Quantum Biopharma Ltd. - Annual Report 2025

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

FORM 20-F

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _ to _

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report ________

Commission file number: 001-39152

Quantum BioPharma Ltd.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Ontario, Canada

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

1 Adelaide Street East, Suite 801

Toronto , Ontario , M5C 2V9 , Canada

(Address of principal executive offices)

Zeeshan Saeed , Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Executive Chairman of the Board

Quantum BioPharma Ltd.

1 Adelaide Street East, Suite 801 ,

Toronto , Ontario , M5C 2V9, Canada

Telephone: ( 416 ) 854-8884

Email: [email protected]

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, no par value	QNTM	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

Class A Multiple Voting Shares, no par value: 42 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025

Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, no par value: 3,887,729 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒ Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

Field: Page; Sequence: 1

Field: /Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION		1
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA		8
SUMMARY RISK FACTORS		8
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FUTURE ORIENTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION		2
PART I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.	11
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable.	11
Item 3.	Key Information.	11
	A. [Reserved]	11
	B. Capitalization and Indebtedness	11
	C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	11
	D. Risk Factors	11
Item 4.	Information on the Company.	37
	A. History and Development of the Company	37
	B. Business Overview	44
	C. Organizational Structure	78
	D. Property, Plants and Equipment	79
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments.	79
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.	79
	A. Operating Results	79
	B. Liquidity and Capital Resources	79
	C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.	79
	D. Trend Information	80
	E. Critical Accounting Estimates	80
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees.	80
	A. Directors and Senior Management	80
	B. Compensation	83
	C. Board Practices	91
	D. Employees	97
	E. Share Ownership	97
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.	97
	A. Major Shareholders	97
	B. Related Party Transactions	99
	C. Interests of Experts and Counsel	101
Item 8.	Financial Information.	102
	A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	102
	B. Significant Changes	105
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing.	105
	A. Offer and Listing Details	105
	B. Plan of Distribution	105
	C. Markets	106
	D. Selling Shareholders	106
	E. Dilution	106
	F. Expenses of the Issue	106

Field: Page; Sequence: 2; Options: NewSection; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: LowerRoman; Name: PageNo i Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Item 10.	Additional Information.	106
	A. Share Capital	106
	B. Memorandum and Articles of Association	106
	C. Material Contracts	106
	D. Exchange Controls	107
	E. Taxation	107
	F. Dividends and Paying Agents	113
	G. Statement by Experts	113
	H. Documents on Display	113
	I. Subsidiary Information	113
	J. Annual Report to Security Holders	113
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	114
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities.	114
	A. Debt Securities	114
	B. Warrants and Rights	114
	C. Other Securities	114
	D. American Depositary Shares	114
PART II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies.	115
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds.	115
	A.-D.	115
	E. Use of Proceeds	115
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	115
	A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures	115
	B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting	116
	C. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm	116
	D. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	116
Item 16.	[Reserved.]	116
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert.	116
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics.	116
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services.	117
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees.	117
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.	117
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant.	117
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance.	117
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure.	118
Item 16I.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.	118
Item 16J.	Insider Trading Policies.	119
Item 16K.	Cybersecurity.	119
PART III
Item 17.	Financial Statements.	120
Item 18.	Financial Statements.	120
Item 19.	Exhibits.	120

Field: Page; Sequence: 3; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: LowerRoman; Name: PageNo ii Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, all references in this Annual Report on Form 20-F (this “ Annual Report ”), or this Annual Report, to “Quantum”, “Quantum BioPharma”, “Company”, “Corporation”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Quantum BioPharma Ltd., a corporation formed under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (the “ OBCA ”) and the direct or indirect subsidiary entities of Quantum, and any partnership interests held by Quantum BioPharma and its subsidiary entities, including Lucid Psycheceuticals Inc. (“ Lucid ”), FSD BioSciences Inc. (“ FSD Biosciences ”), FV Pharma Inc. (“ FV Pharma ”), Prismic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“ Prismic ”), FSD Strategic Investments Inc. (“ FSD Strategic Investments ”), FSD Pharma Australia Pty Ltd. (“ FSD Australia ”), Huge Biopharma Australia Pty Ltd. (“ Huge Biopharma ”), and Unbuzzd Wellness Inc. (formerly, Unbuzzdtrition Corp.), a corporation organized under the laws of the Province of British Columbia (“ Unbuzzd ”).

Our fiscal year ends on December 31. This Annual Report includes our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2025, and 2024 and for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, (the “ 2025 Annual Financial Statements ”) which are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“ IFRS ”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. None of our financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“ U.S. GAAP ”).

On August 15, 2024, the Corporation consolidated all of its issued and outstanding Class A Multiple Voting Shares (as defined herein) and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (as defined herein) on a 65:1 basis (the “ 2024 Consolidation ”). All references to Class A Multiple Voting Shares, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, and securities issuable into Class A Multiple Voting Shares and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in this Annual Report, other than in documents dated prior to August 14, 2024, that are incorporated by reference in this Annual Report, reflect post-2024 Consolidation amounts unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires. All documents dated prior to August 15, 2024, that are incorporated by reference in this Annual Report reflect pre-2024 Consolidation amounts unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.

Except where expressly indicated otherwise, our financial information is presented in U.S. dollars. All references in this Annual Report to “$” or “US$” mean United States of America (“ U.S. ” or “ United States ”) dollars, and all references in this Annual Report to “C$” mean Canadian dollars. For the convenience of the reader, in this Annual Report, unless otherwise indicated, translations from Canadian dollars into U.S. dollars were made at the rate of US$1.00 to C$1.3979 which is the average rate for the 2025 fiscal year, (2024 average rate: US$1.00 to C$1.3694). Such U.S. dollar amounts are not necessarily indicative of the amounts of U.S. dollars that could actually have been purchased upon exchange of Canadian dollars at the dates indicated.

References herein to “Q1 2024”, “Q2 2024”, “Q3 2024”, “Q4 2024”, “Q1 2025”, “Q2 2025”, “Q3, 2025” and “Q4 2025” refers to the three months ended March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024, March 31, 2025, June 30, 2025, September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2025, respectively.

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this Annual Report. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

This Annual Report includes registered and unregistered trademarks which are protected under applicable intellectual property laws and are the property of the Company. Solely for convenience, our trademarks referred to in this Annual Report and in other publicly filed documents may appear without the ® or ™ symbol, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert our rights to the fullest extent under applicable law. All other trademarks used in this Annual Report are the property of their respective owners. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – B. Business Overview – Intellectual Property ”.

We are incorporated under the laws of Ontario, Canada. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, several of our directors and officers are nationals and/or residents of countries other than the United States, and all or a substantial portion of such directors’ and officers’ assets may be located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or our officers or directors or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof. In addition, investors should not assume that the courts of Canada (i) would enforce judgments of United States courts obtained in actions against us, our officers or directors, or other said persons, predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or other laws of the United States or (ii) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or such directors, officers or experts predicated upon the United States federal securities laws or any securities or other laws of any state or jurisdiction of the United States.

In addition, there is doubt as to the applicability of the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities law to original actions instituted in Canada. It may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to assert United States securities laws claims in original actions instituted in Canada.

Field: Page; Sequence: 4; Options: NewSection; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 1 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, product candidates, product pipeline, ongoing and planned clinical studies, including those of our collaboration partners, regulatory approvals, research and development ("R&D") costs, timing and likelihood of success, as well as plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Many of the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are often, but not always, identified by words or phrases such as "would," "seek," "anticipate," "believe," "expect," "plan," "continue," "estimate," "will," "predict," "intend," "forecast," "future," "target," "project," "capacity," "could," "should," "might," "focus," "proposed," "scheduled," "outlook," "potential," "may" or similar expressions and includes suggestions of future outcomes, including, but not limited to statements about:

● discussions concerning the Company's exploration of near-term funding strategies;

● the Company's plans to advance the R&D of its Product Candidates (as defined herein) to commercialization through studies and clinical trials, including anticipated timing and associated costs;

● the application and the costs associated with such planned trials, and the Company's ability to obtain required funding and the terms and timing thereof;

● the expansion of our product offering(s);

● our business objectives and the expected impacts of previously announced acquisitions and developments;

● the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and Health Canada, or comparable regulatory authority, application process and any review thereof and its effects on our business objectives;

● the Company's focus on the research and development of Lucid-MS to prevent and reverse myelin degradation;

● the Company's Lucid-21-302 clinical development program in multiple sclerosis advancing towards human Phase 2 efficacy trials;

● the Company's intention to retain 100% of the rights to develop products for pharmaceutical and medical uses;

● the Company's intention to maintain a portfolio of strategic investments through FSD Strategic Investments Inc.;

● the Company's belief that its current financial position and recent operational improvements provide a solid foundation for operations and potential growth opportunities;

● agreements with investor relations companies will play a key role in assisting the Company to enhance its market awareness and foster productive, continuing dialogues with shareholders and other market participants;

● industry trends;

● overall market growth rates and the Company's growth rates;

● the Company's business plans and strategies, including acquisition opportunities;

● intentions with respect to, and the ability to execute, the Company's growth strategies;

● future sales of the Company's products;

● future regulatory approval and sales of drugs and devices;

Field: Page; Sequence: 5; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 2 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

● securing additional licenses from third parties and the entry into license agreements for future product acquisitions;

● assessments of suppliers' manufacturing capacity and downstream supply of raw materials;

● relationships with pharmaceutical licensors;

● relationships with employees and directors;

● the Company's competitive position in the industry;

● anticipated trends and challenges in the Company's business and the markets in which it operates;

● protection of the Company's intellectual property rights;

● the effects of any non-compliance with government regulations;

● the exercise of certain shareholder rights;

● statements with respect to future prospects for Company products;

● the Company's pursuits of additional product and pipeline opportunities in certain therapeutic markets;

● future milestone payments;

● the issuance of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (as defined herein) pursuant to the ATM Offering (as defined below);

● the Company's anticipated cash needs and its needs for additional financing;

● amendment to any laws, rules or regulations, and the impact and timing thereof, including with respect to approval, pricing or reimbursement of drug products;

● the Company's use of cryptocurrencies as financial assets and as a potential medium of exchange for future transactions; and

● the Company's ability to conduct future financings and other transactions in cryptocurrency.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as the Company's actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed or implied.

The Company has made certain assumptions with respect to the forward-looking statements regarding, among other things:

● the Company's ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations and obtain financing, if needed, on acceptable terms or at all;

● the general economic, financial market, regulatory and political conditions in which the Company operates;

● the interest of potential purchasers in the Product Candidates;

● anticipated and unanticipated costs;

● the government regulation of the Corporation's activities and Product Candidates;

● the timely receipt of any required regulatory approvals;

● our ability to obtain qualified staff, equipment and services in a timely and cost-efficient manner;

Field: Page; Sequence: 6; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 3 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

● our ability to conduct operations in a safe, efficient and effective manner;

● our expansion plans and timeframe for completion of such plans;

● our revenue growth and operating efficiencies;

● customer demand for the Company's products;

● the Company will have ongoing patent protection;

● the sufficiency of budgeted capital expenditures in carrying out planned activities;

● the availability and cost of labour and services;

● trends in the bio-pharmaceutical industry;

● there being no significant changes in regulatory, tax and healthcare laws and regulations;

● the absence of a material change in competition;

● our ability to maintain our current strategic relationships with Unbuzzd and Celly U.S Nutrition Corp, a Delaware corporation ("Celly U.S."), pursuant to the Unbuzzd License Agreement (as defined herein);

● our ability to protect and maintain our, and not infringe on third parties', intellectual property rights throughout the world;

● our ability to raise capital when needed in order to continue our product development programs and commercialization efforts;

● our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and key personnel;

● the Company's ability to successfully develop new commercialized products or find a market for their sale;

● the impact of any future recall of the Company's products;

● the Company's ability to promote and sustain its products, including any restrictions or constraints on marketing practices under the regulatory framework in which the Company operates;

● our ability to issue Class B Subordinate Voting Shares pursuant to the ATM Offering;

● there being generally stable economic and financial conditions in Canada, the United States, Australia, and globally;

● cryptocurrencies continuing to function as financial assets capable of being held and transferred; and

● the Company having the ability to conduct future financings and other transactions in cryptocurrency.

Although the Corporation believes that the expectations and assumptions on which the forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on the forward-looking statements, because no assurance can be given that such statements will prove to be correct.

Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this Annual Report and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our intent, belief, or current expectations. Forward-looking statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions, and on information currently available to our management. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to, those identified under "Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors" in this Annual Report. These risks and uncertainties include multiple factors:

● the success of our clinical studies, our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval and to commercialize our Product Candidates, which include Lucid-21-302 ("Lucid-MS"), for the treatment of multiple sclerosis ("MS") and our product for alcohol misuse in the healthcare area;

● failure of our licensing partners, Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. to continue selling and distributing unbuzzd™, a functional beverage product that seeks to provide relief from inebriation and accelerate alcohol metabolism in the consumer market;

● the ability of our competitors to discover, develop or commercialize competing products to unbuzzd™, Lucid-MS or other product candidates before or more successfully than we do;

Field: Page; Sequence: 7; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 4 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

● our plans to research, develop and commercialize our Product Candidates;

● the occurrence of serious adverse, undesirable, or unacceptable side effects related to our Product Candidates;

● the acceptance by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities of data from studies for Lucid-MS or our alcohol misuse products that we and our collaboration partners conduct within and outside the U.S. now and in the future;

● our foreign private issuer status, the loss of which would require us to comply with the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") domestic reporting regime, and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses;

● our incorporation in Ontario, the laws of which govern our corporate affairs and may differ from those applicable to companies incorporated in the U.S.;

● the limited operating history of the Company and history of losses, and anticipated significant losses for the foreseeable future incurred to pursue commercialization of the Product Candidates;

● the Company's inability to file investigational new drug applications ("INDs") or clinical trial applications ("CTAs") on timelines it reasonably anticipates, if at all;

● the current stage of development of our Product Candidates and the inherent uncertainty of clinical development programs;

● the Company's reliance on its Product Candidates;

● the Company's ability to identify, license or discover additional product candidates;

● failure to achieve the degree of market acceptance and demand for our products or Product Candidates by physicians, patients, healthcare payors, and others in the medical community which are necessary for commercial success;

● failure of clinical trials to demonstrate substantial evidence of the safety and/or effectiveness of Product Candidates;

● results of earlier studies or clinical trials not being predictive of future clinical trials;

● potential side effects, adverse events or other properties or safety risks of the Product Candidates;

● preliminary, interim data obtained from the Company's clinical trials may not be indicative of future scientific observations or conclusions;

● inability to establish sales and marketing capabilities, or enter into agreements with third parties, to sell and market any Product Candidates that the Company may develop;

● the ability to provide the capital required for research, product development, operations and marketing;

● violations of laws and regulations resulting in repercussions;

● risks inherent in a pharmaceutical business and the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products;

● delays in clinical trials;

● the Company's inability to attain or maintain the regulatory approvals it needs in any jurisdiction;

● failure of counterparties to perform contractual obligations;

● changes, whether anticipated or not, in laws, regulations and guidelines that may result in significant compliance costs;

● uncertainty associated with insurance coverage and reimbursement status for newly-approved pharmaceutical products;

● the effect that any public health crises, such as pandemics or epidemics may have on the Company's business;

Field: Page; Sequence: 8; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 5 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

● the price of our securities may be volatile due to a variety of factors;

● the inability to obtain required additional financing on terms favourable to the Corporation or at all;

● the Company's anticipated negative cash flow from operations and non-profitability for the foreseeable future;

● the issuances of equity securities and the conversion of outstanding securities to Class B Subordinate Voting Shares;

● the Company's dual class share structure;

● the market price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares possibly being subject to wide price fluctuations;

● whether an active trading market for the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares is sustained;

● the Company's ability to maintain compliance with Nasdaq Stock Market LLC's ("Nasdaq") rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq;

● the Company's ability to identify and execute future acquisitions or dispositions effectively;

● lack of dividends, and reinvestment of retained earnings, if any, into the Company's business;

● the Company's reliance on management, key persons and skilled personnel;

● reliance on contract manufacturing facilities;

● manufacturing problems that could result in delay of the Company's development or commercialization programs;

● insurance and uninsured risks; claims from suppliers; conflicts of interest between the Company and its directors and officers;

● the Company's ability to manage its growth effectively;

● supply chain interruptions and the ability to maintain required supplies of equipment, parts and components;

● the Company's ability to successfully implement and maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;

● results of litigation;

● the dependence of the Company's operations, in part, on the maintenance and protection of its information technology systems and those of its third-party collaborators, CROs or other contractors or consultants, which could face cyber-attacks;

● failure to execute definitive agreements with entities in which the Company has entered into letters of intent or memoranda of understanding;

● unfavorable publicity or consumer perception towards the Product Candidates;

● reputational risks to third parties with whom the Company does business; failure to comply with laws and regulations;

● the Company's reliance on its own market research and forecasts;

● competition from other technologies and pharmaceutical products;

● the Company's ability to safely, securely, efficiently and cost-effectively transport our products to consumers;

● liability arising from any fraudulent or illegal activity or misconduct by the Company's directors, officers, employees, contractors, consultants, commercial partners or vendors;

● unforeseen claims made against the Company, including product liability claims or regulatory actions;

● reliance on single-source suppliers for the acquisition of the drug substance and drug product for any of the Product Candidates;

Field: Page; Sequence: 9; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 6 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

● inability to obtain or maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for the Product Candidates;

● third-party claims of intellectual property infringement;

● patent terms being insufficient to protect competitive position on Product Candidates;

● inability to obtain patent term extensions or non-patent exclusivity;

● inability to protect the confidentiality of trade secrets;

● inability to protect trademarks and trade names;

● filing of claims challenging the inventorship of the Company's patents and other intellectual property;

● invalidity or unenforceability of patents;

● claims regarding wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties;

● risks related to the Company's investment in Unbuzzd, including the ability of Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. to commercialize the exclusive rights to the recreational applications for the Company's alcohol misuse technology;

● risks related to the Company's status as a foreign private issuer;

● the Company taking advantage of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies;

● the Company's classification as a "passive foreign investment company";

● that the Company's international business operations could expose it to regulatory risks or factors beyond our control;

● risks related to expansion of international operations;

● the Company's ability to produce and sell products in, and export products to, other jurisdictions;

● regulatory regimes of locations for clinical trials outside of Canada and the United States;

● failure to obtain approval to commercialize Product Candidates outside of Canada and the United States;

● if clinical trials are conducted outside of Canada and the United States, FDA and Health Canada may not accept data from such trials;

● other factors beyond the Company's control;

● the Company will not issue Class B Subordinate Voting Shares pursuant to the ATM Offering;

● risks related to the value, liquidity and regulatory treatment of cryptocurrencies held as treasury assets;

● our inability to conduct future financing and other transactions in cryptocurrency;

● the Company being subject to counterparty risks, including particular risks relating to its custodians with regards to the holding of digital assets in custodial accounts;

● national phase filing risk; and

● the other risk factors discussed under "Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors."

