and credit card interchange fee income, title insurance commissions, and increases in the cash surrender value of BOLI.

Traditional Banking operating expenses consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits; technology, equipment, and communication; occupancy; interchange related expense; marketing and development; FDIC insurance expense, and various other general and administrative costs. Traditional Banking results of operations are significantly impacted by general economic and competitive conditions, particularly changes in market interest rates, government laws and policies, and actions of regulatory agencies.

Warehouse Lending segment — The Core Bank provides short-term, revolving credit facilities to mortgage bankers across the United States through mortgage warehouse lines of credit. These credit facilities are primarily secured by single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans. The credit facility enables the mortgage banking clients to close single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans in their own name and temporarily fund their inventory of these closed loans until the loans are sold to investors approved by the Bank. Individual loans are expected to remain on the warehouse line for an average of 15 to 30 days . Advances for Reverse mortgage loans and construction loans typically remain on the line longer than conventional mortgage loans. Interest income and loan fees are accrued for each individual advance during the time the advance remains on the warehouse line and collected when the loan is sold. The Core Bank receives the sale proceeds of each loan directly from the investor and applies the funds to pay off the warehouse advance and related accrued interest and fees. The remaining proceeds are credited to the mortgage-banking client.

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Republic Processing Group

Tax Refund Solutions segment — Through the TRS segment , the Bank is one of a limited number of financial institutions that facilitates the receipt and payment of federal and state tax refund products and offers a credit product through third-party tax preparers located throughout the U.S., as well as tax-preparation software providers (collectively, the “Tax Providers”). The majority of all the business generated by the TRS business occurs during the first half of each year. During the second half of each year, TRS generates limited revenue and incurs costs preparing for the next year’s tax season. During December 2023, TRS originated $ 103 million of ERAs related to tax returns that were anticipated to be filed during the first quarter 2024 tax filing season. Of these ERAs, $ 11 million remained outstanding as of March 31, 2024. During the second half of each year, TRS generates limited revenue and incurs costs preparing for the next year’s tax filing season.

RTs are fee-based products whereby a tax refund is issued to the taxpayer after the Bank has received the refund from the federal or state government. There is no credit risk or borrowing cost associated with these products because they are only delivered to the taxpayer upon receipt of the tax refund directly from the governmental paying authority. Fees earned by the Company on RTs, net of revenue share, are reported as noninterest income under the line item “Net refund transfer fees.”

The RA credit product is a loan made in conjunction with the filing of a taxpayer’s federal tax return, which allows the taxpayer to borrow funds as an advance of a portion of their tax refund. The RA product had the following features during the first quarters of 2024 and 2023:

● Offered only during the first two months of each year;

● The taxpayer was given the option to choose from multiple loan-amount tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $ 6,500 ;

● No requirement that the taxpayer pays for another bank product, such as an RT;

● Multiple disbursement methods were available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit, prepaid card, or check, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election;

● Repayment of the RA to the Bank is deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and

● If an insufficient refund to repay the RA occurs:

o there is no recourse to the taxpayer,

o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and

o no collection efforts against the taxpayer.

Since its introduction in December of 2022, the ERA credit product has been structured similarly to the RA with the primary differences being the timing of when the ERAs are originated and the documentation available to underwrite the ERA credits. The ERA is originated prior to the taxpayer receiving their fiscal year taxable income documentation, e.g. , W-2, and the filing of the taxpayer’s final federal tax return. As such, the Company generally uses paystub information to underwrite the ERA. The repayment of the ERA is incumbent upon the taxpayer client returning to the Bank’s Tax Provider for the filing of their final federal tax return in order for the tax refund to potentially be received by the Bank from the federal government to pay off the advance. The ERA product had the following features during the 2023 and 2024 tax filing seasons:

● Only offered during December and the up-coming January in connection with the upcoming first quarter tax business for each period;

● The taxpayer had the option to choose from multiple loan tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $ 1,000 ;

● No requirement that the taxpayer pays for another bank product, such as an RT;

● Multiple disbursement methods available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit or prepaid card, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election;

● Repayment of the ERA to the Bank deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and

● If an insufficient refund to repay the ERA, including the failure to file a final federal tax return through a Republic Tax Provider:

o no recourse to the taxpayer,

o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and

o no collection efforts against the taxpayer.

The Company reports fees paid for the RAs, including ERAs, as interest income on loans. The number of days for delinquency eligibility is based on management’s annual analysis of tax return processing times. RAs, including ERAs that were originated related

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to the first quarter 2023 tax filing season were repaid, on average, within 32 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority. RAs do not have a contractual due date, but as it did during 2023, the Company will consider an RA delinquent in 2024 if it remains unpaid 35 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority.

Provisions on RAs are estimated when advances are made. Unpaid RAs, including ERAs, related to the first quarter tax filing season of a given year are charged-off by June 30 th of that year, unless they are deemed to be uncollectible earlier than June 30 th , at which time they are charged off. RAs collected during the second half of that year, not subject to loan loss guarantee arrangements, are recorded as recoveries of previously charged-off loans.

Republic Payment Solutions segment - The RPS segment offers a range of payment-related products and services to consumers through third party service providers. The Bank offers both issuing solutions and money movement capabilities.

Issuing Solutions :

The RPS segment offers prepaid and debit solutions primarily marketed to consumers through third-party marketer-servicers.

Prepaid solutions include the issuing of payroll and general purpose reloadable (“GPR”) cards. Characteristics of these cards include the following:

● Similar to a traditional debit card with features including traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals and direct deposit;

● Funds associated with these products are typically held in pooled accounts at the Bank with the Bank maintaining records of individual balances within these pooled accounts; and

● Payroll cards facilitate the loading of an employer’s payroll onto a card via direct deposit with GPR cards generally distributed through retail locations and reloadable through participating retail load networks.

Debit solutions include the issuing of demand deposit accounts, savings accounts and/or debit cards. In addition to offering traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals, and direct deposit options, these accounts may include overdraft protection.

Money Movement :

The Bank participates in traditional money movement solutions including ACH transactions, wire transfer, check processing, and the Mastercard Remote Payment and Presentment Service (“RPPS”). These capabilities are complementary to issuing within RPS, as well as, generally facilitating the movement of money for the TRS and RCS Divisions.

The Company reports its share of client-related charges and fees for RPS programs under Program fees. Additionally, the Company’s portion of interchange revenue generated by prepaid card transactions is reported as noninterest income under “Interchange fee income.”

Republic Credit Solutions segment — Through the RCS segment, the Bank offers consumer credit products. In general, the credit products are unsecured, small dollar consumer loans that are dependent on various factors. RCS loans typically earn a higher yield but also have higher credit risk compared to loans originated through the Traditional Banking segment, with a significant portion of RCS clients considered subprime or near-prime borrowers. The Bank uses third-party service providers for certain services such as marketing and loan servicing of RCS loans. Additional information regarding consumer loan products offered through RCS follows:

● RCS line-of-credit products – Using separate third-party service providers, the Bank originates two line-of-credit products to generally subprime borrowers in multiple states.

1) Elastic Marketing, LLC and Elevate Decision Sciences, LLC are third-party service providers for the LOC I product and are subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision. Together, these companies provide the Bank with certain marketing, servicing, technology, and support services, while a separate third party provides customer support, servicing, and other services on the Bank’s behalf. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of the product.

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The Bank sells participation interests in this product. These participation interests are a 90 % interest in advances made to borrowers under the borrower’s line-of-credit account, and the participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 10 % participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100 % ownership of the underlying LOC I account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

2) Similar to its LOC I product, the Bank provides oversight and supervision to a third party for its LOC II product. In return, this third party provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for the LOC II product. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this product.

The Bank sells 95 % participation interests in the LOC II product. These participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 5 % participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100 % ownership of the underlying LOC II account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

● RCS installment loan product – Through RCS, the Bank offers installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. The same third-party service provider for RCS’s LOC II is the third-party provider for the installment loans. This third-party provider is subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision and provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for these RCS installment loans. The Bank is the lender for these RCS installment loans and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this RCS installment loan product. Currently, all loan balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intention to sell these loans to a third-party, who is an affiliate of the Bank’s third-party service provider, generally within sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly.

● RCS healthcare receivables products – The Bank originates healthcare-receivables products across the U.S. through three different third-party service providers.

o For two of the programs, the Bank retains 100 % of the receivables, with recourse in the event of default.

o For the remaining program, in some instances the Bank retains 100 % of the receivables originated, with recourse in the event of default, and in other instances, the Bank sells 100 % of the receivables generally within one month of origination. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

For the RCS line of credit and healthcare receivable products, the Company reports interest income and loan origination fees earned on RCS loans under “Loans, including fees,” while any net gains or losses on sale and mark-to-market adjustments of RCS loans are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.” The Company has elected fair value accounting for its RCS installment loan product that it sells after an initial holding period. As a result, interest income on loans, loan origination fees, net gains or losses on sale, and mark-to-market adjustments for the RCS installment product are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.”

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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

The following ASUs were adopted by the Company during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Method of	​	Financial
ASU. No.		Topic		Nature of Update		Date Adopted		Adoption		Statement Impact
2022-03	​	Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions	​	This ASU clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value.	​	January 1, 2024	​	Prospectively	​	Immaterial
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
2023-02	​	Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)	​	This ASU allows reporting entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits.	​	January 1, 2024	​	Prospectively	​	Immaterial
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
2023-01	​	Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements	​	This ASU requires entities to determine whether a related party arrangement between entities under common control is a lease. If the arrangement is determined to be a lease, an entity must classify and account for the lease on the same basis as an arrangement with a related party (on the basis of legally enforceable terms and conditions).	​	January 1, 2024	​	Prospectively	​	Immaterial

Accounting Standards Update

The following not-yet-effective ASUs were issued prior to March 31, 2024, and considered relevant to the Company’s financial statements.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	Date Adoption	​	Adoption	​	Expected
ASU. No.	​	Topic	​	Nature of Update	​	Required	​	Method	​	Financial Impact
2024-02	​	Codification Improvements—Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements	​	This ASU contains amendments to the Codification that remove references to various Concepts Statements. In most instances, the references are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. In other instances, the references were used in prior Statements to provide guidance in certain topical areas.	​	January 1, 2025	​	Prospectively	​	The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements.
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
2023-09	​	Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures	​	Among other things, these amendments require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income [or loss] by the applicable statutory income tax rate).	​	January 1, 2025	​	Prospectively	​	The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements.
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
2023-07	​	Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures	​	The amendments in the ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses.	​	October 1, 2024	​	Retrospectively	​	The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements.
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
2023-03	​	Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280—General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock (SEC Update)	​	This ASU amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™ for SEC paragraphs pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280—General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock.	​	Upon addition to the FASB Codification.	​	Prospectively	​	The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements.

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2. ACQUISITION OF CBANK

OVERVIEW

On March 15, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of CBank (“CBank”), and its wholly owned bank subsidiary Commercial Industrial Finance (“CIF”), for approximately $ 51 million in cash. The primary reason for the acquisition of CBank was to expand the Company’s footprint in the Cincinnati, Ohio metropolitan statistical area.

ACQUISITION SUMMARY

The following table provides a summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as recorded by CBank, the previously reported preliminary fair value adjustments necessary to adjust those acquired assets and assumed liabilities to fair value, final recast adjustments to those previously reported preliminary fair values, and the expected fair values of those assets and liabilities as recorded by the Company. Effective September 30, 2023, management finalized the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	March 15, 2023
​	​	As Previously Reported					​	​	​	As Recasted
​		As Recorded			Fair Value		​			Recast		​			As Recorded
Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)	​	by CBank		​	Adjustments		​	​	​	Adjustments		​	​	​	by Republic
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Assets acquired:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	$	10,030	​	$	—	​	​	​	$	—	​	​	​	$	10,030
Investment securities	​		16,463	​		( 4 )	​	a	​		( 65 )	​	a	​		16,394
Loans	​		221,707	​		( 4,219 )	​	b	​		( 150 )	​	b	​		217,338
Allowance for loan and lease losses	​	​	( 2,953 )	​	​	1,353	​	c	​	​	1,391	​	c, j	​	​	( 209 )
Loans, net	​		218,754	​		( 2,866 )	​	​	​		1,241	​	​	​		217,129
Goodwill	​	​	954	​	​	( 954 )	​	d	​	​	—	​	​	​	​	—
Core deposit intangible	​	​	—	​	​	2,844	​	e	​	​	—	​	​	​	​	2,844
Premises and equipment, net	​		162	​		35	​	f	​		( 24 )	​	f	​		173
Other assets and accrued interest receivable	​		7,067	​		( 320 )	​	g	​		—	​	​	​		6,747
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total assets acquired	​	$	253,430	​	$	( 1,265 )	​	​	​	$	1,152	​	​	​	$	253,317
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Liabilities assumed:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Deposits:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing	​	$	42,160	​	$	—	​	​	​	$	—	​	​	​	$	42,160
Interest-bearing	​		179,487	​		31	​	h	​		—	​	​	​		179,518
Total deposits	​		221,647	​		31	​	​	​		—	​	​	​		221,678
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other liabilities and accrued interest payable	​		4,709	​		96	​	i	​		50	​	i	​		4,855
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total liabilities assumed	​		226,356	​		127	​	​	​		50	​	​	​		226,533
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net assets acquired	​	$	27,074	​	$	( 1,392 )	​	​	​	$	1,102	​	​	​	​	26,784
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash consideration paid	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		( 51,000 )
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Goodwill	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	$	24,216

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Explanation of fair value and recast adjustments:

a. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the investment securities.

b. Adjustments to loans to reflect estimated fair value adjustments based on the Company’s evaluation of the acquired loan portfolio.

c. Adjustments to the Allowance reflect the fair value adjustment to eliminate the acquiree’s recorded allowance for loan losses and other fair value adjustments based on the Company’s evaluation of the acquired loan portfolio.

d. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment to eliminate the recorded goodwill.

e. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment for the core deposit intangible asset recorded as a result of the acquisition.

f. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the premises and equipment, net.

g. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the other assets and accrued interest receivable.

h. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the assumed time deposits.

i. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the other liabilities and accrued interest payable.

j. Adjustment reflects a change in estimated fair value based upon further evaluation of PCD loans, including cash payments received subsequent to the date of acquisition.

Goodwill of approximately $ 24 million, which is the excess of the merger consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired, was recorded in the CBank acquisition and is the result of expected operational synergies and other factors. This goodwill is all attributable to the Company’s Traditional Banking segment and is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

3. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, fair value, and ACLS of AFS debt securities and the corresponding amounts of related gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in AOCI:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		​			Gross			Gross			Allowance				​
​	​	Amortized		​	Unrealized		​	Unrealized		​	for			Fair
March 31, 2024 (in thousands)	​	Cost		​	Gains		​	Losses		​	Credit Losses			Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	426,414	​	$	—	​	$	( 13,289 )	​	$	—	​	$	413,125
Private label mortgage-backed security	​		385	​		1,387	​		—	​		—	​		1,772
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​		159,666	​		106	​		( 13,950 )	​		—	​		145,822
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​		22,077	​		39	​		( 1,076 )	​		—	​		21,040
Corporate bonds	​		2,011	​		8	​		—	​		—	​		2,019
Trust preferred security	​		3,815	​		212	​		—	​		—	​		4,027
Total available-for-sale debt securities	​	$	614,368	​	$	1,752	​	$	( 28,315 )	​	$	—	​	$	587,805

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		​			Gross			Gross			Allowance				​
​	​	Amortized		​	Unrealized		​	Unrealized		​	for			Fair
December 31, 2023 (in thousands)	​	Cost		​	Gains		​	Losses		​	Credit Losses			Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	421,576	​	$	—	​	$	( 14,543 )	​	$	—	​	$	407,033
Private label mortgage-backed security	​		443	​		1,330	​		—	​		—	​		1,773
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​		167,996	​		176	​		( 13,462 )	​		—	​		154,710
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​		22,698	​		36	​		( 1,075 )	​		—	​		21,659
Corporate bonds	​		2,012	​		8	​		—	​		—	​		2,020
Trust preferred security	​		3,800	​		318	​		—	​		—	​		4,118
Total available-for-sale debt securities	​	$	618,525	​	$	1,868	​	$	( 29,080 )	​	$	—	​	$	591,313

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Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, fair value, and ACLS of HTM debt securities and the corresponding amounts of related gross unrecognized gains and losses:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​			​		Gross			Gross				​		Allowance
​	​	Amortized		​	Unrecognized		​	Unrecognized		​	Fair		​	for
March 31, 2024 (in thousands)	​	Cost		​	Gains		​	Losses		​	Value		​	Credit Losses
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	65,000	​	$	—	​	$	( 116 )	​	$	64,884	​	$	—
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​	​	24	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	24	​	​	—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​		6,251	​		45	​		( 104 )	​		6,192	​		—
Corporate bonds	​		4,989	​		30	​		—	​		5,019	​		( 10 )
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	​	$	76,264	​	$	75	​	$	( 220 )	​	$	76,119	​	$	( 10 )

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​			​		Gross			Gross				​		Allowance
​	​	Amortized		​	Unrecognized		​	Unrecognized		​	Fair		​	for
December 31, 2023 (in thousands)	​	Cost		​	Gains		​	Losses		​	Value		​	Credit Losses
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	65,000	​	$	—	​	$	( 163 )	​	$	64,837	​	$	—
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​	​	25	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	25	​	​	—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​		6,386	​		48	​		( 121 )	​		6,313	​		—
Corporate bonds	​		4,986	​		6	​		—	​		4,992	​		( 10 )
Obligations of state and political subdivisions	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	​	$	76,397	​	$	54	​	$	( 284 )	​	$	76,167	​	$	( 10 )

Sales of Available-for-Sale Debt Securities

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no gains or losses on sales or calls of AFS debt securities.

Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of March 31, 2024 follow. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are detailed separately.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Available-for-Sale					​	Held-to-Maturity
​	​	Debt Securities					​	Debt Securities
​		Amortized			Fair			Amortized			Fair
March 31, 2024 (in thousands)	​	Cost		​	Value		​	Cost		​	Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Due in one year or less	​	$	191,117	​	$	189,114	​	$	50,000	​	$	49,897
Due from one year to five years	​		237,308	​		226,030	​		19,989	​		20,006
Due from five years to ten years	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—
Due beyond ten years	​		3,815	​		4,027	​		—	​		—
Private label mortgage-backed security	​		385	​		1,772	​		—	​		—
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​		159,666	​		145,822	​		24	​		24
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​		22,077	​		21,040	​		6,251	​		6,192
Total debt securities	​	$	614,368	​	$	587,805	​	$	76,264	​	$	76,119

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Unrealized-Loss Analysis on Debt Securities

The following tables summarize AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an ACLS had not been recorded as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by investment category and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Less than 12 months					​	12 months or more					​	Total
​		​	​		Unrealized			​	​		Unrealized			​	​		Unrealized
March 31, 2024 (in thousands)	​	Fair Value		​	Losses		​	Fair Value		​	Losses		​	Fair Value		​	Losses
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Available-for-sale debt securities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	61,177	​	$	( 430 )	​	$	351,949	​	$	( 12,859 )	​	$	413,126	​	$	( 13,289 )	​
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​	​	9,818	​	​	( 194 )	​	​	129,370	​	​	( 13,756 )	​	​	139,188	​	​	( 13,950 )	​
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​	​	1,608	​	​	( 72 )	​	​	16,765	​	​	( 1,004 )	​	​	18,373	​	​	( 1,076 )	​
Trust preferred security	​		—	​	​	—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​
Total available-for-sale debt securities	​	$	72,603	​	$	( 696 )	​	$	498,084	​	$	( 27,619 )	​	$	570,687	​	$	( 28,315 )	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Less than 12 months					​	12 months or more					​	Total
​		​	​		Unrealized			​	​		Unrealized			​	​		Unrealized
December 31, 2023 (in thousands)	​	Fair Value		​	Losses		​	Fair Value		​	Losses		​	Fair Value		​	Losses
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Available-for-sale debt securities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	26,707	​	$	( 84 )	​	$	380,326	​	$	( 14,459 )	​	$	407,033	​	$	( 14,543 )	​
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​	​	1,911	​	​	( 23 )	​	​	136,180	​	​	( 13,439 )	​	​	138,091	​	​	( 13,462 )	​
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​	​	1,668	​	​	( 52 )	​	​	17,239	​	​	( 1,023 )	​	​	18,907	​	​	( 1,075 )	​
Trust preferred security	​		—	​	​	—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​
Total available-for-sale debt securities	​	$	30,286	​	$	( 159 )	​	$	533,745	​	$	( 28,921 )	​	$	564,031	​	$	( 29,080 )	​

As of March 31, 2024, the Bank’s security portfolio consisted of 194 securities, 155 of which were in an unrealized loss position.

As of December 31, 2023, the Bank’s security portfolio consisted of 191 securities, 144 of which were in an unrealized loss position.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no holdings of debt securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10 % of stockholders’ equity.

Private Label Mortgage-Backed Security

The Bank owns one private label mortgage-backed security with a total carrying value of $ 1.8 million as of March 31, 2024. This security is mostly backed by “Alternative A” first-lien mortgage loans, but also has an insurance “wrap” or guarantee as an added layer of protection to the security holder. This asset is illiquid, and as such, the Bank determined it to be a Level 3 security in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. Based on this determination, the Bank utilized an income valuation model (“present value model”) approach in determining the fair value of the security. This approach is beneficial for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions, and/or where valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability. Such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used. Management’s best estimate consists of both internal and external support for this investment.

See additional discussion regarding the Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security under Footnote 10 “Fair Value” in this section of the filing.

Mortgage-Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations

As of March 31, 2024, with the exception of the $ 1.8 million private label mortgage-backed security, all other mortgage-backed securities and CMOs held by the Bank were issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies, primarily FHLMC and FNMA. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were gross unrealized losses of $ 15.0 million and $ 14.5 million related to AFS mortgage-backed securities and CMOs. Because these unrealized losses are attributable to changes in interest rates and illiquidity, and not credit quality, and because the Bank does not have the intent to sell these securities, and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, management believes the unrealized losses detailed above do not require an allowance for credit losses relating to these securities to be recognized.

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Roll-forward of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Debt Securities

The table below presents a roll-forward for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 of the ACLS on AFS and HTM debt securities:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	ACLS Roll-forward
​	​	​	Three Months Ended March 31,
​	​	​	2024														2023
​	​	​	Beginning		​	​		​	Charge-		​	​		​	Ending		​	Beginning		​	​		​	Charge-		​	​		​	Ending
(in thousands)	​	​	Balance		​	Provision		​	offs		​	Recoveries		​	Balance		​	Balance		​	Provision		​	offs		​	Recoveries		​	Balance
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Available-for-Sale Securities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Corporate Bonds	​	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	3	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	3
Held-to-Maturity Securities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Corporate Bonds	​	​	​	10	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	10	​	​	10	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	10
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total	​	​	$	10	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	10	​	$	10	​	$	3	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	13
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

The Company’s ACLS on its HTM corporate bonds during the three months ended March 31, 2024 remains unchanged from December 31, 2023.

There were no HTM debt securities on nonaccrual or past due 90 days or more as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. All of the Company’s HTM corporate bonds were rated investment grade as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

There were no HTM debt securities considered collateral dependent as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Accrued interest on AFS debt securities is presented as a component of other assets on the Company’s balance sheet and is excluded from the ACLS. Accrued interest on AFS debt securities totaled $ 2 million and $ 2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $ 837,000 and $ 384,000 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Pledged Debt Securities

Debt securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and debt securities held for other purposes, as required or permitted by law, were as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Amortized cost	​	$	87,238	​	$	106,169	​
Fair value	​	​	86,171	​	​	99,530	​
Carrying amount	​		86,178	​		99,530	​

Equity Securities

The carrying value, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of equity securities with readily determinable fair values were as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		​			Gross			Gross				​
​	​	Amortized		​	Unrealized		​	Unrealized		​	Fair
March 31, 2024 (in thousands)	​	Cost		​	Gains		​	Losses		​	Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Freddie Mac preferred stock	​	$	—	​	$	235	​	$	—	​	$	235	​
Total equity securities with readily determinable fair values	​	$	—	​	$	235	​	$	—	​	$	235	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		​			Gross			Gross				​
​	​	Amortized		​	Unrealized		​	Unrealized		​	Fair
December 31, 2023 (in thousands)	​	Cost		​	Gains		​	Losses		​	Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Freddie Mac preferred stock	​	$	—	​	$	174	​	$	—	​	$	174	​
Total equity securities with readily determinable fair values	​	$	—	​	$	174	​	$	—	​	$	174	​

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For equity securities with readily determinable fair values, the gross realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of income were as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Gains (Losses) Recognized on Equity Securities																	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024									Three Months Ended March 31, 2023								​
(in thousands)	​	Realized		​	Unrealized		​	Total		​	Realized		​	Unrealized		​	Total		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Freddie Mac preferred stock	​	$	—	​	$	61	​	$	61	​	$	—	​	$	( 4 )	​	$	( 4 )	​
Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value	​	$	—	​	$	61	​	$	61	​	$	—	​	$	( 4 )	​	$	( 4 )	​

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4. LOANS HELD FOR SALE

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank originates for sale mortgage loans and consumer loans. Mortgage loans originated for sale are primarily originated and sold into the secondary market through the Bank’s Traditional Banking segment, while consumer loans originated for sale are originated and sold through the RCS segment.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value

See additional detail regarding mortgage loans originated for sale, at fair value under Footnote 11 “Mortgage Banking Activities” of this section of the filing.

Consumer Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value

The Bank offers RCS installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. Balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intent to sell generally within sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly.

Activity for consumer loans held for sale and carried at fair value was as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)	​	2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, beginning of period	​	$	7,914	​	$	4,706	​
Origination of consumer loans held for sale	​		35,159	​		22,797	​
Proceeds from the sale of consumer loans held for sale	​		( 38,011 )	​		( 23,560 )	​
Net gain on sale of consumer loans held for sale	​		1,031	​		745	​
Balance, end of period	​	$	6,093	​	$	4,688	​

Consumer Loans Held for Sale, at the Lower of Cost or Fair Value

RCS originates for sale 90 % or 95 % of the balances from its line-of-credit products and 100 % for some of its healthcare receivables products. Ordinary gains or losses on the sale of these RCS products are reported as a component of “Program fees.”