These forward-looking statements are applicable only as of the date of this Annual Report, and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions described under the sections in this Annual Report entitled "Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors" and "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

Field: Page; Sequence: 10; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 7 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

This Annual Report includes market and industry data that has been obtained from third party sources, including industry publications. The Company believes that its industry data is accurate and that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, but there is no assurance as to the accuracy or completeness of this data. Third party sources generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but there is no assurance as to the accuracy or completeness of included information. Although the data is believed to be reliable, the Company has not independently verified any of the data from third party sources referred to in this Annual Report or ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied upon by such sources.

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those risks discussed at length in the section below titled "Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors." These risks include, among others, the following:

RISKS RELATED TO OUR PRODUCT CANDIDATES

● We have a limited operating history and funding, which may make it difficult to evaluate Lucid-MS, our products for alcohol misuse and their product development, product prospects and overall likelihood of success;

● Our drug product candidate, Lucid-MS or our products relating to alcohol misuse, may not receive regulatory approval from Health Canada or the FDA, in a timely manner, if at all, or may receive regulatory approval on limiting terms;

● We are relying on Unbuzzd and Celly U.S., our licensing partners, to develop and promote unbuzzd™, an alcohol misuse product for the retail market;

● The Company may be unable to raise the capital necessary for it to execute its strategy on favorable terms or at all; and

● Drug development is a highly uncertain undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk.

RISKS RELATED TO THE PHARMACEUTICAL BUSINESS

● We rely on the UHN License (as defined herein) to use for pharmaceutical purposes certain patents and other intellectual property rights associated with Lucid-MS;

● We rely on the Epitech License Agreement (as defined herein) and the UHN License to use for pharmaceutical purposes certain patents and other intellectual property rights associated with FSD-PEA and Lucid-MS;

● Even if Lucid-MS receives regulatory approval, we may nonetheless fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance of Lucid-MS by physicians, patients, healthcare payors, and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success;

● We face significant competition for our Lucid-MS drug, and there is a possibility that our competitors may achieve regulatory approval for an effective treatment for MS before us or develop therapies that are safer, more advanced, or more effective than ours;

● The loss of single-source suppliers, or their failure to supply us with the drug substance or drug product, could materially and adversely affect our business;

● We currently rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, third parties to conduct drug trials and aspects of our research and preclinical testing for Lucid-MS, our products relating to alcohol misuse and other possible drug candidates;

● We, our service providers, or any third-party manufacturers may fail to comply with regulatory requirements which could subject us to enforcement actions; and

● The FDA, Health Canada or other comparable regulatory authorities may not accept data from trials conducted in foreign jurisdictions.

Field: Page; Sequence: 11; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 8 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

● We may be unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our Product Candidates and any future products that we may develop;

● Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts; and

● If we are unable to adequately protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our trademarks or trade names, our business may be adversely affected.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR CRYPTOCURRENCY CORPORATE TREASURY FUNCTION

● Our investments in cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Solana, Ethereum, XRP, SUI and Chainlink are subject to significant volatility and regulatory, market, and operational risks, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations;

● Our treasury holdings in cryptocurrency are and will be less liquid than cash and cash equivalents;

● Cryptocurrencies, including those we hold in our treasury, are regarded as highly volatile assets, and fluctuations in price are likely to significantly influence the Company's financial statements and the trading price of our Class B Shares;

● Cryptocurrencies are novel assets, and are subject to significant legal, commercial, regulatory and technical uncertainty;

● Our cryptocurrency treasury strategy has not been tested over any period of time or under different market conditions.

GENERAL CORPORATE RISKS

● Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms, and there can be no assurance that such capital will be available when needed or at all;

● Macroeconomic pressures in the markets in which we operate, including inflation, trade policy changes (including tariffs on Canadian exports), geopolitical unrest and other macroeconomic events, may materially and adversely affect our business and financial results and could cause a disruption to the development of our Product Candidates;

● The Company operates in a highly regulated industry and is subject to a wide range of federal, state, and local laws, rules, and regulations, including FDA and Health Canada regulatory requirements and laws pertaining to fraud and abuse in healthcare, that affect nearly all aspects of our operations. Failure to comply with these laws, rules, and regulations, or to obtain and maintain required licenses, could subject the Company to enforcement actions, including substantial civil and criminal penalties, and might require us to recall or withdraw a product from the market or cease operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations;

● Any significant interruption in the supply chain for key inputs could materially impact the Company's business;

● Future sales or issuances of equity securities and the conversion of outstanding securities to Class B Subordinate Voting Shares could decrease the value of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and dilute investors' voting power;

● The Company's dual class structure has the effect of concentrating voting control and the ability to influence corporate matters with a limited number of holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares;

● We may lose our status as a foreign private issuer;

● On September 27, 2022 and April 5, 2024, we received deficiency notices from Nasdaq regarding our failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing; while we have since regained compliance in both instances, there can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of the Nasdaq and/or Canadian Securities Exchange (the "CSE") in the future;

● The Company is currently party to several legal proceedings and may become a party to potential future litigation; and

● We are a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which may result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. Holders of our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

Field: Page; Sequence: 12; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 9 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FUTURE ORIENTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

This Annual Report may contain future oriented financial information (“FOFI”) within the meaning of Canadian securities legislation and analogous U.S. securities laws, about prospective results of operations, financial position or cash flows, based on assumptions about future economic conditions and courses of action, which FOFI is not presented in the format of a historical balance sheet, income statement or cash flow statement. The FOFI has been prepared by management to provide an outlook of the Company’s activities and results and has been prepared based on a number of assumptions including the assumptions discussed under the heading above entitled “ Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements ” and assumptions with respect to the costs and expenditures to be incurred by the Company, capital expenditures and operating costs, taxation rates for the Company and general and administrative expenses. Management does not have, or may not have had at the relevant date, firm commitments for all of the costs, expenditures, prices or other financial assumptions which may have been used to prepare the FOFI or assurance that such operating results will be achieved and, accordingly, the complete financial effects of all of those costs, expenditures, prices and operating results are not, or may not have been at the relevant date of the FOFI, objectively determinable.

Importantly, the FOFI contained in this Annual Report are, or may be, based upon certain additional assumptions that management believes to be reasonable based on the information currently available to management, including, but not limited to, assumptions about: (i) the future pricing for the Company’s products, (ii) the future market demand and trends within the jurisdictions in which the Company may from time to time conduct the Company’s business, (iii) the Company’s ongoing inventory levels, and operating cost estimates, and (iv) the Company’s financial results for 2026. The FOFI or financial outlook contained in this Annual Report do not purport to present the Company’s financial condition in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and there can be no assurance that the assumptions made in preparing the FOFI will prove accurate. The actual results of operations of the Company and the resulting financial results will likely vary from the amounts set forth in the analysis presented in any such document, and such variation may be material (including due to the occurrence of unforeseen events occurring subsequent to the preparation of the FOFI). The Company and management believe that the FOFI has been prepared on a reasonable basis, reflecting management’s best estimates and judgments as at the applicable date. However, because this information is highly subjective and subject to numerous risks including the risks discussed under the heading above entitled “ Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements ” and under the heading “ Risk Factors ” in the Company’s public disclosures, FOFI or financial outlook within this Annual Report should not be relied on as necessarily indicative of future results.

Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the FOFI, or financial outlook contained in this Annual Report. Except as required by Canadian securities laws and analogous U.S. securities laws, the Company does not intend, and does not assume any obligation, to update such FOFI.

Field: Page; Sequence: 13; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 10 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.

Not applicable.

A. Directors and Senior Management

Not applicable.

B. Advisers

Not applicable.

C. Auditors

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable.

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

An investment in securities of the Company should only be made by persons who can afford a significant or total loss of their investment. We are exposed to a number of risks through the pursuit of our business objectives. The following risks and uncertainties identified below are those we believe may, individually or in combination with other risks and uncertainties, have a material impact on our business, but these are not the only risks and uncertainties we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or risks that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks, or any other risks and uncertainties that we have not yet identified or that we currently consider not to be material, actually occur, or become material risks, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and consequently the price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, could be materially and adversely affected.

The risks discussed below also include Forward-Looking Statements and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these Forward-Looking Statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report.

Risks relating to our Product Candidates

Drug development is highly uncertain undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We have no product sales, which, together with our limited operating history, makes it difficult to evaluate our business and assess our future viability.

Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a biotechnology corporation with a limited operating history. We have no pharmaceutical products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from pharmaceutical product sales. We are currently focused on developing Lucid-MS, a patented new chemical entity targeting the treatment of MS. The effectiveness of Lucid-MS is not yet known. We continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to clinical trials and other operating expenses, ongoing operations and expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate these losses will increase and that we will not generate any revenue from product sales of Lucid-MS unless and until after we have successfully completed clinical development and received regulatory approval, for the commercial sale of this product.

Field: Page; Sequence: 14; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 11 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

We may never be able to develop or commercialize Lucid-MS or any other drug candidate or achieve profitability. Revenue from the sale of Lucid-MS, if regulatory approval is obtained, will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we obtain regulatory approval, the accepted price for the product, the ability to obtain reimbursement at any price and whether we own the commercial rights for that territory, as well as the efficiency and availability of any comparable products. Our growth strategy depends on our ability to generate revenue. In addition, if the number of addressable patients is less than anticipated, the indication approved by regulatory authorities is narrower than expected, or the reasonably accepted population for treatment is narrowed by competition, physician choice or treatment guidelines, we may not generate significant revenue from sales of Lucid-MS or any other drug product, even if approved. Even if we are able to generate revenue from the sale of Lucid-MS, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our failure to achieve sustained profitability would depress our value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our research and development pipeline, market Lucid-MS and any other product candidates that we may identify and pursue or continue our operations.

Our future success is dependent on the regulatory approval and commercialization of our Product Candidates.

We do not have any products that have gained regulatory approval. As a result, our ability to finance our operations and generate revenue, are substantially dependent on our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and, if approved, to successfully commercialize our product candidates in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize our other product candidates in Canada or the U.S. without first obtaining regulatory approval for each product from Health Canada or the FDA; similarly, we cannot commercialize any product candidates outside of the U.S. or Canada without obtaining regulatory approval from comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the European Medicines Agency (the “ EMA ”). The FDA review process typically takes years to complete, and approval is never guaranteed. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of Lucid-MS or any of our potential product candidates for a target indication, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical studies, with respect to approval in Canada and in the U.S. to the satisfaction of Health Canada and the FDA, and in Europe, to the satisfaction of the EMA, that the product candidate is safe and effective for use for that target indication; and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate. Obtaining regulatory approval for marketing of Lucid-MS or future product candidates in one country does not ensure we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in other countries. A failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries.

Even if Lucid-MS or any of our other product candidates were to successfully obtain approval from Health Canada or the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, any approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions, or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval studies or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for our Product Candidates in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient funding or generate sufficient revenue to continue the development of any of our other Product Candidates that we are developing or may discover, in-license, develop or acquire in the future. Also, any regulatory approval of our Product Candidates, once obtained, may be withdrawn. Furthermore, even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our Product Candidates, their commercial success will depend on a number of factors, including the following:

| ● | development of a commercial organization within
the Company or establishment of a commercial collaboration with a commercial infrastructure; |
| --- | --- |
| ● | establishment of commercially viable pricing and
obtaining approval for adequate reimbursement from third-party and government payers; |
| ● | our ability to manufacture quantities of our Product
Candidates using commercially satisfactory processes and at a scale sufficient to meet anticipated demand and enable us to reduce
our cost of manufacturing; |
| ● | our success in educating physicians and patients
about the benefits, administration, and use of our Product Candidates; |
| ● | the availability, perceived advantages, relative
cost, relative safety, and relative efficacy of alternative and competing treatments; |
| ● | the effectiveness of our own or our potential
strategic collaborators’ marketing, sales and distribution strategy and operations; |
| ● | acceptance as a safe and effective therapy by
patients and the medical community; and |
| ● | a continued acceptable safety profile following
approval. |

Many of these factors are beyond our control. If we are unable to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates, we may not be able to earn sufficient revenues to continue our business.

Field: Page; Sequence: 15; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 12 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

We are relying on Unbuzzd and Celly U.S., our licensing partners, to promote our unbuzzd™ brand and if we fail to maintain a good relationship with Unbuzzd our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have licensed certain proprietary intellectual property to Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. pursuant to an Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated as of August 14, 2024 (the “ Unbuzzd IP License Agreement ”). Pursuant to the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, we are relying on Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. to promote, commercialize and distribute unbuzzd™ to the consumer market. Although we can maintain control over the products and content developed by Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. to a certain degree through contractual provisions in the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, we have limited control over its marketing and commercialization strategy. As of December 31, 2025, the Company holds approximately 19.84% of the issued and outstanding shares of Unbuzzd. The Company concluded that it had de facto control of Unbuzzd through (i) related parties to the Company, including the Company’s ownership of 19.84%, hold approximately 55.23% of the issued and outstanding shares of Unbuzzd, (ii) the Company’s key management personnel are represented on the board of directors of Unbuzzd, (iii) the Company’s CFO is also the CFO of Unbuzzd, and (iv) Unbuzzd’s operations are dependant on the licensing agreement with the Company.

The viability of the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement depends on our ability to establish and maintain good relationship with Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. The value of the unbuzzd™ brand and the rapport that we maintain with Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. is an important factor for the success of this relationship. If we are unable to maintain a good relationship with Unbuzzd and Celly U.S., it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. The Unbuzzd License Agreement requires us and our licensees to comply with operational and performance conditions that are subject to interpretation and could result in disagreements. At any given time, we could have a dispute with Unbuzzd or Celly U.S. regarding the interpretation of a provision in the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement. An adverse result in any such dispute could materially adversely impact our results of operations and business.

For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. - A. History and Development of the Company - Overview and History ”.

We rely on the UHN License to use for pharmaceutical purposes certain patents and other intellectual property rights associated with Lucid-MS.

One of our principal assets is the UHN License, which provides us with an exclusive, multi-jurisdictional license to use certain patents and other intellectual property rights associated with Lucid-MS, which is owned by the University Health Network (“ UHN ”). We are obligated to make milestone payments and royalties to UHN under the UHN License Agreement, which may limit our future profitability and our ability to enter into marketing partnership agreements. If we materially breach any of the terms of the UHN License Agreement (and fail to cure such breach with the specified time, to the extent a cure period is available for such breach), UHN, could terminate such agreement. If we were to lose or otherwise be unable to maintain the UHN License on acceptable terms, or find that it is necessary or appropriate to secure new licenses from other third parties, we may not be able to market Lucid-MS, and our current business model and plan would be impaired, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

After receiving regulatory approvals, Lucid-MS may fail to achieve a sufficient degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors, and others in the medical community.

The commercial success of Lucid-MS or other drug candidates that we develop, after receiving required regulatory approvals, will depend on their degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of Lucid-MS will depend on a number of factors, including (i) the availability of alternative, superior treatments for a MS prior to the approval and commercialization Lucid-MS for such treatment; (ii) the efficacy and safety of Lucid-MS, including side effects or unexpected characteristics; (iii) the ability to offer Lucid-MS for sale at competitive prices; (iv) the ability to manufacture Lucid-MS in sufficient quantities and to offer appropriate patient access programs, such as co-pay assistance; (v) convenience and ease of dosing and administration compared to alternative treatments; (vi) the clinical indications for which Lucid-MS is approved by the FDA or Health Canada, if it approved at all, or comparable regulatory agencies; (vii) product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA, Health Canada or other comparable regulatory authorities, including any limitations, contraindications or warnings contained in a product’s approved labeling; (viii) restrictions on how Lucid-MS is distributed; (ix) publicity concerning Lucid-MS or competing products and treatments; (x) the strength of marketing and distribution support; (xi) favorable third-party coverage and sufficient reimbursement; and (xii) the prevalence and severity of any side effects or adverse effects.

Sales of pharmaceutical products, such as Lucid-MS if and when it is approved by regulatory authorities, will depend on the willingness of physicians to prescribe the treatment, which is likely to be based on a determination by these physicians that the products are safe, therapeutically effective and cost effective. In addition, the inclusion or exclusion of products from treatment guidelines established by various physician groups and the viewpoints of influential physicians can affect the willingness of other physicians to prescribe the treatment. We cannot predict whether physicians, physicians’ organizations, hospitals, other healthcare providers, government agencies or private insurers will determine that Lucid-MS is safe, therapeutically effective and cost effective as compared with competing treatments. If Lucid-MS does not achieve adequate levels of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue, and we may not become profitable.

Field: Page; Sequence: 16; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 13 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

We face significant competition for our Lucid-MS drug and there is a possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are safer, more advanced, or more effective than ours from MS.

The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to Lucid-MS for the treatment of MS from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, and biotechnology companies world-wide. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection, and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization. There are a few approved therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis, including ocrelizumab by Roche and siponimod by Novartis, both of which are immunomodulatory drugs. Even if we are successful in achieving regulatory approval to commercialize Lucid-MS ahead of our competitors, our future pharmaceutical products may face direct competition from generic and other follow-on drug products.

More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater size, cash flows and institutional experience. Compared to us, many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources. As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products before we do, which will limit our ability to develop or commercialize any of our Product Candidates. In addition, many companies are developing new therapeutics to supplant or expand upon the standard of care for a number of diseases, as a result, we cannot predict what the standard of care will be as our Product Candidates progress through clinical development.

Interim, “top-line,” and preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data becomes available or as additional analyses are conducted, and as the data are subject to audit and verification procedures, that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publish interim, “top-line,” or preliminary data from our clinical studies. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Preliminary or “top-line” data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Material adverse changes between preliminary, “top-line,” or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct product candidate drug trials and aspects of our research and preclinical testing.

We currently rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties, such as CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions, and clinical investigators, to conduct some aspects of research and preclinical testing and clinical trials. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us or be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations. If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative third parties on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it could delay our development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities reduces control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we remain responsible for ensuring that product candidate drug trials are each conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for each trial and applicable legal, regulatory, and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. In addition, the FDA, Health Canada, and other comparable regulatory authorities require compliance with good clinical practices for conducting, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible, reproducible and accurate and that the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Regulatory authorities enforce these good clinical practices through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators, and trial sites. If we or any of these third parties fail to comply with applicable good clinical practice regulations, some or all of the clinical data generated in any product candidate drug trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, Health Canada or other comparable regulatory authorities may reject our marketing applications or require us to perform additional nonclinical or clinical trials or to enroll additional patients before approving our marketing applications. We cannot be certain that, upon inspection, such regulatory authorities will determine that any product candidate drug trial complies with the good clinical practice regulations. For any violations of laws and regulations during the conduct of clinical trials, we could be subject to untitled and warning letters or enforcement action that may include civil penalties and criminal prosecution. We also are required to register ongoing clinical trials and post the results of completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database within certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity, and civil and criminal sanctions.

If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or conduct clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for a product candidate and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize product candidates. Our failure or the failure of these third parties to comply applicable regulatory requirements or our stated protocols could also subject us to enforcement action.

We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for product candidate drug trials. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop or commercialization of our medicines or other therapeutic applications, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

Field: Page; Sequence: 17; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 14 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Results of earlier studies or clinical trials may not be predictive of future clinical trial results and may not justify proceeding to advanced clinical trials or an application for regulatory approval.

Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of an investigational drug. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. We do not know whether the clinical trials we are conducting, or may conduct, will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates in any particular jurisdiction. Even if we believe that we have adequate data to support an application for regulatory approval to market our product candidates, the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not agree and could require us to conduct additional research studies, including late-stage clinical trials. If late-stage clinical trials do not produce favorable results, our ability to achieve regulatory approval for any of our product candidates may be adversely impacted.

Product candidates could be associated with side effects which could delay or halt clinical development, prevent regulatory approval, or result in other significant negative consequences.

As is the case with pharmaceuticals generally, it is likely that there may be side effects associated with Lucid-MS or our other drug product candidates. If Lucid-MS or our other drug Product Candidates are associated with undesirable side effects in preclinical studies or clinical trials or have characteristics that are unexpected, we may elect to abandon their development or limit their development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective, which may limit the commercial expectations for this product candidate if approved. We may also be required to modify or terminate our study plans based on findings in our preclinical studies or clinical trials.

Additionally, adverse developments in clinical trials of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products conducted by others may cause the FDA, Health Canada, or other regulatory oversight bodies to suspend or terminate our clinical trials or to change the requirements for approval of Lucid-MS or our other drug product candidates.

Additionally, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by Lucid-MS or our other drug product candidates once approved, several potentially significant negative consequences could result, including: (i) regulatory authorities may suspend or withdraw approvals of such product candidate; (ii) we may be required to change the way a product candidate is administered or conduct additional clinical trials; (iii) we may be required to include additional warnings on a product candidate’s labeling or the product candidate may be subject to restrictive distribution requirements; (iv) we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and (v) our reputation may suffer. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, and prospects significantly.

In addition to side effects caused by the product candidate, the administration process or related procedures also can cause adverse side effects. If any such adverse events occur, our clinical trials could be suspended or terminated. If we are unable to demonstrate that any adverse events were caused by the administration process or related procedures, the FDA, Health Canada, or other regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of, or deny approval of, a product candidate for any or all targeted indications. Even if we can demonstrate that all future serious adverse events are not product-related, such occurrences could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial. Moreover, if we elect, or are required, to not initiate, delay, suspend or terminate any future clinical trial of Lucid-MS or any of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of Lucid-MS or such other product candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues from Lucid-MS or any of these other product candidates may be delayed or eliminated. Any of these occurrences may harm our ability to develop other product candidates, and may harm our business, financial condition, and prospects significantly.

The Company may not be successful in its efforts to identify, license or discover additional product candidates.

Although a substantial amount of the Company’s effort will focus on the continued research and pre-clinical and clinical testing, potential approval and commercialization of its Product Candidates, the success of its business also depends in part upon its ability to identify, license or discover additional product candidates. The Company’s research programs or licensing efforts may fail to yield additional product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following: (i) the Company’s research or business development methodology or search criteria and process may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates; (ii) the Company may not be able or willing to assemble sufficient resources to acquire or discover additional product candidates; (iii) the Company’s product candidates may not succeed in pre-clinical or clinical testing; (iv) the Company’s product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the product candidates unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval; (v) competitors may develop alternatives that render the Company’s product candidates obsolete or less attractive; (vi) product candidates the Company develops may be covered by third parties’ patents or other exclusive rights; (vii) the market for a product candidate may change during the Company’s program such that the further development of a product candidate may become undesirable; (viii) a product candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or at all; and (ix) a product candidate may not be accepted as safe and effective by patients, the medical community or third-party payors.

If any of these events occurs, the Company may be forced to abandon its development efforts to identify, license or discover additional product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition and could potentially cause the Company to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. The Company may focus its efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

Field: Page; Sequence: 18; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 15 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The FDA, Health Canada or other comparable regulatory authorities may not accept data from trials conducted in foreign jurisdictions.

Obtaining regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. We intend on submitting our initial regulatory approvals for Lucid-MS in the U.S. and Canada. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional or different administrative review periods, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, as data from clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States and Canada, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.

Non-U.S. and non-Canadian regulatory approval processes may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA or Health Canada approval, as well as additional risks. We do not have any Product Candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approval in international markets is delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our Product Candidates will be harmed. In addition, if we conduct trials outside of the U.S. or Canada, the FDA or Health Canada, as applicable, may not accept the data from such trials and may require additional trials, which could be costly and time-consuming and delay aspects of our business plan.

Our suppliers could experience manufacturing problems that result in delays in our development or commercialization programs or otherwise harm our business.

Our contract manufacturing organization (“ CMO ”) must employ multiple steps to control the manufacturing process to assure that the process is reproducible and the Product Candidates are made strictly and consistently in compliance with the process. Problems with the manufacturing process, even minor deviations from the normal process, could result in product defects or manufacturing failures that result in lot failures, product recalls, product liability claims or insufficient inventory to conduct clinical trials or supply commercial markets. Furthermore, all entities involved in the preparation of product candidates for clinical trials or commercial sale, including our existing CMOs for all of our Product Candidates, are subject to extensive regulation. Components of a finished therapeutic products approved for commercial sale or used in certain clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with good manufacturing practices (“ GMP ”), or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States and Canada. Our failure, or the failure of third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, suspension of production, seizures or recalls of Product Candidates or marketed drugs, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect clinical or commercial supplies of our Product Candidates and increase our costs. Consequently, there may be a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects of the Company.

In addition, the FDA, Health Canada, and other regulatory authorities may require us to submit samples of any lot of any approved Product Candidates together with the protocols showing the results of applicable tests at any time. Under some circumstances, the FDA, Health Canada, or other regulatory authorities may require that we not distribute a lot until the agency authorizes its release. Slight deviations in the manufacturing process, including those affecting quality attributes and stability, may result in unacceptable changes in the product that could result in lot failures or product recalls. Lot failures or product recalls could cause us to delay product launches or clinical trials, which could be costly to us and otherwise harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Our CMOs also may encounter problems hiring and retaining the experienced scientific, quality assurance, quality-control and manufacturing personnel needed to operate our manufacturing processes, which could result in delays in production or difficulties in maintaining compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Any problems in our CMOs’ manufacturing process or facilities could result in delays or cancellations of planned clinical trials, failures in satisfying ongoing regulatory obligations (before and after regulatory approval for a product candidate is obtained) and increased costs. Such problems could also make us a less attractive collaborator for potential partners, including larger biotechnology companies and academic research institutions, which could limit access to additional attractive development programs. Problems in our manufacturing process could restrict our ability to meet potential future market demand for products.

Lucid-MS and other Product Candidates, after it is approved, will be subject to extensive post-approval regulation.

After a product is approved, numerous post-approval requirements apply. Among other things, the holder of an approved NDA is subject to periodic and other FDA monitoring and reporting obligations, including obligations to monitor and report adverse events and instances of the failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. Application holders must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. Application holders must also submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA and report on ongoing clinical studies.

Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet these post-approval requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre-marketing product approvals, or refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. In addition, even if we comply with FDA and other requirements, new information regarding the safety or effectiveness of a product could lead the FDA to modify or withdraw product approval. Similar laws in other jurisdictions would also apply.

Field: Page; Sequence: 19; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 16 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

After our Product Candidates are commercialized, they may be subject to recalls for a variety of reasons, which could require the Company to expend significant management and capital resources.

Manufacturers and distributors of products are sometimes subject to the recall or return of their products for a variety of reasons, including product defects, such as contamination, unintended harmful side effects or interactions with other substances, packaging safety and inadequate or inaccurate labeling disclosure. If any of the Company’s approved and commercialized Product Candidates are recalled due to an alleged product defect or for any other reason, the Company could be required to incur the unexpected expense of the recall and any legal proceedings that might arise in connection with the recall. The Company may lose a significant amount of sales made on such products and may not be able to replace those sales at an acceptable margin or at all. In addition, a product recall may require significant management attention. Although the Company has detailed procedures in place for testing its products, there can be no assurance that any quality, potency, or contamination problems will be detected in time to avoid unforeseen product recalls, regulatory action or lawsuits. Additionally, if one of the Company’s significant brands were subject to recall, the image of that brand and the Company could be harmed. A recall for any of the foregoing reasons could lead to decreased demand for the Company’s products and could have a material adverse effect on the results of the operations and financial condition of the Company. Additionally, product recalls may lead to increased scrutiny of the Company’s operations by the FDA, Health Canada or other regulatory agencies, requiring further management attention and potential legal fees and other expenses.

If approved, Lucid-MS and other Product Candidates may face competition from generic drugs approved through an abbreviated regulatory pathway.

The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 , otherwise known as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “ FDC Act ”), authorized the FDA to approve generic drugs that are the same as drugs previously approved for marketing under the new drug application (“ NDA ”) provisions of the statute pursuant to an abbreviated new drug application (“ ANDA ”). An ANDA relies on the preclinical and clinical testing conducted for a previously approved reference listed drug (“ RLD ”), and must demonstrate to the FDA that the generic drug product is identical to the RLD with respect to the active ingredients, the route of administration, the dosage form, and the strength of the drug and also that it is “bioequivalent” to the RLD. The FDA is prohibited by statute from approving an ANDA when certain marketing or data exclusivity protections apply to the RLD. If any such competitor or third party is able to demonstrate bioequivalence without infringing our patents, then this competitor or third party may then be able to introduce a competing generic product onto the market. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments also enacted the 505(b)(2) NDA pathway, which permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. A Section 505(b)(2) applicant may eliminate the need to conduct certain preclinical or clinical studies, if it can establish that reliance on studies conducted for a previously approved product is scientifically appropriate.

Market exclusivity provisions authorized under the FDC Act can delay the submission or the approval of certain marketing applications. The FDC Act provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to obtain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve or even accept for review an ANDA or an NDA submitted under Section 505(b)(2) by another company for another drug based on the same active moiety, regardless of whether the drug is intended for the same indication as the original innovative drug or for another indication, where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement to one of the patents listed with the FDA by the innovator NDA holder.

The FDC Act also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example new indications, dosages, or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the modification for which the drug received approval on the basis of the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs or 505(b)(2) NDAs for drugs containing the active agent for the original indication or condition of use. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to any preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.

If competitors are able to obtain marketing approval for generic drugs referencing our products, our products may become subject to competition from such generic drugs. The availability of competitive generic products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for any products that we may develop and commercialize.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit commercialization of any product candidates that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any medicines or other therapeutic applications that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our Product Candidates, medicines, or other therapeutic applications caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in: (i) decreased demand for any product candidates, medicines or other therapeutic applications that we may develop; (ii) injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention; (iii) withdrawal of clinical trial participants; (iv) significant costs to defend the related litigation; (v) substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; (vi) loss of revenue; and (vii) the inability to commercialize our Product Candidates.

Although we intend to maintain product liability insurance, including coverage for clinical trials that we plan to sponsor, it may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We anticipate that we will need to increase our insurance coverage as we commence additional clinical trials and if we successfully commercialize any Product Candidates. The market for insurance coverage is increasingly expensive, and the costs of insurance coverage will increase as our clinical programs increase in size. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

We may become liable for uninsured or uninsurable risk.

The Company may become subject to liability for risks which are uninsurable or against which the Company may opt out of insuring due to the high cost of insurance premiums or other factors. The payment of any such liabilities would reduce the funds available for usual business activities. Payment of liabilities for which insurance is not carried may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and operations.

Field: Page; Sequence: 20; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 17 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Our employees, directors, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud, misconduct or other illegal activity by our employees, directors, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and negligent conduct that fails to: (i) comply with the requirements of the FDA, Health Canada and other comparable regulatory authorities; (ii) provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, Health Canada and other comparable regulatory authorities; (iii) comply with manufacturing standards we have established; (iv) comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and similar other fraudulent misconduct laws in the United States or Canada; or (v) report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities appropriately. If we obtain approval of our Product Candidates from the FDA, Health Canada or other comparable regulatory authorities and begin commercializing those products in the United States, Canada or other countries, our potential exposure under such laws will increase significantly, and our costs associated with compliance with such laws are also likely to increase. In particular, research, sales, marketing, education, and other business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, educating, marketing and promotion, sales and commission, certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws and regulations also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. The board of directors of the Company (the “ Board ”) has adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics which provides guidelines surrounding, among other items, compliance with applicable laws, conflicts of interest, certain opportunities, confidentiality and disclosure, employment practices, and use of company property and resources. However, it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees, directors and third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws and regulations. If any such actions or lawsuits are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions or lawsuits could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We may be unable to establish sufficient sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market any product candidates in a compliant manner even if regulatory approvals are obtained.

We do not currently have a comprehensive infrastructure for the sales, marketing, and distribution of pharmaceutical drug products. The cost of establishing and maintaining such an infrastructure may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services for which we would incur substantial costs. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate product revenue and may not sustain profitability. We will be competing with many companies that have extensive and well-funded sales and marketing operations. Without an internal commercial organization or the support of a third party to perform sales and marketing functions, or a combination of both, we may be unable to compete successfully against more established companies.

Our Product Candidates may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party coverage and reimbursement practices, or healthcare reform initiatives, which would harm our business.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, coverage, and reimbursement for new drugs vary widely from country to country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more Product Candidates, even if any Product Candidates we may develop obtain marketing approval.

Our ability to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers, and other organizations. If coverage and adequate reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment.

In many countries, the prices of medical products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines, but monitor and control corporation profits. Additional price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our Product Candidates.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

We may be unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our Product Candidates.

As is the case with pharmaceutical companies and other biotechnology companies, our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection of the intellectual property we may own solely and jointly with others, particularly patents, in the United States, Canada and other countries with respect to our Product Candidates and technology. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States, Canada and in other countries related to the Product Candidates or other product candidates that we may identify. On April 24, 2023, the Company filed a provisional patent application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“ USPTO ”) with respect to the Company’s alcohol misuse treatment technology. We have an exclusive license from UHN to use patents and other intellectual property that is used in our Lucid-MS compound.

Field: Page; Sequence: 21; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 18 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Obtaining and enforcing pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical patents is costly, time consuming and complex, and we or our licensors may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain, enforce, and license any patents that may issue from such patent applications, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner, if at all. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. We may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the rights to patents licensed to third parties. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal, technological, and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of certain countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of other countries, including the United States and Canada, and vice versa. Further, we may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our Product Candidates. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States, Canada and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our licensed patents, or that our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Furthermore, the scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history and can involve other factors such as expert opinion. Our analysis of these issues, including interpreting the relevance or the scope of claims in a patent or a pending application, determining applicability of such claims to our proprietary technologies or Product Candidates, predicting whether a third party’s pending patent application will issue with claims of relevant scope, and determining the expiration date of any patent in the United States, Canada or abroad that we consider relevant may be incorrect, which may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our Product Candidates. We do not always conduct independent reviews of pending patent applications of and patents issued to third parties. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights, including licensed patent rights, are highly uncertain. Our future patent applications may not result in patents being issued that protect our Product Candidates, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive product candidates. Even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our licensed patents by developing similar or alternative product candidates in a non-infringing manner.

Our licensors’ ability to enforce patent rights also depends on our licensors’ ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components or methods that are used in connection with their products and services. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential competitor’s product or service. We, along with our licensors, may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful. If we initiate lawsuits to protect or enforce our licensed patents, or litigate against third-party claims, such proceedings would be expensive and would divert the attention of our management and technical personnel. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our or our licensed patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable.

Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the USPTO, or become involved in opposition, derivation, re-examination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference proceedings challenging our or our licensors’ patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our licensed patents, allow third parties to commercialize our Product Candidates and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize drugs without infringing third-party patent rights. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our licensed patents and patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

In addition, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States, Canada and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or freedom to operate or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, which could limit our licensors’ abilities to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical product candidates to ours, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our Product Candidates.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending the licensed patents on our Product Candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Additionally, the laws of some other countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we and our licensors may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained licensed patent protection to develop their own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the U.S. or Canada. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio, including licensed patents, may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing drugs similar or identical to ours.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. However, our research, development and commercialization activities may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate patents or other intellectual property rights owned or controlled by third parties. In May 2023, GBB Drink Lab, Inc. (“ GBB ”) filed a lawsuit against the Company alleging a material breach of a mutual nondisclosure agreement and trade secret misappropriation in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. This lawsuit is ongoing. For more information, please see “ Item 8.A. Financial Information - Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information – Legal Proceedings ”.

Field: Page; Sequence: 22; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 19 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the U.S. and Canada, involving patent, trade secret and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions and inter partes re-examination proceedings. Numerous U.S. and international issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are pursuing development candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our Product Candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Other third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be other third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of the Product Candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that the Product Candidates or other product candidates that we may identify may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of the Product Candidates or other product candidates that we may identify, any molecules formed during the manufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire.

Similarly, if any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or it may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize the Product Candidates or other product candidates that we may identify. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing Product Candidates, or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

Parties making claims against us, may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have material adverse effect on ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

If our licensors are not able to obtain patent term extension or non-patent exclusivity in the United States under the Hatch-Waxman Act and in other countries under similar legislation, thereby potentially extending the marketing exclusivity term of our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional or international patent application filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited.

Depending upon the timing, duration, and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our Product Candidates, one of the U.S. patents covering each of such Product Candidates or the use thereof may be eligible for up to five years of patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act . The Hatch-Waxman Act allows a maximum of one patent to be extended per FDA approved product as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only those claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended.

Patent term extension also may be available in certain other countries upon regulatory approval of our Product Candidates. Nevertheless, our licensors may not be granted patent term extension either in the United States, Canada or in any other country because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the term of extension, as well as the scope of patent protection during any such extension, afforded by the governmental authority could be less than requested.