Activity for consumer loans held for sale and carried at the lower of cost or market value was as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)	​	2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, beginning of period	​	$	16,094	​	$	13,169	​
Origination of consumer loans held for sale	​		153,188	​		184,425	​
Proceeds from the sale of consumer loans held for sale	​		( 158,573 )	​		( 186,639 )	​
Net gain on sale of consumer loans held for sale	​		2,374	​		1,789	​
Balance, end of period	​	$	13,083	​	$	12,744	​

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5. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The composition of the loan portfolio follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	1,064,071	​	$	1,144,684	​
Nonowner-occupied	​		342,481	​		345,965	​
Commercial real estate (1)	​		1,800,801	​		1,785,289	​
Construction & land development	​		237,998	​		217,338	​
Commercial & industrial	​		453,971	​		464,078	​
Lease financing receivables	​		88,272	​		88,591	​
Aircraft	​	​	246,060	​	​	250,051	​
Home equity	​		309,083	​		295,133	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​		16,858	​		16,654	​
Overdrafts	​		629	​		694	​
Automobile loans	​		2,054	​		2,664	​
Other consumer	​		11,372	​		7,428	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	4,573,650	​	​	4,618,569	​
Warehouse lines of credit*	​		463,249	​		339,723	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	5,036,899	​	​	4,958,292	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group*:	​		​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​	52,101	​	​	103,115	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	​	5,396	​	​	46,092	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	129,896	​		132,362	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	187,393	​	​	281,569	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total loans**	​		5,224,292	​		5,239,861	​
Allowance for credit losses	​		( 108,702 )	​		( 82,130 )	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total loans, net	​	$	5,115,590	​	$	5,157,731	​

*Identifies loans to borrowers located primarily outside of the Bank’s market footprint.

** Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts, and net loan origination fees and costs. See table directly below for expanded detail.

(1) The approximate percentage of Nonowner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 64 % and 63 % , respectively, for March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The approximate percentage of Owner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 36 % and 37 % , respectively, for March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The following table reconciles the contractually receivable and carrying amounts of loans:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Contractually receivable	​	$	5,231,943	​	$	5,246,621	​
Unearned income	​		( 2,830 )	​		( 2,556 )	​
Unamortized premiums	​		257	​		1,060	​
Unaccreted discounts	​		( 2,264 )	​		( 2,533 )	​
Other net unamortized deferred origination (fees) and costs	​		( 2,814 )	​		( 2,731 )	​
Carrying value of loans	​	$	5,224,292	​	$	5,239,861	​

22

Table of Contents

Credit Quality Indicators

The following tables include loans by segment, risk category, and, for non-revolving loans, origination year. Loan segments and risk categories as of March 31, 2024 remain unchanged from those defined in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Regarding origination year, loan extensions and renewals are generally considered originated in the year extended or renewed unless the loan is classified as a loan modification (formerly TDR). Loan extensions and renewals classified as loan modifications (formerly TDRs) generally receive no change in origination date upon extension or renewal.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Revolving Loans		​	Revolving Loans		​	​	​
(in thousands)	​	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																	​	Amortized		​	Converted		​	​	​
As of March 31, 2024	​	2024		​	2023		​	2022		​	2021		​	2020		​	Prior		​	Cost Basis		​	to Term		​	Total
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate owner-occupied:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	20,990	​	$	257,598	​	$	199,426	​	$	171,956	​	$	164,679	​	$	223,861	​	$	—	​	$	2,434	​	$	1,040,944
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	5,757	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	5,757
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	240	​	​	3,609	​	​	1,763	​	​	1,476	​	​	10,282	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	17,370
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	20,990	​	$	257,838	​	$	203,035	​	$	173,719	​	$	166,155	​	$	239,900	​	$	—	​	$	2,434	​	$	1,064,071
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	13	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	13
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate nonowner-occupied:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	2,567	​	$	57,493	​	$	63,182	​	$	74,295	​	$	65,051	​	$	70,075	​	$	—	​	$	7,636	​	$	340,299
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	169	​	​	1,928	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	25	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	2,122
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	60	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	60
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	2,567	​	$	57,662	​	$	65,110	​	$	74,295	​	$	65,051	​	$	70,160	​	$	—	​	$	7,636	​	$	342,481
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Commercial real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	38,884	​	$	217,232	​	$	350,566	​	$	295,191	​	$	330,055	​	$	347,829	​	$	35,856	​	$	148,684	​	$	1,764,297
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	4,860	​	​	5,809	​	​	23,247	​	​	1,770	​	​	—	​	​	35,686
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	7	​	​	—	​	​	640	​	​	171	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	818
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	38,884	​	$	217,232	​	$	350,573	​	$	300,051	​	$	336,504	​	$	371,247	​	$	37,626	​	$	148,684	​	$	1,800,801
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Construction and land development:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	5,061	​	$	79,899	​	$	117,704	​	$	22,655	​	$	2,689	​	$	5,217	​	$	385	​	$	4,388	​	$	237,998
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	5,061	​	$	79,899	​	$	117,704	​	$	22,655	​	$	2,689	​	$	5,217	​	$	385	​	$	4,388	​	$	237,998
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	​	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Commercial and industrial:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	15,456	​	$	100,658	​	$	76,782	​	$	64,531	​	$	33,713	​	$	32,042	​	$	115,105	​	$	3,793	​	$	442,080
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	138	​	​	5,397	​	​	1,290	​	​	1,347	​	​	2,737	​	​	187	​	​	—	​	​	11,096
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	85	​	​	2	​	​	—	​	​	340	​	​	25	​	​	343	​	​	795
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	15,456	​	$	100,796	​	$	82,264	​	$	65,823	​	$	35,060	​	$	35,119	​	$	115,317	​	$	4,136	​	$	453,971
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Lease financing receivables:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	7,362	​	$	42,950	​	$	21,864	​	$	9,023	​	$	3,979	​	$	2,117	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	87,295
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	412	​	​	28	​	​	108	​	​	156	​	​	17	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	721
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	187	​	​	38	​	​	—	​	​	31	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	256
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	7,362	​	$	43,362	​	$	22,079	​	$	9,169	​	$	4,135	​	$	2,165	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	88,272
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	24	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	24
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Aircraft:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	8,049	​	$	93,208	​	$	55,071	​	$	42,213	​	$	27,419	​	$	20,100	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	246,060
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	8,049	​	$	93,208	​	$	55,071	​	$	42,213	​	$	27,419	​	$	20,100	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	246,060
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Home equity:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	306,523	​	$	—	​	$	306,523
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	250	​	​	—	​	​	250
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	2,310	​	​	—	​	​	2,310
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	309,083	​	$	—	​	$	309,083
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—

23

Table of Contents

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Revolving Loans		​	Revolving Loans		​	​	​	​
(in thousands)	​	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year (Continued)																	​	Amortized		​	Converted		​	​	​	​
As of March 31, 2024	​	2024		​	2023		​	2022		​	2021		​	2020		​	Prior		​	Cost Basis		​	to Term		​	Total		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	3,331	​	$	4,554	​	$	1,124	​	$	144	​	$	54	​	$	2,888	​	$	18,807	​	$	—	​	$	30,902	​
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	11	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	11	​
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Total	​	$	3,331	​	$	4,554	​	$	1,124	​	$	144	​	$	54	​	$	2,899	​	$	18,807	​	$	—	​	$	30,913	​
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	345	​	$	—	​	$	345	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Warehouse:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	463,249	​	$	—	​	$	463,249	​
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Total	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	463,249	​	$	—	​	$	463,249	​
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
TRS:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	41,099	​	$	16,398	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	57,497	​
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Total	​	$	41,099	​	$	16,398	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	57,497	​
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
RCS:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	8,836	​	$	23,834	​	$	5,546	​	$	452	​	$	1,209	​	$	35,351	​	$	52,483	​	$	—	​	$	127,711	​
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	2,185	​	​	—	​	​	2,185	​
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Total	​	$	8,836	​	$	23,834	​	$	5,546	​	$	452	​	$	1,209	​	$	35,351	​	$	54,668	​	$	—	​	$	129,896	​
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	4,545	​	$	—	​	$	4,545	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Grand Total:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	151,635	​	$	893,824	​	$	891,265	​	$	680,460	​	$	628,848	​	$	739,480	​	$	992,408	​	$	166,935	​	$	5,144,855	​
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	719	​	​	7,353	​	​	6,258	​	​	7,312	​	​	31,783	​	​	2,207	​	​	—	​	​	55,632	​
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	240	​	​	3,888	​	​	1,803	​	​	2,116	​	​	10,895	​	​	4,520	​	​	343	​	​	23,805	​
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Grand Total	​	$	151,635	​	$	894,783	​	$	902,506	​	$	688,521	​	$	638,276	​	$	782,158	​	$	999,135	​	$	167,278	​	$	5,224,292	​
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	24	​	$	—	​	$	13	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	4,890	​	$	—	​	$	4,927	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Revolving Loans		​	Revolving Loans		​	​	​
(in thousands)	​	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year																	​	Amortized		​	Converted		​	​	​
As of December 31, 2023	​	2023		​	2022		​	2021		​	2020		​	2019		​	Prior		​	Cost Basis		​	to Term		​	Total
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate owner-occupied:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	346,195	​	$	200,715	​	$	175,030	​	$	167,493	​	$	59,982	​	$	170,402	​	$	—	​	$	2,474	​	$	1,122,291
Special Mention	​	​	41	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	6,309	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	6,350
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	2,526	​	​	1,885	​	​	1,226	​	​	1,040	​	​	9,366	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	16,043
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	346,236	​	$	203,241	​	$	176,915	​	$	168,719	​	$	61,022	​	$	186,077	​	$	—	​	$	2,474	​	$	1,144,684
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	10	​	$	16	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	26
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate nonowner-occupied:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	63,405	​	$	69,827	​	$	82,814	​	$	47,395	​	$	28,416	​	$	44,280	​	$	—	​	$	7,597	​	$	343,734
Special Mention	​	​	170	​	​	1,971	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	26	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	2,167
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	16	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	48	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	64
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	63,575	​	$	71,798	​	$	82,830	​	$	47,395	​	$	28,416	​	$	44,354	​	$	—	​	$	7,597	​	$	345,965
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Commercial real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	342,658	​	$	439,643	​	$	351,600	​	$	174,093	​	$	84,457	​	$	179,849	​	$	32,491	​	$	143,670	​	$	1,748,461
Special Mention	​	​	23,852	​	​	1,020	​	​	374	​	​	—	​	​	3,668	​	​	5,330	​	​	1,716	​	​	—	​	​	35,960
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	868	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	868
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	366,510	​	$	440,663	​	$	351,974	​	$	174,093	​	$	88,125	​	$	186,047	​	$	34,207	​	$	143,670	​	$	1,785,289
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Construction and land development:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	107,827	​	$	89,106	​	$	16,936	​	$	297	​	$	125	​	$	125	​	$	225	​	$	2,697	​	$	217,338
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	107,827	​	$	89,106	​	$	16,936	​	$	297	​	$	125	​	$	125	​	$	225	​	$	2,697	​	$	217,338
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—

24

Table of Contents

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Revolving Loans		​	Revolving Loans		​	​	​
(in thousands)	​	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year (Continued)																	​	Amortized		​	Converted		​	​	​
As of December 31, 2023	​	2023		​	2022		​	2021		​	2020		​	2019		​	Prior		​	Cost Basis		​	to Term		​	Total
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Commercial and industrial:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	140,753	​	$	87,497	​	$	70,149	​	$	13,150	​	$	10,175	​	$	10,782	​	$	120,069	​	$	3,968	​	$	456,543
Special Mention	​	​	349	​	​	423	​	​	3,473	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1,476	​	​	542	​	​	—	​	​	6,263
Substandard	​	​	49	​	​	36	​	​	3	​	​	—	​	​	339	​	​	—	​	​	25	​	​	820	​	​	1,272
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	141,151	​	$	87,956	​	$	73,625	​	$	13,150	​	$	10,514	​	$	12,258	​	$	120,636	​	$	4,788	​	$	464,078
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Lease financing receivables:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	45,824	​	$	23,956	​	$	10,265	​	$	4,571	​	$	2,344	​	$	545	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	87,505
Special Mention	​	​	429	​	​	30	​	​	162	​	​	183	​	​	27	​	​	88	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	919
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	102	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	65	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	167
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	46,253	​	$	24,088	​	$	10,427	​	$	4,754	​	$	2,371	​	$	698	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	88,591
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	20	​	$	113	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	8	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	141
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Aircraft:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	97,761	​	$	55,896	​	$	44,721	​	$	30,628	​	$	14,195	​	$	6,850	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	250,051
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	97,761	​	$	55,896	​	$	44,721	​	$	30,628	​	$	14,195	​	$	6,850	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	250,051
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Home equity:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	292,890	​	$	—	​	$	292,890
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	235	​	​	—	​	​	235
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	2,008	​	​	—	​	​	2,008
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	295,133	​	$	—	​	$	295,133
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	2	​	$	—	​	$	2
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	3,947	​	$	1,194	​	$	181	​	$	74	​	$	1,186	​	$	2,234	​	$	18,611	​	$	—	​	$	27,427
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1	​	​	12	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	13
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	3,947	​	$	1,194	​	$	181	​	$	74	​	$	1,187	​	$	2,246	​	$	18,611	​	$	—	​	$	27,440
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	9	​	$	11	​	$	8	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	7	​	$	1,147	​	$	—	​	$	1,182
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Warehouse:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	339,723	​	$	—	​	$	339,723
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	339,723	​	$	—	​	$	339,723
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
TRS:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated (1)	​	$	149,207	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	149,207
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total (1)	​	$	149,207	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	149,207
YTD Gross Charge-offs (1)	​	$	20,418	​	$	5,533	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	25,951
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
RCS:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	30,607	​	$	7,203	​	$	579	​	$	454	​	$	996	​	$	36,372	​	$	54,634	​	$	—	​	$	130,845
Special Mention	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Substandard	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1,517	​	​	—	​	​	1,517
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total	​	$	30,607	​	$	7,203	​	$	579	​	$	454	​	$	996	​	$	36,372	​	$	56,151	​	$	—	​	$	132,362
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	13,912	​	$	—	​	$	13,912
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Grand Total:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Risk Rating	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Pass or not rated	​	$	1,328,184	​	$	975,037	​	$	752,275	​	$	438,155	​	$	201,876	​	$	451,439	​	$	858,643	​	$	160,406	​	$	5,166,015
Special Mention	​	​	24,841	​	​	3,444	​	​	4,009	​	​	183	​	​	3,695	​	​	13,229	​	​	2,493	​	​	—	​	​	51,894
Substandard	​	​	49	​	​	2,664	​	​	1,904	​	​	1,226	​	​	1,380	​	​	10,359	​	​	3,550	​	​	820	​	​	21,952
Doubtful	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Grand Total	​	$	1,353,074	​	$	981,145	​	$	758,188	​	$	439,564	​	$	206,951	​	$	475,027	​	$	864,686	​	$	161,226	​	$	5,239,861
YTD Gross Charge-offs	​	$	20,447	​	$	5,667	​	$	24	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	15	​	$	15,061	​	$	—	​	$	41,214

(1) Loans and YTD Gross Charge-offs have been revised for an immaterial correction into Term Loan categories from a Revolving Loan category as previously reported in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

25

Table of Contents

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The following table presents the activity in the ACLL by portfolio class:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	ACLL Roll-forward
​	​	​	Three Months Ended March 31,
​	​	​	2024																	2023
​	​	​	Beginning		​	​		​	Charge-		​	​		​	Ending		​	​	Beginning	​	CBank		​	​		​	Charge-		​	​		​	Ending
(in thousands)	​	​	Balance		​	Provision		​	offs		​	Recoveries		​	Balance		​	​	Balance	​	Adjustment*		​	Provision		​	offs		​	Recoveries		​	Balance
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	​	$	10,337	​	$	( 800 )	​	$	( 13 )	​	$	58	​	$	9,582	​	$	8,909	​	$	—	​	$	( 120 )	​	$	( 6 )	​	$	15	​	$	8,798
Nonowner-occupied	​	​	​	3,047	​	​	3	​	​	—	​	​	1	​	​	3,051	​	​	2,831	​	​	—	​	​	64	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	2,895
Commercial real estate	​	​	​	25,830	​	​	145	​	​	—	​	​	20	​	​	25,995	​	​	23,739	​	​	—	​	​	1,041	​	​	—	​	​	47	​	​	24,827
Construction & land development	​	​	​	6,060	​	​	640	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	6,700	​	​	4,123	​	​	—	​	​	329	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	4,452
Commercial & industrial	​	​	​	4,236	​	​	( 79 )	​	​	—	​	​	1	​	​	4,158	​	​	3,976	​	​	1,008	​	​	602	​	​	—	​	​	90	​	​	5,676
Lease financing receivables	​	​	​	1,061	​	​	22	​	​	( 24 )	​	​	13	​	​	1,072	​	​	110	​	​	592	​	​	648	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1,350
Aircraft	​	​	​	625	​	​	( 10 )	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	615	​	​	449	​	​	—	​	​	12	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	461
Home equity	​	​	​	5,501	​	​	247	​	​	—	​	​	1	​	​	5,749	​	​	4,628	​	​	—	​	​	31	​	​	—	​	​	1	​	​	4,660
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​	​	​	1,074	​	​	83	​	​	( 81 )	​	​	11	​	​	1,087	​	​	996	​	​	—	​	​	112	​	​	( 40 )	​	​	12	​	​	1,080
Overdrafts	​	​	​	694	​	​	27	​	​	( 238 )	​	​	80	​	​	563	​	​	726	​	​	—	​	​	52	​	​	( 247 )	​	​	64	​	​	595
Automobile loans	​	​	​	32	​	​	( 10 )	​	​	—	​	​	2	​	​	24	​	​	87	​	​	—	​	​	( 16 )	​	​	( 7 )	​	​	2	​	​	66
Other consumer	​	​	​	501	​	​	90	​	​	( 26 )	​	​	15	​	​	580	​	​	135	​	​	—	​	​	229	​	​	( 31 )	​	​	23	​	​	356
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	​	58,998	​	​	358	​	​	( 382 )	​	​	202	​	​	59,176	​	​	50,709	​	​	1,600	​	​	2,984	​	​	( 331 )	​	​	254	​	​	55,216
Warehouse lines of credit	​	​	​	847	​	​	309	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1,156	​	​	1,009	​	​	—	​	​	135	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1,144
Total Core Banking	​	​	​	59,845	​	​	667	​	​	( 382 )	​	​	202	​	​	60,332	​	​	51,718	​	​	1,600	​	​	3,119	​	​	( 331 )	​	​	254	​	​	56,360
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​	​	3,929	​	​	25,718	​	​	—	​	​	275	​	​	29,922	​	​	3,797	​	​	—	​	​	21,715	​	​	—	​	​	285	​	​	25,797
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	​	​	61	​	​	56	​	​	—	​	​	30	​	​	147	​	​	91	​	​	—	​	​	93	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	184
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	​	18,295	​	​	4,181	​	​	( 4,545 )	​	​	370	​	​	18,301	​	​	14,807	​	​	—	​	​	1,839	​	​	( 3,099 )	​	​	233	​	​	13,780
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	​	22,285	​	​	29,955	​	​	( 4,545 )	​	​	675	​	​	48,370	​	​	18,695	​	​	—	​	​	23,647	​	​	( 3,099 )	​	​	518	​	​	39,761
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total	​	​	$	82,130	​	$	30,622	​	$	( 4,927 )	​	$	877	​	$	108,702	​	$	70,413	​	$	1,600	​	$	26,766	​	$	( 3,430 )	​	$	772	​	$	96,121

** The net fair value adjustment to ACLL includes an estimate of lifetime credit losses for Purchased Credit Deteriorated loans.*

The cumulative loss rate used as the basis for the estimate of the Company’s ACLL as of March 31, 2024 was primarily based on a static pool analysis of each of the Company’s loan pools using the Company’s loss experience from 2013 through 2023, supplemented by qualitative factor adjustments for current and forecasted conditions. The Company employs one-year forecasts of unemployment and CRE values within its ACLL model, with reversion to long-term averages following the forecasted period. The cumulative loss rate within the Company’s ACLL also includes estimated losses based on an individual evaluation of loans which are either collateral dependent or which do not share risk characteristics with pooled loans, e.g. , Loan Modifications.

26

Table of Contents

Nonperforming Loans and Nonperforming Assets

Detail of nonperforming loans, nonperforming assets, and select credit quality ratios follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loans on nonaccrual status*	​	$	19,258	​	$	19,150	​
Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual**	​		2,116	​		1,468	​
Total nonperforming loans	​		21,374	​		20,618	​
Other real estate owned	​		1,486	​		1,370	​
Total nonperforming assets	​	$	22,860	​	$	21,988	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit Quality Ratios - Total Company:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Nonperforming loans to total loans	​		0.41	%		0.39	%
Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO)	​		0.44	​		0.42	​
Nonperforming assets to total assets	​		0.33	​		0.33	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit Quality Ratios - Core Bank:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Nonperforming loans to total loans	​		0.38	%		0.39	%
Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO)	​		0.41	​		0.41	​
Nonperforming assets to total assets	​		0.33	​		0.35	​

• Loans on nonaccrual status include collateral-dependent loans.

** Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing consist of smaller balance consumer loans.

The following tables present the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual by class of loans:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Past Due 90-Days-or-More
​	​	Nonaccrual					​	​	and Still Accruing Interest*
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023				March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	15,533	​	$	15,056	​	​	$	—	​	$	—
Nonowner-occupied	​		60	​		64	​	​		—	​		—
Commercial real estate	​		795	​		850	​	​		—	​		—
Construction & land development	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​		—
Commercial & industrial	​		744	​		1,221	​	​		—	​		—
Lease financing receivables	​		15	​		—	​	​		—	​		—
Aircraft	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	—
Home equity	​		2,103	​		1,948	​	​		—	​		—
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​		—
Overdrafts	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​		—
Automobile loans	​		8	​		10	​	​		—	​		—
Other consumer	​		—	​		1	​	​		—	​		—
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	19,258	​	​	19,150	​	​	​	—	​	​	—
Warehouse lines of credit	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​		—
Total Core Banking	​	​	19,258	​	​	19,150	​	​	​	—	​	​	—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	—
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​		—
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	2,116	​	​	1,468
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	2,116	​	​	1,468
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total	​	$	19,258	​	$	19,150	​	​	$	2,116	​	$	1,468

• Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing consist of smaller balance consumer loans.

27

Table of Contents

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​								​	Three Months Ended
​	​	As of March 31, 2024								​	March 31, 2024
​		Nonaccrual			Nonaccrual			​	Total	​	Interest Income
​	​	Loans with		​	Loans without		​	​	Nonaccrual	​	Recognized
(in thousands)	​	ACLL		​	ACLL		​	​	Loans	​	on Nonaccrual Loans*
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	303	​	$	15,230	​	$	15,533	​	$	246
Nonowner-occupied	​		19	​	​	41	​	​	60	​	​	15
Commercial real estate	​		795	​	​	—	​	​	795	​	​	42
Construction & land development	​		—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Commercial & industrial	​		744	​	​	—	​	​	744	​	​	—
Lease financing receivables	​		15	​	​	—	​	​	15	​	​	—
Aircraft	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Home equity	​		—	​	​	2,103	​	​	2,103	​	​	49
Consumer	​	​	6	​	​	2	​	​	8	​	​	—
Total	​	$	1,882	​	$	17,376	​	$	19,258	​	$	352

• Includes interest income for loans on nonaccrual as of the beginning of the period that were paid off during the period.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​								​	Three Months Ended
​	​	As of December 31, 2023								​	March 31, 2023
​		Nonaccrual			Nonaccrual			​	Total	​	Interest Income
​	​	Loans with		​	Loans without		​	​	Nonaccrual	​	Recognized
(in thousands)	​	ACLL		​	ACLL		​	​	Loans	​	on Nonaccrual Loans*
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	376	​	$	14,680	​	$	15,056	​	$	181
Nonowner-occupied	​		20	​	​	44	​	​	64	​	​	1
Commercial real estate	​		850	​	​	—	​	​	850	​	​	23
Construction & land development	​		—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Commercial & industrial	​		1,221	​	​	—	​	​	1,221	​	​	—
Lease financing receivables	​		—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Aircraft	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—
Home equity	​		—	​	​	1,948	​	​	1,948	​	​	23
Consumer	​	​	8	​	​	3	​	​	11	​	​	3
Total	​	$	2,475	​	$	16,675	​	$	19,150	​	$	231

• Includes interest income for loans on nonaccrual as of the beginning of the period that were paid off during the period.

Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual both include smaller balance, primarily retail, homogeneous loans. Nonaccrual loans are typically returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and held current for six consecutive months and future contractual payments are reasonably assured. Loan Modifications (formerly TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02) on nonaccrual status are reviewed for return to accrual status on an individual basis, with additional consideration given to performance under the modified terms.

28

Table of Contents

Delinquent Loans

The following tables present the aging of the recorded investment in loans by class of loans:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		30 - 59			60 - 89			90 or More				​			​			​
March 31, 2024		Days		​	Days		​	Days		​	Total		​	Total		​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)	​	Delinquent		​	Delinquent		​	Delinquent*		​	Delinquent**		​	Current		​	Total
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	2,861	​	$	1,453	​	$	1,507	​	$	5,821	​	$	1,058,250	​	$	1,064,071	​
Nonowner-occupied	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		342,481	​		342,481	​
Commercial real estate	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		1,800,801	​		1,800,801	​
Construction & land development	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		237,998	​		237,998	​
Commercial & industrial	​		2	​		—	​		744	​		746	​		453,225	​		453,971	​
Lease financing receivables	​		7	​		—	​		15	​		22	​		88,250	​		88,272	​
Aircraft	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	246,060	​	​	246,060	​
Home equity	​		464	​		309	​		217	​		990	​		308,093	​		309,083	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​		22	​		13	​		—	​		35	​		16,823	​		16,858	​
Overdrafts	​		114	​		4	​		—	​		118	​		511	​		629	​
Automobile loans	​		—	​		—	​		2	​		2	​		2,052	​		2,054	​
Other consumer	​		52	​		10	​		—	​		62	​		11,310	​		11,372	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	3,522	​	​	1,789	​	​	2,485	​	​	7,796	​	​	4,565,854	​	​	4,573,650	​
Warehouse lines of credit	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		463,249	​		463,249	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	3,522	​	​	1,789	​	​	2,485	​	​	7,796	​	​	5,029,103	​	​	5,036,899	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​	—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		52,101	​		52,101	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​		283	​		—	​		—	​		283	​		5,113	​		5,396	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	8,211	​		3,006	​		2,116	​		13,333	​		116,563	​		129,896	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	8,494	​	​	3,006	​	​	2,116	​	​	13,616	​	​	173,777	​	​	187,393	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total	​	$	12,016	​	$	4,795	​	$	4,601	​	$	21,412	​	$	5,202,880	​	$	5,224,292	​
Delinquency ratio***	​		0.23	%		0.09	%		0.09	%		0.41	%	​	​	​	​	​	​

• All loans past due 90-days-or-more, excluding small balance consumer loans, were on nonaccrual status.