If our licensors are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration, or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our product may be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following the patent expiration sooner, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.

It is possible that our licensors will not obtain patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act for a U.S. patent covering a Product Candidate even where that patent is eligible for patent term extension, or if we obtain such an extension, it may be for a shorter period than we had sought. Further, for certain of our licensed patents, we do not have the right to control prosecution, including filing with the USPTO, a petition for patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act. Thus, if one of our licensed patents is eligible for patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act, we may not be able to control whether a petition to obtain a patent term extension is filed, or obtained, from the USPTO.

Field: Page; Sequence: 23; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 20 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be materially adversely affected and our business would be harmed.

We seek to protect our confidential proprietary information, in part, by confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, contractors and collaborators. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information. However, we cannot be certain that such agreements have been entered into with all relevant parties, and we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. For example, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose proprietary information, including trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our confidential proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, but it is possible that these security measures could be breached. If any of our confidential proprietary information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position.

Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our Product Candidates that we consider proprietary. We may not be able to obtain adequate remedies in the event of such unauthorized use. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Trade secrets will also over time be disseminated within the industry through independent development, the publication of journal articles and the movement of personnel skilled in the art from corporation to corporation or academic to industry scientific positions. Though our agreements with third parties typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, collaborators, licensors, suppliers, third-party contractors, and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets, our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights.

In addition, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. Despite employing the contractual and other security precautions described above, the need to share trade secrets increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. If any of these events occurs or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets, the value of this information may be greatly reduced and our competitive position, business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects would be harmed.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential collaborators or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. We may license our trademarks and trade names to third parties, such as distributors. Though these license agreements may provide guidelines for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse of our trademarks and tradenames by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in or diminish the goodwill associated with our trademarks and trade names. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our competitive position, business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

Our agreements with employees and our personnel policies provide that any inventions conceived by an individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property. Although our policy is to have all such individuals complete these agreements, we may not obtain these agreements in all circumstances, and individuals with whom we have these agreements may not comply with their terms. The assignment of intellectual property may not be automatic upon the creation of an invention and despite such agreement, such inventions may become assigned to third parties. In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets or proprietary information, these agreements, even if obtained, may not provide meaningful protection, particularly for our trade secrets or other confidential information.

Field: Page; Sequence: 24; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 21 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

We or our licensors may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our owned or licensed patents, trade secrets, or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we or our licensors may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing our Product Candidates. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or our licensors’ ownership of our owned or licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to our Product Candidates. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

As is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, we employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any of our employee’s former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Risks relating to our Psychedelic Products

Due to funding issues, we made a decision to place all research relating to Lucid-PSYCH on hold in April 2023. If and when we resume this research, we will encounter the following risks with respect to our Lucid-PSYCH drug.

The loss of single-source suppliers, or their failure to supply us with the drug substance or drug product, could materially and adversely affect our business.

When we were actively researching Lucid-PSYCH, we relied upon a single-source supplier for the supply of drug substances and products for this compound. Although we believe that there are alternate sources of supply that could satisfy our clinical and commercial requirements, we cannot assure you that identifying alternate sources and establishing relationships with such sources would not result in significant delay in the development of the Lucid-PSYCH Product Candidate.

Our dependence on a single-source supplier exposes us to certain risks, that may materially impact our ability to progress our business, including (i) our supplier may cease or reduce production or deliveries, raise prices or renegotiate terms; (ii) delays caused by supply issues which may harm our reputation; and (iii) our single-source supplier or CMOs may experience significant business challenges, disruption or failures due to issues such as financial difficulties or bankruptcy, issues relating to regulatory or quality compliance issues, or other legal or reputational issues.

Additionally, we may not be able to enter into supply arrangements with alternative suppliers on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. A delay in the development of a Product Candidate or having to enter into a new agreement with a different third party on less favorable terms than we have with our current suppliers could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Psychedelic or psychedelic-inspired drugs may never be approved as medicines or other therapeutic applications and violations of applicable laws and regulations could result in repercussions.

In the United States, certain psychedelic drugs are classified as Schedule I drugs under the CSA (21 U.S.C. § 811) and the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act and as such, medical and recreational use is illegal under the U.S. federal laws.

In Canada, certain substances are classified as controlled substances and are listed on Schedule III of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Canada) (“ CDSA ”) and are also listed under the Schedule to Part J to the Food and Drug Regulations, which results in very restricted use as substances listed under Part J can generally only be used for research or clinical testing under limited circumstances. There is no guarantee that psychedelic drugs will ever be approved as medicines or other therapeutic applications in any jurisdiction in which the Company operates.

The Company's programs for Lucid-PSYCH involved controlled drugs and were conducted in strict compliance with the laws and regulations regarding the production, storage, and use of such drugs. Although the Company put a temporary hold on all research and development related to controlled drugs, if it begins research again, it will be subject to these risks. As such, all facilities engaged with such substances by or on behalf of the Company do so under current licenses and permits issued by appropriate governmental agencies. Unforeseen delays to the drug substance and drug product manufacture and supply chain may occur due to delays, errors, or other unforeseen problems with the permitting and quota process.

The failure of the Company to maintain compliance with applicable federal, state, or provincial requirements, or the loss or diversion of controlled substances, can result in significant enforcement actions. The Drug Enforcement Administration and/or state authorities could seek civil penalties, refuse to renew registrations, or initiate proceedings to revoke those registrations. In certain circumstances, violations could lead to civil and criminal prosecutions, fines, penalties, and forfeitures. Overall, a violation of any laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates could result in significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, convictions, or settlements arising from civil proceedings initiated by either government entities in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, or by private citizens, or through criminal charges. The loss of the necessary licenses, permits or exemptions, including the loss of access to licensed facilities, for use of controlled drugs could have an adverse effect on the Company's operations.

Field: Page; Sequence: 25; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 22 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Regulatory or political change with respect to psychedelic-inspired drugs could occur.

When the Company begins actively researching psychedelic drugs, its success will depend in part, on the legality of the use of psychedelic-inspired drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and the acceptance of such use in the medical community. The political environment surrounding the psychedelics industry in general can be volatile and a shift in the regulatory or political realm could occur and have a drastic impact on the use of psychedelics as a whole, adversely impacting the Company's ability to successfully operate or grow its business. Furthermore, failure to follow applicable regulatory requirements will have a materially negative impact on the business of the Company.

Cryptocurrency Risks

General Risks to Holding Cryptocurrencies in Our Treasury

Cryptocurrencies do not generally pay interest or other returns.

Cryptocurrencies do not pay interest, dividends, or other returns merely as a result of ownership. While some processes, such as mining in Proof-of-Work (as defined herein) systems or as staking in Proof-of-Stake systems, allow for network participants to earn rewards or financial incentives, for example, from validating procedures, we may only generate cash from the sale of our cryptocurrency holdings in excess of the price at which we purchased them.

We currently engage in staking with respect to our Solana (SOL) holdings through our primary custodian, BitGo, as a built-in feature of our custodial arrangement. Staking rewards, if any, are generated by our SOL holdings participating in the validation of transactions on the Solana network. The amount of staking rewards is variable and is not guaranteed. Staking rewards are subject to the risks associated with the Solana network, including network outages, protocol changes, and regulatory developments. In addition, staked SOL may be subject to a "lock-up" or "unbonding" period during which we cannot access, transfer, or liquidate those holdings, which could impair our ability to respond to adverse market conditions or liquidity needs.

Separately, as of December 31, 2025, 18.32 of our Bitcoin units, with a fair value of approximately US$1,601,865, were pledged as collateral to BitGo Prime, LLC to secure a US$1,000,000 loan facility bearing interest at 9% per annum. The pledged Bitcoin units are subject to trading restrictions while securing the loan and are presented as "Digital assets — restricted" on our consolidated statement of financial position. We do not currently engage in staking or any other yield-generating activities with respect to our Bitcoin, ETH, SUI, or LINK holdings.

Proof-of-Work: Proof-of-Work is a consensus mechanism used by certain blockchain networks, such as Bitcoin, wherein participants, referred to as miners, compete to solve complex mathematical problems to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. This process requires significant computational power and energy consumption. Miners are rewarded with cryptocurrency for successfully validating transactions.

Proof-of-Stake: Proof-of-Stake is an alternative consensus mechanism utilized by certain blockchain networks, such as Ethereum and Solana. In this system, participants, referred to as validators, are selected to validate transactions and create new blocks based on the number of cryptocurrency tokens they hold and "stake" as collateral. Validators earn rewards for their participation, and the system is designed to reduce energy consumption compared to Proof-of-Work .

Cryptocurrencies are highly volatile assets and may not provide an adequate source of liquidity when needed.

The price at which cryptocurrencies trade is subject to frequent and significant fluctuations. For example, during the twelve-month period ended March 25, 2026, the price of Bitcoin exhibited a valuation range of approximately $62,000 to $124,000, having declined to the lower end of such range from a peak of approximately $124,752 reached in October 2025. This substantial variance in trading price within a single fiscal period exemplifies the extreme volatility characteristic of digital assets. Historically, the price of Bitcoin has experienced steep declines relative to previous highs, and such depreciation may reoccur rapidly and without prior notice. This inherent volatility could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, our ability to access liquidity, our day-to-day operations, and the trading price of our Class B Shares.

Furthermore, our ability to freely trade our cryptocurrency assets and convert them into cash or cash equivalents may be restricted by trading halts or suspensions imposed by the trading platforms we utilize. Cryptocurrency exchanges may suspend trading, freeze withdrawals, or become inaccessible in response to extreme market volatility, technical failures, cyberattacks, or regulatory directives. Unlike traditional securities exchanges, many cryptocurrency trading platforms operate with limited regulatory oversight and are not subject to standardized business continuity or redundancy requirements. Recent incidents illustrate the risk that exchange-level infrastructure failures can limit access to liquidity precisely when market conditions are most volatile and when we may need to access funds the most. For example, on October 20, 2025, a widespread failure at Amazon Web Services' US-East-1 data center caused Coinbase, one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges in the United States, to experience a service disruption lasting approximately three hours, during which users were unable to log in, execute trades, or process withdrawals. The same incident disrupted several Ethereum layer-2 networks and other blockchain infrastructure providers. Similarly, in November 2025, a Cloudflare network outage simultaneously disrupted access to multiple cryptocurrency exchanges and decentralized finance platforms, including Coinbase and Kraken. These incidents demonstrate that cryptocurrency exchanges are heavily dependent on a small number of centralized third-party infrastructure providers, and that failures in that infrastructure can restrict access to digital assets across multiple platforms simultaneously. No assurance can be given that similar or more prolonged disruptions will not occur in the future, and any such disruption could materially impair our ability to liquidate holdings and access funds when needed.

Field: Page; Sequence: 26; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 23 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

We will be subject to counterparty risks, including in particular risks relating to our custodians.

Applicable insolvency law is not fully developed with respect to the holding of digital assets in custodial accounts. We negotiate specific contractual terms and conditions with our custodians that we believe will help establish, under existing law, that our property interest in the digital assets held by our custodians is not subject to the claims of the custodian’s creditors in the event the custodian enters bankruptcy, receivership or similar insolvency proceedings. We seek to utilize custodians that are subject to applicable regulatory requirements in their jurisdictions of operation, although such regulatory protections may be limited or may not fully protect our assets in all circumstances.

If one or more of our custodially-held cryptocurrencies were considered to be part of our custodians' estates in insolvency proceedings, we could be treated as an unsecured creditor of such custodians, inhibiting our ability to exercise ownership rights with respect to such cryptocurrencies and this may ultimately result in the loss of the value related to some or all of such cryptocurrency. Even if we are able to prevent our cryptocurrency from being considered part of our custodians’ estates in insolvency proceedings, the inability to access our cryptocurrency funds due to delay may have a significant or material adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity, which may in turn negatively affect the trading price of our Class B Shares.

Historical instances of financial institutions and cryptocurrency exchanges failing or being tied to fraud may have an adverse effect on the adoption, price, and use of cryptocurrencies in the digital asset markets at large.

The cryptocurrency industry has a history of high-profile failures, fraud, and enforcement actions that have caused significant losses for investors and highlighted the counterparty and systemic risks inherent in owning and transacting in digital assets. Bankruptcy filings involving cryptocurrency exchanges and lenders, including Three Arrows Capital, Celsius Network, Voyager Digital, FTX Trading, and Genesis Global Capital, the closure or liquidation of cryptocurrency-friendly financial institutions including Signature Bank and Silvergate Bank, and fraud prosecutions involving senior executives at FTX Trading have illustrated how rapidly and severely market confidence, access to digital assets, and asset values can deteriorate. In 2024, Genesis Global Capital completed its Chapter 11 restructuring and distributed approximately $4 billion to creditors, and its parent company, Digital Currency Group, continues to face litigation arising from the Genesis collapse — underscoring that the consequences of industry failures persist well beyond initial insolvency events.

In prior years, the SEC commenced significant enforcement actions against cryptocurrency exchanges and firms, including Coinbase, Inc. and Binance Holdings Ltd., alleging, among other things, that such firms operated as unregistered securities exchanges or engaged in the offer and sale of unregistered securities. Both actions have since been dismissed with prejudice: the SEC dismissed its civil enforcement action against Coinbase on February 27, 2025, citing its intent to develop a clearer regulatory framework for the crypto industry; and the SEC similarly filed a joint stipulation with Binance Holdings Limited, BAM Trading Services Inc., BAM Management US Holdings Inc., and Changpeng Zhao to dismiss with prejudice its civil enforcement action against them, stating that such dismissal was appropriate "in the exercise of its discretion and as a policy matter." While the current U.S. regulatory environment has shifted toward a more permissive approach to digital assets, these prior enforcement actions illustrate the significant legal, reputational, and operational risks that can be associated with the ownership, custody, and trading of cryptocurrencies. The current regulatory posture may change with future changes in administration, Congressional action, or the views of the SEC or other regulatory bodies. There can be no assurance that new enforcement actions will not be initiated against exchanges, custodians, or other firms with which we transact, or that such actions, if commenced, would be dismissed or resolved without harm to our ability to access or liquidate our digital asset holdings.

Any future failures, frauds, regulatory actions, or loss of confidence affecting cryptocurrency exchanges, custodians, or financial institutions that service the digital asset industry may result in the loss of, misappropriation of, or inability to access our current or future cryptocurrency holdings. Such events may also adversely impact the adoption, use, and price of the specific cryptocurrencies we hold, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity, ability to raise capital, operations, and the trading price of our Class B Shares.

The accounting treatment of our cryptocurrency holdings under IFRS remains subject to significant uncertainty and evolving guidance, which could require changes to our financial reporting and adversely affect investor perception of our financial results.

Digital coins and digital tokens held by the Company are carried at fair value. The Company determines the fair value of such digital coins and digital tokens using the closing price on the valuation date provided by the custodian that the Company uses for holding these digital assets.

To determine the fair value of a particular digital asset, the Company relies on its custodian as the primary source for price information, which management considers as approximate fair value. Unlike traditional methods that involve assessing multiple exchanges and applying specific criteria, the Company uses the custodian’s published price data directly as the relevant and reliable source for determining fair value. This approach aligns with the Company’s operational and reporting practices.

Field: Page; Sequence: 27; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 24 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Unlike U.S. GAAP, IFRS does not currently include a dedicated accounting standard specifically addressing cryptocurrency holdings. The primary guidance applicable to our holdings derives from the 2019 IFRS Interpretations Committee Agenda Decision on Holdings of Cryptocurrencies, which concluded that cryptocurrency holdings that are not held for sale in the ordinary course of business may meet the definition of an intangible asset under IAS 38, The Company has determined that its cryptocurrency holdings are financial assets and has elected to account for them at fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL") under IAS 2 Inventories, applying the broker-trader exemption, with initial recognition at cost and subsequent measurement at fair value less costs to sell.

Under FVTPL, our cryptocurrency holdings are measured at fair value at each reporting date, with all changes in fair value — both gains and losses — recognized directly in our consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss in the period in which they occur. Fair value is determined using the closing price on the valuation date as published by BitGo, our primary custodian, which management considers to be a reliable and relevant approximation of fair value. This means that both appreciation and depreciation in the value of our cryptocurrency holdings flow directly through our income statement, and that a decline in cryptocurrency prices will directly increase our reported net loss for the period in which such decline occurs.

Under FASB ASU 2023-08, which is effective for U.S. GAAP reporters for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, entities are also required to measure qualifying crypto assets at fair value each reporting period, with changes in fair value recorded directly in net income. While both IFRS and U.S. GAAP now require fair value measurement of cryptocurrency holdings through the income statement, differences in the specific assets eligible for this treatment and in measurement methodology may affect comparability between IFRS and U.S. GAAP reporters.

The IASB has considered but has not added a dedicated cryptocurrency accounting project to its active workplan, citing concerns about the prevalence and complexity of such transactions and the existence of the 2019 IFRS IC Agenda Decision as interim guidance. The IASB's broader IAS 38 intangible assets project may in the future review the treatment of cryptocurrencies, but no changes to IFRS Accounting Standards in this area are expected in the near term. If the IASB ultimately issues revised or new guidance on cryptocurrency accounting, we may be required to change our accounting policies, restate prior period financial statements, or make additional disclosures, any of which could have a significant and adverse effect on our reported financial results, our compliance with debt covenants or other financial metrics, and investor and analyst perception of our business.

Our application of FVTPL accounting to our cryptocurrency holdings requires us to exercise significant judgment, including with respect to: (i) the reliability and appropriateness of custodian-published pricing as the basis for fair value determination, including whether such pricing reflects prices from sufficiently active and observable markets to constitute fair value under IFRS 13; (ii) the classification of cryptocurrency holdings as financial assets under IAS2 rather than intangible assets under IAS 38; and (iii) the applicable fair value hierarchy level classification under IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement. Changes in how we apply these judgments, changes in the views of the SEC or other regulatory bodies regarding the application of IFRS to digital assets, or changes in IFRS standards or their interpretations, could require us to modify our accounting methods and could impair our ability to provide timely and accurate financial information. Any such changes could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us.

Cryptocurrencies are novel assets and are subject to ongoing uncertainty due to developments in regulatory spaces across the globe.

We currently hold Bitcoin, Solana, and other cryptocurrencies as part of our corporate treasury. The following describes regulatory risks that may be specifically applicable to these holdings.

The price of cryptocurrencies may be adversely affected by ongoing and uncertain regulatory scrutiny across the United States and the rest of the world. For example, in the United States, the SEC, the Commodity and Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC"), and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN"), all claim to have jurisdiction over cryptocurrencies depending on the specific instance. As digital assets have grown in both popularity and market size, the U.S. Executive Branch, Congress and a number of U.S. federal and state agencies, including FinCEN, the CFTC, the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the IRS and state financial regulators, have been examining the operations of digital asset networks, digital asset users and digital asset exchanges, with particular focus on the extent to which digital assets can be used to violate state or federal laws, including to facilitate the laundering of proceeds of illegal activities or the funding of criminal or terrorist enterprises, and the safety and soundness and consumer-protective safeguards of exchanges or other service-providers that hold, transfer, trade or exchange digital assets for users.

The regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies has evolved significantly across administrations. In March 2022, President Joseph R. Biden signed Executive Order 14067, which established a comprehensive framework for the responsible development of digital assets and for consumer protections. Executive Order 14067 was revoked on January 23, 2025, under the new administration by President Donald J. Trump in an executive order titled "Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology." While the current U.S. administration has taken steps to facilitate the development and use of digital assets, including by revoking Executive Order 14067 and issuing the Digital Financial Technology executive order, the regulatory environment remains subject to change through future executive action, Congressional legislation, or regulatory rulemaking. There can be no assurance that the current regulatory environment will remain favorable to cryptocurrency ownership and use. Additionally, the SEC has taken the position that certain cryptocurrencies are securities under U.S. federal securities laws, and in some instances initiated enforcement actions wherein the SEC has referred to certain cryptocurrencies or crypto assets as securities. See more detail in Risk Factors — Solana and in Risk Factors — XRP. Moreover, in January 2025, the SEC acting Chairman announced a new Crypto Task Force dedicated to developing a comprehensive and clear regulatory framework for digital assets.

Field: Page; Sequence: 28; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 25 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The SEC has also recently proposed amendments to the custody rules under Rule 206(4)-2 of the Investment Advisers Act. The proposed rule changes would amend the definition of a "qualified custodian" under Rule 206(4)-2(d)(6) and expand the current custody rule under Rule 206(4)-2 to cover digital assets and related advisory activities. This proposed rulemaking was put forward in 2023 and has not been finalized; its status under current SEC leadership remains uncertain and we cannot predict whether, in what form, or on what timeline it may be finalized. If enacted as proposed, these rules would likely impose additional regulatory requirements with respect to the custody and storage of digital assets and could lead to additional regulatory oversight of the digital asset ecosystem more broadly.

In Canada, exchanges have taken similar stances regarding the determination of whether cryptocurrencies are securities. For example, in Staff Notice 46-308, the Canadian Securities Administrators endorsed the investment contract test of Pacific Coast Coin Exchange v. Ontario Securities Commission, and stated that determining whether a particular cryptocurrency or crypto asset is a security is a fact-specific endeavor based on the particular circumstances of that asset. Furthermore, cryptocurrency exchanges are subject to Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act, which classifies business "dealing" in virtual currencies in a "business like-matter" as Money Service Businesses and are required to report certain events such receiving more than $10,000 in a single transaction. Additionally, cryptocurrencies are not given the status of legal tender under Section 8 of Canada's Currency Act. Regarding taxation, any transaction involving cryptocurrency may be treated under the Canada Revenue Agency's policy on barter transactions. In an exchange for goods or services, a recipient of cryptocurrency must report the transaction on their income statement, either as business income or capital gains. A description of the foregoing regulations in Canada are in addition to those that can be passed at the provincial level.

Other countries around the world have also addressed cryptocurrencies through regulation:

● In 2021, China banned all crypto transactions and mining activities.

● In 2023, the European Union introduced the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation ("MiCA"), which is intended to serve as a comprehensive regulatory framework for digital asset markets which imposes various obligations on digital asset issuers and service providers. MiCA came into effect in June 2024.

● Since April 2022, India has imposed a 30% flat tax on gains from Virtual Digital Assets, including cryptocurrencies, and a 1% Tax Deducted at Source on crypto transactions, which remain in force as of the date of this Annual Report. Transactions involving cryptocurrency in India remain legal, though the tax regime applicable to such transactions may evolve further.

● South Korea determined to amend its Financial Information Act in March 2020 to require virtual asset service providers to register and comply with its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism funding framework. These measures also provide the government with the authority to close digital asset exchanges that do not comply with specified processes. South Korea has also banned initial coin offerings.

Because of the uncertainty surrounding regulation of cryptocurrencies and crypto assets, there may be increased regulatory compliance costs, transaction costs, and insurance costs that may adversely affect the price of cryptocurrencies, their use and adoption, and liquidity, among other things.

Cryptocurrencies are subject to technical uncertainty and malicious actors.

Cryptocurrencies do not exist outside of the digital record of transactions on their respective blockchain networks. Due to the digital nature of such assets, technical complications can cause uncertainty and malicious actors can manipulate cryptocurrencies through security breaches and cyberattacks.

A successful security breach or cyberattack could result in:

●	a partial or total loss of our cryptocurrency in a manner that may not be covered by insurance or the liability provisions of the custody agreements with the custodians who hold our digital assets;
●	harm to our reputation and brand;
●	improper disclosure of data and violations of applicable data privacy and other laws; or
●	significant regulatory scrutiny, investigations, fines, penalties, and other legal, regulatory, contractual and financial exposure.

The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to systems and information (including personal data and digital assets), disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems are constantly evolving, may be difficult to detect quickly and often are not recognized or detected until after they have been launched against a target. These attacks may occur on our systems or those of our third-party service providers or partners. We may experience breaches of our security measures due to human error, malfeasance, insider threats, system errors or vulnerabilities or other irregularities. In particular, unauthorized parties have attempted, and we expect that they will continue to attempt, to gain access to our systems and facilities, as well as those of our partners and third-party service providers, through various means, such as hacking, social engineering, phishing and fraud.

Additionally, technical complications such as “forks” in the Bitcoin blockchain or “slashing” with regard to Solana, or network outages, software bugs, and excessive traffic and memory consumption can negatively affect the adoption, use, and price of such cryptocurrencies where confidence and integrity are undercut. Furthermore, contributors, developers, and other users may fail to monitor and update the blockchain of a particular cryptocurrency if the incentive to validate transactions, for example, become inadequate.

Field: Page; Sequence: 29; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 26 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

We may be considered an Investment Company Under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the application of the 1940 Act to our cryptocurrency holdings involves significant legal uncertainty.

Under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "1940 Act"), a company will be considered an "Investment Company" if, among other things, it is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and it owns or proposes to acquire "investment securities" having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis (the "40% Test"). As defined in the 1940 Act, "investment securities" includes all securities except Government securities, securities issued by employees' securities companies, and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries of the owner that are not themselves investment companies. We do not believe that we are an "investment company," as such term is defined in the 1940 Act, and are not registered as an "investment company" under the 1940 Act as of the date of this Annual Report.

A threshold legal question in applying the 40% Test to our cryptocurrency holdings is whether the cryptocurrencies we hold, Bitcoin, Solana, ETH, XRP, SUI, and LINK, all held through our custodian BitGo, constitute "investment securities" for purposes of the 1940 Act. Whether a crypto asset is a security depends on whether it satisfies the investment contract test established in SEC v. W.J. Howey Co. and subsequent case law. On March 17, 2026, the SEC and the CFTC jointly issued an interpretive release (Release Nos. 33-11412; 34-105020) providing that Bitcoin, Ether, Solana, XRP, and 13 other major cryptocurrencies constitute "digital commodities" and not securities under federal securities laws. This interpretive release supersedes all prior staff statements on this topic and represents the current position of the SEC. As digital commodities, these assets fall under CFTC oversight rather than the SEC's securities framework. Bitcoin, Solana, ETH, XRP, and certain of the other cryptocurrencies we hold are among the assets specifically named in the March 17, 2026 interpretive release as digital commodities. If these assets are properly classified as commodities rather than securities, they would not constitute "investment securities" for purposes of the 40% Test, and our holdings of those assets would not implicate the 40% Test on that basis alone.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, we note the following limitations and residual uncertainties. The March 17, 2026 interpretive release is described by the SEC as a "first step" toward a clearer regulatory framework, and the SEC expressly stated that the guidance applies prospectively and does not affect prior enforcement actions or ongoing litigation. The CLARITY Act, pending Congressional legislation that would codify digital commodity classifications into permanent U.S. law, has passed the House and cleared the Senate Agriculture Committee but has not yet been enacted. Until the CLARITY Act or equivalent legislation is enacted, the SEC's current interpretive position could be revisited or revised by future administrations or through subsequent rulemaking. Additionally, even a crypto asset that is not itself a security may become subject to federal securities laws if it is offered and sold as part of an investment contract, depending on the promises of its issuer and the circumstances of specific transactions. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the classification of Bitcoin, Solana, ETH, XRP, SUI, LINK, and the other cryptocurrencies we hold as digital commodities will remain in effect, or that other cryptocurrency assets we may hold in the future will receive the same treatment.

As a further matter, we are incorporated under the laws of Ontario, Canada, and are a foreign private issuer. The extraterritorial application of the 1940 Act to foreign private issuers is not fully settled, and depends on, among other things, the nature and location of our assets and the composition of our investor base. We have sought to structure our affairs in a manner consistent with the requirements of the 1940 Act, and we do not believe that we are an investment company thereunder; however, there can be no assurance that the SEC would not take a different view of our status, particularly given the significant proportion of our assets represented by cryptocurrency holdings. The SEC has in the past issued comment letters to foreign private issuers whose investment securities represented approximately 37% of total assets, requesting a written legal analysis as to why such issuer should not be considered an investment company under the 1940 Act.

As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate fair value of our cryptocurrency holdings comprising Bitcoin, Solana, ETH, SUI, and LINK, all held through our custodian BitGo was approximately US$3,815,440, representing approximately 41% of our total unconsolidated assets as reported in our audited financial statements, calculated exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items in accordance with the 1940 Act methodology. As of March 25, 2026, applying current market prices to our then-current unit holdings, the aggregate fair value of our cryptocurrency holdings was approximately US$5,262,685, representing approximately 55.86% of our total unconsolidated assets of approximately US$9,255,522 calculated on the same basis. This filing-date percentage exceeds the 40% threshold under the 1940 Act.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, because Bitcoin, Solana, ETH, XRP, SUI, and LINK are currently classified as digital commodities, not investment securities, under the March 17, 2026 SEC/CFTC interpretive release, we do not believe that our cryptocurrency holdings constitute "investment securities" for purposes of the 40% Test at this time. Accordingly, we do not believe that the 40% Test is currently triggered. However, this conclusion depends on the continued classification of these assets as digital commodities. If that classification were to change, or if we were to acquire cryptocurrency assets that are classified as securities, our holdings of investment securities could immediately exceed the 40% threshold, which would implicate the 40% Test and could require us to take prompt remedial action.

We regularly monitor our assets to maintain compliance with the 1940 Act. We have implemented the following procedures to monitor and manage our cryptocurrency holdings relative to our total asset base:

● real-time tracking systems to monitor fluctuations in cryptocurrency values and the overall composition of our assets;

● periodic reviews to assess the impact of market changes on our asset composition; and

● a discretionary policy framework for the rebalancing or liquidation of cryptocurrency holdings if their value approaches levels that could implicate the 40% Test or any applicable threshold under the 1940 Act.

Notwithstanding these procedures, given that our cryptocurrency holdings currently represent approximately 45% of our total unconsolidated assets as of the filing date, already exceeding the 40% threshold on a gross basis, any reclassification of our cryptocurrency holdings as investment securities would require immediate remedial action. We may have limited time or ability to rebalance our portfolio in such circumstances. We may also need to acquire additional non-investment assets, incur debt, issue additional equity, or enter into other financing arrangements to maintain compliance with the 1940 Act, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If we were to be considered an Investment Company under the 1940 Act, it would subject us to significant additional regulatory controls that could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations and may require us to change the manner in which we conduct our business.

Field: Page; Sequence: 30; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 27 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Field: Split-Segment; Name: 1

Lack of regulations and transparency surrounding certain trading platforms .

Cryptocurrency trading platforms are often unregulated and lack transparency, leading to potential market confidence and volatility issues, whether or not underlying incidents have actually occurred or are merely perceived to be occurring. Reports suggest that a large portion of Bitcoin trading volume is false or artificially inflated, particularly on unregulated exchanges operating outside the United States. For example, in June 2023, the SEC filed suit against Binance and its founder, alleging among other things that Binance had engaged in wash trading to artificially inflate trading volumes on its platform. The SEC subsequently dismissed that action with prejudice in May 2025, in the exercise of its discretion and as a policy matter, as part of a broader shift in the SEC's approach to crypto regulation. While recent SEC enforcement actions against major cryptocurrency exchanges have been resolved or dismissed, this does not eliminate the risk that trading volume manipulation, wash trading, or other deceptive practices may occur on unregulated or lightly regulated platforms. Such practices, if widespread, would indicate a smaller and less liquid cryptocurrency market than current trading volumes suggest, which could adversely affect the price and liquidity of the cryptocurrencies we hold.

Past bankruptcies and enforcement actions involving major cryptocurrency exchanges and trading venues have caused significant declines in digital asset prices and have adversely affected investor confidence in the broader digital asset market. Similar events in the future — including the failure, fraud, or regulatory action against any exchange, custodian, or trading platform — could cause renewed declines in digital asset prices and could affect the value of our cryptocurrency holdings and, by extension, the trading price of our Class B Shares.

Cryptocurrency Transactions Are Irreversible

Improper or compromised transfers are also generally irreversible and irrevocable. Such errors may be the result of computer or human error despite internal controls the Company has adopted to mitigate this risk. To the extent that the Company is unable to seek a corrective transaction with the third party or is incapable of identifying the third party that has received the Company’s cryptocurrencies through error or theft, the Company will be unable to revert or otherwise recover incorrectly transferred cryptocurrencies. The Company may also be unable to convert or recover cryptocurrencies transferred to uncontrolled accounts. The use of cryptocurrencies to, among other things, buy and sell goods and services and complete other transactions is part of a new and rapidly evolving industry that employs digital assets based upon a computer-generated mathematical and/or cryptographic protocol.

Incentives to Validate Crypto Transactions May Change

Incentives to validate transactions may change. For example, when Bitcoin hits 21 million tokens, block rewards will no longer exist, but nodes and miners may instead collect transaction fees. If transaction fees paid for the recording of transactions in the blockchain become too high, the marketplace may be reluctant to accept the network as a means of payment, and existing users may be motivated to switch between cryptocurrencies or back to fiat currency. Decreased use and demand for Bitcoin may adversely affect their value and result in a reduction in the market price of Bitcoin, which could adversely impact the value of the Company's cryptocurrency holdings and investments. Moreover, if miners choose to cease operations, there would be a reduction in collective processing power, which would adversely affect the confirmation process for transactions (i.e., decreasing the speed at which blocks are added to the blockchain until the next scheduled adjustment in difficulty for blockchain solutions) and make the network more vulnerable to a malicious actor or botnet obtaining control in excess of 50 percent of the processing power.

Our investments in cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Solana, Ethereum, XRP, SUI, and Chainlink, are subject to significant volatility and regulatory, market, and operational risks, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In December 2024, we made the decision to expand our corporate treasury management function to include investments in cryptocurrencies. During 2025, the cryptocurrencies holdings expanded to include Bitcoin (BTC), Solana (SOL), Ethereum (ETH), XRP (subsequently liquidated during 2025), Sui (SUI), and Chainlink (LINK). As of December 31, 2024, the Company made purchases of US$1,003,000. During FY2025, the Company made further net purchases of US$3,726,073. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, and as of the date of this annual report, the Company made further net purchases of US$2,353,700. Therefore, as of the date of this annual report, the Company purchased an aggregate of US$7,082,773. As of December 31, 2025, the Company recorded realized gains of US$593,922 and unrealized losses of US$771,863 on its cryptocurrency holdings.

These holdings are subject to a number of significant risks, each of which is described in greater detail in the risk factors that follow. In summary:

Volatility and liquidity risk: Cryptocurrency prices have historically been highly volatile and may be influenced by numerous factors outside our control, including global demand, investor sentiment, changes in the supply of cryptocurrencies through mining activities, technological developments, security breaches, macroeconomic trends, and government regulation. The value of our holdings could decrease significantly over short periods of time, and we may be unable to recover our initial investment or realize any profits from these assets. Because the markets for cryptocurrencies are relatively new and may be less liquid than traditional financial markets, we could experience difficulty liquidating our positions, particularly during periods of market stress.

Field: Page; Sequence: 31; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 28 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Regulatory risk: The legal and regulatory environment surrounding digital assets continues to evolve in Canada, the United States, and other jurisdictions in which we operate. Legislative or regulatory changes, or new interpretations by regulators, could restrict the acquisition, ownership, transfer, or use of cryptocurrencies and adversely affect their value or our ability to hold or transact in them. Certain jurisdictions have imposed, or may in the future impose, restrictions on cryptocurrency exchanges or wallet providers, which could limit our ability to access or convert our holdings.

Cybersecurity and operational risk: The loss or theft of private keys necessary to access our digital wallets, security breaches of exchanges or custodians, or technological failures could result in the permanent loss of our assets. Unlike traditional bank accounts or securities held with registered intermediaries, cryptocurrency holdings are not insured or otherwise protected by any government or regulatory authority.

Financial statement risk: Fluctuations in the value of our cryptocurrency holdings may introduce significant volatility into our financial statements. As we account for our cryptocurrency holdings at fair value through profit or loss under IAS2, all changes in fair value — both unrealized gains and unrealized losses — are recorded directly in our consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss in the period in which they occur. This means that a decline in cryptocurrency prices will directly increase our reported net loss for the period, which could materially and adversely affect investor and analyst perception of our financial performance and condition.

Given the inherent uncertainty and volatility of the cryptocurrency market, there can be no assurance that our investments in cryptocurrencies will not result in losses that could materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, and liquidity.

In addition to the financial risks described above, our cryptocurrency treasury activities, while not related to our core biopharmaceutical business, require management attention and resources that would otherwise be devoted to the development and commercialization of our drug candidates, including Lucid-MS. The diversion of management focus and operational resources to cryptocurrency treasury management could slow the progress of our biopharmaceutical programs and adversely affect our ability to achieve our clinical and commercial objectives.

General Corporate Risks

Our ability to continue as a going concern is uncertain, and we may be unable to raise the additional capital required to fund our operations.