** Delinquent status may be determined by either the number of days past due or number of payments past due.

*** Represents total loans 30-days-or-more past due by aging category divided by total loans.

29

Table of Contents

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		30 - 59			60 - 89			90 or More				​			​			​
December 31, 2023		Days		​	Days		​	Days		​	Total		​	Total		​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)	​	Delinquent		​	Delinquent		​	Delinquent*		​	Delinquent**		​	Current		​	Total
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	3,396	​	$	769	​	$	1,638	​	$	5,803	​	$	1,138,881	​	$	1,144,684	​
Nonowner-occupied	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		345,965	​		345,965	​
Commercial real estate	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		1,785,289	​		1,785,289	​
Construction & land development	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		217,338	​		217,338	​
Commercial & industrial	​		140	​		36	​		1,184	​		1,360	​		462,718	​		464,078	​
Lease financing receivables	​		18	​		—	​		—	​		18	​		88,573	​		88,591	​
Aircraft	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	250,051	​	​	250,051	​
Home equity	​		417	​		96	​		254	​		767	​		294,366	​		295,133	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​		31	​		4	​		—	​		35	​		16,619	​		16,654	​
Overdrafts	​		129	​		1	​		1	​		131	​		563	​		694	​
Automobile loans	​		—	​		—	​		2	​		2	​		2,662	​		2,664	​
Other consumer	​		53	​		7	​		—	​		60	​		7,368	​		7,428	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	4,184	​	​	913	​	​	3,079	​	​	8,176	​	​	4,610,393	​	​	4,618,569	​
Warehouse lines of credit	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		339,723	​		339,723	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	4,184	​	​	913	​	​	3,079	​	​	8,176	​	​	4,950,116	​	​	4,958,292	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​	—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		103,115	​		103,115	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		46,092	​		46,092	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	9,387	​		3,061	​		1,468	​		13,916	​		118,446	​		132,362	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	9,387	​	​	3,061	​	​	1,468	​	​	13,916	​	​	267,653	​	​	281,569	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total	​	$	13,571	​	$	3,974	​	$	4,547	​	$	22,092	​	$	5,217,769	​	$	5,239,861	​
Delinquency ratio***	​		0.25	%		0.08	%		0.09	%		0.42	%	​	​	​	​	​	​

• All loans past due 90-days-or-more, excluding smaller balance consumer loans, were on nonaccrual status.

** Delinquent status may be determined by either the number of days past due or number of payments past due.

*** Represents total loans 30-days-or-more past due by aging category divided by total loans.

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Collateral-Dependent Loans

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	March 31, 2024					​	December 31, 2023
​	​	Secured			Secured		​	Secured			Secured
​	​	by Real		​	by Personal		​	by Real		​	by Personal
(in thousands)	​	Estate		​	Property		​	Estate		​	Property
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	17,287	​	$	—	​	$	18,602	​	$	—
Nonowner-occupied	​		60	​		—	​		64	​		—
Commercial real estate	​		820	​		—	​		870	​		—
Construction & land development	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—
Commercial & industrial	​		795	​		—	​		1,273	​		—
Lease financing receivables	​		—	​		256	​		—	​		108
Aircraft	​	​	—	​		—	​	​	—	​		—
Home equity	​		2,310	​		—	​		2,008	​		—
Consumer	​	​	—	​		11	​	​	—	​		13
Total Traditional Banking	​	$	21,272	​	$	267	​	$	22,817	​	$	121

Collateral-dependent loans are generally secured by real estate or personal property. If there is insufficient collateral value to secure the Company’s recorded investment in these loans, they are charged down to collateral value less estimated selling costs, when selling costs are applicable. Selling costs range from 10 % to 13 % , with those percentages based on annual studies performed by the Company.

Loan Modification Disclosures Pursuant to ASU 2022-02

The following tables show the amortized cost of loans and leases as of the identified period that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three months prior, segregated by portfolio segment and type of modification. The following tables shows the amortized cost of loans and leases modified by type.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Amortized Cost Basis of Modified Financing Receivables
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans (#)	​	Rate Reduction ($)		​	Loans (#)	​	Term Extension ($)		​	Loans (#)	​	Principal Deferral ($)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	—	​	$	—	​	—	​	$	—	​	—	​	$	—
Nonowner-occupied	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	—
Home equity	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	—
Republic Processing Group	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	—	​	349	​	​	75
Total Loan Modifications	​	—	​	$	—	​	—	​	$	—	​	349	​	$	75

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Amortized Cost Basis of Modified Financing Receivables
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans (#)	​	Rate Reduction ($)		​	Loans (#)	​	Term Extension ($)		​	Loans (#)	​	Principal Deferral ($)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	—	​	$	—	​	2	​	$	265	​	4	​	$	344
Home equity	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	—	​	1	​	​	72
Republic Processing Group	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	—	​	537	​	​	105
Total Loan Modifications	​	—	​	$	—	​	2	​	$	265	​	542	​	$	521

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Total Loan Modification by Type
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
​	​	Accruing				​	Nonaccruing
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans (#)	​	Recorded investment ($)		​	Loans (#)	​	Recorded investment ($)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Term extension	​	—	​	$	—	​	—	​	$	—
Principal deferral	​	349	​	​	75	​	—	​	​	—
Total Loan Modifications	​	349	​	$	75	​	—	​	$	—

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​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Total Loan Modification by Type
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​	​	Accruing				​	Nonaccruing
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans (#)	​	Recorded investment ($)		​	Loans (#)	​	Recorded investment ($)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Term extension	​	—	​	$	—	​	2	​	$	265
Principal deferral	​	537	​	​	105	​	5	​	​	416
Total Loan Modifications	​	537	​	$	105	​	7	​	$	681

The following tables show the percentage of the amortized cost of loans and leases that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost of each segment of financing receivable.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Accruing Loan Modifications
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	% of Total
​	​	​	​	Amortized		​	of Financing
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans	​	Cost Basis		​	Receivable
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group	​	349	​	$	75	​	0.04	%
Total Accruing Loan Modifications	​	349	​	$	75	​	NM	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Nonaccruing Loan Modifications
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	% of Total
​	​	​	​	Amortized		​	of Financing
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans	​	Cost Basis		​	Receivable
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	—	​	$	—	​	—	%
Home equity	​	—	​	​	—	​	—	​
Total Nonaccruing Loan Modifications	​	—	​	$	—	​	—	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	% of Total
​	​	​	​	Amortized		​	of Financing
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans	​	Cost Basis		​	Receivable
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group	​	537	​	$	105	​	0.07	%
Total Accruing Loan Modifications	​	537	​	$	105	​	NM	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	% of Total
​	​	​	​	Amortized		​	of Financing
(dollars in thousands)	​	Loans	​	Cost Basis		​	Receivable
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	6	​	$	609	​	0.06	%
Home equity	​	1	​	​	72	​	0.03	​
Total Nonaccruing Loan Modifications	​	7	​	$	681	​	0.01	​

There were no commitments to lend additional amounts to the borrowers included in the previous table. The financial impact of loan modifications was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2024 or March 31, 2023.

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The Company closely monitors the performance of loans and leases that have been modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table shows the performance of such loans and leases that have been modified during the identified period.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Accruing Loan Modifications
​	​	At March 31, 2024
​	​	​	​	​	30-89 Days		​	90+ Days
(in thousands)	​	Current		​	Past Due		​	Past Due
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner occupied	​	$	475	​	$	—	​	$	—
Republic Processing Group	​	​	75	​	$	—	​	$	—
Total accruing loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in which modifications were made in the twelve months ended March 31, 2024	​	$	550	​	$	—	​	$	—

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Nonaccruing Loan Modifications
​	​	At March 31, 2024
​	​	​	​	​	30-89 Days		​	90+ Days
(in thousands)	​	Current		​	Past Due		​	Past Due
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	267	​	$	—	​	$	109
Home equity	​	​	617	​	​	—	​	​	25
Total nonaccruing loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in which modifications were made in the twelve months ended March 31, 2024	​	$	884	​	$	—	​	$	134

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Accruing Loan Modifications
​	​	At March 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	30-89 Days		​	90+ Days
(in thousands)	​	Current		​	Past Due		​	Past Due
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner occupied	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—
Republic Processing Group	​	​	105	​	$	—	​	$	—
Total accruing loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in which modifications were made in the twelve months ended March 31, 2023	​	$	105	​	$	—	​	$	—

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Nonaccruing Loan Modifications
​	​	At March 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	30-89 Days		​	90+ Days
(in thousands)	​	Current		​	Past Due		​	Past Due
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	609	​	$	—	​	$	—
Home equity	​	​	72	​	​	—	​	​	—
Total nonaccruing loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in which modifications were made in the twelve months ended March 31, 2023	​	$	681	​	$	—	​	$	—

There were no modified loans and leases that had a payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or March 31, 2023 that were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Upon the Company’s determination that a modified loan or lease has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan or lease is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for loan and lease losses is adjusted by the same amount.

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Foreclosures

The following table presents the carrying amount of foreclosed properties held as a result of the Bank obtaining physical possession of such properties:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)	​	March 31, 2024		​	December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Commercial real estate	​	$	1,486	​	$	1,370	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total other real estate owned	​	$	1,486		$	1,370	​

The following table presents the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to requirements of the applicable jurisdiction:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Recorded investment in consumer residential real estate mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure		$	1,746		$	1,556

Refund Advances

The Company’s TRS segment offered (i) its RA product during the first two months of 2024, along with its ERA product during December 2023 and the first two weeks of 2024 and (ii) its RA product during the first two months of 2023, along with its ERA product during December 2022 and the first two weeks of 2023. The ERA originations during December 2023 and the first two weeks of 2024 were made in relation to estimated tax returns that were anticipated to be filed during the first quarter 2024 tax season, while the ERA originations during December 2022 and the first two weeks of 2023 were made in relation to estimated tax returns that were anticipated to be filed during the first quarter 2023 tax season. Each year, all unpaid RAs, including ERAs, are charged off by June 30 th , and each quarter thereafter, any credits to the Provision for RAs, including ERAs, match the recovery of previously charged-off accounts.

Information regarding RAs follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended
​		March 31,
(dollars in thousands)		2024				2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances originated		$	771,091	​	​	$	737,047	​
Net charge to the Provision for RAs, including ERAs		​	25,718	​	​	​	21,715	​
Provision as a percentage of RAs, including ERAs, originated	​	​	3.34	%	​	​	2.95	%
Refund Advances net charge-offs (recoveries)		$	( 275 )	​	​	$	( 285 )	​
Refund Advances net charge-offs (recoveries) to total Refund Advances originated	​	​	( 0.04 )	%	​	​	( 0.04 )	%

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6. DEPOSITS

The composition of the deposit portfolio follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Core Bank:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Demand	​	$	1,179,771	​	$	1,158,051	​
Money market accounts	​		1,078,549	​		1,007,356	​
Savings	​		355,260	​		263,238	​
Reciprocal money market	​		221,779	​		188,078	​
Individual retirement accounts (1)	​		34,208	​		33,793	​
Time deposits, $250 and over (1)	​		113,096	​		101,787	​
Other certificates of deposit (1)	​		239,258	​		225,614	​
Reciprocal time deposits (1)	​		90,857	​		90,857	​
Wholesale brokered deposits (1)	​	​	349,298	​	​	88,767	​
Total Core Bank interest-bearing deposits	​		3,662,076	​		3,157,541	​
Total Core Bank noninterest-bearing deposits	​	​	1,180,237	​	​	1,239,466	​
Total Core Bank deposits	​	​	4,842,313	​	​	4,397,007	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Wholesale brokered deposits (1)	​	​	—	​	​	199,960	​
Interest-bearing prepaid card deposits	​	​	379,677	​	​	—	​
Money market accounts	​	​	19,380	​	​	18,664	​
Total RPG interest-bearing deposits	​	​	399,057	​	​	218,624	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing prepaid card deposits	​	​	—	​	​	318,769	​
Other noninterest-bearing deposits	​	​	179,279	​	​	118,763	​
Total RPG noninterest-bearing deposits	​	​	179,279	​	​	437,532	​
Total RPG deposits	​	​	578,336	​	​	656,156	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total deposits	​	$	5,420,649	​	$	5,053,163	​

(1) Includes time deposit .

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7. SECURITIES SOLD UNDER AGREEMENTS TO REPURCHASE AND OTHER SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase consist of short-term excess funds from correspondent banks, repurchase agreements, and overnight liabilities to deposit clients arising from the Bank’s treasury management program. While comparable to deposits in their transactional nature, these overnight liabilities to clients are in the form of repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements collateralized by securities are treated as financings; accordingly, the securities involved with the agreements are recorded as assets and are held by a safekeeping agent and the obligations to repurchase the securities are reflected as liabilities. Should the fair value of currently pledged securities fall below the associated repurchase agreements, the Bank would be required to pledge additional securities. To mitigate the risk of under collateralization, the Bank typically pledges at least two percent more in securities than the associated repurchase agreements. All such securities are under the Bank’s control.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all securities sold under agreements to repurchase had overnight maturities. Additional information regarding securities sold under agreements to repurchase follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)		March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023			​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Outstanding balance at end of period	​	$	84,522	​	​	$	97,618	​	​
Weighted average interest rate at end of period	​		0.59	%	​		0.50	%	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Fair value of securities pledged:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	86,171	​	​	$	99,530	​	​
Total securities pledged	​	$	86,171	​	​	$	99,530	​	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended						​	​	​
​	​	March 31,						​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)		2024				2023		​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Average outstanding balance during the period	​	$	102,592		​	$	202,910	​	​	​
Weighted average interest rate during the period	​	​	0.51	%	​	​	0.49	%	​	​
Maximum outstanding at any month end during the period	​	$	113,281		​	$	224,067	​	​	​

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8. FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ADVANCES

FHLB advances were as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Overnight advances	​	$	—	​	$	110,000	​
Fixed interest rate advances	​		270,000	​		270,000	​
Total FHLB advances	​	$	270,000	​	$	380,000	​

Each FHLB advance is payable at its maturity date, with a prepayment penalty for fixed rate advances that are paid off earlier than maturity. FHLB advances are collateralized by a blanket pledge of eligible real estate loans. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Republic had available borrowing capacity of $ 1.0 billion and $ 730 million, respectively, from the FHLB. In addition to its borrowing capacity with the FHLB, Republic also had unsecured lines of credit totaling $ 100 million available through various other financial institutions as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Aggregate future principal payments on FHLB advances based on contractual maturity and the weighted average cost of such advances are detailed below:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​			​		Weighted
​	​	​	​	​	Average
Year (dollars in thousands)	​	Principal		​	Rate
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
2024		$	—	​	—	%
2025		​	—		—	​
2026		​	30,000		4.82	​
2027	​	​	80,000		4.01	​
2028		​	160,000		4.39	​
Total	​	$	270,000		4.33	%

Due to their nature, the Bank considers average balance information more meaningful than period-end balances for its overnight borrowings from the FHLB. Information regarding overnight FHLB advances follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended						​	​
​	​	March 31,						​	​
(dollars in thousands)		2024			​	2023			​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Average outstanding balance during the period		$	266,209		​	$	225,344	​
Weighted average interest rate during the period	​	​	5.44	%	​	​	4.43	%	​
Maximum outstanding at any month end during the period		$	760,000		​	$	485,000	​

The following table illustrates real estate loans pledged to collateralize advances and letters of credit with the FHLB:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
First-lien, single family residential real estate	​	$	1,250,774	​	$	1,345,752	​
Home equity lines of credit	​		268,442	​		266,389	​
Multi-family commercial real estate	​		133,908	​		133,565	​
Commercial real estate	​	​	377,934	​	​	—	​

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Table of Contents

9. OFF BALANCE SHEET RISKS, COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Commitments to Extend Credit

The Company, in the normal course of business, is party to financial instruments with off balance sheet risk. These financial instruments primarily include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. The contract or notional amounts of these instruments reflect the potential future obligations of the Company pursuant to those financial instruments. Creditworthiness for all instruments is evaluated on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the Company’s credit policies. Collateral from the client may be required based on the Company’s credit evaluation of the client and may include business assets of commercial clients, as well as personal property and real estate of individual clients or guarantors.

The Company also extends binding commitments to clients and prospective clients. Such commitments assure a borrower of financing for a specified period of time at a specified rate. The risk to the Company under such loan commitments is limited by the terms of the contracts. For example, the Company may not be obligated to advance funds if the client’s financial condition deteriorates or if the client fails to meet specific covenants.

An approved but unfunded loan commitment represents a potential credit risk and a liquidity risk, since the Company’s client(s) may demand immediate cash that would require funding. In addition, unfunded loan commitments represent interest rate risk as market interest rates may rise above the rate committed to the Company’s client. Since a portion of these loan commitments normally expire unused, the total amount of outstanding commitments at any point in time may not require future funding.

The following table presents the Company’s commitments, exclusive of mortgage banking loan commitments, for each period ended:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Unused warehouse lines of credit	​	$	469,751	​	$	623,277	​
Unused home equity lines of credit	​		460,311	​		446,006	​
Unused loan commitments - other	​		1,146,352	​		1,159,284	​
Standby letters of credit	​		11,091	​		11,012	​
FHLB letter of credit	​		—	​		—	​
Total commitments	​	$	2,087,505	​	$	2,239,579	​

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a client to a third-party. The terms and risk of loss involved in issuing standby letters of credit are similar to those involved in issuing loan commitments and extending credit. In addition to credit risk, the Company also has liquidity risk associated with standby letters of credit because funding for these obligations could be required immediately. The Company does not deem this risk to be material.

The following tables present a roll-forward of the ACLC for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	ACLC Roll-forward
​	​	​	Three Months Ended March 31,
​	​	​	2024														​	2023
​	​	​	Beginning		​	​		​	Charge-		​	​		​	Ending		​	Beginning		​	​		​	Charge-		​	​		​	Ending
(in thousands)	​	​	Balance		​	Provision		​	offs		​	Recoveries		​	Balance		​	Balance		​	Provision		​	offs		​	Recoveries		​	Balance
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loan Commitments	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Unused warehouse lines of credit	​	​	$	116	​	$	( 8 )	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	108	​	$	190	​	$	8	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	198
Unused home equity lines of credit	​	​	​	55	​	​	31	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	86	​	​	332	​	​	9	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	341
Unused construction lines of credit	​	​	​	820	​	​	( 179 )	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	641	​	​	384	​	​	163	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	547
Unused loan commitments - other	​	​	​	349	​	​	46	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	395	​	​	344	​	​	30	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	374
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total	​	​	$	1,340	​	$	( 110 )	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1,230	​	$	1,250	​	$	210	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1,460
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

The Company decreased its ACLC during the three months ended March 31, 2024 based on a decrease in the expected loss rate for its unused commitments.

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10. FAIR VALUE

Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Bank used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of each type of financial instrument:

Available-for-sale debt securities: Except for the Bank’s U.S. Treasury securities, its private label mortgage-backed security, and its TRUP investment, the fair value of AFS debt securities is typically determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs).

The Bank’s U.S. Treasury securities are based on quoted market prices (Level 1 inputs) and considered highly liquid.

The Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security remains illiquid, and as such, the Bank classifies this security as a Level 3 security in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement . Based on this determination, the Bank utilized an income valuation model (present value model) approach in determining the fair value of this security.

See in this section of the filing under Footnote 3 “Investment Securities” for additional discussion regarding the Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security.

The Company acquired its TRUP investment in 2015 and considered the most recent bid price for the same instrument to approximate market value as of March 31, 2024. The Company’s TRUP investment is considered highly illiquid and also valued using Level 3 inputs, as the most recent bid price for this instrument is not always considered generally observable.

Equity securities with readily determinable fair value: Quoted market prices in an active market are available for the Bank’s CRA mutual fund investment and fall within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of the Company’s Freddie Mac preferred stock is determined by matrix pricing, as described above (Level 2 inputs).

Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value: The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices. Mortgage loans held for sale are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value: The fair value for these loans is based on contractual sales terms, Level 3 inputs.

Consumer loans held for investment, at fair value: The Bank held an immaterial amount of consumer loans at fair value through a consumer loan program the Company is currently unwinding. The fair value of these loans was based on the discounted cash flows of the underlying loans, Level 3 inputs. Further disclosure of these loans is considered immaterial and thus omitted.

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Mortgage banking derivatives : Mortgage banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business primarily consist of mandatory forward sales contracts (“forward contracts”) and interest rate lock loan commitments. The fair value of the Bank’s derivative instruments is primarily measured by obtaining pricing from broker-dealers recognized to be market participants. The pricing is derived from market observable inputs that can generally be verified and do not typically involve significant judgment by the Bank. Forward contracts and rate lock loan commitments are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Interest rate swap agreements: Interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company values its interest rate swaps using a third-party valuation service and classifies such valuations as Level 2. Valuations of these interest rate swaps are also received from the relevant dealer counterparty and validated against the Company’s calculations. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap liabilities.

Collateral-dependent loans: Collateral-dependent loans generally reflect partial charge-downs to their respective fair value, which is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Collateral-dependent loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.

Other real estate owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Appraisals for collateral-dependent loans, impaired premises and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Bank. Once the appraisal is received, a member of the Bank’s CCAD reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal, as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources, such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. On at least an annual basis, the Bank performs a back test of collateral appraisals by comparing actual selling prices on recent collateral sales to the most recent appraisal of such collateral. Back tests are performed for each collateral class, e.g. , residential real estate or commercial real estate, and may lead to additional adjustments to the value of unliquidated collateral of similar class.

Mortgage servicing rights: At least quarterly, MSRs are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the MSRs as compared to carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche exceeds fair value, impairment is recorded, and the respective individual tranche is carried at fair value. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche does not exceed fair value, impairment is reversed if previously recognized and the carrying value of the individual tranche is based on the amortization method. The valuation model utilizes assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income and can generally be validated against available market data (Level 2).

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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis , including financial assets and liabilities for which the Bank has elected the fair value option, are summarized below. Information as of March 31, 2024 is presented net of any applicable ACL.

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Fair Value Measurements at								​	​	​
​	​	March 31, 2024 Using:								​	​	​
​		Quoted Prices in			Significant				​			​
​	​	Active Markets		​	Other		​	Significant		​	​	​
​	​	for Identical		​	Observable		​	Unobservable		​	Total
​	​	Assets		​	Inputs		​	Inputs		​	Fair
(in thousands)	​	(Level 1)		​	(Level 2)		​	(Level 3)		​	Value
Financial assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Available-for-sale debt securities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	148,755	​	$	264,370	​	$	—	​	$	413,125	​
Private label mortgage-backed security	​		—	​		—	​		1,772	​		1,772	​
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​		—	​		145,822	​		—	​		145,822	​
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​		—	​		21,040	​		—	​		21,040	​
Corporate bonds	​	​	—	​	​	2,019	​	​	—	​	​	2,019	​
Trust preferred security	​		—	​		—	​		4,027	​		4,027	​
Total available-for-sale debt securities	​	$	148,755	​	$	433,251	​	$	5,799	​	$	587,805	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Freddie Mac preferred stock	​	$	—	​	$	235	​	$	—	​	$	235	​
Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value	​	$	—	​	$	235	​	$	—	​	$	235	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mortgage loans held for sale	​	$	—	​	$	80,884	​	$	—	​	$	80,884	​
Consumer loans held for sale	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	6,093	​	​	6,093	​
Rate lock commitments	​		—	​		466	​		—	​		466	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Financial liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mandatory forward contracts	​	$	—	​	$	77	​	$	—	​	$	77	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Fair Value Measurements at								​	​	​
​	​	December 31, 2023 Using:								​	​	​
​		Quoted Prices in			Significant				​			​
​	​	Active Markets		​	Other		​	Significant		​	​	​
​	​	for Identical		​	Observable		​	Unobservable		​	Total
​	​	Assets		​	Inputs		​	Inputs		​	Fair
(in thousands)	​	(Level 1)		​	(Level 2)		​	(Level 3)		​	Value
Financial assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Available-for-sale debt securities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	​	$	177,784	​	$	229,249	​	$	—	​	$	407,033	​
Private label mortgage-backed security	​		—	​		—	​		1,773	​		1,773	​
Mortgage-backed securities - residential	​		—	​		154,710	​		—	​		154,710	​
Collateralized mortgage obligations	​		—	​		21,659	​		—	​		21,659	​
Corporate bonds	​	​	—	​	​	2,020	​	​	—	​	​	2,020	​
Trust preferred security	​		—	​		—	​		4,118	​		4,118	​
Total available-for-sale debt securities	​	$	177,784	​	$	407,638	​	$	5,891	​	$	591,313	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Equity securities with readily determinable fair value:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Freddie Mac preferred stock	​	$	—	​	$	174	​	$	—	​	$	174	​
Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value	​	$	—	​	$	174	​	$	—	​	$	174	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mortgage loans held for sale	​	$	—	​	$	3,227	​	$	—	​	$	3,227	​
Consumer loans held for sale	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	7,914	​	​	7,914	​
Rate lock commitments	​		—	​		243	​		—	​		243	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​		—	​		8,933	​		—	​		8,933	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Financial liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mandatory forward contracts	​	$	—	​	$	61	​	$	—	​	$	61	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​	​	—	​	​	8,933	​	​	—	​		8,933	​

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All transfers between levels are generally recognized at the end of each quarter. There were no transfers into or out of Level 1, 2, or 3 assets during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Private Label Mortgage-Backed Security

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)	​	2024		​	2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, beginning of period	​	$	1,773	​	$	2,127	​
Total gains or losses included in earnings:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net change in unrealized gain (loss)	​		57	​		5	​
Principal paydowns	​		( 58 )	​		( 122 )	​
Balance, end of period	​	$	1,772	​	$	2,010	​

The fair value of the Bank’s single private label mortgage-backed security is supported by analysis prepared by an independent third-party. The third-party’s approach to determining fair value involved several steps: 1) detailed collateral analysis of the underlying mortgages, including consideration of geographic location, original loan-to-value and the weighted average FICO score of the borrowers; 2) collateral performance projections for each pool of mortgages underlying the security (probability of default, severity of default, and prepayment probabilities) and 3) discounted cash flow modeling.

The significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of the Bank’s single private label mortgage-backed security are prepayment rates, probability of default and loss severity in the event of default. Significant fluctuations in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly different fair value measurement.

Quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurement inputs for the Bank’s single private label mortgage-backed security follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Fair			Valuation				​
March 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands)	​	Value		​	Technique	​	Unobservable Inputs	​	Range
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Private label mortgage-backed security	​	$	1,772		Discounted cash flow		(1) Constant prepayment rate		3.9 % - 4.6 %	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​		(2) Probability of default		1.8 % - 9.4 %	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​		(3) Loss severity		22 % - 35 %	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Fair			Valuation				​
December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	​	Value		​	Technique	​	Unobservable Inputs	​	Range
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Private label mortgage-backed security	​	$	1,773		Discounted cash flow		(1) Constant prepayment rate		3.9 % - 4.5 %	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​		(2) Probability of default		1.8 % - 9.4 %	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​		(3) Loss severity		25 % - 35 %	​

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Trust Preferred Security

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s TRUP measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)	​	2024		​	2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, beginning of period	​	$	4,118	​	$	3,855	​
Total gains or losses included in earnings:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Discount accretion	​	​	15	​	​	14	​
Net change in unrealized gain (loss)	​		( 106 )	​		132	​
Balance, end of period	​	$	4,027	​	$	4,001	​

The fair value of the Company’s TRUP investment is based on the most recent bid price for this instrument, as provided by a third-party broker.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Bank has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans held for sale. These loans are intended for sale and the Bank believes that the fair value is the best indicator of the resolution of these loans. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loans and in accordance with Bank policy for such instruments. None of these loans were past due 90-days-or-more or on nonaccrual as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The aggregate fair value, contractual balance, and unrealized gain were as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Aggregate fair value	​	$	80,884	​	$	3,227	​
Contractual balance	​		80,681	​		3,168	​
Unrealized gain	​		203	​		59	​

The total amount of gains and losses from changes in fair value included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 for mortgage loans held for sale are presented in the following table:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended						​
​	​	March 31,					​	​
(in thousands)		2024			2023		​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest income	​	$	86	​	$	61	​	​
Change in fair value	​		145	​		( 8 )	​	​
Total included in earnings	​	$	231	​	$	53	​	​

Consumer Loans Held for Sale

RCS carries loans originated through its installment loan program at fair value. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loan and in accordance with Bank policy for such instruments. None of these loans were past due 90-days-or-more or on nonaccrual as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of the Bank’s short-term installment loans are the net contractual premiums and level of loans sold at a discount price. Significant fluctuations in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower/higher fair value measurement.

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The following table presents quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurement inputs for installment loans:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Fair			Valuation				​
March 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands)	​	Value		​	Technique	​	Unobservable Inputs	​	Rate
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Consumer loans held for sale	​	$	6,093		Contract Terms		(1) Net Premium		0.15 %
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​		(2) Discounted Sales		10.00 %

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Fair			Valuation				​
December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	​	Value		​	Technique	​	Unobservable Inputs	​	Rate
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Consumer loans held for sale	​	$	7,914		Contract Terms		(1) Net Premium		0.15 %
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​		(2) Discounted Sales		10.00 %

The aggregate fair value, contractual balance, and unrealized gain on consumer loans held for sale, at fair value, were as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Aggregate fair value	​	$	6,093	​	$	7,914	​
Contractual balance	​		6,129	​		7,964	​
Unrealized loss	​		( 36 )	​		( 50 )	​

The total amount of net gains from changes in fair value included in earnings for consumer loans held for sale, at fair value, are presented in the following table:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended					​	​
​	​	March 31,					​	​
(in thousands)		2024			2023		​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest income	​	$	1,173	​	$	765	​	​
Change in fair value	​		14	​		3	​	​
Total included in earnings	​	$	1,187	​	$	768	​	​

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Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Fair Value Measurements at								​	​	​	​
​	​	March 31, 2024 Using:								​	​	​	​
​		Quoted Prices in			Significant			​	​			​	​
​	​	Active Markets		​	Other		​	Significant		​	​	​	​
​	​	for Identical		​	Observable		​	Unobservable		​	Total		​
​	​	Assets		​	Inputs		​	Inputs		​	Fair		​
(in thousands)	​	(Level 1)		​	(Level 2)		​	(Level 3)		​	Value		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other real estate owned:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Commercial real estate	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1,486	​	$	1,486	​
Total other real estate owned	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1,486	​	$	1,486	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Fair Value Measurements at								​	​	​
​	​	December 31, 2023 Using:								​	​	​
​		Quoted Prices in			Significant			​	​			​
​	​	Active Markets		​	Other		​	Significant		​	​	​
​	​	for Identical		​	Observable		​	Unobservable		​	Total
​	​	Assets		​	Inputs		​	Inputs		​	Fair
(in thousands)	​	(Level 1)		​	(Level 2)		​	(Level 3)		​	Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Collateral-dependent loans:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1,580	​	$	1,580
Commercial real estate	​		—	​		—	​		795	​		795
Home equity	​		—	​		—	​		104	​		104
Total collateral-dependent loans*	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	2,479	​	$	2,479
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other real estate owned:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1,370	​	$	1,370
Total other real estate owned	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	1,370	​	$	1,370
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

The following tables present quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis :

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​			​						Range
​	​	Fair		​	Valuation	​	Unobservable	​	(Weighted
March 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands)	​	Value		​	Technique	​	Inputs	​	Average)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other real estate owned - commercial real estate	​	$	1,486		Sales comparison approach		Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales		39 % ( 39 %)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​			​						Range
​	​	Fair		​	Valuation	​	Unobservable	​	(Weighted
December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands)	​	Value		​	Technique	​	Inputs	​	Average)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Collateral-dependent loans - residential real estate owner-occupied	​	$	1,580		Sales comparison approach		Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales		0 % - 27 % ( 4 %)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Collateral-dependent loans - commercial real estate	​	$	795		Sales comparison approach		Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales		11 % ( 11 %)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Collateral-dependent loans - home equity	​	$	104		Sales comparison approach		Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales		5 % ( 5 %)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other real estate owned - commercial real estate	​	$	1,370		Sales comparison approach		Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales		39 % ( 39 %)

45

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Collateral-Dependent Loans

Collateral-dependent loans are generally measured for loss using the fair value for reasonable disposition of the underlying collateral. The Bank’s practice is to obtain new or updated appraisals or BPOs on the loans subject to the initial review and then to evaluate the need for an update to this value on an as-necessary or possibly annual basis thereafter (depending on the market conditions impacting the value of the collateral). The Bank may discount the valuation amount as necessary for selling costs and past due real estate taxes. If a new or updated appraisal or BPO is not available at the time of a loan’s loss review, the Bank may apply a discount to the existing value of an old valuation to reflect the property’s current estimated value if it is believed to have deteriorated in either: (i) the physical or economic aspects of the subject property or (ii) material changes in market conditions. The review generally results in a partial charge-off of the loan if fair value, less selling costs, are below the loan’s carrying value. Collateral-dependent loans are valued within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Collateral-dependent loans are as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)		2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Provision on collateral-dependent loans	​	$	( 7 )	​	$	( 19 )	​

Other Real Estate Owned

Details of other real estate owned carrying value and write downs follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		​		​	​
(in thousands)	​	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other real estate owned carried at fair value	​	$	1,486	​	$	1,370	​
Total carrying value of other real estate owned	​	$	1,486	​	$	1,370	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)		2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other real estate owned write-downs during the period	​	$	53	​	$	52	​

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The carrying amounts and estimated exit price fair values of all financial instruments follow:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	Fair Value Measurements at
​	​	​	​	​	March 31, 2024:
​		​	​			​			​			​		Total
​	​	Carrying		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Fair
(in thousands)	​	Value		​	Level 1		​	Level 2		​	Level 3		​	Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	$	546,363	​	$	546,363	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	546,363	​
Available-for-sale debt securities	​		587,805	​		148,755	​		433,251	​		5,799	​		587,805	​
Held-to-maturity debt securities	​		76,254	​		—	​		76,119	​		—	​		76,119	​
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values	​	​	235	​	​	—	​	​	235	​	​	—	​	​	235	​
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value	​		80,884	​		—	​		80,884	​		—	​		80,884	​
Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value	​	​	6,093	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	6,093	​	​	6,093	​
Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value	​	​	13,083	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	13,083	​	​	13,083	​
Loans, net	​		5,115,590	​		—	​		—	​		4,843,728	​		4,843,728	​
Federal Home Loan Bank stock	​		43,729	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		NA	​
Accrued interest receivable	​		20,325	​		—	​		4,111	​		16,214	​		20,325	​
Mortgage servicing rights	​	​	7,102	​	​	—	​	​	16,054	​	​	—	​	​	16,054	​
Rate lock commitments	​	​	466	​	​	—	​	​	466	​	​	—	​	​	466	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​	​	7,870	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing deposits	​	$	1,359,516	​	$	—	​	$	1,359,516	​	$	—	​	$	1,359,516	​
Transaction deposits	​		3,583,714	​		—	​		3,583,714	​		—	​		3,583,714	​
Time deposits	​		477,419	​		—	​		473,818	​		—	​		473,818	​
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings	​		86,171	​		—	​		86,171	​		—	​		86,171	​
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	​		270,000	​		—	​		270,565	​		—	​		270,565	​
Accrued interest payable	​		6,905	​		—	​		6,905	​		—	​		6,905	​
Rate lock commitments	​	​	466	​	​	—	​	​	466	​	​	—	​	​	466	​
Mandatory forward contracts	​	​	( 77 )	​	​	—	​	​	( 77 )	​	​	—	​	​	( 77 )	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​	​	7,870	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​	​	—	​	​	7,870	​

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​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	Fair Value Measurements at
​	​	​	​	​	December 31, 2023:
​			​			​			​			​		Total
​	​	Carrying		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Fair
(in thousands)	​	Value		​	Level 1		​	Level 2		​	Level 3		​	Value
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	$	316,567	​	$	316,567	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	316,567	​
Available-for-sale debt securities	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​
Held-to-maturity debt securities	​		76,387	​		—	​		76,167	​		—	​		76,167	​
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values	​	​	174	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value	​		3,227	​		—	​		3,227	​		—	​		3,227	​
Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value	​	​	7,914	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	7,914	​	​	7,914	​
Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value	​	​	16,094	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	16,094	​	​	16,094	​
Loans, net	​		5,157,731	​		—	​		—	​		4,874,974	​		4,874,974	​
Federal Home Loan Bank stock	​		23,770	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		NA	​
Accrued interest receivable	​		18,447	​		—	​		4,097	​		14,350	​		18,447	​
Mortgage servicing rights	​	​	7,411	​	​	—	​	​	16,054	​	​	—	​	​	16,054	​
Rate lock commitments	​	​	243	​	​	—	​	​	243	​	​	—	​	​	243	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​	​	8,933	​	​	—	​	​	8,933	​	​	—	​	​	8,933	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing deposits	​	$	1,676,998	​	$	—	​	$	1,676,998	​	$	—	​	$	1,676,998	​
Transaction deposits	​		2,924,114	​		—	​		2,924,114	​		—	​		2,924,114	​
Time deposits	​		452,051	​		—	​		446,218	​		—	​		446,218	​
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​		—	​
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	​		380,000	​		—	​		382,062	​		—	​		382,062	​
Accrued interest payable	​		4,073	​		—	​		4,073	​		—	​		4,073	​
Rate lock commitments	​		243	​	​	—	​	​	243	​	​	—	​	​	243	​
Mandatory forward contracts	​	​	61	​	​	—	​	​	61	​	​	—	​	​	61	​
Interest rate swap agreements	​	​	8,933	​	​	—	​	​	8,933	​	​	—	​	​	8,933	​

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11. MORTGAGE BANKING ACTIVITIES

Mortgage banking activities primarily include residential mortgage originations and servicing.

Activity for mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value, was as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)	​	2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, beginning of period	​	$	3,227	​	$	1,302	​
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale	​		27,046	​		15,942	​
Transferred from held for investment to held for sale	​	​	69,464	​	​	—	​
Proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale	​		( 18,773 )	​		( 16,630 )	​
Net gain (loss) on mortgage loans held for sale	​		( 80 )	​		420	​
Balance, end of period	​	$	80,884	​	$	1,034	​

The following table presents the components of Mortgage banking income:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​			Three Months Ended					​
​	​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)	​	​	2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net gain realized on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	​	​	$	565	​	$	248	​
Net loss realized on fair value adjustment for correspondent loans reclassified to held for sale	​	​	​	( 997 )	​	​	—	​
Net change in fair value recognized on loans held for sale	​	​		145	​		( 8 )	​
Net change in fair value recognized on rate lock loan commitments	​	​		223	​		94	​
Net change in fair value recognized on forward contracts	​	​		( 16 )	​		86	​
Net gain (loss) recognized	​	​		( 80 )	​		420	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loan servicing income	​	​		816	​		870	​
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights	​	​		( 426 )	​		( 490 )	​
Change in mortgage servicing rights valuation allowance	​	​		—	​		—	​
Net servicing income recognized	​	​		390	​		380	​
Total mortgage banking income	​	​	$	310	​	$	800	​

Activity for capitalized mortgage servicing rights was as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,
(in thousands)		2024			2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Balance, beginning of period	​	$	7,411	​	$	8,769
Additions	​		118	​		127
Amortized to expense	​		( 426 )	​		( 490 )
Change in valuation allowance	​		—	​		—
Balance, end of period	​	$	7,103	​	$	8,406

There was no valuation allowance for capitalized mortgage servicing rights for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

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Other information relating to mortgage servicing rights follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)		March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Fair value of mortgage servicing rights portfolio	​	$	16,704	​	​	$	16,054	​	​
Monthly weighted average prepayment rate of unpaid principal balance*	​		124	%	​		128	%	​
Discount rate	​	​	10.09	%	​	​	10.26	%	​
Weighted average foreclosure rate	​	​	0.16	%	​	​	0.16	%	​
Weighted average life in years	​		7.58	​	​		7.52	​	​

• Rates are applied to individual tranches with similar characteristics.

Mortgage banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business primarily consist of mandatory forward sales contracts and interest rate lock loan commitments. Mandatory forward contracts represent future commitments to deliver loans at a specified price and date or to purchase TBA securities and are used to manage interest rate risk on loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale. Interest rate lock loan commitments represent commitments to fund loans at a specific rate. These derivatives involve underlying items, such as interest rates, and are designed to transfer risk. Substantially all of these instruments expire within 90 days from the date of issuance. Notional amounts are amounts on which calculations and payments are based, but which do not represent credit exposure, as credit exposure is limited to the amounts required to be received or paid.

Mandatory forward contracts also contain an element of risk in that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of such agreements. In the event the counterparties fail to deliver commitments or are unable to fulfill their obligations, the Bank could potentially incur significant additional costs by replacing the positions at then current market rates. The Bank manages its risk of exposure by limiting counterparties to those banks and institutions deemed appropriate by management and the Board of Directors. The Bank does not expect any counterparty to default on their obligations and therefore, the Bank does not expect to incur any cost related to counterparty default.

The Bank is exposed to interest rate risk on loans held for sale and rate lock loan commitments. As market interest rates fluctuate, the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale and rate lock commitments will decline or increase. To offset this interest rate risk the Bank enters into derivatives, such as mandatory forward contracts to sell loans or purchase TBA securities. The fair value of these mandatory forward contracts will fluctuate as market interest rates fluctuate, and the change in the value of these instruments is expected to largely, though not entirely, offset the change in fair value of loans held for sale and rate lock commitments. The objective of this activity is to minimize the exposure to losses on rate loan lock commitments and loans held for sale due to market interest rate fluctuations. The net effect of derivatives on earnings will depend on risk management activities and a variety of other factors, including: market interest rate volatility; the amount of rate lock commitments that close; the ability to fill the forward contracts before expiration; and the time period required to close and sell loans.

The following table includes the notional amounts and fair values of mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage banking derivatives as of the period ends presented:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023					​
​	​	Notional		​	​	​	​	Notional		​	​	​	​
(in thousands)	​	Amount			Fair Value		​	Amount			Fair Value		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Included in Mortgage loans held for sale:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value	​	$	80,681	​	$	80,884	​	$	3,168	​	$	3,227	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Included in other assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Rate lock loan commitments	​	$	16,380	​	$	466	​	$	9,275	​	$	243	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Included in other liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Mandatory forward contracts	​	$	22,317	​	$	77	​	$	9,092	​	$	61	​

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12. INTEREST RATE SWAPS

Non-hedge Interest Rate Swaps

The Bank enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate client transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments, the Bank enters into offsetting positions in order to minimize the Bank’s interest rate risk. These swaps are derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, and therefore changes in fair value are reported in current year earnings.

Interest rate swap contracts involve the risk of dealing with counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is positive, this generally indicates that the counterparty or client owes the Bank, and results in credit risk to the Bank. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is negative, the Bank owes the client or counterparty, and therefore, has no credit risk.

A summary of the Bank’s interest rate swaps related to clients is included in the following table:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​		March 31, 2024					​	December 31, 2023					​
​	​	​	​	Notional		​	​	​	​	Notional		​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		Bank Position	​	Amount			Fair Value			Amount			Fair Value		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Assets		Pay variable/receive fixed		$	131,515	​	$	1,602		$	120,442		$	4,066	​
Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Liabilities		Pay variable/receive fixed		​	100,463		​	( 6,311 )		​	95,820	​	​	( 4,867 )	​
Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Total		Pay variable/receive fixed		$	231,978		$	( 4,709 )		$	216,262		$	( 801 )	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Assets	​	Pay fixed/receive variable	​	​	100,463	​	​	6,311	​	​	95,820	​	​	4,867	​
Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Liabilities	​	Pay fixed/receive variable	​	​	131,515	​	​	( 1,602 )	​	​	120,442	​	​	( 4,066 )	​
Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Total	​	Pay fixed/receive variable	​	$	231,978		$	4,709		$	216,262		$	801	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total	​	​		$	463,956	​	$	—		$	432,524	​	$	—	​

The Bank and its counterparties are required to pledge securities or cash as collateral when either party is in a net loss position exceeding $ 250,000 with the other party. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank’s counterparties had cash of $ 5.3 million and $ 1.9 million pledged to the Bank, which were included in Interest-bearing deposits on the Company’s Balance Sheet. Conversely, the Bank had $ 178,000 and $ 1.0 million pledged to its counterparties as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which were included in Cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s Balance Sheet .

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13. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company calculates earnings per share under the two-class method. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The difference in earnings per share between the two classes of common stock results from the 10 % per share cash dividend premium paid on Class A Common Stock over that paid on Class B Common Stock.

A reconciliation of the combined Class A and Class B Common Stock numerators and denominators of the earnings per share and diluted earnings per share computations is presented below:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data)		2024			2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income	​	$	30,606	​	$	28,092	​
Dividends declared on Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Shares	​	​	( 6,986 )	​	​	( 6,581 )	​
Class B Shares	​	​	( 796 )	​	​	( 734 )	​
Undistributed net income for basic earnings per share	​	​	22,824	​	​	20,777	​
Weighted average potential dividends on Class A shares upon exercise of dilutive options	​	​	( 36 )	​	​	( 21 )	​
Undistributed net income for diluted earnings per share	​	$	22,788	​	$	20,756	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Weighted average shares outstanding:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Shares	​		17,456	​		17,776	​
Class B Shares	​	​	2,151	​	​	2,159	​
Effect of dilutive securities on Class A Shares outstanding	​		87	​		55	​
Weighted average shares outstanding including dilutive securities	​		19,694	​		19,990	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Basic earnings per share:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Per share dividends distributed	​	$	0.41	​	$	0.37	​
Undistributed earnings per share*	​	​	1.18	​	​	1.05	​
Total basic earnings per share - Class A Common Stock	​	$	1.59	​	$	1.42	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class B Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Per share dividends distributed	​	$	0.37	​	$	0.34	​
Undistributed earnings per share*	​	​	1.07	​	​	0.96	​
Total basic earnings per share - Class B Common Stock	​	$	1.44	​	$	1.30	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Diluted earnings per share:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class A Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Per share dividends distributed	​	$	0.41	​	$	0.37	​
Undistributed earnings per share*	​	​	1.17	​	​	1.05	​
Total diluted earnings per share - Class A Common Stock	​	$	1.58	​	$	1.42	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Class B Common Stock:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Per share dividends distributed	​	$	0.37	​	$	0.34	​
Undistributed earnings per share*	​	​	1.06	​	​	0.95	​
Total diluted earnings per share - Class B Common Stock	​	$	1.43	​	$	1.29	​

• To arrive at undistributed earnings per share, undistributed net income is first prorated between Class A and Class B Common Shares, with Class A Common Shares receiving a 10 % premium. The resulting pro-rated, undistributed net income for each class is then divided by the weighted average shares for each class.

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Stock options excluded from the detailed earnings per share calculation because their impact was antidilutive are as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended			​
​	​	March 31,			​
​		2024		2023	​
​	​	​	​	​	​
Antidilutive stock options		52,781	​	245,898	​
Average antidilutive stock options		52,781	​	245,898	​

14. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

OCI components and related tax effects were as follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)		2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities	​	$	592	​	$	5,205	​
Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings	​		57	​		5	​
Net gains (losses)	​		649	​		5,210	​
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income	​		( 163 )	​		( 1,305 )	​
Net of tax	​	$	486	​	$	3,905	​

The following is a summary of the AOCI balances, net of tax:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		​	​		2024			​	​
(in thousands)	​	December 31, 2023		​	Change		​	March 31, 2024
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities	​	$	( 21,409 )	​	$	429	​	$	( 20,980 )	​
Unrealized gain on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings	​		1,001	​		57	​		1,058	​
Total unrealized gain (loss)	​	$	( 20,408 )	​	$	486	​	$	( 19,922 )	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		​	​		2023			​	​
(in thousands)	​	December 31, 2022		​	Change		​	March 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities	​	$	( 32,934 )	​	$	3,900	​	$	( 29,034 )	​
Unrealized gain on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings	​		955	​		5	​		960	​
Total unrealized gain (loss)	​	$	( 31,979 )	​	$	3,905	​	$	( 28,074 )	​

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15. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

The following tables present the Company’s net revenue and net revenue concentration by reportable segment:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
​	​	Core Banking									​	​	Republic Processing Group													​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Total		​	​	Tax		​	Republic		​	Republic		​	​	​		​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Traditional		​	Warehouse		​	​	Core		​	​	Refund		​	Payment		​	Credit		​	​	Total		​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)	​	Banking		​	Lending		​	​	Banking		​	​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	​	RPG		​	​	​	Company
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest income (1)	​	$	48,259	​	$	2,257	​		$	50,516	​	​	$	30,910	​	$	3,508	​	$	11,985	​	​	$	46,403	​	​	​	$	96,919	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest income:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Service charges on deposit accounts	​	​	3,299	​	​	13	​	​	​	3,312	​	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1	​	​	​	1	​	​	​	​	3,313	​
Net refund transfer fees	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​		10,820	​		—	​		—	​	​		10,820	​	​	​		10,820	​
Mortgage banking income (1)	​		310	​		—	​	​		310	​	​		—	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​	​		310	​
Interchange fee income	​	​	3,117	​	​	—	​	​	​	3,117	​	​	​	39	​	​	1	​	​	—	​	​	​	40	​	​	​	​	3,157	​
Program fees (1)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	773	​	​	3,406	​	​	​	4,179	​	​	​	​	4,179	​
Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI (1)	​	​	754	​	​	—	​	​	​	754	​	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	​	754	​
Net losses on OREO	​	​	( 53 )	​	​	—	​	​	​	( 53 )	​	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	​	( 53 )	​
Other	​		869	​		—	​	​		869	​	​		24	​		—	​		—	​	​		24	​	​	​		893	​
Total noninterest income	​		8,296	​		13	​	​		8,309	​	​		10,883	​		774	​		3,407	​	​		15,064	​	​	​		23,373	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total net revenue	​	$	56,555	​	$	2,270	​	​	$	58,825	​	​	$	41,793	​	$	4,282	​	$	15,392	​	​	$	61,467	​	​	​	$	120,292	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net-revenue concentration (2)	​	​	46	%	​	2	%	​	​	48	%	​	​	35	%	​	4	%	​	13	%	​	​	52	%	​	​	​	100	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​	​	Core Banking									​	​	Republic Processing Group													​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Total		​	​	Tax		​	Republic		​	Republic		​	​	​		​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Traditional		​	Warehouse		​	​	Core		​	​	Refund		​	Payment		​	Credit		​	​	Total		​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)	​	Banking		​	Lending		​	​	Banking		​	​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	​	RPG		​	​	​	Company
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest income (1)	​	$	50,168	​	$	2,087	​		$	52,255	​	​	$	28,307	​	$	3,458	​	$	8,622	​	​	$	40,387	​	​	​	$	92,642	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest income:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Service charges on deposit accounts	​	​	3,288	​	​	11	​	​	​	3,299	​	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	​	3,299	​
Net refund transfer fees	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​		10,807	​		—	​		—	​	​		10,807	​	​	​		10,807	​
Mortgage banking income (1)	​		800	​		—	​	​		800	​	​		—	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​	​		800	​
Interchange fee income	​	​	3,006	​	​	—	​	​	​	3,006	​	​	​	44	​	​	1	​	​	—	​	​	​	45	​	​	​	​	3,051	​
Program fees (1)	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	707	​	​	2,534	​	​	​	3,241	​	​	​	​	3,241	​
Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI (1)	​	​	635	​	​	—	​	​	​	635	​	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	​	635	​
Net losses on OREO	​	​	( 53 )	​	​	—	​	​	​	( 53 )	​	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	​	( 53 )	​
Other	​		795	​		—	​	​		795	​	​		71	​		10	​		25	​	​		106	​	​	​		901	​
Total noninterest income	​		8,471	​		11	​	​		8,482	​	​		10,922	​		718	​		2,559	​	​		14,199	​	​	​		22,681	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total net revenue	​	$	58,639	​	$	2,098	​	​	$	60,737	​	​	$	39,229	​	$	4,176	​	$	11,181	​	​	$	54,586	​	​	​	$	115,323	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net-revenue concentration (2)	​	​	50	%	​	2	%	​	​	52	%	​	​	34	%	​	4	%	​	10	%	​	​	48	%	​	​	​	100	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

(1) This revenue is not subject to ASC 606.