We have a history of operating losses and negative cash flow from operations, and we have not generated revenue from pharmaceutical product sales. We have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of equity and debt securities and through proceeds from our cryptocurrency treasury activities.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to raise additional capital when required and on acceptable terms. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available, or that it will be available on terms acceptable to us. If we are unable to raise adequate capital, we may be required to significantly curtail or cease our research and development activities, including our Lucid-MS clinical development program, or cease operations entirely. Even if we are successful in raising additional capital, future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities may significantly dilute existing shareholders, and any such financings may contain terms that are unfavorable to existing shareholders or impose restrictions on our operations. The uncertainty about our ability to continue as a going concern may adversely affect our ability to obtain new financing, enter into strategic partnerships, and attract and retain personnel, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Company operates in an environment subject to trade policy risks, including potential changes in U.S. tariffs and trade agreements. The imposition of new or increased tariffs, or retaliatory measures by other countries, could adversely affect the Company’s operations.

In February 2025, the U.S. government announced a 25% tariff on most Canadian exports (excluding energy products, which face a 10% tariff). In response, Canada imposed reciprocal tariffs on $155 billion of U.S. goods. The U.S. also introduced a 25% tariff on Mexican imports and a 10% tariff on Chinese goods, with potential expansions to other countries under consideration. Although these tariffs were enacted on March 4, 2025, their implementation was paused until April 2, 2025, pending further negotiations. While no material impact is currently expected, the imposition of new or increased tariffs, or retaliatory measures by other countries, could increase costs, disrupt supply chains, delay timelines, or otherwise adversely affect the Company’s operations.

Macroeconomic pressures in the markets in which we operate, including, but not limited to, the lasting effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, political developments, geopolitical unrest or other conflicts or natural disasters in foreign nations, including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, political developments in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and inflationary pressures may alter the ways in which we conduct our business operations and manage our financial capacities.

To varying degrees, the ways in which we conduct our business operations and manage our financial capacities are influenced by macroeconomic conditions that affect companies directly involved in or providing services related to the drug and biological product development. For example, real GDP growth, business and investor confidence, the lasting effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, employment levels, oil prices, interest rates, tax rates, availability of consumer and business financing, housing market conditions, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, costs for items such as fuel and food and other macroeconomic trends can adversely affect not only our decisions and ability to engage in research and development and clinical trials, but also those of our management, employees, third-party contractors, manufacturers and suppliers, competitors, Shareholders and regulatory authorities. The ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and other geopolitical and social unrest has created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and is expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. Any such volatility and disruptions may adversely affect our business or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest, natural disasters, or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive. Increased inflation rates can adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor and employee benefit costs. In addition, higher inflation and macro turmoil and uncertainty could also adversely affect our customers, which could reduce demand for our products.

Field: Page; Sequence: 32; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 29 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Economic uncertainty may adversely affect our access to capital, cost of capital and ability to execute our business plan as scheduled.

Generally, worldwide economic conditions remain uncertain. Access to capital markets is critical to our ability to operate. Traditionally, biotechnology companies have funded their research and development expenditures through raising capital in the equity markets. Declines and uncertainties in these markets in the past have severely restricted raising new capital and have affected companies’ ability to continue to expand or fund existing research and development efforts. We require significant capital for research and development for our product candidates and clinical trials. The general economic and capital market conditions, both in the U.S. and worldwide, have been volatile and at times have adversely affected our access to capital and increased the cost of capital. For example, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the possibility of a wider European or global conflict, global sanctions imposed in response thereto and the possibility of a global energy crisis resulting therefrom, has created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and is expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. Any such volatility and disruptions may adversely affect our business or the third parties on whom we rely. If global capital markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive. If economic conditions become worse, our future cost of equity or debt capital and access to the capital markets could be adversely affected. If we are unable to access the capital markets on favorable terms, our ability to execute our business plan as scheduled would be compromised. Moreover, we rely and intend to rely on third parties, including clinical research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations and other important vendors and consultants. Global economic conditions may result in a disruption or delay in the performance of our third-party contractors and suppliers. If such third parties are unable to adequately satisfy their contractual commitments to us in a timely manner, our business could be adversely affected.

The Company’s limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate its current business and future prospects and the Company may never be able to generate sufficient revenue to be profitable.

The Company’s limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate its current business and future prospects. The Company has never generated any material amount of revenue and has not generated any revenue from its bio-tech business. We have incurred significant losses since our inception, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses and will not be profitable or generate positive cash flow from operating activities for the foreseeable future. In addition, the Company expects to continue to increase operating expenses as it implements initiatives to continue to grow its business and pursue the commercialization of its Product Candidates. If the Company does not generate sufficient revenue to offset these expected increases in costs and operating expenses, it will not be profitable. The Company cannot predict when it will generate any revenue, or when or if it will become profitable or generate positive cash flow from operating activities, if at all.

In general, the Company is subject to many of the risks common to early-stage enterprises, including undercapitalization, cash shortages, limitations with respect to personnel, financial, and other resources and lack of revenues. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving a return on the Company’s shareholders’ (“ Shareholders ”) investment and the likelihood of success must be considered in light of the early stage of our operations.

Future transfers by holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares to arm’s length parties or other than to permitted holders will generally result in those shares converting to Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, which will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares who retain their shares. Such holders could, in the future, control a significant percentage of the combined voting power of Class A Multiple Voting Shares and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

Each of the Company’s directors and officers owes a fiduciary duty to the Company and must act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of Company. However, any director and/or officer that is a Shareholder, even a controlling Shareholder, is entitled to vote its shares in its own interests, which may not always be in the interests of the Shareholders generally. The inability of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to control the matters affecting the Company, combined with the ability of holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares to control matters affecting the Company and to take actions that the holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares may not view as beneficial, may adversely affect the market price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

Dilution of the percentage ownership of the Shareholders

Future sales and issuances of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares or rights to purchase Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, including pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of the Shareholders and could cause the Company’s stock price to fall. The Company expects that significant additional capital may be needed in the future to continue its planned operations, including conducting clinical trials, commercialization efforts, expanded research and development activities, potential acquisitions, in licenses, or collaborations and costs associated with operating a public company. To raise capital, the Company may sell Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner it determines from time to time. If the Company sells Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, convertible securities, or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to the Shareholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences, and privileges senior to the holders of our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, including Class B Subordinate Voting Shares sold in this offering upon exercise of Class B Subordinate Voting Share purchase warrants.

Field: Page; Sequence: 33; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 30 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Failure to comply with laws and regulations could subject the Company to regulatory or agency proceedings which could divert management’s attention and resources and result in substantial penalties.

We are subject to complex laws, rules and regulations affecting our domestic and international operations in Canada, the United States and Australia relating to numerous topics, including the research and development of our pharmaceutical drugs, health care and data privacy laws, labor and employment and regulatory requirements of the CSE and Nasdaq. In addition, we are required to comply with certain U.S. Securities Exchange Commission (the “ SEC ”) and other legal requirements affecting public companies. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws and regulations may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws and regulations and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments, and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our ability to negotiate and complete our initial acquisitions, and our future results.

Although, to our knowledge, we are currently in material compliance with all applicable laws, regulations and guidelines in such jurisdictions, no assurance can be given that new laws, regulations, and guidelines will not be enacted or that existing laws, regulations, and guidelines will not be interpreted or applied in a manner which could limit or curtail our operations in such jurisdictions.

For more information, see “ Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - B. Related Party Transactions. ”

Any significant interruption in the supply chain for key inputs could materially impact the Company’s business.

Our business is dependent on a number of key inputs and their related costs including raw materials and supplies, as well as electricity, water, and other local utilities. The ability of the Company to research and develop pharmaceutical products is dependent upon, among other things, sufficient access to timely delivery of equipment, parts, and components at reasonable costs. Any significant interruption or negative change in the availability or economics of the supply chain for key inputs could materially impact our business, financial condition, and operating results. Any inability to secure required supplies and services or to do so on appropriate terms could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

The Company may be unable to raise the capital necessary for it to execute its strategy on favorable terms or at all.

There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to execute on its strategy. Developing Lucid-MS, a biopharmaceutical products, and products for alcohol misuse, is expensive and time-consuming, and we expect to require substantial additional capital to conduct research, preclinical testing and human studies, to potentially establish pilot scale and commercial scale manufacturing processes and facilities, and to establish and develop quality control, regulatory, marketing, sales and administrative capabilities to support our existing programs and pursue potential additional programs. We are or may in the future also be responsible for the payments to third parties of expenses that may include milestone payments, license maintenance fees and royalties, including in the case of certain of our agreements with academic institutions or other companies from whom intellectual property rights underlying their respective programs have been licensed or acquired. Because the outcome of any preclinical or clinical development and regulatory approval process for Lucid-MS and other product candidates that we may develop in the future is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development, regulatory approval process and commercialization of any product candidates we may identify.

Our future funding requirements for the development of pharmaceutical products will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to: (i) the time and cost necessary to complete planned clinical trials to pursue regulatory approvals for our Lucid-MS and any other drug candidates, and to conduct post-marketing studies that could be required by regulatory authorities; (ii) the progress, timing, scope and costs of our nonclinical studies, preclinical studies, clinical trials and other related activities, including the ability to enroll patients in a timely manner for planned clinical trials described in this Annual Report and potential future clinical trials; (iii) the costs of obtaining clinical and commercial supplies of raw materials and drug products for Lucid-MS and other product candidates; (iv) our ability to successfully identify and negotiate acceptable terms for third-party supply and contract manufacturing agreements with CMOs; (v) our ability to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates, either directly or through licensing agreements, ;(vi) the manufacturing, selling and marketing costs associated with our Product Candidates, including the cost and timing of expanding our internal sales and marketing capabilities or entering into strategic collaborations with third parties to leverage or access these capabilities; (vii) the amount and timing of sales and other revenues from our Product Candidates, if any are approved, including the sales price and the availability of adequate third-party reimbursement; (viii) the cash requirements of any future acquisitions or discovery of product candidates; (ix) the time and cost necessary to respond to technological, market, regulatory or political developments; (x) the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in intellectual property rights (including the protection of such rights), products, product candidates and businesses; and (xi) our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel.

Field: Page; Sequence: 34; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 31 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable, or at all. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay, limit, or terminate one or more research or development programs or the commercialization of any Product Candidates or be unable to expand operations or otherwise capitalize on business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

In addition, the continued development of the Company’s pharmaceutical operations will require significant additional financing over several years. The failure to raise such capital could result in the delay or indefinite postponement of current business strategy or the Company ceasing to carry on business. There can be no assurance that additional capital or other types of financing will be available if needed or that, if available, the terms of such financing will be favorable to the Company, at times for reasons beyond the Company’s control. For example, economic downturns or uncertain market conditions, whether affecting the economy in general or the pharmaceutical industry in particular, could adversely impact the Company’s ability to raise capital through equity or debt financing. In addition, any further issuances of equity securities could have a significant dilutive effect on the holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

In addition, from time to time, the Company may enter into transactions to acquire assets or the shares of other companies. These transactions may be financed wholly or partially with debt, which may temporarily increase the Company’s debt levels above industry standards. Any debt financing secured in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for the Company to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.

Future sales or issuances of equity securities and the conversion of outstanding securities to Class B Subordinate Voting Shares could decrease the value of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and dilute investors’ voting power.

The Company may sell additional equity securities in future offerings, including through the sale of securities convertible into equity securities, to finance operations, acquisitions or projects, and issue additional Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, which may result in dilution.

The Board has the authority to authorize certain offers and sales of additional securities without the vote of, or prior notice to, Shareholders. Based on the need for additional capital to fund expected expenditures and growth, it is likely that the Company will issue additional securities to provide such capital. Such additional issuances may involve the issuance of a significant number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

Sales of substantial amounts of the Company’s securities, or the availability of such securities for sale, as well as the issuance of substantial amounts of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon conversion of outstanding convertible, exercisable or exchangeable securities, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for the Company’s securities and dilute investors’ earnings per share. A decline in the market prices of the Company’s securities could impair its ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities should the Company desire to do so.

The success of the Company is dependent upon its senior management and key personnel and ability to hire skilled personnel.

Another risk associated with the production and sale of pharmaceutical products is the loss of important personnel. The success of the Company will be dependent upon the ability, expertise, judgment, discretion and good faith of its senior management and key personnel. While employment agreements are customarily used as a primary method of retaining the services of key employees, these agreements cannot assure the continued services of such employees. While, as of the date of this Annual Report, the Company does not anticipate any senior management turnover in the near term, there is no guarantee that the Company will be able to retain its senior management going forward. If key personnel depart, including Zeeshan Saeed, Anthony Durkacz, Dr. Lakshmi Kotra, or Donal Carroll, the Company may not be able to find appropriate replacements on a timely basis.

Furthermore, each of our executive officers may terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or employees. Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and clinical personnel and, if any of our Product Candidates are commercialized, sales and marketing personnel, will be critical to our success. The loss of the services of key personnel as well as the diversion of management’s and the Board’s attention to replace the services of such individuals, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results, or financial condition.

In addition, the Company’s future success depends on its continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate, and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Due to the specialized scientific and managerial nature of our business, the Company relies heavily on its ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical, and managerial personnel. In particular, specialized knowledge with respect to research and clinical development is important to the pharmaceutical industry. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and the Company may incur significant costs to attract and retain them, if it is able to hire them at all. If we are unable to identify, attract, hire, and retain qualified personnel in the future, such inability could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Field: Page; Sequence: 35; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 32 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The Company’s dual class structure has the effect of concentrating voting control and the ability to influence corporate matters with a limited number of holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares.

The Company’s dual class structure has the effect of concentrating voting control for holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares and the ability to influence corporate matters with those Shareholders. Currently, there are 42 outstanding Class A Multiple Voting Shares issued and outstanding. Class A Multiple Voting Shares have 276,660 votes per share and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares have one vote per share. As of December 31, 2025, Shareholders who hold Class A Multiple Voting Shares together hold approximately 74.93 % of the voting power of the Company’s outstanding voting shares and therefore have significant influence over management and affairs of the Company and over all matters requiring Shareholder approval.

In addition, because of the voting ratio between Class A Multiple Voting Shares and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, the holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares collectively continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of the voting shares even where the Class A Multiple Voting Shares represent a substantially reduced percentage of the total outstanding shares. The different voting rights could diminish the value of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to the extent that investors or any potential future purchasers of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares attribute value to the superior voting or other rights of the Class A Multiple Voting Shares. Other than as required by applicable law, holders of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will only have a right to vote, as a class, in limited circumstances as described in its constating documents.

The concentrated voting control of holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares limits the ability of holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to influence corporate matters and all matters requiring Shareholder approval, including the election of directors as well as with respect to decisions regarding amendment of the Company’s share capital, creating and issuing additional classes of shares, making significant acquisitions, selling significant assets or parts of our business, merging with other companies and undertaking other significant transactions.

As a result, holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares have the ability to control substantially all matters affecting us and actions may be taken that our holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares may not view as beneficial. The market price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares could be adversely affected due to the significant influence and voting power of the holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares. Additionally, the significant voting interest of holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares may discourage transactions involving a change of control, including transactions in which an investor, as a holder of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, might otherwise receive a premium for the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares over the then-current market price, or discourage competing proposals if a going private transaction is proposed by one or more holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares.

The market price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares may be subject to wide price fluctuations.

The market price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many factors, including variations in the operating results of the Company and its subsidiaries, divergence in financial results from analysts’ expectations, changes in earnings estimates by stock market analysts, changes in the business prospects for the Company, general economic conditions, legislative changes, and other events and factors outside of the Company’s control. In addition, stock markets have from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, which, as well as general economic and political conditions, could adversely affect the market price for the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

There is no assurance of an active or liquid market.

No assurance can be given that an active or liquid trading market for Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will be sustained. If an active or liquid market for the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares fails to be sustained, the prices at which such securities trade may be adversely affected. Whether or not the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will trade at lower prices depends on many factors, including the liquidity of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, prevailing interest rates, the markets for similar securities, general economic conditions and the Company’s financial condition, historic financial and operating performance, and future prospects.

The Company may be unable to manage its growth, including capacity constraints and pressure on its internal systems and controls.

The Company may be subject to growth-related risks including capacity constraints and pressure on its internal systems and controls. The ability of the Company to manage growth effectively will require it to continue to implement and improve its operational and financial systems and to expand, train and manage its employee base. The inability of the Company to deal with this growth may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Management may not be able to successfully implement and maintain adequate internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures.

Effective internal controls are necessary for the Company to provide reliable financial reports and to help prevent fraud. Although the Company has undertaken a number of procedures and has implemented a number of safeguards, in each case, in order to help ensure the reliability of its financial reports, including those imposed on the Company under applicable securities laws, the Company cannot be certain that such measures will ensure that the Company will maintain adequate control over financial processes and reporting. Failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm the Company’s results of operations, or cause it to fail to meet its reporting obligations.

Field: Page; Sequence: 36; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 33 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Effective systems of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure are critical to the operation of a public corporation. However, we do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of such controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Due to the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected in a timely manner or at all. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results could be materially adversely affected, which could cause investors to lose confidence in us and our reported financial information, which in turn could result in a reduction in the value of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

Risks related to our status as a foreign private issuer .

As a “foreign private issuer” under the rules and regulations of the SEC, we are permitted to, and will, file less or different information with the SEC than a company incorporated in the United States or otherwise subject to these rules, and will follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain Nasdaq requirements applicable to U.S. issuers.

The Company is considered a “foreign private issuer” under the Exchange Act and is therefore exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act. For example, we are not required to file current reports on Form 8-K or quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, we are exempt from the U.S. proxy rules which impose certain disclosure and procedural requirements for U.S. proxy solicitations and we will not be required to file financial statements prepared in accordance with or reconciled to U.S. GAAP so long as our financial statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. We are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which imposes restrictions on the selective disclosure of material information to shareholders, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or within the same time frames as U.S. companies with securities registered under the Exchange Act. Accordingly, holders of the Company’s securities may receive less or different information about the Company than they may receive with respect to public companies incorporated in the United States.

In addition, as a “foreign private issuer” whose common shares are listed on Nasdaq, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain Nasdaq requirements, including those related to: shareholder approval for certain dilutive events under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5635, quorum requirements for shareholder meetings under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5620(c), certain independence requirements of certain committees of our Board under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605 and proxy delivery requirements under Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5620(b). Accordingly, the Company has opted to follow certain corporate governance practices required by its home country under the CSE, Canadian federal and provincial corporate and securities laws and the Company’s Articles, as applicable. See “ Item 16G. Corporate Governance ” for more details related to the differences between our home country requirements and Nasdaq requirements.

We could lose our status as a “foreign private issuer” under current SEC rules and regulations if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities become directly or indirectly held of record by U.S. holders and one of the following is true: (i) the majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents; (ii) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States; or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States. If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer in the future, we will no longer be exempt from the rules described above and, among other things, will be required to file periodic reports and annual and quarterly financial statements as if we were a company incorporated in the United States (including preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP). If this were to happen, we would likely incur substantial costs in fulfilling these additional regulatory requirements and members of our management would likely have to divert time and resources from other responsibilities to ensuring these additional regulatory requirements are fulfilled.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq and/or CSE.