(2) Net revenue represents net interest income plus total noninterest income. Net-revenue concentration equals segment-level net revenue divided by total Company net revenue.

The following represents information for significant revenue streams subject to ASC 606:

Service charges on deposit accounts – The Company earns revenue for account-based and event-driven services on its retail and commercial deposit accounts. Contracts for these services are generally in the form of deposit agreements, which disclose fees for deposit services. Revenue for event-driven services is recognized in close proximity or simultaneously with service performance. Revenue for certain account-based services may be recognized at a point in time or over the period the service is rendered, typically no longer than a month. Examples of account-based and event-driven service charges on deposits include per item fees, paper-statement fees, check-cashing fees, and analysis fees.

Net refund transfer fees – An RT is a fee-based product offered by the Bank through third-party tax preparers located throughout the United States, as well as tax-preparation software providers (collectively, the “Tax Providers”), with the Bank acting as an independent contractor of the Tax Providers. An RT allows a taxpayer to pay any applicable tax preparation and filing related fees directly from his federal or state government tax refund, with the remainder of the tax refund disbursed directly to the taxpayer. RT

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fees and all applicable tax preparation, transmitter, audit, and any other taxpayer authorized amounts are deducted from the tax refund by either the Bank or the Bank’s service provider and automatically forwarded to the appropriate party as authorized by the taxpayer. RT fees generally receive first priority when applying fees against the taxpayer’s refund, with the Bank’s share of RT fees generally superior to the claims of other third-party service providers, including the Tax Providers. The remainder of the refund is disbursed to the taxpayer by a Bank check, direct deposit to the taxpayer’s personal bank account, or loaded to a prepaid card.

The Company executes contracts with individual Tax Providers to offer RTs to their taxpayer customers. RT revenue is recognized by the Bank immediately after the taxpayer’s refund is disbursed in accordance with the RT contract with the taxpayer customer. The fee paid by the taxpayer for the RT is shared between the Bank and the Tax Providers based on contracts executed between the parties.

The Company presents RT revenue net of any amounts shared with the Tax Providers. The Bank’s share of RT revenue is generally based on the obligations undertaken by the Tax Provider for each individual RT program, with more obligations generally corresponding to higher RT revenue share. The significant majority of net RT revenue is recognized and obligations under RT contracts fulfilled by the Bank during the first half of each year. Incremental expenses associated with the fulfilment of RT contracts are generally expensed during the first half of the year.

Interchange fee income – As an “issuing bank” for card transactions, the Company earns interchange fee income on transactions executed by its cardholders with various third-party merchants. Through third-party intermediaries, merchants compensate the Company for each transaction for the ability to efficiently settle the transaction, and for the Company’s willingness to accept certain risks inherent in the transaction. There is no written contract between the merchant and the Company, but a contract is implied between the two parties by customary business practices. Interchange fee income is recognized almost simultaneously by the Company upon the completion of a related card transaction.

The Company compensates its cardholders by way of cash or other “rewards” for generating card transactions. These rewards are disclosed in cardholder agreements between the Company and its cardholders. Reward costs are accrued over time based on card transactions generated by the cardholder. Interchange fee income is presented net of reward costs within noninterest income.

Net gains/(losses) on other real estate – The Company routinely sells OREO it has acquired through loan foreclosure. Net gains/(losses) on OREO reflect both 1) the gain or loss recognized upon an executed deed and 2) mark-to-market write-downs the Company takes on its OREO inventory.

The Company generally recognizes gains or losses on OREO at the time of an executed deed, although gains may be recognized over a financing period if the Company finances the sale. For financed OREO sales, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the OREO asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain/(loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present.

Mark-to-market write-downs taken by the Company during the property’s holding period are generally at least 10 % per year but may be higher based on updated real estate appraisals or BPOs. Incremental expenditures to bring OREO to salable condition are generally expensed as-incurred.

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16. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Reportable segments are determined by the type of products and services offered and the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business (such as banking centers and business units), which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and clients are similar.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company was divided into five reportable segments: Traditional Banking, Warehouse Lending, TRS, RPS, and RCS. Management considers the first two segments to collectively constitute “Core Bank” or “Core Banking” operations, while the last three segments collectively constitute RPG operations.

The nature of segment operations and the primary drivers of net revenue by reportable segment are provided below:

​	​	​	​	​
Reportable Segment:	​	Nature of Operations:	​	Primary Drivers of Net Revenue:
​	​	​	​	​
Core Banking:	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking	​	Provides traditional banking products to clients in its market footprint primarily via its network of banking centers and to clients outside of its market footprint primarily via its digital delivery channels.	​	Loans, investments, and deposits
​	​	​	​	​
Warehouse Lending	​	Provides short-term, revolving credit facilities to mortgage bankers across the United States.	​	Mortgage warehouse lines of credit
​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions	​	TRS offers tax-related credit products and facilitates the receipt and payment of federal and state tax refunds through Refund Transfer products. TRS products are primarily provided to clients outside of the Bank’s market footprint.	​	Loans and refund transfers
​	​	​	​	​
Republic Payment Solutions	​	RPS offers general-purpose reloadable cards. RPS products are primarily provided to clients outside of the Bank’s market footprint.	​	Prepaid cards
​	​	​	​	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	Offers consumer credit products. RCS products are primarily provided to clients outside of the Bank’s market footprint, with a substantial portion of RCS clients considered subprime or near-prime borrowers.	​	Unsecured, consumer loans

The accounting policies used for Republic’s reportable segments are generally the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Republic evaluates segment performance using operating income. The Company allocates goodwill to the Traditional Banking segment. Republic generally allocates income taxes based on income before income tax expense unless reasonable and specific segment allocations can be made. The Company makes transactions among reportable segments at carrying value.

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Segment information follows:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
​	​	Core Banking									​	​	Republic Processing Group													​	​	​	​
​		​	​		​	​			Total				Tax		​	Republic		​	Republic			​	​		​		​	​	​
​	​	Traditional		​	Warehouse		​	​	Core		​	​	Refund		​	Payment		​	Credit		​	​	Total		​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)	​	Banking		​	Lending		​	​	Banking		​	​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	​	RPG		​	​	​	Company
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest income	​	$	48,259	​	$	2,257	​	​	$	50,516	​	​	$	30,910	​	$	3,508	​	$	11,985	​	​	$	46,403	​	​	​	$	96,919	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Provision for expected credit loss expense	​		358	​		309	​	​		667	​	​		25,774	​		—	​		4,181	​	​		29,955	​	​	​		30,622	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net refund transfer fees	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​		10,820	​		—	​		—	​	​		10,820	​	​	​		10,820	​
Mortgage banking income	​		310	​		—	​	​		310	​	​		—	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​	​		310	​
Program fees	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	773	​	​	3,406	​	​	​	4,179	​	​	​	​	4,179	​
Other noninterest income	​		7,986	​		13	​	​		7,999	​	​		63	​		1	​		1	​	​		65	​	​	​		8,064	​
Total noninterest income	​		8,296	​		13	​	​		8,309	​	​		10,883	​		774	​		3,407	​	​		15,064	​	​	​		23,373	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total noninterest expense	​		41,394	​		878	​	​		42,272	​	​		4,512	​		954	​		3,233	​	​		8,699	​	​	​		50,971	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Income (loss) before income tax expense	​		14,803	​		1,083	​	​		15,886	​	​		11,507	​		3,328	​		7,978	​	​		22,813	​	​	​		38,699	​
Income tax expense (benefit)	​	​	2,520	​	​	244	​	​	​	2,764	​	​	​	2,714	​	​	761	​	​	1,854	​	​	​	5,329	​	​	​	​	8,093	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income (loss)	​	$	12,283	​	$	839	​	​	$	13,122	​	​	$	8,793	​	$	2,567	​	$	6,124	​	​	$	17,484	​	​	​	$	30,606	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Period-end assets	​	$	5,766,166	​	$	463,664	​	​	$	6,229,830	​	​	$	106,401	​	$	406,847	​	$	132,514	​	​	$	645,762	​	​	​	$	6,875,592	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest margin	​		3.33	%		2.67	%	​		3.30	%	​		NM	​		5.07	%		NM	​	​		NM	​	​	​		5.87	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net-revenue concentration*	​	​	46	%	​	2	%	​	​	48	%	​	​	35	%	​	4	%	​	13	%	​	​	52	%	​	​	​	100	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
​	​	Core Banking									​	​	Republic Processing Group													​	​	​	​
​		​	​		​	​			Total				Tax		​	Republic		​	Republic			​	​		​		​	​	​
​	​	Traditional		​	Warehouse		​	​	Core		​	​	Refund		​	Payment		​	Credit		​	​	Total		​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)	​	Banking		​	Lending		​	​	Banking		​	​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	Solutions		​	​	RPG		​	​	​	Company
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest income	​	$	50,168	​	$	2,087	​	​	$	52,255	​	​	$	28,307	​	$	3,458	​	$	8,622	​	​	$	40,387	​	​	​	$	92,642	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Provision for expected credit loss expense	​		2,984	​		135	​	​		3,119	​	​		21,808	​		—	​		1,839	​	​		23,647	​	​	​		26,766	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net refund transfer fees	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​		10,807	​		—	​		—	​	​		10,807	​	​	​		10,807	​
Mortgage banking income	​		800	​		—	​	​		800	​	​		—	​		—	​		—	​	​		—	​	​	​		800	​
Program fees	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	​	707	​	​	2,534	​	​	​	3,241	​	​	​	​	3,241	​
Other noninterest income	​		7,671	​		11	​	​		7,682	​	​		115	​		11	​		25	​	​		151	​	​	​		7,833	​
Total noninterest income	​		8,471	​		11	​	​		8,482	​	​		10,922	​		718	​		2,559	​	​		14,199	​	​	​		22,681	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total noninterest expense	​		43,406	​		968	​	​		44,374	​	​		4,782	​		866	​		2,421	​	​		8,069	​	​	​		52,443	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Income before income tax expense	​		12,249	​		995	​	​		13,244	​	​		12,639	​		3,310	​		6,921	​	​		22,870	​	​	​		36,114	​
Income tax expense	​		2,713	​		223	​	​		2,936	​	​		2,806	​		735	​		1,545	​	​		5,086	​	​	​		8,022	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net income	​	$	9,536	​	$	772	​	​	$	10,308	​	​	$	9,833	​	$	2,575	​	$	5,376	​	​	$	17,784	​	​	​	$	28,092	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Period-end assets	​	$	4,987,423	​	$	458,675	​	​	$	5,446,098	​	​	$	95,462	​	$	415,688	​	$	116,843	​	​	$	627,993	​	​	​	$	6,074,091	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest margin	​		4.07	%		2.53	%	​		3.98	%	​		NM	​		3.84	%		NM	​	​		NM	​	​	​		6.52	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net-revenue concentration*	​	​	50	%	​	2	%	​	​	52	%	​	​	34	%	​	4	%	​	10	%	​	​	48	%	​	​	​	100	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

** Net revenue represents net interest income plus total noninterest income. Net-revenue concentration equals segment-level net revenue divided by total Company net revenue.*

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Republic Bancorp, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Republic Bank & Trust Company and Republic Insurance Services, Inc. As used in this filing, the terms “Republic,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Republic Bancorp, Inc., and, where the context requires, Republic Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The term the “Bank” refers to the Company’s subsidiary bank: Republic Bank & Trust Company. The term the “Captive” refers to the Company’s insurance subsidiary: Republic Insurance Services, Inc. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Republic is a financial holding company headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. The Bank is a Kentucky-based, state-chartered non-member financial institution that provides both traditional and non-traditional banking products through five reportable segments using a multitude of delivery channels. While the Bank operates primarily in its geographical market footprint where it has physical locations, its non-brick-and-mortar delivery channels allow it to reach clients across the U.S. During the last quarter of 2023, the Company dissolved its Captive, a Nevada-based, wholly owned insurance subsidiary of the Company. The Captive provided property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank, as well as a group of third-party insurance captives.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Republic should be read in conjunction with Part I Item 1 “ Financial Statements .”

Forward-looking statements discuss matters that are not historical facts. As forward-looking statements discuss future events or conditions, the statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “potential,” or similar expressions. Do not rely on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements detail management’s expectations regarding the future and are not guarantees. Forward-looking statements are assumptions based on information known to management only as of the date the statements are made and management undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable law.

Broadly speaking, forward-looking statements include:

● the potential impact of inflation on Company operations;

● p rojections of revenue, income, expenses, losses, earnings per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure, loan volume, loan growth, deposit growth, or other financial items;

● descriptions of plans or objectives for future operations, products, or services;

● descriptions and projections related to management strategies for loans, deposits, investments, and borrowings;

● forecasts of future economic performance; and

● descriptions of assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied as a result of certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the following:

● the impact of inflation on the Company’s operations and credit losses;

● litigation liabilities, including related costs, expenses, settlements and judgments, or the outcome of matters before regulatory agencies, whether pending or commencing in the future;

● natural disasters impacting the Company’s operations;

● changes in political and economic conditions;

● the magnitude and frequency of changes to the FFTR implemented by the FOMC of the FRB;

● long-term and short-term interest rate fluctuations and the overall steepness of the U.S. Treasury yield curve, as well as their impact on the Company’s net interest income and mortgage banking operations;

● competitive product and pricing pressures in each of the Company’s five reportable segments;

● equity and fixed income market fluctuations;

● client bankruptcies and loan defaults;

● recession;

● future acquisitions;

● integrations of acquired businesses;

● changes in technology;

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● changes in applicable laws and regulations or the interpretation and enforcement thereof;

● changes in fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies;

● changes in accounting standards;

● monetary fluctuations;

● changes to the Company’s overall internal control environment;

● the Company’s ability to qualify for future R&D federal tax credits;

● the ability for Tax Providers to successfully market and realize the expected RA and RT volume anticipated by TRS;

● information security breaches or cybersecurity attacks involving either the Company or one of the Company’s third-party service providers; and

● other risks and uncertainties reported from time to time in the Company’s filings with the SEC, including Part 1 Item 1A “ Risk Factors.” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and Part II Item 1A “Risk Factors” of the current filing.

Accounting Standards Update

For disclosure regarding the impact to the Company’s financial statements of ASUs, see Footnote 1 “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.”

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Republic’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported periods.

A summary of the Company's significant accounting policies is set forth in Part II “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Management continually evaluates the Company’s accounting policies and estimates that it uses to prepare the consolidated financial statements. In general, management’s estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, accounting and regulatory guidance, and information obtained from independent third-party professionals. Actual results may differ from those estimates made by management.

Critical accounting policies are those that management believes are the most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and operating results and require management to make estimates that are difficult, subjective and complex. Most accounting policies are not considered by management to be critical accounting policies. Several factors are considered in determining whether or not a policy is critical in the preparation of the financial statements. These factors include, among other things, whether the estimates have a significant impact on the financial statements, the nature of the estimates, the ability to readily validate the estimates with other information including independent third parties or available pricing, sensitivity of the estimates to changes in economic conditions and whether alternative methods of accounting may be utilized under GAAP. Management has discussed each critical accounting policy and the methodology for the identification and determination of critical accounting policies with the Company’s Audit Committee.

Republic believes its critical accounting policies and estimates relate to its ACLL and Provision.

ACLL and Provision — As of March 31, 2024, the Bank maintained an ACLL for expected credit losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio, which includes overdrawn deposit accounts. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACLL monthly and presents and discusses the ACLL with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors quarterly.

Management’s evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACLL is often the most critical accounting estimate for a financial institution, as the ACLL requires significant reliance on the use of estimates and significant judgment as to the reliance on historical loss rates, consideration of quantitative and qualitative economic factors, and the reliance on a reasonable and supportable forecast.

Adjustments to the historical loss rate for current conditions include differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix or term, delinquency level, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in property values or other relevant factors. One-year forecast adjustments to the historical loss rate are based on the U.S. national unemployment rate and CRE values. Subsequent to the one-year forecasts, loss rates are assumed to immediately revert back to long-term historical averages.

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The ACLL is significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. Material changes to these and other relevant factors may result in greater volatility to the ACLL, and therefore, greater volatility to the Company’s reported earnings.

BUSINESS SEGMENT COMPOSITION

As of March 31, 2024, the Company was divided into five reportable segments: Traditional Banking, Warehouse Lending, TRS, RPS, and RCS. Republic had previously reported mortgage banking as a separate reportable segment prior to the first quarter of 2024. Due to the quantitative and qualitative immateriality of this division, Management concluded its mortgage banking operations no longer constitutes a separate reportable segment for SEC reporting purposes.

Management considers the first two segments to collectively constitute “Core Bank” or “Core Banking” operations, while the last three segments collectively constitute RPG operations.

(I) Traditional Banking segment

The Traditional Banking segment, which also includes the results of the former mortgage banking segment, provides traditional banking products primarily to customers in the Company’s market footprint. As of March 31, 2024, Republic had 47 banking centers with locations as follows:

● Kentucky — 29

● Metropolitan Louisville — 19

● Central Kentucky — 6

● Georgetown — 1

● Lexington — 5

● Northern Kentucky (Metropolitan Cincinnati) — 4

● Bellevue— 1

● Covington — 1

● Crestview Hills — 1

● Florence — 1

● Indiana — 3

● Southern Indiana (Metropolitan Louisville) — 3

● Floyds Knobs — 1

● Jeffersonville — 1

● New Albany — 1

● Florida — 7

● Metropolitan Tampa — 7

● Ohio — 4

● Metropolitan Cincinnati — 4

● Tennessee — 4

● Metropolitan Nashville — 4

Republic’s headquarters are in Louisville, which is the largest city in Kentucky based on population.

The Bank’s principal lending activities consist of the following:

Retail Mortgage Lending — Through its retail banking centers and its online Consumer Direct channel, the Bank originates single-family, residential real estate loans and HELOCs. In addition, the Bank originates HEALs through its retail banking centers. Such loans are generally collateralized by owner-occupied, residential real estate properties. For those loans originated through the Bank’s retail banking centers, the collateral is predominately located in the Bank’s market footprint, while loans originated through its Consumer Direct channel are generally secured by owner-occupied collateral located outside of the Bank’s market footprint.

Mortgage banking — Mortgage banking activities primarily include 15-, 20- and 30-year fixed-term single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans that are originated and sold into the secondary market, primarily to the FHLMC and the FNMA. The Bank typically retains servicing on loans sold into the secondary market. Administration of loans with servicing retained by the

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Bank includes collecting principal and interest payments, escrowing funds for property taxes and property insurance, and remitting payments to secondary market investors. The Bank receives fees for performing these standard servicing functions.

As part of the sale of loans with servicing retained, the Bank records MSRs. MSRs represent an estimate of the present value of future cash servicing income, net of estimated costs, which the Bank expects to receive on loans sold with servicing retained by the Bank. MSRs are capitalized as separate assets. This transaction is posted to net gain on sale of loans, a component of “Mortgage banking income” in the income statement. Management considers all relevant factors, in addition to pricing considerations from other servicers, to estimate the fair value of the MSRs to be recorded when the loans are initially sold with servicing retained by the Bank. The carrying value of MSRs is initially amortized in proportion to and over the estimated period of net servicing income and subsequently adjusted quarterly based on the weighted average remaining life of the underlying loans. The MSR amortization is recorded as a reduction to net servicing income, a component of Mortgage banking income.

With the assistance of an independent third party, the MSRs asset is reviewed at least quarterly for impairment based on the fair value of the MSRs using groupings of the underlying loans based on predominant risk characteristics. Any impairment of a grouping is reported as a valuation allowance. A primary factor influencing the fair value is the estimated life of the underlying loans serviced. The estimated life of the loans serviced is significantly influenced by market interest rates. During a period of declining interest rates, the fair value of the MSRs is expected to decline due to increased anticipated prepayment speeds within the portfolio. Alternatively, during a period of rising interest rates, the fair value of MSRs would be expected to increase as prepayment speeds on the underlying loans would be expected to decline.

Commercial Lending — The Bank conducts commercial lending activities primarily through Corporate Banking, Commercial Banking, Business Banking, and Retail Banking channels.

In general, commercial lending credit approvals and processing are prepared and underwritten through the Bank’s Commercial Credit Administration Department. Clients are generally located within the Bank’s market footprint or in areas nearby the market footprint.

Construction and Land Development Lending — The Bank originates business loans for the construction of both single-family, residential properties and commercial properties (apartment complexes, shopping centers, office buildings). While not a focus for the Bank, the Bank may originate loans for the acquisition and development of residential or commercial land into buildable lots.

Consumer Lending — Traditional Banking consumer loans made by the Bank include home improvement and home equity loans, other secured and unsecured personal loans, and credit cards. Except for home equity loans, which are actively marketed in conjunction with single family, first lien residential real estate loans, other Traditional Banking consumer loan products (not including products offered through RPG), while available, are not and have not been actively promoted in the Bank’s markets.

Aircraft Lending — Aircraft loans are typically made to purchase or refinance personal aircrafts, along with engine overhauls and avionic upgrades. Loans range between $200,000 and $4,000,000 in size and have terms up to 20 years. The aircraft loan program is open to all fifty states. The credit characteristics of an aircraft borrower are higher than a typical consumer in that they must demonstrate and indicate a higher degree of credit worthiness for approval.

The Bank’s other Traditional Banking activities generally consist of the following:

Private Banking — The Bank provides financial products and services to high-net-worth individuals through its Private Banking department. The Bank’s Private Banking officers have extensive banking experience and are trained to meet the unique financial needs of this clientele.

Treasury Management Services — The Bank provides various deposit products designed for commercial business clients located throughout its market footprint. Lockbox processing, remote deposit capture, business on-line banking, account reconciliation, and ACH processing are additional services offered to commercial businesses through the Bank’s Treasury Management department. Treasury Management officers work closely with commercial and retail officers to support the cash management needs of Bank clients.

Correspondent Lending — The Bank began acquiring single family, first lien mortgage loans for investment through its Correspondent Lending channel during the first quarter of 2023. Correspondent Lending generally involves the Bank acquiring, primarily from its Warehouse Lending clients, closed loans that meet the Bank’s specifications. Substantially all loans purchased through the Correspondent Lending channel are purchased at a premium. Premiums on loans held for investment acquired through

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the Correspondent Lending channel will be amortized into interest income on the level-yield method over the expected life of the loan. Loans acquired through the Correspondent Lending channel are generally made to borrowers outside of the Bank’s historical market footprint.

Internet Banking — The Bank expands its market penetration and service delivery of its RB&T brand by offering clients Internet Banking services and products through its website, www.republicbank.com.

Mobile Banking — The Bank allows clients to easily and securely access and manage their accounts through its mobile banking application.

Other Banking Services — The Bank also provides title insurance and other financial institution related products and services.

Bank Acquisitions — The Bank maintains an acquisition strategy to selectively grow its franchise as a complement to its organic growth strategies.

See additional detail regarding the Traditional Banking segment under Footnote 16 “Segment Information” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.”

(II) Warehouse Lending segment

The Core Bank provides short-term, revolving credit facilities to mortgage bankers across the United States through mortgage warehouse lines of credit. These credit facilities are primarily secured by single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans. The credit facility enables the mortgage banking clients to close single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans in their own name and temporarily fund their inventory of these closed loans until the loans are sold to investors approved by the Bank. Individual loans are expected to remain on the warehouse line for an average of 15 to 30 days. Advances for Reverse mortgage loans and construction loans typically remain on the line longer than conventional mortgage loans. Interest income and loan fees are accrued for each individual advance during the time the advance remains on the warehouse line and collected when the loan is sold. The Core Bank receives the sale proceeds of each loan directly from the investor and applies the funds to pay off the warehouse advance and related accrued interest and fees. The remaining proceeds are credited to the mortgage-banking client.

See additional detail regarding the Warehouse Lending segment under Footnote 16 “Segment Information” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.”

(III) Tax Refund Solutions segment

Through the TRS segment , the Bank is one of a limited number of financial institutions that facilitates the receipt and payment of federal and state tax refund products and offers a credit product through third-party tax preparers located throughout the U.S., as well as tax-preparation software providers (collectively, the “Tax Providers”). The majority of all the business generated by the TRS business occurs during the first half of each year. During the second half of each year, TRS generates limited revenue and incurs costs preparing for the next year’s tax season. During December 2023, TRS originated $103 million of ERAs related to tax returns that were anticipated to be filed during the first quarter 2024 tax filing season. Of these ERAs, $11 million remained outstanding as of March 31, 2024.

RTs are fee-based products whereby a tax refund is issued to the taxpayer after the Bank has received the refund from the federal or state government. There is no credit risk or borrowing cost associated with these products because they are only delivered to the taxpayer upon receipt of the tax refund directly from the governmental paying authority. Fees earned by the Company on RTs, net of revenue share, are reported as noninterest income under the line item “Net refund transfer fees.”

The RA credit product is a loan made in conjunction with the filing of a taxpayer’s federal tax return, which allows the taxpayer to borrow funds as an advance of a portion of their tax refund. The RA product had the following features during the first quarters of 2024 and 2023:

● Offered only during the first two months of each year;

● The taxpayer was given the option to choose from multiple loan-amount tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $6,500;

● No requirement that the taxpayer pays for another bank product, such as an RT;

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● Multiple disbursement methods were available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit, prepaid card, or check, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election;

● Repayment of the RA to the Bank is deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and

● If an insufficient refund to repay the RA occurs:

o there is no recourse to the taxpayer,

o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and

o no collection efforts against the taxpayer.

Since its introduction in December of 2022, the ERA credit product has been structured similarly to the RA with the primary differences being the timing of when the ERAs are originated and the documentation available to underwrite the ERA credits. The ERA is originated prior to the taxpayer receiving their fiscal year taxable income documentation, e.g. , W-2, and the filing of the taxpayer’s final federal tax return. As such, the Company generally uses paystub information to underwrite the ERA. The repayment of the ERA is incumbent upon the taxpayer client returning to the Bank’s Tax Provider for the filing of their final federal tax return in order for the tax refund to potentially be received by the Bank from the federal government to pay off the advance. The ERA product had the following features during the 2023 and 2024 tax filing seasons:

● Only offered during December and the up-coming January in connection with the upcoming first quarter tax business for each period;

● The taxpayer had the option to choose from multiple loan tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $1,000;

● No requirement that the taxpayer pays for another bank product, such as an RT;

● Multiple disbursement methods available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit or prepaid card, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election;

● Repayment of the ERA to the Bank deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and

● If an insufficient refund to repay the ERA, including the failure to file a final federal tax return through a Republic Tax Provider:

o no recourse to the taxpayer,

o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and

o no collection efforts against the taxpayer.

The Company reports fees paid for the RAs, including ERAs, as interest income on loans. The number of days for delinquency eligibility is based on management’s annual analysis of tax return processing times. RAs, including ERAs that were originated related to the first quarter 2023 tax filing season were repaid, on average, within 32 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority. RAs do not have a contractual due date, but as it did during 2023, the Company will consider an RA delinquent in 2024 if it remains unpaid 35 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority.

Provisions on RAs are estimated when advances are made. Unpaid RAs, including ERAs, related to the first quarter tax filing season of a given year are charged-off by June 30 th of that year, unless they are deemed to be uncollectible earlier than June 30 th , at which time they are charged off. RAs collected during the second half of that year, not subject to loan loss guarantee arrangements, are recorded as recoveries of previously charged-off loans.

Related to the overall credit losses on RAs, including ERAs, the Bank’s ability to control losses is highly dependent upon its ability to predict the taxpayer’s likelihood to receive the tax refund as claimed on the taxpayer’s tax return. Each year, the Bank’s RA approval model is based primarily on the prior-year’s tax refund payment patterns. Because the substantial majority of the RA volume occurs each year before that year’s tax refund payment patterns can be analyzed and subsequent underwriting changes made, credit losses during a current year could be higher than management’s predictions if tax refund payment patterns change materially between years.

In response to changes in the legal, regulatory, and competitive environment, management annually reviews and revises the RA, including the ERA, product parameters. Further changes in the RA product parameters do not ensure positive results and could have an overall material negative impact on the performance of all RA product offerings and therefore on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

See additional detail regarding the RA product under Footnote 5 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.”

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(IV) Republic Payment Solutions segment

Through t he RPS segment, the Bank offers a range of payment-related products and services to consumers through third-party service providers. The Bank offers both issuing solutions and money movement capabilities.

Issuing Solutions :

The RPS segment offers prepaid and debit solutions primarily marketed to consumers through third-party marketer-servicers.

Prepaid solutions include the issuing of payroll and general purpose reloadable (“GPR”) cards. Characteristics of these cards include the following:

● Similar to a traditional debit card with features including traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals and direct deposit;

● Funds associated with these products are typically held in pooled accounts at the Bank with the Bank maintaining records of individual balances within these pooled accounts; and

● Payroll cards facilitate the loading of an employer’s payroll onto a card via direct deposit with GPR cards generally distributed through retail locations and reloadable through participating retail load networks.

Debit solutions include the issuing of demand deposit accounts, savings accounts and/or debit cards. In addition to offering traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals, and direct deposit options, these accounts may include overdraft protection.

Money Movement :

The Bank participates in traditional money movement solutions including ACH transactions, wire transfer, check processing, and the Mastercard Remote Payment and Presentment Service (“RPPS”). These capabilities are complementary to issuing within RPS, as well as, generally facilitating the movement of money for the TRS and RCS Divisions.

The Company reports its share of client-related charges and fees for RPS programs under RPS program fees. Additionally, the Company’s portion of interchange revenue generated by prepaid card transactions is reported as noninterest income under “Interchange fee income.”

(V) Republic Credit Solutions segment

Republic Credit Solutions segment — Through the RCS segment, the Bank offers consumer credit products. In general, the credit products are unsecured, small dollar consumer loans that are dependent on various factors. RCS loans typically earn a higher yield but also have higher credit risk compared to loans originated through the Traditional Banking segment, with a significant portion of RCS clients considered subprime or near-prime borrowers. The Bank uses third-party service providers for certain services such as marketing and loan servicing of RCS loans. Additional information regarding consumer loan products offered through RCS follows:

● RCS line-of-credit products – Using separate third-party service providers, the Bank originates two line-of-credit products to generally subprime borrowers in multiple states.

3) Elastic Marketing, LLC and Elevate Decision Sciences, LLC are third-party service providers for the LOC I product and are subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision. Together, these companies provide the Bank with certain marketing, servicing, technology, and support services, while a separate third party provides customer support, servicing, and other services on the Bank’s behalf. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of the product.

The Bank sells participation interests in this product. These participation interests are a 90% interest in advances made to borrowers under the borrower’s line-of-credit account, and the participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 10% participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100% ownership of the underlying LOC I account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

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4) Similar to its LOC I product, the Bank provides oversight and supervision to a third party for its LOC II product. In return, this third party provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for the LOC II product. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this product.

The Bank sells 95% participation interests in the LOC II product. These participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 5% participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100% ownership of the underlying LOC II account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

● RCS installment loan product – Through RCS, the Bank offers installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. The same third-party service provider for RCS’s LOC II is the third-party provider for the installment loans. This third-party provider is subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision and provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for these RCS installment loans. The Bank is the lender for these RCS installment loans and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this RCS installment loan product. Currently, all loan balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intention to sell these loans to a third-party, who is an affiliate of the Bank’s third-party service provider, generally within sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly.

● RCS healthcare receivables products – The Bank originates healthcare-receivables products across the U.S. through three different third-party service providers.

o For two of the programs, the Bank retains 100% of the receivables, with recourse in the event of default.

o For the remaining program, in some instances the Bank retains 100% of the receivables originated, with recourse in the event of default, and in other instances, the Bank sells 100% of the receivables generally within one month of origination. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

For the RCS line of credit and healthcare receivable products, the Company reports interest income and loan origination fees earned on RCS loans under “Loans, including fees,” while any net gains or losses on sale and mark-to-market adjustments of RCS loans are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.” The Company has elected fair value accounting for its RCS installment loan product that it sells after an initial holding period. As a result, interest income on loans, loan origination fees, net gains or losses on sale, and mark-to-market adjustments for the RCS installment product are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.”

OVERVIEW (Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023)

Total Company net income for the first quarter of 2024 was $30.6 million, a $2.5 million, or 9%, increase over the same period in 2023. Diluted EPS was $1.58 for first quarter of 2024 compared to $1.42 for the first quarter of 2023.

The following are general highlights by reportable segment:

Traditional Banking segment

● Net income increased $2.7 million, or 29%, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

● Net interest income decreased $1.9 million, or 4%, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

● Provision was a net charge of $358,000 for the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge of $3.0 million for the same period in 2023.

● Noninterest income decreased $175,000, or 2%, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

● Noninterest expense decreased $2.0 million, or 5%, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

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● Total Traditional Bank loans decreased $45 million, or 1%, during the first quarter of 2024.

● Total nonperforming loans to total loans for the Traditional Banking segment was 0.42% as of March 31, 2024 compared to 0.41% as of December 31, 2023.

● Delinquent loans to total loans for the Traditional Banking segment was 0.18% as of March 31, 2024 compared to 0.18% as of December 31, 2023.

● Total Traditional Bank deposits increased $444 million, or 10%, during the first quarter of 2024.

Warehouse Lending segment

● Net income increased $67,000, or 9%, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

● Net interest income increased $170,000, or 8%, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

● The Warehouse Provision was a net charge of $309,000 for the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge of $135,000 for the same period in 2023.

● Average committed Warehouse lines decreased from $1.0 billion in the first quarter of 2023 to $929 million the first quarter of 2024.

● Average line usage was 37% during the first quarter of 2024 compared to 31% during the same period in 2023.

Tax Refund Solutions segment

● Net income decreased $1.0 million, or 11%, from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024.

● Net interest income increased $2.6 million, or 9%, from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024.

● Total RA originations were $771 million during the first quarter of 2024 compared to $737 million for the first quarter of 2023.

● TRS originated $103 million of ERAs during the fourth quarter of 2023 related to the anticipated filing of tax returns for the upcoming first quarter 2024 tax filing season compared to $98 million during the fourth quarter of 2022 related to the anticipated filing of tax returns for the first quarter of 2023.

● The TRS Provision was $25.8 million for the first quarter of 2024, compared to $21.8 million for the first quarter of 2023.

● Noninterest income was $10.9 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $10.9 million for the first quarter of 2023.

● Net RT revenue was flat at $10.8 million, for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

● Noninterest expense was $4.5 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $4.8 million for the first quarter of 2023.

Republic Payment Solutions segment

● Net income was flat at $2.6 million for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

● Net interest income was flat at $3.5 million for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023.

● Noninterest income was $774,000 for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $718,000 for the first quarter of 2023.

● Noninterest expense was $954,000 for the first quarter of 2024 and compared to $866,000 for the first quarter of 2023.

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Republic Credit Solutions segment

● Net income was $6.1 million for the first quarter of 2024, a $748,000, or 14%, increase over the first quarter of 2023.

● Net interest income increased $3.4 million, or 39%, to $12.0 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

● Overall, RCS recorded a net charge to the Provision of $4.2 million during the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge of $1.8 million for the same period in 2023.

● Noninterest income increased $848,000 , or 33%, from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024.

● Noninterest expense was $3.2 million for the first quarter of 2024 and $2.4 million for the same period in 2023.

● Total nonperforming loans to total loans for the RCS segment was 1.63% as of March 31, 2024 compared to 1.11% as of December 31, 2023.

● Delinquent loans to total loans for the RCS segment was 10.26% as of March 31, 2024 compared to 10.51% as of December 31, 2023.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023)

Net Interest Income

Banking operations are significantly dependent upon net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities used to fund those assets, such as interest-bearing deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and FHLB advances. Net interest income is impacted by both changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as market interest rates.

See the section titled “Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk” in this section of the filing regarding the Bank’s interest rate sensitivity.

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A large amount of the Company’s financial instruments track closely with, or are primarily indexed to, either the FFTR, Prime, or SOFR. These indices trended lower beginning in the first quarter of 2020 with the onset of the COVID pandemic, as the FOMC reduced the FFTR to approximately 25 basis points. During 2022 inflation rose to levels not seen in approximately 40 years. In response, the FOMC began executing a quantitative tightening program by reducing its balance sheet, selling certain types of bonds in the market, and repeatedly increasing the FFTR. The FOMC’s increases to the FFTR since January 1, 2022 included the following:

Table 1 — Increases to the Federal Funds Target Rate during 2022, 2023 and the first quarter of 2024

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Increase to		​	FFTR
Date	​	the FFTR		​	after Increase
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
March 17, 2022	​	0.25	%	​	0.50	%
May 5, 2022	​	0.50	​	​	1.00	​
June 16, 2022	​	0.75	​	​	1.75	​
July 27, 2022	​	0.75	​	​	2.50	​
September 21, 2022	​	0.75	​	​	3.25	​
November 2, 2022	​	0.75	​	​	4.00	​
December 15, 2022	​	0.50	​	​	4.50	​
February 2, 2023	​	0.25	​	​	4.75	​
March 23, 2023	​	0.25	​	​	5.00	​
May 4, 2023	​	0.25	​	​	5.25	​
July 26, 2023	​	0.25	​	​	5.50	​

The FOMC’s actions and signals continued to place upward pressure on short-term market interest rates throughout the prior two years. While long-term interest rates initially rose in tandem with the increases to the FFTR through the middle part of 2022, they generally moved lower than short-term rates during the second half of 2022. Long-term rates generally maintained this lower level relative to short-term rates throughout 2023 as the market generally began anticipating a recession to take place in the near-term future. As a result of the higher short-term interest rates and the lower long-term interest rates, the yield curve has been inverted for several months, with short-term rates generally higher than long-term rates on the yield curve. Because banks generally price customer deposits based on the shorter-end of the yield curve and price many loans based on the longer-end of the yield curve, an inverted yield curve is generally negative for banks’ net interest income while a steep yield curve, in which long-term rates exceed short-term rates, is generally more favorable for banks.

As of the date of this filing, the near-term shape of the yield curve is uncertain. The Federal Reserve continues to signal its willingness to implement appropriate monetary policy to maintain inflation at an acceptable level. Many market forecasters, however, believe that near-term interest rate cuts by the FOMC are more likely than near-term interest rate increases or no change to the FFTR at all. Any further monetary tightening by the FOMC in the future will likely cause short-term interest rates to increase. It is unknown what impact additional short-term rate increases by the FOMC could have on long-term market interest rates. Alternatively, future rate cuts are likely to decrease interest rates on the shorter end of the yield curve. Similarly, it is unknown how corresponding long-term rates will move, if at all, if the FOMC does cut short-term interest rates in the near-term. Additionally, if the FFTR experiences no changes in the near-term, it is uncertain if long term rates will remain generally below short-term interest rates or if the yield curve could begin to steepen.

Total Company net interest income was $96.9 million during the first quarter of 2024 and represented an increase of $4.3 million, or 5%, from the first quarter of 2023. Total Company net interest margin decreased to 5.87% during the first quarter of 2024 compared to 6.52% for the same period in 2023.

The following were the most significant components affecting the Company’s net interest income by reportable segment:

Traditional Banking segment

The Traditional Banking’s net interest income decreased $1.9 million, or 4%, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. Traditional Banking’s net interest margin was 3.33% for the first quarter of 2024, a decrease of 74 basis points from the same period in 2023.

The primary driver of this decrease in net interest income and net interest margin at the Traditional Bank was an on-going shift in funding mix away from noninterest-bearing deposit balances into higher-costing, interest-bearing deposits and FHLB borrowings. As a continuance in trend from 2023, the Traditional Bank’s average noninterest-bearing deposits decreased from $1.6 billion during the first quarter of 2023 to $1.2 billion for the first quarter of 2024. In addition to this change in funding mix, the Traditional Bank’s cost

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of interest-bearing liabilities increased 230 basis points from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024, notably more than the 88-basis-point increase to its yield on interest-earning assets for the same periods.

Further impacting the Traditional Bank’s change in net interest income and NIM between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024 were the following:

● Traditional Bank average loans grew from $3.9 billion with a weighted-average yield of 4.59% during the first quarter of 2023 to $4.6 billion with a weighted-average yield of 5.45% during the first quarter of 2024. In general, the growth in average loan balances was primarily attributable to loan growth achieved during the last nine months of 2023, as the spot balances for Traditional Bank loans decreased $45 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024.

● Average investments were $ 733 million with a weighted-average yield of 2.98 % during the first quarter of 2024 compared to $ 773 million with a weighted-average yield of 2.61 % for the first quarter of 2023. During the first quarter of 2024, the Traditional Bank continued to maintain an investment portfolio with a generally short overall duration, as part of its interest rate risk management strategy.

● Further segmenting the Traditional Bank’s increased cost of interest-bearing liabilities:

o The weighted-average cost of interest-bearing deposits increased from 0.74 % during the first quarter of 2023 to 2.68 % for the first quarter of 2024, while average interest-bearing deposits grew $ 746 million for the same periods. In addition to offsetting the decrease in its noninterest bearing deposits since 2023, the Traditional Bank also raised additional non-retail, higher-costing interest-bearing deposits since the first quarter of 2023 to maintain strong liquidity during the first quarter 2024 tax season at RPG.

o The average balance of FHLB borrowings increased from $ 245 million for the first quarter of 2023 to $ 536 million for the first quarter of 2024. In addition, the weighted-average cost of these borrowings increased from 4.22 % to 4.94 % for the same time periods. This increase in the average balance of borrowings was generally driven by the above noted growth in period-to-period average loans.

● Average interest-earning cash was $ 454 million with a weighted-average yield of 5.57 % during the first quarter of 2024 compared to $ 241 million with a weighted-average yield of 4.48 % for the first quarter of 2023. The change in average cash balances was a strategic increase in on-balance sheet liquidity above required minimums in response to the uncertainty of the economic environment.

Management believes the Traditional Bank could likely continue to experience net interest margin compression during the remainder of 2024 as a result of the negative impact of 1) a continuing shift from noninterest-bearing deposits into interest-bearing deposits; 2) larger, higher-costing average balances of FHLB borrowings; and 3) a continuing rise in the cost of interest-bearing deposits in order to maintain client balances. Additional variables which may also impact the Traditional Bank’s net interest income and net interest margin in the future include, but are not limited to, the actual steepness and shape of the yield curve, future demand for the Traditional Bank’s financial products, and the Traditional Bank’s overall future liquidity needs.

For additional discussion of the factors impacting interest-earning cash and deposit balances as well as deposit betas, see sections titled “Cash and Cash Equivalents” and “Deposits” in the “COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL CONDITION” of this document.

Warehouse Lending segment

● Net interest income within the Warehouse segment increased $170,000, or 8%, from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024, driven by an increase in average outstanding balances. Overall, average outstanding Warehouse balances increased from $330 million during the first quarter of 2023 to $340 million for the first quarter of 2024. Committed Warehouse lines declined from $1.0 billion to $932 million from March 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024, while an up-tick in demand caused average usage rates for Warehouse lines to increase from 31% during the first quarter of 2023 to 37% for the first quarter of 2024.

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Tax Refund Solutions segment

Net interest income within the TRS segment was up $2.6 million from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024

Loan-related interest and fees increased $3.5 million for the quarter and was driven primarily by a $40 million increase in RA origination volume. This increase in loan revenue was partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in the TRS’s loan funding costs, net of the interest revenue the segment earned as a credit to interest income for its average deposit balances.

See additional detail regarding the RA product under Footnote 5 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.”

Republic Payment Solutions

Net interest income from the Company’s prepaid card division was flat at $3.5 million for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023. RPS earned a higher yield of 5.07% applied to the $375 million average of prepaid program balances for the first quarter of 2024 compared to a yield of 3.84% for the $377 million in average prepaid card balances for the first quarter of 2023. The increase in this higher yield, however, was substantially offset by a $969,000 charge to interest expense for a new revenue sharing arrangement for the program which began in January 2024, as previously disclosed within Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Republic Credit Solutions segment

RCS’s net interest income increased $3.4 million, or 39%, from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024. The increase was driven primarily by an increase in fee income from RCS’s LOC II product. Loan fees on this product, recorded as interest income on loans, increased $3.5 million from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024.

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The following table presents the average balance sheets for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, along with the related calculations of tax-equivalent net interest income, net interest margin and net interest spread for the related periods.

Table 2 — Total Company Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024							​	​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023							​	​
​	​	Average			​	​		Average		​	​	Average			​	​		Average		​
(dollars in thousands)	​	Balance		​	Interest		​	Rate	​	​	​	Balance		​	Interest		​	Rate	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
ASSETS	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest-earning assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Federal funds sold and other interest-earning deposits	​	$	454,426	​	$	6,289		5.57	%		​	$	241,211	​	$	2,700		4.48	%	​
Investment securities, including FHLB stock (a)	​	​	732,678	​	​	5,436		2.98	​	​	​	​	773,172	​	​	5,047		2.61	​	​
TRS Refund Advance loans (b)	​	​	287,806	​	​	34,652	​	48.42	​	​	​	​	249,378	​	​	31,405	​	50.37	​	​
RCS LOC products (b)	​	​	41,339	​	​	11,372	​	110.64	​	​	​	​	31,086	​	​	7,962	​	102.45	​	​
Other RPG loans (c) (f)	​		149,818	​	​	3,295		8.85	​	​	​		141,975	​	​	2,625		7.40	​	​
Outstanding Warehouse lines of credit (d) (f)	​	​	340,433	​	​	6,753	​	7.98	​	​	​	​	329,716	​	​	5,720	​	6.94	​	​
All other Core Bank loans (e) (f)	​		4,634,948	​	​	62,835		5.45	​	​	​		3,913,388	​	​	44,897		4.59	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total interest-earning assets	​		6,641,448	​		130,632		7.91	​	​	​		5,679,926	​		100,356		7.07	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Allowance for credit loss	​		(96,446)	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		(83,195)	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-earning assets:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-earning cash and cash equivalents	​		280,618	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		295,905	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Premises and equipment, net	​		33,889	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		32,232	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Bank owned life insurance	​		104,305	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		102,004	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other assets (a)	​		255,758	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		186,169	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total assets	​	$	7,219,572	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	$	6,213,041	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest-bearing liabilities:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Transaction accounts	​	$	1,833,566	​	$	5,729		1.26	%	​	​	$	1,644,777	​	$	1,742		0.42	%	​
Money market accounts	​		1,066,046	​	​	8,807		3.32	​	​	​		748,623	​	​	2,106		1.13	​	​
Time deposits	​		373,240	​	​	3,581		3.86	​	​	​		225,847	​	​	859		1.52	​	​
Reciprocal money market and time deposits	​	​	310,898	​	​	3,232	​	4.18	​	​	​	​	43,852	​	​	171	​	1.56	​	​
Brokered deposits	​		421,096	​	​	5,647		5.39	​	​	​		—	​	​	—		—	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total interest-bearing deposits	​		4,004,846	​		26,996		2.71	​	​	​		2,663,099	​		4,878		0.73	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
SSUARs and other short-term borrowings	​		102,592	​		130		0.51	​	​	​		202,910	​		248		0.49	​	​
Federal Reserve PPP Liquidity Facility	​	​	—	​		—		—	​	​	​		—	​		—		—	​	​
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other long-term borrowings	​		536,209	​		6,587		4.94	​	​	​		245,344	​		2,588		4.22	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total interest-bearing liabilities	​		4,643,647	​		33,713		2.92	​	​	​		3,111,353	​		7,714		0.99	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing liabilities and Stockholders’ equity:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing deposits	​		1,490,048	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		2,089,162	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Other liabilities	​		152,835	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		133,321	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Stockholders’ equity	​		933,042	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		879,205	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total liabilities and stock-holders’ equity	​	$	7,219,572	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	$	6,213,041	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest income	​	​	​	​	$	96,919	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	$	92,642	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest spread	​	​	​	​	​	​		4.99	%	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		6.08	%	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net interest margin	​	​	​	​	​	​		5.87	%	​	​	​	​	​	​	​		6.52	%	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

(1) For the purpose of this calculation, the fair market value adjustment on debt securities is included as a component of other assets.

(2) Interest income for Refund Advances and RCS line-of-credit products is composed entirely of loan fees.

(3) Interest income includes loan fees of $1.2 million and $933,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

(4) Interest income includes loan fees of $263,000 and $248,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

(5) Interest income includes loan fees of $1.4 million and $946,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

(6) Average balances for loans include the principal balance of nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale, and are inclusive of all loan premiums, discounts, fees and costs.

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Table 3 illustrates the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities impacted Republic’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to (i) changes attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume), and (iii) net change. The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.

Table 3 — Total Company Volume/Rate Variance Analysis

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024							​
​	​	​	Compared to							​
​	​	​	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023							​
​	​	Total Net		​	Increase / (Decrease) Due to					​
(in thousands)		Change			Volume			Rate
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest income:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Federal funds sold and other interest-earning deposits	​	$	3,589	​	$	2,832	​	$	757	​
Investment securities, including FHLB stock	​	​	389	​	​	(274)	​	​	663	​
TRS Refund Advance loans	​	​	3,247	​	​	4,674	​	​	(1,427)	​
RCS LOC products	​	​	3,410	​	​	2,564	​	​	846	​
Other RPG loans	​		670	​		167	​		503	​
Outstanding Warehouse lines of credit	​	​	1,033	​	​	190	​	​	843	​
All other Core Bank loans	​		17,938	​		9,033	​		8,905	​
Net change in interest income	​		30,276	​		19,186	​		11,090	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Interest expense:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Transaction accounts	​		3,945	​		222	​		3,723	​
Money market accounts	​		6,702	​		1,203	​		5,499	​
Time deposits	​		2,721	​		818	​		1,903	​
Reciprocal money market and time deposits	​	​	3,061	​		2,404	​		657	​
Brokered deposits	​	​	5,647	​	​	5,647	​		—	​
SSUARs and other short-term borrowings	​		(76)	​		(116)	​		40	​
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	​		3,999	​		3,512	​		487	​
Subordinated note	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net change in interest expense	​		25,999	​		13,690	​		12,309	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net change in net interest income	​	$	4,277	​	$	5,496	​	$	(1,219)	​

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Provision

Total Company Provision was a net charge of $30.6 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge of $26.8 million for the same period in 2023.

The following were the most significant components comprising the Company’s Provision by reportable segment:

Traditional Banking segment

The Traditional Banking Provision during the first quarter of 2024 was a net charge of $358,000 compared to a net charge of $3.0 million for the first quarter of 2023. An analysis of the Provision for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 follows:

The net charge during the first quarter of 2024 was primarily driven by the following:

● The Traditional Bank recorded a net charge to the Provision of $820,000 during the first quarter of 2024 related to general formula reserves applied to Traditional Bank loans. While loan balances at the Traditional Bank decreased in total during the first quarter, the segment experienced a change in loan mix growing in loan categories, such as construction and land development, with higher loan loss reserve requirements.

● Partially offsetting the above charges to the Provision, the Traditional Bank recorded a net credit to the Provision of $631,000 as a result of the reclass of $69 million of correspondent mortgage loans from loans held for investment into loans held for sale.

The net charge during the first quarter of 2023 was primarily driven by the following:

● The Traditional Bank recorded a net charge to the Provision of $430,000 million during the first quarter of 2023 related to general formula reserves applied to $92 million of Traditional Bank loan growth for the first quarter of 2023.

● The Traditional Bank recorded a Day-1 net charge to the Provision of $2.7 million during the first quarter of 2023 related to its acquisition of CBank.

As a percentage of total Traditional Bank loans, the Traditional Banking ACLL was 1.29% as of March 31, 2024 compared to 1.28% as of December 31, 2023 and 1.33% as of March 31, 2023. The Company believes, based on information presently available, that it has adequately provided for Traditional Banking loan losses as of March 31, 2024.

See the sections titled “Allowance for Credit Losses” and “Asset Quality” in this section of the filing under “Comparison of Financial Condition” for additional discussion regarding the Provision and the Bank’s credit quality.

Warehouse Lending segment

Warehouse recorded a net charge to the Provision of $309,000 for the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge of $135,000 for the same period in 2023. Provision for both periods reflected changes in general reserves consistent with changes in outstanding period-end balances. Outstanding Warehouse period-end balances increased $124 million during the first quarter of 2024 compared to an increase of $54 million during the first quarter of 2023.

As a percentage of total Warehouse outstanding balances, the Warehouse ACLL was 0.25% as of March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2023. The Company believes, based on information presently available, that it has adequately provided for Warehouse loan losses as of March 31, 2024.