Our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are listed on Nasdaq and CSE. There can be no assurance that we will continue to meet Nasdaq and/or CSE’s listing standards. On September 27, 2022, and April 5, 2024, we received letters from the listing qualifications department staff of Nasdaq notifying us that the Company was not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq’s rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq. While we have since regained compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement in both situations, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to maintain such compliance in the future. If we lose our ability to maintain compliance with Nasdaq and/or the CSE’s continued listing rules, we and our Shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

●	a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;
●	reduced liquidity for our securities;
●	a determination that our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares is a “penny stock,” in the U.S. which will require brokers trading in Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;
●	a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and
●	decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Field: Page; Sequence: 37; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 34 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

As an “emerging growth company,” the Company cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” will make its shares less attractive to investors.

As an “emerging growth company,” the Company may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, including not being required to obtain an assessment of the effectiveness of its internal controls over financial reporting from its independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act , reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, the U.S. Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “ JOBS Act ”) provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, which the Company has elected to do.

We cannot predict if investors will find our shares less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active market for our shares, our share price may be more volatile and the price at which our securities trade could be less than if we did not use these exemptions.

We expect to incur costs related to our internal control over financial reporting in the upcoming years to further improve our internal control environment. If we identify deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting or if we are unable to comply with the requirements applicable to us as a public company, including the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act , in a timely manner, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by the SEC. If this occurs, we also could become subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. In addition, if we are unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, or express an adverse opinion, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, we may face restricted access to the capital markets and our share price may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully identify and execute future acquisitions or dispositions or to successfully manage the impacts of such transactions on our operations.

The Company has made and may continue to pursue acquisition opportunities to advance its strategic plan. The successful integration of an acquired business typically requires the management of the pre-acquisition business strategy, including the retention and addition of senior management, customers, realization of identified synergies, retention of key staff and the development of a common corporate culture. Achieving the benefits of acquisitions depends in part on successfully consolidating functions and integrating operations and procedures in a timely and efficient manner, as well as the ability to realize anticipated growth opportunities and synergies from newly formed partnerships. Any failure to integrate an acquired business or realize the anticipated benefits of new partnerships may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects, including its future prospects for acquisitions or partnerships. There is no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully integrate an acquired business in order to maximize or realize the benefits associated with an acquisition.

In addition, from time to time the Company enters into letters of intent and memoranda of understanding with respect to which definitive agreements have not yet been, but are expected to be, executed. The Company may not be able to perform under these contracts as a result of operational or other breaches or due to events beyond its control, and the Company may not be able to ultimately execute a definitive agreement in cases where one does not currently exist.

Any expansion of our international operations will result in increased operational, regulatory, and other risks.

We have subsidiaries in the United States and in Australia, and may in the future expand into other geographic areas, which could increase our operational, regulatory, compliance, reputational and foreign exchange rate risks. The failure of our operating infrastructure to support such expansion could result in operational failures and regulatory fines or sanctions.

The Company is currently party to several legal proceedings and may become a party to potential future litigation.

The Company is currently party to a number of proceedings; see “ Item 8. Financial Information - A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information – Legal Proceedings ”. Such litigation could be costly and time-consuming and could divert the attention of management and other key personnel from the Company’s business and operations. The complexity of any such claims and the inherent uncertainty of commercial, employment and other litigation increases these risks. In recognition of these considerations, the Company could suffer significant litigation expenses in defending any of these claims and may enter into settlement agreements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 38; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 35 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The Company may also become party to additional litigation in the future, including class action lawsuits, securities litigation and anti-trust and anti-competitive actions, which could adversely affect its business. Should any litigation in which the Company becomes involved be determined against the Company, such a decision could adversely affect the Company’s ability to continue operating and the market price for Company’s Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and could result in the use of significant resources. Even if the Company is involved in litigation and wins, litigation can redirect significant corporate resources and management attention.

Conflicts of interest may arise between the Company and its directors and officers as a result of other business activities undertaken by such individuals.

Certain directors and officers of the Company are, and may in the future become, directors and officers of other entities, or are otherwise engaged, and will continue to be engaged, in activities that may put them in conflict with the business strategy of the Company. In particular, certain directors and officers of the Company serve as directors or officers of entities that may compete with or have conflicting interests with the Company.

The Company’s directors and the officers are required to act honestly and in good faith with a view to its best interests. However, in conflict of interest situations, the Company’s directors and officers may owe the same duty to another corporation and will need to balance their competing interests with their duties to the Company. Circumstances (including with respect to future corporate opportunities) may arise that may be resolved in a manner that is unfavorable to the Company. These business interests could require the investment of significant time and attention by our executive officers and directors. In some cases, our executive officers and directors may have fiduciary obligations associated with business interests that interfere with their ability to devote time to our business and affairs, which could adversely affect our operations.

The Company does not anticipate paying dividends in the near future.

Effective November 29, 2023, the Corporation completed the Plan of Arrangement, which included the distribution of the Unbuzzd Shares to the FSD Pharma Securityholders. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. - A. History and Development of the Company - Significant Developments in Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2024 ”.

The Company does not anticipate paying cash or stock dividends in the near future. The Company expects to retain earnings to finance the development and enhancement of its Product Candidates, invest further in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and to otherwise reinvest in the Company’s business. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, financial results, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. As a result, investors may not receive any return on their investment in Class B Subordinate Voting Shares unless they sell them for a share price that is greater than that at which such investors purchased them.

The Company’s operations depend, in part, on the maintenance and protection of its information technology systems and the information technology systems of its third-party research institution collaborators, CROs or other contractors or consultants, which could face cyber-attacks that cause material losses to our business.

We have entered into agreements with third parties for hardware, software, telecommunications, and other information technology (“ IT ”) services in connection with our operations. Our operations depend, in part, on how well we, our CROs, other contractors, consultants and our suppliers protect networks, equipment, IT systems and software against damage from a number of threats, including, but not limited to, cable cuts, damage to physical plants, natural disasters, terrorism, fire, power loss, hacking, computer viruses, vandalism and theft. Our operations also depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment, IT systems and software, as well as pre-emptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. Any of these and other events could result in information system failures, delays and/or increase in capital expenses. The failure of information systems or a component of information systems could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

For example, the loss of, or damage to, clinical trial data from completed, ongoing or future preclinical or clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely or expect to rely on third parties for research and development, the manufacture and supply of our drug products and to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or systems, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our Product Candidates could be delayed.

Field: Page; Sequence: 39; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 36 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Certain data breaches must also be reported to affected individuals and certain regulatory bodies, and in some cases may be required to be publicly disclosed under U.S. federal and state law, federal and provincial data protection legislation in Canada and the requirements of other jurisdictions, and financial or other penalties may also apply.

Cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. Cyber-attacks could result in any person gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, including personally identifiable information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Cyber-attacks could also result in important remediation costs, increased cyber security costs, lost revenues due to a disruption of activities, litigation and reputational harm affecting customer and investor confidence, which could materially adversely affect our business and financial results.

We have not experienced any material losses to date relating to cyber-attacks or other information security breaches, but there can be no assurance that we will not incur such losses in the future, which could be in excess of any available insurance and could materially adversely affect our business and financial results. Our risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats. As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes and practices designed to protect systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access is a priority. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance protective measures or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities.

We may be a passive foreign investment company, which may result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for holders of our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares who are U.S. taxpayers.

Generally, if for any taxable year 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or “passive foreign investment company” (“ PFIC ”), for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis applying principles and methodologies that in some circumstances are unclear and subject to varying interpretation, and the Company’s PFIC status will depend among other things upon changes in the composition and relative value of its gross receipts and assets. We believe that we were a PFIC for the year ended December 31, 2025. In addition, although PFIC status is determined on an annual basis and generally cannot be determined until the end of the taxable year, we believe that we may be considered a PFIC for the current taxable year. Because we may continue to hold a substantial amount of cash and cash equivalents, and because the market value of the Company’s assets (including for this purpose goodwill) may be measured in large part by the market price of our shares, which is likely to fluctuate, no assurance can be given that the Company will not also be a PFIC in any future taxable year. If we are characterized as a PFIC, our Shareholders who are U.S. taxpayers may suffer adverse tax consequences, including the treatment of gains realized on the sale of our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as ordinary income, rather than as capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares by individuals who are U.S. taxpayers, and the addition of interest charges to the tax on such gains and certain distributions. For more information, please see “ Item 10. Additional Information - E. Taxation - Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations ”.

National Phase Filing Risk

Some of the Company’s material patent rights are currently based on pending international patent applications for which national phase filings have not yet been completed. Until such national phase filings are timely made and accepted, the Company does not have enforceable patent rights in certain jurisdictions. Any failure to complete national phase filings within applicable deadlines, or any adverse determination by a patent office, could result in the loss of patent protection in one or more jurisdictions and could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, competitive position and future prospects.

Item 4. Information on the Company.

A. History and Development of the Company

Corporate History

Effective November 1, 1998, pursuant to the amalgamation of Olympic ROM World Inc., 1305206 Ontario Company, 1305207 Ontario Inc., Century Financial Capital Group Inc. and Dunberry Graphic Associates Ltd. in accordance with the provisions of the OBCA, the Company was formed.

Effective May 24, 2018, following receipt of shareholder approval at the March 15, 2018 annual and special meeting of the proposed amendments to the Company’s articles, and pursuant to the articles of amendment, the Company changed its name to “FSD Pharma Inc.” and the capital structure of the Company was reorganized to create a new class of Class A multiple voting shares (the “ Class A Multiple Voting Shares ”), amended the terms of and re-designated the existing common shares as Class B subordinate voting shares (the “ Class B Subordinate Voting Shares ”), and eliminate the existing non-voting class A preferred shares and non-voting class B preferred shares.

Effective May 29, 2018, the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares commenced trading on the CSE under the trading symbol “HUGE”.

Effective October 16, 2019, the Company completed a 201:1 consolidation.

On January 9, 2020, the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares commenced trading on the Nasdaq under the trading symbol “HUGE”.

On August 15, 2024, the Company completed the 2024 Consolidation and changed its name to “Quantum BioPharma Ltd.”. In connection with the name change, the Company’s trading symbol was changed to “QNTM” on both the Nasdaq and CSE.

Field: Page; Sequence: 40; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 37 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The Company’s principal office is located at 1 Adelaide Street East, Suite 801, Toronto, Ontario M5C 2V9, Canada, and its telephone number is +1-833-571-1811. As at the date of this Annual Report, the Company is a reporting issuer in each of the provinces and territories of Canada. The Company’s registrar and transfer agent is Marrelli Trust Company Limited. The Company’s agent for service in the United States is CT Company, 28 Liberty Street, New York, New York 10005.

For a description of our principal capital expenditures, principal acquisitions and divestitures for the three years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 and for those currently in progress, see. “ Item 4. Information on the Company - A. History and Development of the Company ” and “ Item 4. Information on the Company - B. Business Overview ” and “ Item 5. - Operating and Financial Review and Prospects ” .

The SEC maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy, information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The Company’s website is https://www.quantumbiopharma.com. For more information regarding the Company, please see the Company’s profile on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval plus (“ SEDAR+ ”) at www.sedarplus.ca and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.

Important Events in the Development of the Company’s Business in Fiscal 2025 to the date of this Annual Report

January 7, 2025 : the Company was approved to dual list its shares on Upstream, a MERJ Exchange market and global securities trading application. The dual listing on Upstream is designed to provide the Company the opportunity to access a global investor base outside of the U.S. that can trade using a credit/debit card, PayPal, USD, or USDC (a stable coin pegged to the USD); unlocking liquidity and enhancing price discovery while globalizing the opportunity to invest in the Company. The Upstream market is open 7 days a week 20 hours a day, Monday to Sunday: 10:00am to 06:00am UTC+4 (1:00am to 9:00pm EST). Traders on Upstream’s smart-contract powered market will experience real-time trading and settlement, and a transparent orderbook which does not permit common market manipulations.

January 14, 2025: the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares started trading on the MERJ Exchange at 10:00am ET under the ticker symbol “QNTM”. See “ January 7, 2025 ” above for more information.

January 20, 2025: the Company closed the third tranche of the December 2024 Offering and issued 1,480 December 2024 Debenture Units for aggregate gross process of C$1,480,000. This third tranche was completed under amended terms, including a reduced conversion price of C$4.85 per share, an increased warrant ratio of 103.093 Warrants per Debenture Unit, and a reduced exercise price of C$5.25 per Warrant share. On February 7, 2025, the investor converted a partial amount of this Debenture into an aggregate of 152,577 shares of the Company’s Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. On February 26, 2025, the investor converted the remaining amount of the Debenture into an aggregate amount of 221,237 shares of the Company’s Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Thus, the total amount of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares converted under this Debenture was 373,814. See “ December 5, 2024 ” below for more details on the December 2024 Offering.

January 24, 2025: the Company sought a court order from the ONSC declaring Dr. Bokhari to be a vexatious litigant. For more information about the Company’s lawsuits with Dr. Raz Bokhari, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

February 4, 2025: the Company announced that it completed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design clinical trial (NCT06505239) of unbuzzd™. For more information about unbuzzd™ Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

February 6, 2025: Unbuzzd entered into a letter of engagement with a leading New York investment bank to raise up to US$10,000,000 in capital and explore an initial public offering on a major US public exchange.

February 7, 2025: the Company and Empire Market Ventures, LLC (“ Empire ”) entered into an investor relations services agreement (the “ Empire Agreement ”). Pursuant to the Empire Agreement, Empire was engaged for a period of three months. The Company paid Empire US$25,000 in fees. Empire will be providing the Company with investor awareness and marketing services, which includes giving the Company access to an exclusive Nasdaq, TSX, and ASX mailing list and investor contacts, content creation, media appearances, branding and consulting, and other services aimed at increasing the Company’s engagement with investors.

February 18, 2025: the Company purchased an additional US$1,000,000 worth of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as part of its strategic efforts. For more information, please see “ Item 4B. Business Overview – Overview of the Company – Business Segments – (3) Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Investments”.

March 6, 2025: the Company closed the fourth tranche of the December 2024 Offering and issued 100 January 2025 Debenture Units for aggregate gross process of C$100,000. On March 25,2025, the investor converted this Debenture into an aggregate of 25,257 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. In addition, the Company announced it may complete additional tranches of the December 2024 Offering, adjusting the each convertible debenture units (each, a “ March 2025 Debenture Unit ”) to include 76 warrants, with an increased conversion price of C$6.60 (the “ March 2025 Debenture ”) and an increased exercise price per warrant of C$7.00 (the “ January 2025 Warrants ”). In addition the March 2025 Debenture removed the VWAP Default, the Prepayment Penalty and the Conversion Bonus.

Field: Page; Sequence: 41; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 38 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

March 7, 2025: the Company cancelled an aggregate of 7,692 warrants to purchase Class B Subordinate Voting Shares which were previously granted to Mr. Zapolin. The Company and Mr. Zapolin entered into a warrant cancellation agreement, pursuant to which Mr. Zapolin agreed to cancel the warrants. Management had reviewed Mr. Zapolin’s outstanding warrants and determined that the warrants granted to Mr. Zapolin under the Company’s equity incentive plan dated May 16, 2022 (the “ Equity Incentive Plan ”) no longer represented a realistic incentive to motivate Mr. Zapolin. Concurrently, the Company granted an aggregate of 7,692 Options to Mr. Zapolin to acquire Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (each, a “Zapolin Option”) pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan, with an exercise price of C$6.60 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share. Each Zapolin Option granted vested immediately, and the expiry date of the Zapolin Options are on March 7, 2027. If Mr. Zapolin ceases to be a participant under the Equity Incentive Plan for any reason, the expiry date of the Zapolin Options shall be 90 days following the date Mr. Zapolin ceases to be a participant under the Equity Incentive Plan.

March 20, 2025: The Company increased its cryptocurrency holdings with the purchase of an additional US$1,500,000 worth of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. For more information, please see “ Item 4B. Business Overview – Overview of the Company – Business Segments – (3) Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Investments ”.

March 26, 2025: Celly U.S. released unbuzzd™ “On-the-Go Powder Stick Packs” in an 8-pack display box, facilitating the sale of unbuzzd™ in convenience, liquor, and drug stores across the United States. The 8-pack display box is available for direct sale to consumers on both amazon.com and unbuzzd.com.

March 26, 2025: the Company retained the services of LWM to enhance its market awareness. This engagement is for a period of 45 days, for $55,000. As of the date of this report, the Company engages with LWM.

March 27, 2025: the Corporation appointed Terry Lynch to the Board to replace Dr. Sanjiv Chopra.

March 31, 2025: the Company announced that it has closed the final tranche (“Final Tranche”) of the offering announced on December 5, 2024 (the “December 5 NR”) as amended on January 20, 2025, and based on the better terms announced on March 7, 2025 (the “March 7 NR”). The Company issued 2,420 Debenture Units (as defined in the December 5 NR, as amended by the March 7 NR) for C$2,420,000 as part of this Final Tranche bringing the total amount raised to C$5 million.

March 31, 2025: the Company entered into a joint clinical study with Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) scientists to validate a novel positron emission tomography (PET) imaging technique to monitor myelin integrity and demyelination in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).

April 3, 2025: Unbuzzd Wellness launched unbuzzd in Puerto Rico with distribution partner FUSION Distribution Group, a leading distributor of health-conscious food and beverage offerings across Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America.

April 10, 2025: Unbuzzd Wellness has secured a landmark partnership with the Asian American Trade Associations Council (“AATAC”) to expand the retail availability of unbuzzd™, increase sales, and recruit new customers. This partnership will focus on unbuzzd™’s convenient “On-the-Go Powder Stick Packs” which have been scientifically proven to accelerate the reduction of blood alcohol levels and restore mental alertness.

April 14, 2025: the Company announced that the reconsideration motion by Dr. Raza Bokhari at the Court of Appeal for Ontario was dismissed entirely in favour of Quantum BioPharma. As previously disclosed in Quantum BioPharma’s news releases issued May 11, 2023, October 4, 2023, and February 5, 2024, and January 17, 2025, Arbitrator Cunningham dismissed Dr. Bokhari’s claim that the Company had wrongfully dismissed him, awarding the Company approximately CDN$2.81 million in costs of the arbitration plus interest. Also, $175,000 in costs were awarded by Justice Conway in respect of the set aside application, and $5,000 in costs were awarded by the Court of Appeal totaling $180,000 in respect of Dr. Raza Bokhari’s failed motion for leave to appeal. Dr. Raza Bokhari filed a re-consideration motion with the Court of Appeal for Ontario which is now dismissed entirely and $180,000 in awards is now due.