Tax Refund Solutions segment

TRS recorded a net charge to the Provision of $25.8 million during the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge of $21.8 million for the same period in 2023. Substantially all TRS Provision in both periods was related to its RA product.

In addition to an increase in RA volume driving higher estimated loan losses during the quarter, the increase in Provision from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024 primarily occurred because payments received from the U.S. Treasury to fund federal tax

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refunds through March 31, 2024 lagged the payments received through March 31, 2023 . As a result, TRS recorded a charge to the Provision for RAs, including ERAs, of $26.0 million, or 3.37% of its $771 million in RAs originated during the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge to the Provision of $22.0 million, or 2.98% of its $737 million of RAs originated during the first quarter of 2023.

RAs related to a first quarter tax filing season are only originated during December of the previous year and the first two months of the current year. As is the case each year as of March 31 st , the Allowance related to RAs is an estimate with that estimate finalized during the second quarter when all uncollected RAs are ultimately charged off as of June 30th. The final charge-off figures posted during the second quarter of a calendar year can be meaningfully different (higher or lower) than its March 31 st estimate based on actual paydowns received from the U.S. Treasury during the second quarter. RAs collected during the second half of that year, not subject to loan loss guarantee arrangements, are recorded as recoveries of previously charged-off loans. TRS’s loss rate as of June 30, 2023 was 3.22% of total originations and it finished 2023 with a RA loss rate of 2.84% of total RAs originated.

For factors affecting the comparison of the TRS results of operations for the first quarter of 2024 and the first quarter of 2023, see section titled “OVERVIEW (Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023) - Tax Refund Solutions.”

See additional detail regarding the EA product under Footnote 5 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.”

Republic Credit Solutions segment

As illustrated in Table 4 below, RCS recorded a net charge to the Provision of $4.2 million during the first quarter of 2024 compared to a net charge to the Provision of $1.8 million for the same period in 2023. The increase in the Provision was driven primarily by a $1.4 million increase in net charge-offs for RCS’s LOC II product. The $1.4 million, or 117%, increase in net charge-offs within the LOC II product was driven by a $9.9 million, or 88%, increase in average outstanding balances from the first quarter of 2023 to the first quarter of 2024.

While RCS loans generally return higher yields, they also present a greater credit risk than Traditional Banking loan products, particularly within RCS’s unsecured LOC I and LOC II products. As a percentage of total RCS loans, the RCS ACLL was 14.09% as of March 31, 2024, 13.82% as of December 31, 2023, and 12.34% as of March 31, 2023. The Company believes, based on information presently available, that it has adequately provided for RCS loan losses as of March 31, 2024.

The following table presents net charges to the RCS Provision by product:

Table 4 — RCS Provision by Product

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended Mar. 31,					​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)	​	2024		​	2023		​	$ Change		​	% Change	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Product:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Lines of credit	​	$	4,185	​	$	1,825	​	$	2,360	​	129	%	​
Healthcare receivables	​	​	(4)	​	​	14	​	​	(18)	​	(129)	​	​
Total	​	$	4,181	​	$	1,839	​	$	2,342	​	127	%	​

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Table 5 — Summary of Loan and Lease Loss Experience

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
(dollars in thousands)	​	2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
ACLL at beginning of period	​	$	82,130	​	$	70,413	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
CBank Initial Recognition of ACLL and Fair Value Adjustment	​	​	—	​	​	1,600	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Charge-offs:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate	​	​	(13)	​		(6)	​
Commercial real estate	​		—	​		—	​
Construction & land development	​		—	​		—	​
Commercial & industrial	​		—	​		—	​
Lease financing receivables	​		(24)	​		—	​
Home equity	​		—	​		—	​
Consumer	​	​	(345)	​	​	(325)	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	(382)	​	​	(331)	​
Warehouse lines of credit	​		—	​		—	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	(382)	​	​	(331)	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​	—	​		—	​
Refund Anticipation Loans	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	​	—	​		—	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	(4,545)	​		(3,099)	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	(4,545)	​	​	(3,099)	​
Total charge-offs	​		(4,927)	​		(3,430)	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Recoveries:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate	​	​	59	​	​	15	​
Commercial real estate	​		20	​		47	​
Construction & land development	​		—	​		—	​
Commercial & industrial	​		1	​		90	​
Lease financing receivables	​		13	​		—	​
Home equity	​		1	​		1	​
Consumer	​	​	108	​	​	101	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	202	​	​	254	​
Warehouse lines of credit	​		—	​		—	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	202	​	​	254	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​	275	​		285	​
Refund Anticipation Loans	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	​	30	​		—	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	370	​		233	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	675	​	​	518	​
Total recoveries	​		877	​		772	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net loan charge-offs	​		(4,050)	​		(2,658)	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Provision - Core Banking	​		667	​		3,119	​
Provision - RPG	​		29,955	​		23,647	​
Total Provision	​		30,622	​		26,766	​
ACLL at end of period	​	$	108,702	​	$	96,121	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit Quality Ratios - Total Company:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
ACLL to total loans	​		2.08	%		2.01	%
ACLL to nonperforming loans	​		509	​		579	​
Net loan charge-offs to average loans	​		0.30	​		0.23	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit Quality Ratios - Core Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
ACLL to total loans	​		1.20	%		1.22	%
ACLL to nonperforming loans	​		313	​		356	​
Net loan charge-offs to average loans	​	​	0.01	​	​	0.01	​

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Table 6 — Annualized Net Loan Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans by Loan Category

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	Net Loan Charge-Offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans
​	​	​	Three Months Ended
​	​	​	March 31,
​	​	​	2024		​	2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	​	(0.02)	%	​	—	%
Nonowner-occupied	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Commercial real estate	​	​	—	​	​	(0.01)	​
Construction & land development	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Commercial & industrial	​	​	—	​	​	(0.09)	​
Lease financing receivables	​	​	0.05	​	​	—	​
Aircraft	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Home equity	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​	​	1.54	​	​	0.65	​
Overdrafts	​	​	79.01	​	​	95.97	​
Automobile loans	​	​	(0.49)	​	​	0.40	​
Other consumer	​	​	0.48	​	​	0.84	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	0.02	​	​	0.01	​
Warehouse lines of credit	​	​	—	​	​	—	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	0.01	​	​	0.01	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances*	​	​	NM	​	​	NM	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	​	NM	​	​	NM	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​	12.21	​	​	10.14	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​	3.25	​	​	2.45	​
Total	​	​	0.30	%	​	0.23	%

*** Refund Advances are originated during the first two months of each year. In December 2022 and the first two weeks of 2023, ERAs were originated in relation to estimated tax returns that were anticipated to be filed during the first quarter 2023 tax season. In December 2023 and the first two weeks of 2024, ERAs were originated in relation to estimated tax returns that were anticipated to be filed during the first quarter 2024 tax season. All RAs, including ERAs, are charged-off by June 30th of each year.

The Company’s net charge-offs to average total Company loans increased from 0.23% during the first quarter of 2023 to 0.30% during the first quarter of 2024, with net charge-offs increasing $1.4 million, or 52%, and average total Company loans increasing $789 million, or 17%. The increase in net charge-offs was primarily driven by a $1.3 million increase in net charge-offs within the Company’s RCS operations, which generally conducts significantly higher risk lending activities that the Company’s Core Banking operations. As previously noted above, the net charge-offs within the RCS division was primarily driven by an increase in the average outstanding balances for the RCS LOC II product. During the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, the Company’s Core Bank net charge-offs to average Core Bank loans remained near zero.

Noninterest Income

Total Company noninterest income decreased $692,000 during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

The following were the most significant components comprising the total Company’s noninterest income by reportable segment:

Traditional Banking segment

Traditional Banking’s noninterest income decreased $175,000, or 2 %, for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The most notable change was within the mortgage banking income category of the income statement, which declined $490,000 from the first quarter of 2023.

Mortgage banking activities and the associated revenue from those activities was generally more favorable during first quarter of 2024 compared to the first quarter of 2023. During the last half of March 2024, however, Management decided to sell $69 million of correspondent loans that were previously classified as held for investment. As a result of this decision, the Company reclassified these

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loans into the mortgage loans held-for-sale category on the balance sheet and recorded a $1.0 million fair value impairment charge within mortgage banking income in order to write these loans down to their estimated net realizable value.

As it relates to the Company’s standard, recurring mortgage banking activities, which excludes the $1.0 million charge recorded for the reclassification of correspondent loans into the loans held for sale, Mortgage Banking income increased from $800,000 during the first quarter of 2023 to $1.3 million for the first quarter of 2024. For the first quarter of 2024, the Bank sold $18.8 million in secondary market loans and achieved an average cash-gain-as-a-percent-of-loans-sold during the quarter of 2.97%, while during the first quarter of 2023, the Bank sold $16.6 million in secondary market loans and achieved an average cash-gain-as-a-percent-of-loans-sold during the quarter of 1.74%.

With the FOMC ending its quantitative easing program and continuing to signal a more aggressive and hawkish approach to its monetary policies, Management believes it is likely that the Core Bank’s mortgage origination volume will continue to be immaterial and the Company could experience further declines in mortgage banking income on a year-to-year basis if long-term interest rates were to further increase.

The Bank earns a substantial majority of its fee income related to its overdraft service program from the per item fee it assesses its customers for each insufficient-funds check or electronic debit presented for payment. The total per item fees, net of refunds, included in service charges on deposits for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were $1.7 million and $1.7 million. The total daily overdraft charges, net of refunds, included in interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were $301,000 and $294,000 .

Tax Refund Solutions segment

TRS’s noninterest income was flat at $10.9 million for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023. RT fees constituted the substantial majority of all TRS noninterest income for each of these quarters. Total RT fees were flat at $ 10.8 million from quarter to quarter as a 5.6% increase in the net revenue earned for each RT product was offset by a 5.2% decrease in the number of funded RTs from quarter to quarter. The 5.6% improvement in per-unit net RT revenue was the result of pricing adjustments made by the Company since the last tax season while the decrease in funded RTs was the result of a decrease in the level of payments received from the US Treasury for tax payer refunds during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the level of payments received during the first quarter of 2023.

For factors affecting the comparison of the TRS results of operations for the first quarter of 2024 and the first quarter of 2023, see section titled “OVERVIEW (Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023) - Tax Refund Solutions.”

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Republic Credit Solutions segment

RCS’s noninterest income increased $848,000, or 33%, during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, with program fees representing the substantial majority of RCS’s noninterest income. The increase in program fees at RCS primarily reflected higher sales volume from RCS’s LOC II product, and to a lesser degree, higher sales volume for its installment loan product. Proceeds from the sale of RCS LOC II product totaled $136 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $77 million for the first quarter of 2023, while proceeds from the sale of RCS’s installment loan products totaled $197 million during the first quarter of 2024 compared to $210 million for the first quarter of 2023.

The following table presents RCS program fees by product:

Table 7 — RCS Program Fees by Product

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended Mar. 31,					​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)	​	2024		​	2023		​	$ Change		​	% Change	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Product:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Lines of credit	​	$	2,326	​	$	1,740	​	$	586	​	34	%	​
Healthcare receivables	​	​	47	​	​	49	​	​	(2)	​	(4)	​	​
Installment loans*	​	​	1,033	​	​	745	​	​	288	​	39	​	​
Total	​	$	3,406	​	$	2,534	​	$	872	​	34	%	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

• The Company has elected the fair value option for this product, with mark-to-market adjustments recorded as a component of program fees.

Noninterest Expense

Total Company noninterest expense decreased $1.5 million, or 3%, during the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

The following were the most significant components comprising the decrease in noninterest expense by reportable segment:

Traditional Banking segment

Traditional Banking noninterest expense decreased $2.0 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The most notable item driving this decrease was $2.1 million of merger related expenses for the CBank acquisition recorded during the first quarter of 2023.

Republic Credit Solutions

RCS noninterest expense increased $812,000 for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The most notable item driving this increase was a $770,000 increase in marketing development expenses and was driven primarily by a higher volume of originations for RCS’s LOC II product. Under the terms of the Company’s contract with its LOC II marketer-servicer, Republic reimburses the marketer-servicer a certain dollar amount for marketing costs based on each new line of credit originated during the period.

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COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AS OF MARCH 31, 2024 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash, deposits with other financial institutions with original maturities less than 90 days, and federal funds sold. Republic had $546 million in period-end cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2024 compared to $317 million as of December 31, 2023. Comparing average balances for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023, the Company had average interest-earning cash and cash equivalent balances of $454 million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $241 million for the first quarter of 2023. The Company generally carried higher average interest-earning cash balances during the first quarter of 2024 as the result of a strategic decision to maintain additional on-balance sheet liquidity above required minimums in response to the uncertainty of the economic environment.

See Footnote 6 “Deposits” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” for additional discussion regarding Deposits

For cash held at the FRB, the Bank earns a yield on amounts more than required reserves. This cash earned a weighted-average yield of 4.94% during the first quarter of 2024 with a spot balance yield of 5.40% on March 31, 2024. For cash held within the Bank’s banking center and ATM networks, the Bank does not earn interest.

Investment Securities

Republic’s investment portfolio increased $16 million from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The increase was driven by the purchase of $50 million in agency securities and $20 million in FHLB stock, partially offset by $45 million in calls and maturities of debt securities and $9 million in paydowns on mortgage-backed securities.

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Table 8 — Loan Portfolio Composition

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)			March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023		​	$ Change		​	% Change
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​	​	$	1,064,071	​	$	1,144,684	​	$	(80,613)	​	(7)	%
Nonowner-occupied	​	​		342,481	​		345,965	​		(3,484)	​	(1)	​
Commercial real estate (1)	​	​		1,800,801	​		1,785,289	​		15,512	​	1	​
Construction & land development	​	​		237,998	​		217,338	​		20,660	​	10	​
Commercial & industrial	​	​		453,971	​		464,078	​		(10,107)	​	(2)	​
Lease financing receivables	​	​		88,272	​		88,591	​		(319)	​	(0)	​
Aircraft	​	​		246,060	​		250,051	​		(3,991)	​	(2)	​
Home equity	​	​		309,083	​		295,133	​		13,950	​	5	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​	​	​	16,858	​		16,654	​		204	​	1	​
Overdrafts	​	​	​	629	​		694	​		(65)	​	(9)	​
Automobile loans	​	​	​	2,054	​		2,664	​		(610)	​	(23)	​
Other consumer	​	​	​	11,372	​		7,428	​		3,944	​	53	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	​	4,573,650	​	​	4,618,569	​	​	(44,919)	​	(1)	​
Warehouse lines of credit*	​	​		463,249	​		339,723	​		123,526	​	36	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	​	5,036,899	​	​	4,958,292	​	​	78,607	​	2	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group*:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​		​	​		​	​		​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	​		52,101	​		103,115	​		(51,014)	​	(49)	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	​	​	5,396	​	​	46,092	​	​	(40,696)	​	(88)	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	​		129,896	​		132,362	​		(2,466)	​	(2)	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	​		187,393	​		281,569	​		(94,176)	​	(33)	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total loans**	​	​	​	5,224,292	​	​	5,239,861	​	​	(15,569)	​	(0)	​
Allowance for credit losses	​	​		(108,702)	​		(82,130)	​		(26,572)	​	32	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total loans, net	​	​	$	5,115,590	​	$	5,157,731	​	$	(42,141)	​	(1)	​

*Identifies loans to borrowers located primarily outside of the Bank’s market footprint.

** Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts and net loan origination fees and costs.

(1) The approximate percentage of Nonowner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 64% and 63%, respectively, for March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The approximate percentage of Owner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 36% and 37%, respectively, for March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Gross loans decreased by $16 million, or less than 1%, during the first quarter of 2024 to $5.2 billion as of March 31, 2024. The most significant components comprising the change in loans by reportable segment follow:

Traditional Banking segment

Period-end balances for Traditional Banking loans decreased $45 million, or 1%, from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. The following primarily drove the change in loan balances during the first quarter of 2023:

● During the last half of March 2024, Management made the decision to sell $69 million of correspondent loans that were previously classified as held for investment. As a result of this decision, the Company reclassified these loans into the mortgage loans held-for-sale category on the balance sheet as of March 31, 2024.

Warehouse Lending segment

Outstanding Warehouse period-end balances increased $124 million from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024. Due to the volatility and seasonality of the mortgage market, it is difficult to project future outstanding balances of Warehouse lines of credit. The growth of the Bank’s Warehouse Lending business greatly depends on the overall mortgage market and typically follows industry

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trends. Since its entrance into this business during 2011, the Bank has experienced volatility in the Warehouse portfolio consistent with overall demand for mortgage products. Weighted average quarterly usage rates on the Bank’s Warehouse lines have ranged from a low of 31% during the first quarter of 2023 to a high of 71% during the fourth quarter of 2019. On an annual basis, weighted-average usage rates on the Bank’s Warehouse lines have ranged from a low of 39% during 2022 to a high of 66% during 2020.

Tax Refund Solutions segment

Outstanding TRS loans decreased $92 million from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024 primarily reflecting the substantial paydown of ERAs originated during December 2023. In addition, TRS also received substantial paydowns of commercial loans made during the fourth quarter of 2023 to third-party tax-related businesses for their cash flow needs for the first quarter tax season. RAs, including ERAs, are only made during the December of the previous year and the first two months of each year, with all unpaid RAs charged off by June 30 th of each year.

Allowance for Credit Losses

As of March 31, 2024, the Bank maintained an ACLL for expected credit losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio, which includes overdrawn deposit accounts. The Bank also maintained an ACLS and an ACLC for expected losses in its securities portfolio and its off-balance sheet credit exposures, respectively. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACLL monthly, and the adequacy of the ACLS and ACLC quarterly. All ACLs are presented and discussed with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors quarterly.

The Company’s ACLL increased $26.6 million from $82.1 million as of December 31, 2023 to $108.7 million as of March 31, 2024. As a percent of total loans, the total Company’s ACLL increased to 2.08% as of March 31, 2024 compared to 1.57% as of December 31, 2023. An analysis of the ACL by reportable segment follows:

Traditional Banking segment

The Traditional Banking ACLL increased approximately $178,000 to $59.2 million as of March 31, 2024 driven primarily by general formula reserves applied to Traditional Bank loans. While loan balances at the Traditional Bank decreased in total during the first quarter, the segment experienced a change in loan mix growing in loan categories, such as construction and land development, with higher loan loss reserve requirements. Partially offsetting the change in loan mix, the Traditional Bank reclassed $69 million of correspondent mortgage loans from held for investment into held for sale.

Warehouse Lending segment

The Warehouse ACLL increased approximately $309,000 to $1.2 million as of March 31, 2024, and the Warehouse ACLL to total Warehouse loans remained at 0.25% when comparing March 31, 2024 to December 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2024, the Warehouse ACLL was entirely qualitative in nature with no adjustments to the qualitative reserve percentage required for the first quarter of 2024.

Tax Refund Solutions segment

TRS recorded an increase to its ACLL primarily for estimated RAs originated during the first quarter of 2024. Including ERAs originated during the fourth quarter of 2023, TRS had a total Allowance for RAs of $ 26.0 million as of March 31, 2024, representing 3.37% of all RAs originated related to the first quarter 2024 tax season. TRS’s loss rate as of June 30, 2023 was 3.22% of total originations and TRS finished 2023 with a final RA loss rate of 2.84% of total RAs originated.

RAs are only originated during December of the previous year and the first two months of the current year related to the first quarter tax season of a year. As is the case each year as of March 31 st , the Allowance related to RAs is an estimate with that estimate finalized during the second quarter when all uncollected RAs are ultimately charged off as of June 30th. The final charge-off figures posted during the second quarter of a calendar year can be meaningfully different (higher or lower) than its March 31 st estimate based on actual paydowns received during the second quarter. RAs collected during the second half of that year, not subject to loan loss guarantee arrangements, are recorded as recoveries of previously charged-off loans.

Republic Credit Solutions segment

The RCS ACLL was $18.3 million as of March 31, 2024 compared to $18.3 million as of December 31, 2023. RCS maintained ACLLs for two distinct credit products offered as of March 31, 2024, including its line-of-credit products and its healthcare-

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receivables products. As of March 31, 2024, the ACLL to total loans estimated for each RCS product ranged from as low as 0.25% for its healthcare-receivables products to as high as 53.64% for its line-of-credit products. The lower reserve percentage of 0.25% was provided for RCS’s healthcare receivables, as such receivables have recourse back to the third-party providers.

Asset Quality

Classified and Special Mention Loans

The Bank applies credit quality indicators, or ratings, to individual loans based on internal Bank policies. Such internal policies are informed by regulatory standards. Loans rated “Loss,” “Doubtful,” “Substandard,” and “PCD-Substandard” are considered “Classified.” Loans rated “Special Mention” or “PCD-Special Mention” are considered Special Mention. The Bank’s Classified and Special Mention loans increased approximately $5.6 million during the first quarter of 2024, driven primarily by commercial loan downgrades at the Core Bank.

See Footnote 5 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” for additional discussion regarding Classified and Special Mention loans.

Table 9 — Classified and Special Mention Loans

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023		​	$ Change		​	% Change	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loss	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	$	—	​	—	%	​
Doubtful	​		—	​		—	​	​	—	​	—	​	​
Substandard	​		22,193	​		20,253	​	​	1,940	​	10	​	​
PCD - Substandard	​		1,612	​		1,699	​	​	(87)	​	(5)	​	​
Total Classified Loans	​		23,805	​		21,952	​	​	1,853	​	8	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Special Mention	​		55,194	​		51,447	​	​	3,747	​	7	​	​
PCD - Special Mention	​		438	​		447	​	​	(9)	​	(2)	​	​
Total Special Mention Loans	​		55,632	​		51,894	​	​	3,738	​	7	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total Classified and Special Mention Loans	​	$	79,437	​	$	73,846	​	$	5,591	​	8	%	​

Nonperforming Loans

Nonperforming loans include loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing. The nonperforming loan category includes loan modifications (formerly TDRs) totaling approximately $0 million and $2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Nonperforming loans to total loans increased to 0.41% at March 31, 2024 from 0.36% at December 31, 2023, as the total balance of nonperforming loans increased by $756,000, or 4%, while total loans decreased $16 million during the first quarter of 2024.

The ACLL to total nonperforming loans increased to 509% as of March 31, 2024 from 398% as of December 31, 2023, as the total ACLL increased $26.6 million, or 32%, and the balance of nonperforming loans increased by $756,000, or 4%. The driver of the increase in ACLL was primarily RAs originated through the Company’s TRS segment while the driver of the increase in nonperforming loans was primarily a $647,000 increase in RCS nonperforming loans.

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Table 10 — Nonperforming Loans and Nonperforming Assets Summary

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(dollars in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loans on nonaccrual status*	​	$	19,258	​	$	19,150	​
Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual**	​		2,116	​		1,468	​
Total nonperforming loans	​		21,374	​		20,618	​
Other real estate owned	​		1,486	​		1,370	​
Total nonperforming assets	​	$	22,860	​	$	21,988	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit Quality Ratios - Total Company:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
ACLL to total loans	​	​	2.08	%	​	1.57	%
Nonaccrual loans to total loans	​	​	0.37	​	​	0.37	​
ACLL to nonaccrual loans	​	​	564	​	​	429	​
Nonperforming loans to total loans	​		0.41	​		0.39	​
Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO)	​		0.44	​		0.42	​
Nonperforming assets to total assets	​		0.33	​		0.33	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit Quality Ratios - Core Bank:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
ACLL to total loans	​		1.20	%	​	1.21	%
Nonaccrual loans to total loans	​	​	0.38	​	​	0.39	​
ACLL to nonaccrual loans	​	​	313	​	​	313	​
Nonperforming loans to total loans	​		0.38	​	​	0.39	​
Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO)	​		0.41	​		0.41	​
Nonperforming assets to total assets	​		0.33	​		0.35	​

• Loans on nonaccrual status include collateral-dependent loans. See Footnote 5 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” for additional discussion regarding collateral-dependent loans.

** Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing consist of smaller balance consumer loans.

Table 11 — Nonperforming Loan Composition

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	Percent of		​	​	​	​	Percent of
​	​		​	​	​	Total		​	​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)	​	Balance			​	Loan Class		Balance			​	Loan Class
​	​		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​		$	15,533	​	1.46	%		$	15,056	​	1.32	%
Nonowner-occupied				60	​	0.02	​	​		64	​	0.02	​
Commercial real estate				795	​	0.04	​	​		850	​	0.05	​
Construction & land development				—	​	—	​	​		—	​	—	​
Commercial & industrial				744	​	0.16	​	​		1,221	​	0.26	​
Lease financing receivables				15	​	0.02	​	​		—	​	—	​
Aircraft	​	​	​	—	​	—	​	​		—	​	—	​
Home equity				2,103	​	0.68	​			1,948	​	0.66	​
Consumer:	​		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	—	​
Overdrafts	​	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	—	​
Automobile loans	​	​	​	8	​	0.39	​	​	​	10	​	0.38	​
Other consumer	​	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	​	1	​	0.01	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	​	19,258	​	0.42	​	​	​	19,150	​	0.41	​
Warehouse lines of credit				—	​	—	​	​		—	​	—	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	​	19,258	​	0.38	​	​	​	19,150	​	0.39	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:				​	​	​	​	​		​	​	​	​
Refund Advances				—	​	—	​	​		—	​	—	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	—	​
Republic Credit Solutions				2,116	​	1.63	​	​		1,468	​	1.11	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​			2,116	​	1.13	​	​		1,468	​	0.52	​
​	​		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total nonperforming loans	​		$	21,374	​	0.41	%	​	$	20,618	​	0.39	%
​	​		​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

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Table 12 — Stratification of Nonperforming Loans

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Number of Nonperforming Loans and Recorded Investment
​		​		​	​		​	​		Balance			​	​		​	​		​	​		​	​
March 31, 2024	​	​	​	Balance		​	​	​	​	> $100 &		​	​	​	​	Balance		​	​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)	​	No.	​	<= $100		​	​	No.	​	<= $500		​	​	No.	​	> $500		​	​	No.	​	Balance
​		​	​	​	​	​		​	​	​	​	​		​	​	​	​	​		​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied		133	​	$	4,979		​	46	​	$	7,341		​	3	​	$	3,213		​	182	​	$	15,533	​
Nonowner-occupied		3	​		60		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	3	​		60	​
Commercial real estate		—	​		—		​	1	​		180		​	1	​		615		​	2	​		795	​
Construction & land development		—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Commercial & industrial		2	​		61		​	2	​		683		​	—	​		—		​	4	​		744	​
Lease financing receivables		1	​		15		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	1	​		15	​
Aircraft	​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Home equity		42	​		1,408		​	3	​		695		​	—	​		—		​	45	​		2,103	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards		—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Overdrafts	​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Automobile loans	​	2	​		8		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	2	​		8	​
Other consumer	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​		—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​		—	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	183	​	​	6,531	​	​	52	​	​	8,899	​	​	4	​	​	3,828	​	​	239	​	​	19,258	​
Warehouse lines of credit		—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Total Core Banking	​	183	​	​	6,531	​	​	52	​	​	8,899	​	​	4	​	​	3,828	​	​	239	​	​	19,258	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​		—	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​		—	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	NM	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	NM	​	​	2,116	​	​	NM	​		2,116	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	NM	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	2,116	​	​	NM	​	​	2,116	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total		183	​	$	6,531		​	52	​	$	8,899		​	4	​	$	5,944		​	239	​	$	21,374	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Number of Nonperforming Loans and Recorded Investment
​		​		​	​		​	​		Balance			​	​		​	​		​	​		​	​
December 31, 2023	​	​	​	Balance		​	​	​	​	> $100 &		​	​	​	​	Balance		​	​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)	​	No.	​	<= $100		​	​	No.	​	<= $500		​	​	No.	​	> $500		​	​	No.	​	Balance
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied		125	​	$	4,569		​	45	​	$	7,200		​	3	​	$	3,287		​	173	​	$	15,056	​
Nonowner-occupied		3	​		64		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	3	​		64	​
Commercial real estate		—	​		—		​	1	​		191		​	1	​		659		​	2	​		850	​
Construction & land development		—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Commercial & industrial		2	​		61		​	1	​		339		​	1	​		821		​	4	​		1,221	​
Lease financing receivables		—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Aircraft	​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Home equity		36	​		1,236		​	3	​		712		​	—	​		—		​	39	​		1,948	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards		—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Overdrafts	​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Automobile loans	​	3	​		10		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	3	​		10	​
Other consumer	​	1	​	​	1	​	​	—	​		—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1	​		1	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	170	​	​	5,941	​	​	50	​	​	8,442	​	​	5	​	​	4,767	​	​	225	​	​	19,150	​
Warehouse lines of credit		—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—		​	—	​		—	​
Total Core Banking	​	170	​	​	5,941	​	​	50	​	​	8,442	​	​	5	​	​	4,767	​	​	225	​	​	19,150	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​		—	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​		—	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​	NM	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	NM	​	​	1,468	​	​	NM	​		1,468	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​	NM	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	—	​	​	1,468	​	​	NM	​	​	1,468	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total		170	​	$	5,941		​	50	​	$	8,442		​	5	​	$	6,235		​	225	​	$	20,618	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

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Table 13 — Roll-forward of Nonperforming Loans

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,
(in thousands)	​	2024		​	2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Nonperforming loans at the beginning of the period	​	$	20,618	​	$	16,318
Loans added to nonperforming status during the period that remained nonperforming at the end of the period	​		1,791	​		2,669
Loans removed from nonperforming status during the period that were nonperforming at the beginning of the period (see table below)	​		(686)	​		(2,015)
Principal balance paydowns of loans nonperforming at both period ends	​	​	(1,012)	​	​	(383)
Net change in principal balance of other nonperforming loans*	​		663	​		21
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Nonperforming loans at the end of the period	​	$	21,374	​	$	16,610

• Includes relatively small consumer portfolios, e.g., RCS loans.

Table 14 — Detail of Loans Removed from Nonperforming Status

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,
(in thousands)		2024			2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loans charged off	​	$	(13)	​	$	—
Loans transferred to OREO	​		(169)	​		—
Loan payoffs and paydowns	​		(154)	​		(770)
Loans returned to accrual status	​		(350)	​		(1,245)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total loans removed from nonperforming status during the period that were nonperforming at the beginning of the period	​	$	(686)	​	$	(2,015)

Based on the Bank’s review as of March 31, 2024, management believes that its reserves are adequate to absorb expected losses on all nonperforming loans.

Delinquent Loans

Total Company delinquent loans to total loans decreased to 0.41% as of March 31, 2024 from 0.42% as of December 31, 2023. Core Bank delinquent loans to total Core Bank loans decreased to 0.15% as of March 31, 2024 from 0.16% as of December 31, 2023. With the exception of small-dollar consumer loans, all Traditional Bank loans past due 90-days-or-more as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were on nonaccrual status.

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Table 15 — Delinquent Loan Composition *

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	Percent of		​	​	​	​	Percent of
​	​	​	​	​	​	Total		​	​	​	​	Total
(dollars in thousands)		Balance			​	Loan Class		Balance			​	Loan Class
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Traditional Banking:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Residential real estate:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Owner-occupied	​		$	5,821	​	0.55	%		$	5,803	​	0.51	%
Nonowner-occupied	​			—	​	—	​			—	​	—	​
Commercial real estate	​			—	​	—	​			—	​	—	​
Construction & land development	​			—	​	—	​			—	​	—	​
Commercial & industrial	​			746	​	0.16	​			1,360	​	0.29	​
Lease financing receivables	​	​	​	22	​	0.02	​	​	​	18	​	0.02	​
Aircraft	​	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	—	​
Home equity	​	​	​	990	​	0.32	​	​	​	767	​	0.26	​
Consumer:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Credit cards	​	​	​	35	​	0.21	​	​	​	35	​	0.21	​
Overdrafts	​	​	​	118	​	18.76	​	​	​	131	​	18.88	​
Automobile loans	​	​	​	2	​	0.10	​	​	​	2	​	0.08	​
Other consumer	​	​	​	62	​	0.55	​	​	​	60	​	0.81	​
Total Traditional Banking	​	​	​	7,796	​	0.17	​	​	​	8,176	​	0.18	​
Warehouse lines of credit	​	​	​	—	​	—	​	​	​	—	​	—	​
Total Core Banking	​	​	​	7,796	​	0.15	​	​	​	8,176	​	0.16	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​			​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tax Refund Solutions:	​			​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Refund Advances	​			—	​	—	​			—	​	—	​
Other TRS commercial & industrial loans	​			283	​	5.24	​			—	​	—	​
Republic Credit Solutions	​			13,333	​	10.26	​			13,916	​	10.51	​
Total Republic Processing Group	​			13,616	​	7.27	​			13,916	​	4.94	​
​	​		​	​	​	​	​		​	​	​	​	​
Total delinquent loans	​		$	21,412	​	0.41	%		$	22,092	​	0.42	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

*** Represents total loans 30-days-or-more past due. Delinquent status may be determined by either the number of days past due or number of payments past due.

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Table 16 — Roll-forward of Delinquent Loans

​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	Three Months Ended
​	​	March 31,
(in thousands)		2024			2023
​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Delinquent loans at the beginning of the period	​	$	22,092	​	$	15,260
Loans that became delinquent during the period - Refund Advances*	​	​	—	​	​	18,450
Loans added to delinquency status during the period and remained in delinquency status at the end of the period	​		2,499	​		2,675
Loans removed from delinquency status during the period that were in delinquency status at the beginning of the period (see table below)	​		(2,250)	​		(3,094)
Principal balance paydowns of loans delinquent at both period ends	​	​	(598)	​	​	(31)
Net change in principal balance of other delinquent loans*	​		(331)	​		2,864
Delinquent loans at the end of period	​	$	21,412	​	$	36,124

• RAs do not have a contractual due date but the Company considered a RA delinquent in 2023, and will do so again in 2024, if it remained unpaid 35 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority.

** Includes relatively-small consumer portfolios, e.g., RCS loans.

Table 17 — Detail of Loans Removed from Delinquent Status

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​		Three Months Ended					​
​	​	March 31,					​
(in thousands)		2024			2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Loans charged off	​	$	(15)	​	$	(1)	​
Loans transferred to OREO	​		(169)	​		—	​
Loan payoffs and paydowns	​		(89)	​		(510)	​
Loans paid current	​		(1,977)	​		(2,583)	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total loans removed from delinquency status during the period that were in delinquency status at the beginning of the period	​	$	(2,250)	​	$	(3,094)	​

Deposits

Table 18 — Deposit Composition

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023		​	$ Change		​	% Change
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Core Bank:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Demand	$	1,179,771	​	$	1,158,051	​	$	21,720	​	2	%
Money market accounts		1,078,549	​		1,007,356	​	​	71,193	​	7	​
Savings		355,260	​		263,238	​	​	92,022	​	35	​
Reciprocal money market		221,779	​		188,078	​	​	33,701	​	18	​
Individual retirement accounts (1)		34,208	​		33,793	​	​	415	​	1	​
Time deposits, $250 and over (1)		113,096	​		101,787	​	​	11,309	​	11	​
Other certificates of deposit (1)		239,258	​		225,614	​	​	13,644	​	6	​
Reciprocal time deposits (1)	​	90,857	​	​	90,857	​	​	—	​	—	​
Wholesale brokered deposits (1)		349,298	​		88,767	​	​	260,531	​	293	​
Total Core Bank interest-bearing deposits	​	3,662,076	​	​	3,157,541	​	​	504,535	​	16	​
Total Core Bank noninterest-bearing deposits		1,180,237	​		1,239,466	​	​	(59,229)	​	(5)	​
Total Core Bank deposits		4,842,313	​		4,397,007	​	​	445,306	​	10	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Processing Group:	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Wholesale brokered deposits (1)	​	—	​	​	199,960	​	​	(199,960)	​	(100)	​
Interest-bearing prepaid card deposits	​	379,677	​	​	—	​	​	379,677	​	—	​
Money market accounts	​	19,380	​	​	18,664	​	​	716	​	4	​
Total RPG interest-bearing deposits	​	399,057	​	​	218,624	​	​	180,433	​	83	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Noninterest-bearing prepaid card deposits	​	—	​	​	318,769	​	​	(318,769)	​	(100)	​
Other noninterest-bearing deposits	​	179,279	​	​	118,763	​	​	60,516	​	51	​
Total RPG noninterest-bearing deposits	​	179,279	​	​	437,532	​	​	(258,253)	​	(59)	​
Total RPG deposits	​	578,336	​	​	656,156	​	​	(77,820)	​	(12)	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total deposits	$	5,420,649	​	$	5,053,163	​	$	367,486	​	7	%

(1) Includes time deposit

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Total Bank deposits increased $367 million from December 31, 2023 to $5.4 billion as of March 31, 2024. Total Core Bank deposits increased by $445 million, or 10%, from December 31, 2023. Within the Core Bank’s deposits, interest-bearing deposits increased $505 million and noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $59 million. The increase in Core Bank deposits was primarily driven by a $261 million increase in brokered deposits and a $110 million increase in transaction deposits obtained from a third-party listing service.

Retail-related categories continued a trend from the second half of 2023 in which noninterest bearing deposits declined while interest bearing categories increased. Overall, Management believes two factors generally continue to drive this trend. The first is a general decline in liquidity among both businesses and consumers as the excess liquidity created during the COVID pandemic continued to wane. Second, Management believes that the substantial increase in market interest rates caused the difference between what a client can earn for an interest-bearing deposit versus the client’s lack of a financial return for a noninterest-bearing deposit to become large enough to cause some clients to pursue other opportunities for their cash outside the Bank.

RPG Deposits

As previously noted in the Company’s 2023 Report on Form 10-K filed on March 14, 2024, RPS began sharing a significant portion of the interest revenue it earns on its prepaid card balances with its prepaid card marketer-servicers during the first quarter of 2024. This revenue share is being reported as interest expense on deposits. As a result, all prepaid card deposit balances subject to a revenue share arrangement will be reported as interest-bearing deposits on an on-going basis, as long as they remain subject to a revenue share arrangement. Conversely, for any periods reported prior to 2024, these deposits will remain noninterest-bearing as they were not subject to a revenue share arrangement during those periods.

As a result of all the factors noted above, Management believes the Company is more likely to experience slower overall growth and possibly, a continuing decline in its noninterest-bearing deposits over the foreseeable future.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances

The Bank’s total FHLB advances were $270 million as of March 31, 2024 compared to $380 million as of December 31, 2023. There were no overnight borrowings as of March 31, 2024 compared to $110 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company has utilized FHLB advances over the past year to fund its deposit outflow and overall loan growth. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s $270 million of FHLB advances had a weighted-average maturity of 3.72 years and a weighted-average cost of 4.33%.

Overall use of FHLB advances during a given year is dependent upon many factors including asset growth, deposit growth, current earnings, and expectations of future interest rates, among others.

Interest Rate Swaps

The Bank enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate client transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments, the Bank enters into offsetting positions in order to minimize the Bank’s interest rate risk. These swaps are derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, and therefore changes in fair value are reported in current year earnings.

See Footnote 12 “Interest Rate Swaps” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements” for additional discussion regarding the Bank’s interest rate swaps.

Liquidity

The Bank maintains sufficient liquidity to fund routine loan demand and routine deposit withdrawal activity. Liquidity is managed by maintaining sufficient liquid assets, primarily in the form of cash, cash equivalents, and unencumbered investment securities. Funding and cash flows can also be realized through deposit product promotions, the sale of AFS debt securities, principal paydowns on loans and mortgage-backed securities, and proceeds realized from loans held for sale.

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Table 19 — Liquid Assets and Borrowing Capacity

The Company’s liquid assets and borrowing capacity included the following:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
(in thousands)		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Cash and cash equivalents	​	$	546,363	​	$	316,567	​
Unencumbered debt securities	​		501,634	​		491,783	​
Total liquid assets	​	​	1,047,997	​	​	808,350	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Available borrowing capacity with the FHLB	​		1,007,633	​		730,265	​
Available borrowing capacity through unsecured credit lines	​		100,000	​		100,000	​
Total available borrowing capacity	​	​	1,107,633	​	​	830,265	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total liquid assets and available borrowing capacity	​	$	2,155,630	​	$	1,638,615	​

The Company generally carried higher average interest-earning cash balances during the first quarter of 2024 as the result of a strategic decision to maintain additional on-balance sheet liquidity above required minimums in response to the uncertainty of the economic environment.

The Bank had a loan to deposit ratio (excluding brokered deposits) of 103% as of March 31, 2024 and 106% as of December 31, 2023. Republic’s banking centers and its website, www.republicbank.com, provide access to retail deposit markets. These retail deposit products, if offered at attractive rates, have historically been a source of additional funding when needed. If the Bank were to lose a significant funding source, such as a few major depositors, or if any of its lines of credit were cancelled, or if the Bank cannot obtain brokered deposits, the Bank would be compelled to offer market leading deposit interest rates to meet its funding and liquidity needs.

As of March 31, 2024, the Bank had approximately $746 million in deposits from 175 large non-sweep deposit relationships, including reciprocal deposits, where the individual relationship exceeded $2 million for a depositor’s taxpayer identification number. Total uninsured deposits for the Bank were $1.8 billion, or 34%, of total deposits as of March 31, 2024. The 20 largest non-sweep deposit relationships represented approximately $228 million, or 4%, of the Company’s total deposit balances as of as of March 31, 2024. These accounts do not require collateral; therefore, cash from these accounts can generally be utilized to fund the loan portfolio. If any of these balances were moved from the Bank, the Bank would likely utilize overnight borrowing lines in the short-term to replace the balances. On a longer-term basis, the Bank would likely utilize wholesale-brokered deposits to replace withdrawn balances, or alternatively, higher-cost internet-sourced deposits. Based on past experience utilizing brokered deposits and internet-sourced deposits, the Bank believes it can quickly obtain these types of deposits if needed. The overall cost of gathering these types of deposits, however, could be substantially higher than the Traditional Bank deposits they replace, potentially decreasing the Bank’s earnings.

The Bank’s liquidity is impacted by its ability to sell certain investment securities, which is limited due to the level of investment securities that are needed to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, FHLB borrowings, and for other purposes, as required by law. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, these pledged investment securities had a fair value of $86 million and $100 million.

Capital

Total stockholders’ equity increased from $913 million as of December 31, 2023 to $936 million as of March 31, 2024. The increase in stockholders’ equity was primarily attributable to net income earned during 2023 reduced primarily by cash dividends declared.

Common Stock — The Class A Common shares are entitled to cash dividends equal to 110% of the cash dividend paid per share on Class B Common Stock. Class A Common shares have one vote per share and Class B Common shares have ten votes per share. Class B Common shares may be converted, at the option of the holder, to Class A Common shares on a share for share basis. The Class A Common shares are not convertible into any other class of Republic’s capital stock.

Dividend Restrictions — The Parent Company’s principal source of funds for dividend payments are dividends received from RB&T. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid to the Parent Company by the Bank without prior approval of the respective states’ banking regulators. Under these regulations, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the current year’s net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years. As of April 1, 2024, RB&T could, without prior approval, declare dividends of approximately $92 million. Any payment of dividends in the future will depend, in large

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part, on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other factors considered relevant by the Company’s Board of Directors.

Regulatory Capital Requirements — The Company and the Bank are subject to capital regulations in accordance with Basel III, as administered by banking regulators. Regulatory agencies measure capital adequacy within a framework that makes capital requirements, in part, dependent on the individual risk profiles of financial institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Republic’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Parent Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators regarding components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well capitalized. For prompt corrective action, the regulations in accordance with Basel III define “well capitalized” as a 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio, a 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, and a 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio. Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, the Company and Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above their minimum risk-based capital requirements.

Republic continues to exceed the regulatory requirements for Total Risk-Based Capital, Common Equity Tier I Risk-Based Capital, Tier I Risk Based-Capital and Tier I Leverage Capital. Republic and the Bank intend to maintain a capital position that meets or exceeds the “well-capitalized” requirements as defined by the FRB and the FDIC, in addition to the Capital Conservation Buffer. Republic’s average stockholders’ equity to average assets ratio was 12.92% as of March 31, 2024 compared to 14.21% as of December 31, 2023. Formal measurements of the capital ratios for Republic and the Bank are performed by the Company at each quarter end.

Table 20 — Capital Ratios (1)

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	As of March 31, 2024					​	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)		Amount			Ratio		​	Amount			Ratio
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total capital to risk-weighted assets	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Bancorp, Inc.	​	$	989,290		16.44	%	​	$	968,844		16.10	%
Republic Bank & Trust Company	​		949,574		15.88	​	​		931,923		15.50	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Bancorp, Inc.	​	$	914,053		15.19	%	​	$	893,658		14.85	%
Republic Bank & Trust Company	​		874,421		14.62	​	​		856,744		14.25	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Bancorp, Inc.	​	$	914,053		15.19	%	​	$	893,658		14.85	%
Republic Bank & Trust Company	​		874,421		14.62	​	​		856,744		14.25	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Republic Bancorp, Inc.	​	$	914,053		12.73	%	​	$	893,658		13.89	%
Republic Bank & Trust Company	​		874,421		12.15	​	​		856,744		13.25	​

(1) The Company and the Bank elected in 2020 to defer the impact of CECL on regulatory capital. The deferral period is five years, with the total estimated CECL impact 100% deferred for the first two years, then phased in over the next three years. If not for this election, the Company’s regulatory capital ratios would have been approximately 6 basis points and 6 basis points lower than those presented in the table above as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk

Asset/liability management is designed to ensure safety and soundness, maintain liquidity, meet regulatory capital standards, and achieve acceptable net interest income based on the Bank’s risk tolerance. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income as a result of market fluctuations in interest rates. The Bank, on an ongoing basis, monitors interest rate and liquidity risk in order to implement appropriate funding and balance sheet strategies. Management considers interest rate risk to be a significant risk to the Bank’s overall earnings and balance sheet.

The interest sensitivity profile of the Bank at any point in time will be impacted by a number of factors. These factors include the mix of interest sensitive assets and liabilities, as well as their relative pricing schedules. It is also influenced by changes in market interest rates, deposit and loan balances, and other factors.

The Bank utilizes earnings simulation models as tools to measure interest rate sensitivity, including both a static and dynamic earnings simulation model. A static simulation model is based on current exposures and assumes a constant balance sheet. In contrast, a dynamic simulation model relies on detailed assumptions regarding changes in existing business lines, new business, and changes in management and customer behavior. While the Bank runs the static simulation model as one measure of interest rate risk, historically, the Bank has utilized its dynamic earnings simulation model as its primary interest rate risk tool to measure the potential changes in market interest rates and their subsequent effects on net interest income for a one-year time period. This dynamic model projects a “Base” case net interest income over the next 12 months and the effect on net interest income of instantaneous movements in interest rates between various basis point increments equally across all points on the yield curve. Many assumptions based on growth expectations and on the historical behavior of the Bank’s deposit and loan rates and their related balances in relation to changes in interest rates are incorporated into this dynamic model. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the dynamic model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to the actual timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, the actual timing and magnitude of changes in loan and deposit balances, as well as the actual changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies as compared to those projected in the various simulated models. Additionally, actual results could differ materially from the model if interest rates do not move equally across all points on the yield curve.

As of March 31, 2024, a dynamic simulation model was run for interest rate changes from “Down 400” basis points to “Up 400” basis points. The following table illustrates the Bank’s projected percent change from its Base net interest income over the period beginning April 1, 2024 and ending March 31, 2025 based on instantaneous movements in interest rates from Down 400 to Up 400 basis points equally across all points on the yield curve. The Bank’s dynamic earnings simulation model includes secondary market loan fees, which are a component of mortgage banking income within noninterest income, and excludes Traditional Bank loan fees.

Table 21 — Bank Interest Rate Sensitivity

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	Change in Rates																							​
​	-400			-300			-200			-100			+100			+200			+300			+400
​	Basis Points		​	Basis Points		​	Basis Points		​	Basis Points		​	Basis Points		​	Basis Points		​	Basis Points		​	Basis Points		​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
% Change from base net interest income as of March 31, 2024	2.1	%	​	0.2	%	​	(4.3)	%	​	(2.6)	%	​	1.2	%	​	0.7	%	​	0.9	%	​	1.2	%	​
% Change from base net interest income as of December 31, 2023	6.4	%	​	5.0	%	​	0.1	%	​	0.2	%	​	(1.0)	%	​	(2.1)	%	​	(3.1)	%	​	(4.1)	%	​

Notable changes for the Bank’s interest rate sensitivity projections from December 31, 2023 to March 31, 2024 occurred in all the scenarios. In general, the period-to-period improvements in the up-rate scenarios were generally tied to the Company’s average interest-earning cash balances, which increased from December 2023 to March 2024. As a result, the benefit the Company expects to receive from rising short-term interest rates, as a result of its higher balances in immediately repricing interest-earning cash, increased. The benefit from the higher interest-earning cash balances was partially offset by lower projected interest income on loans as loan growth assumptions were lowered based on recent loan growth trends.

In the down rate scenarios, the Company’s interest rate risk position notably deteriorated as the higher interest-earning cash balances that benefited net interest income in the up-rate scenarios are projected to cause similar corresponding declines to net interest income in the down-rate rate scenarios. In addition, the Company’s projected net interest income in down-rate scenarios was also negatively impacted by revisions to the Bank’s deposit beta assumptions, as these assumptions were lowered, meaning deposit costs would remain higher, due to the Bank’s current competitive environment for deposits.

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For additional discussion regarding the Bank’s net interest income, see the sections titled “Net Interest Income” in this section of the filing under “RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Three months ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three months ended March 31, 2023.”)

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Information required by this item is included under Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out by Republic Bancorp, Inc.’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. In addition, no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) occurred during the fiscal quarter covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

In the ordinary course of operations, Republic and the Bank are defendants in various legal proceedings. There is no proceeding, pending, or threatened litigation in which Republic and the Bank are a defendant, to the knowledge of management, in which an adverse decision could result in a material adverse change in the business or consolidated financial position of Republic or the Bank.

Item 1A. Risk Factors .

FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS

There have been no material changes in the Company’s risk factors as previously disclosed in Part 1, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. You should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Republic’s 2023 Form 10-K, which could materially affect its business, financial condition, or future results.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Details of Republic’s Class A Common Stock purchases during the first quarter of 2024 are included in the following table:

​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Total Number of	​	Maximum Number
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	Shares Purchased	​	of Shares that May
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	as Part of Publicly	​	Yet Be Purchased
​	​	Total Number of	​	Average Price		​	Announced Plans	​	Under the Plan
Period		Shares Purchased		Paid Per Share			or Programs		or Programs
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
January 1 - January 31		—		$	—		—	​	434,410	​
February 1 - February 29		—	​		—		—	​	434,410	​
March 1 - March 31		—	​		—		—	​	434,410	​
Total		—		$	—		—		434,410	​

The Company did not repurchase any of its shares during the first quarter of 2024. In addition, in connection with employee stock awards, there were 22,993 shares withheld upon exercise of stock options to satisfy the withholding taxes. On January 24, 2024, the Board of Directors of Republic Bancorp, Inc. increased the Company’s existing authorization to purchase shares of its Class A Common Stock by 400,000 shares. The repurchase program will remain effective until the total number of shares authorized is repurchased or until Republic’s Board of Directors terminates the program. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had 434,410 shares which could be repurchased under its current share repurchase programs.

During the first quarter of 2024, there were 3,893 shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock by stockholders of Republic in accordance with the share-for-share conversion option of the Class B Common Stock. The exemption from registration of newly issued Class A Common Stock relies upon Section (3)(a)(9) of the Securities Act of 1933.

There were no equity securities of the registrant sold without registration during the quarter covered by this report.

Item 5. Other Information.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The following exhibits are filed or furnished as a part of this report:

Exhibit Number	​ — ​	Description of Exhibit
​	​	​
10.1	​	Early Termination Agreement for lease between Jaytee-Springhurst, LLC, and Republic Bank & Trust Company, dated March 15, 2024, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road, Louisville, KY ​
31.1	​	Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
​	​	​
31.2	​	Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
​	​	​
32*	​	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
​	​	​
101	​	The following financial statements from the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q were formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
​	​	​
104	​	Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted in iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

• This certification shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	REPUBLIC BANCORP, INC.
​	​	​	(Registrant)
​	​	​	​
​	​	​	Principal Executive Officer:
​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​
Date: May 9, 2024			/s/ Steven E. Trager
​	​	​	By: Steven E. Trager	​
​	​	​	Executive Chair and Chief Executive Officer
​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​
​	​	​	Principal Financial Officer:
​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​
Date: May 9, 2024	​	​	/s/ Kevin Sipes
​	​	​	By: Kevin Sipes	​
​	​	​	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial
​	​	​	Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

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