April 18, 2025: the Company announced the grant of 60,000 restricted share units (each, an “RSU”) pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plan, to Malone Wealth Ventures, LLC.

April 18, 2025: The Company announced that the board of directors of the Company authorized and approved the settlement of outstanding debt owed to arm’s length parties by issuing Class B Shares at a deemed price of US$6.75 per Class B Share. The Class B Shares upon issuance will be subject to a four month and one day hold period pursuant to the polices of the CSE and applicable securities laws.

April 22, 2025: the Company announced the appointment of Kevin Malone as an advisor to the Board of Directors.

On April 23, 2025: the Company expanded its portfolio of residential mortgages by issuing one new mortgage loan, with a principal amount of C$105,000 with a maturity of one year.

May 5, 2025: the Company announced that it had filed an amended complaint, to the original complaint filed on October 21, 2024, in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York, in response to the Motion to Dismiss filed by the defendants on January 31, 2025.

Field: Page; Sequence: 42; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 39 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

May 12, 2025: the Company announced the completion of dosing in 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity for Lucid-MS.

May 19, 2025: the Company purchased an additional USD$1,000,000 worth of Bitcoin and expanded its cryptocurrency holdings to a total value of $4,500,000.

May 20, 2025: the Company announced an agreement signing with a Global Pharmaceutical Contract Research Organization to prepare an application for Lucid-MS.

May 28, 2025: the Company received an ethics committee approval for Phase 2 clinical trial for the drug product containing ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) to address the MCAS disease.

May 29, 2025: Unbuzzd retained MNP as auditor for its capital raise and changed its name to “Unbuzzd Wellness Inc.” from “Celly Nutrition Corp.” effective May 23, 2025.

May 30, 2025: the Company received $2,350,000 from settlement with Dr. Raza Bokhari. This settlement concluded all outstanding issues and prevented any future litigation in various courts in Canada. In accordance with the Sports Coat Prepaid Purchase Agreement, the Company paid $1,420,000 the proceeds received from Dr. Bokhari to Sports Coat, representing the full repayment of the principal and the additional return calculated under the Sports Coat agreement.

June 10, 2025: the Company announced that it expanded its cryptocurrency portfolio to a total value of $5,000,000.

June 13, 2025: the Company announced its intention to declare a special dividend consisting of Contingent Value Rights ("CVRs") based on proceeds from a future litigation settlement, to be issued on a one-for-one basis to holders of the Company's Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Each CVR would entitle the holder to a pro rata portion of between 10% and 50% of net settlement proceeds, as determined by the Board, subject to a minimum threshold of US$50,000,000 in net settlement proceeds being received before any payment becomes payable to CVR holders.

June 17, 2025: the Company announced a first person with MS scanned in a joint study with Massachusetts General hospital.

June 18, 2025: the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Malone Wealth Ventures, LLC (“Malone Wealth”) to be effective as of April 15, 2025 to provide consulting services and general business services related to naked short-selling, corruption in the brokerage community and other corporate issues. The Company issued 30,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares on April 24, 2025, for prior services, and 60,000 RSUs, which vested in two 30,000-share tranches on June 12 and June 18, 2025, based on market capitalization targets.

June 25, 2025: the Company terminated the consulting agreement with Malone Wealth and his services as a Board Advisor.

June 26, 2025: Unbuzzd Wellness announced its intention to complete a $5,000,000 capital raise through Regulation D506(c) offering.

June 27, 2025: the Company announced a non-brokered private placement offering to issue twelve Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$50.00 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for gross proceeds of C$600.00. It is intended that Xorax and Fortius will purchase all the Class A Multiple Voting Shares, and the Company filed a material change report more than 21 days before the expected closing of the private placement.

July 1, 2025: Malone Wealth was rehired as a Board Advisor on July 1, 2025.

July 2, 2025: the Company issued 31,035 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon the cashless exercise of warrants to one investor attached to convertible debentures purchased pursuant to tranches 4 and 5 of the December 2024 Offering.

July 3, 2025: the Company issued 266,096 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon the cashless exercise of warrants to one investor attached to convertible debentures purchased pursuant to tranches 1, 2, 3, and 5 of the December 2024 Offering.

July 7, 2025: the Company issued 8,344 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon the cashless exercise of warrants to one investor attached to convertible debentures purchased pursuant to tranche 5 of the December 2024 Offering.

July 8, 2025: the Company issued 8,344 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon the cashless exercise of warrants to one investor attached to convertible debentures purchased pursuant to tranche 5 of the December 2024 Offering.

July 8, 2025: the Company through its subsidiary, Huge Biopharma Australia Pty Ltd., the submission of its patented candidate breakthrough drug, Lucid-21-302 (Lucid-MS), to the Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway (ILAP) Passport program in the United Kingdom (UK). The ILAP Passport application was submitted for Lucid-21-302 as a new, first-in-class treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS).

July 10, 2025: the Company issued (i) 11,699 and (ii) 17,698 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon the cashless exercise of warrants to two investors attached to convertible debentures purchased pursuant to tranche 5 of the December 2024 Offering.

July 10, 2025: the Company renewed an existing residential mortgage in its portfolio, extending its maturity by one year, with a principal amount of C$925,000.

Field: Page; Sequence: 43; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 40 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

July 22, 2025: the Company announced (i) the purchase of 2,000 shares of GameStop Corp. (NYSE: GME), and (ii) the completion of debt settlements with an arm’s length creditor totaling $40,000, comprising (a) a June 18, 2025 settlement of $30,000 satisfied through the issuance of 1,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at C$41.14 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share, which has been reflected in Quantum’s financial statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and (b) a July 9, 2025 settlement of $10,000 satisfied through the issuance of 680 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at C$23.85 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share. 12

July 24, 2025: the Company purchased 38,129 shares of Genius Group Limited (AMEX: GNS).

July 31, 2025: Further to the Company’s press release dated June 26, 2025, Unbuzzd Wellness launched its $5,000,000 capital raise through Regulation D506(c) offering to fund growth and establish a path to a possible initial public offering.

August 1, 2025: the Company issued 3,014 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon the cashless exercise of warrants to one investor attached to the convertible debentures purchased pursuant to tranche 5 of the December 2024 Offering.

August 4, 2025: the Company announced that it had filed a legal reply in opposition to a joint motion to dismiss from defendants CIBC and RBC, continuing its lawsuit seeking over $700 million USD in damages. The Company alleges that these banks and others engaged in stock price manipulation and "spoofing" of its shares between January 2020 and August 2024, artificially depressing the stock price. The case is being pursued on a contingency basis by the law firms Christian Attar and Freedman Normand Friedland LLP, and the Company has stated it is open to an amicable resolution with the involved banks.

August 5, 2025: the Company announced positive results from the Clinical Study Report (CSR) for the Phase 1 Multiple Ascending Dose (MAD) clinical trial of its experimental multiple sclerosis drug, Lucid-MS, which concluded that the drug was safe and well-tolerated with no identified safety concerns in healthy participants, a critical step that allows the company to advance the clinical development and prepare for future efficacy trials in patients.

August 8, 2025: the Company announced that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer used in a joint study with Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) scientists shows the ability to capture differences across lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, which may prove highly useful for monitoring myelin integrity and demyelination in MS.

August 11, 2025: the Company announced through its subsidiary, Huge Biopharma Australia Pty Ltd., that it has signed an agreement with a leading contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) to manufacture an oral drug formulation of Lucid-MS. The oral formulation of Lucid-MS will serve as the drug product for the Company’s Phase 2 clinical trial, which will test the efficacy on humans of Lucid-MS as a possible treatment for people to gain back mobility lost with multiple sclerosis (MS). To date numerous animal models over the past decade showed Lucid-MS helped those animals regain their ability to walk.

August 11, 2025: the Company announced that further to its press release dated June 27, 2025, the Company will be seeking shareholder approval of its non-brokered private placement of class A multiple voting shares for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $600 at its upcoming annual general and special meeting being held on September 26, 2025.

On August 21, 2025: the Company announced the following corporate updates:

1) Debt Settlement

On August 12, 2025, the board of directors of the Company authorized the settlement of outstanding debt with one creditor in the amount of $26,812.50 USD by converting the debt into 1,102 Class B Shares (“Creditor Shares”) at a deemed price of $24.33 USD per Class B Share.

2) Grant of Restricted Stock Units

On August 15, 2025, the Board authorized and approved the grant of restricted share units (each, an “RSU”) pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan. The Company granted 800 RSUs each to Peter Stys and Jack Antel. The RSUs granted vest in accordance with the following schedule:

● 500 RSUs will vest to each Clinical Advisor when the Company has a filing application with the US FDA or an equivalent regulatory filing in another country for the start of a clinical Phase 2 trial for Lucid-MS within 1 year of grant.

● 300 RSUs will vest to each Clinical Advisor when the Company receives a no objection letter or an equivalent regulatory approval from the US FDA or other regulatory institution permitting the start of the clinical trial.

3) Statutory Hold Period and Restrictions on Resale

The Creditor Shares and RSUs (and any Class B Shares issuable upon their settlement) are subject to a statutory hold period of four months and one day pursuant to the policies of the CSE. The RSUs and Creditor Shares were not registered under the U.S. Securities Act and are not permitted to be offered or sold within the United States absent such registration or an applicable exemption from the registration requirements therein.

Field: Page; Sequence: 44; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 41 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

4) Change to Advisory Board

Effective August 15, 2025, the Company terminated the Board Advisor Agreement dated July 1, 2025, with Kevin Malone, and as a result, Mr. Malone ceased serving as an Advisor to the Company’s Board of Directors.

September 10, 2025: the Company announced that Kingswood Capital Partners has initiated coverage of Quantum BioPharma with a BUY rating and a discounted cash flow-based US$45 price target, assuming successful Phase 2 and 3 trials of Lucid-MS in the 2026-2028 timeframe, and a commercial launch in 2029. The lead analyst of this report is Karen Sterling, PhD, CFA, Senior Equity Analyst at Kingswood Capital Partners. This coverage is unpaid, and Quantum BioPharma provided no consideration for this report.

September 18, 2025: the Company announced that Health Canada has granted a Product License (PN 80144141) for its natural health product, Qlarity. Quantum licensed a similar product, sold as a dietary supplement in the United States under the brand name “unbuzzd” (unbuzzd.com). This Product License from Health Canada permits Quantum to sell Qlarity in Canada. Health Canada’s product license permits the following recommended uses of Qlarity, among others: helps in energy production and metabolism; helps to maintain/support normal electrolyte balance; helps (temporarily) to enhance (physical) energy and motor performance, reduce fatigue, promote endurance, promote mental alertness, and enhance cognitive performance.

On September 26, 2025: the Company announced the following corporate updates:

1) Grant of Restricted Stock Units

The Company’s board of directors authorized and approved the grant of restricted share units (each, an “RSU”) pursuant to the Company’s omnibus equity incentive plan (“Equity Incentive Plan”). The Company granted 32,000 RSUs to each of Zeeshan Saeed, Anthony Durkacz, and Donal Carroll. The RSUs granted vest upon the compilation of data that would enable the drafting of a Phase 2 MS Study.

2) Stock Options Grant

In addition, the Company granted 98,000 options (the “Options”) to acquire Class B subordinate voting shares in the capital of the Corporation at C$24.50 per Class B Share, pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan, to certain directors, officers, employees, and consultants (the "Option Grant"). The Options granted vested immediately and expire on September 24, 2030.

3) Statutory Hold Period and Restrictions on Resale

The Options and RSUs (and any Class B Shares issuable upon their settlement or exercise) are subject to a statutory hold period of four months and one day, and were not registered under the U.S. Securities Act and are not permitted to be offered or sold within the United States absent such registration or an applicable exemption from the registration requirements therein.

4) Related Party Transaction

The RSU Grant and the Option Grant, as they relate to the directors of the Company, constitutes a "related party transaction", as such term is defined in Multilateral Instrument 61-101 - Protection of Minority Shareholders in Special Transactions (“MI 61-101”) due to the grants to the directors, who are members of the Board, and would require the Company to receive minority shareholder approval for, and obtain a formal valuation for the subject matter of, the transaction in accordance with MI 61-101, prior to the completion of the RSU Grant and the Option Grant, as they relate to the directors of the Company. In its consideration and approval of the RSU Grant and the Option Grant, as they relate to the directors of the Company, the Board determined that the RSU Grant and the Option Grant, as they relate to the directors of the Company, were exempt from the formal valuation and minority approval requirements of MI 61-101. The Company has relied on exemptions from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61- 101 contained in respectively, sections 5.5(a) and 5.7(1)(a) of MI 61-101 in respect of related party participation in the RSU Grant and the Option Grant, as they relate to the directors of the Company, as neither the fair market value (as determined under MI 61-101) of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the transaction, insofar as it involved the related parties, exceeded 25% of the Company's market capitalization (as determined under MI 61- 101).

The Company did not file a material change report more than 21 days before the RSU Grant and the Option Grant, as they relate to the directors of the Company, because the details of the grants to related parties to the Company were not settled until shortly prior to the grants. The Company wished to proceed on an expedited basis for business reasons.

Field: Page; Sequence: 45; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 42 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

October 1, 2025: the Company welcomed Dr. Jack Antel as new clinical advisor to its multiple sclerosis (MS) program centered around Lucid-21-302 (“Lucid-MS”), a patented, new chemical entity investigational drug designed to inhibit demyelination in MS. Dr. Antel will be advising Quantum Biopharma on the clinical development of Lucid-MS including design of efficacy trials of Lucid-MS in people with MS.

October 2, 2025: the Company announced it has received two key final reports related to its potential breakthrough drug for Multiple Sclerosis: the 90-day oral toxicity study report and the toxicokinetic study report for Lucid-MS. These studies were commissioned to provide key data to support an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the US FDA for a phase-2 clinical trial in Multiple Sclerosis.

October 3, 2025: the Company announced that its Board of Directors set October 27, 2025, as the record date for the distribution of Contingent Value Rights (CVRs) to its Class B shareholders on a one-for-one basis. Each CVR entitles the holder to a pro rata portion of between 10% and 50% of net settlement proceeds — the specific percentage to be determined by the Board pursuant to a corporate resolution — from the Company's ongoing litigation seeking over US$700 million in damages from CIBC, RBC, and others for alleged stock manipulation and spoofing. No payment will become due and payable to any CVR holder until the then-outstanding and undistributed net settlement proceeds exceed US$50,000,000 in the aggregate. Payment is contingent on, and payable only if and when, the Company receives net proceeds from a settlement or final judgment in that matter.

October 8, 2025: the Company announced a public whistleblower policy offering a cash reward of up to USD $7 million to any individual or entity that provides definitive and verifiable proof of market manipulation in the Company's stock, with the reward payable only if the information significantly contributes to a trial victory or settlement in its ongoing lawsuit seeking over $700 million in damages from CIBC, RBC, and other financial institutions for alleged spoofing and stock manipulation.

October 14, 2025: the Company issued a formal response strongly refuting what it characterized as vague, unsubstantiated, and misleading allegations by The Schall Law Firm and DJS Law Group, which had announced an investigation into potential securities law violations, stating that the claims lacked any factual basis or concrete details and appeared to be an opportunistic attempt to damage the Company's reputation and provoke shareholder concern, , please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

October 20, 2025: the Company announced the expiration at 5pm EST of 53,147 warrants (originally 3,454,543 warrants issued pre-reverse stock split (65 to 1)). All warrants were issued to hedge funds and investment funds as part of a previous financing completed on October 20, 2020.

October 29, 2025: the Company announced a non-brokered private placement of up to 30 class A Multiple Voting Shares of the company at the price of C$25 per class A multiple voting share for aggregate gross proceeds of up to C$750.

October 31, 2025 , the Company filed a prospectus supplement to its effective shelf registration statement, pursuant to which it may from time to time offer and sell up to $21,225,000 of its Class B Subordinate Voting Shares through an at-the-market offering program.

December 9, 2025: During the year ended December 31, 2025, the portfolio of loan receivables held by our wholly-owned subsidiary, FSD Strategic Investments Inc., were sold to a corporation owned by the CFO of the Company. As of December 31, 2025, the Company no longer holds any loans secured by residential properties.

December 10 , 2025: The Company announced, further to its October 29, 2025, announcement, that it successfully closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 30 Class A Multiple Voting Shares of the Company at a price of C$25 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for gross proceeds of C$750.

December 22, 2025: The Company announced that pursuant to the entry into the at-the-market offering agreement with Rodman & Renshaw LLC (“ Rodman ”) on December 22, 2025, the Company, at its discretion may offer and sell from time to time, through Rodman as sales agent, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the capital of the Company having an aggregate offering price of up to $17,243,174.

December 22, 2025: Paul Durkacz, a shareholder of the Company, filed a class action lawsuit alleging that investors in the Company were the victims of stock manipulation The lawsuit alleges that between January 6, 2021, and October 15, 2025, shareholders who sold securities of the Company, formerly known as FSD Pharma Inc., were significantly and materially harmed.

December 23, 2025: The Company announced that oral dosing of Lucid-MS was complete in both a 180-day toxicity and toxicokinetic studies. These studies will support the Investigational New Drug (IND) with the US FDA, including the design of a Phase 2 trial of Lucid-MS in people with multiple sclerosis.

March 11, 2026: the Company announced that it intends to complete a non-brokered private placement offering of up to 4,000 convertible debenture units of the Company at a price of $1,000 per debenture unit. Each debenture unit will consist of (i) one secured convertible debenture having a face value of $1,000.00; and (ii) 333.33 common share purchase warrants exercisable for 333.33 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The debentures will mature on the date that is 24 months from the date of issuance and shall bear interest at a rate of 1.25% per month, beginning on the date of issuance and payable in cash on the last day of each calendar quarter, starting June 30, 2026. The principal sum of the debentures, or any portion thereof, and any accrued but unpaid interest, may be converted into Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a conversion price of $3.00 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share. Each warrant shall entitle the holder to acquire one additional Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a price of $3.75 per warrant share, for a period of five (5) years from the date of issuance. The Company will use the proceeds from the offering for the ongoing development of the Company’s business model and for general working capital purposes. Additionally, the Company intends to settle certain amounts owing to arm’s length creditors and insiders of the Company, through the issuance of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a deemed price per Class B Subordinate Voting Share equal to the conversion price.

Field: Page; Sequence: 46; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 43 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

January 2026 through date of this annual report , the Company successfully sold an aggregate of $5,350,781 in proceeds under its at-the-market offering agreement with Rodman and Renshaw LLC, as sales agent.

March 11, 2026: the Company issued 44,415 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to executives and employees of the Company upon the exercise of RSUs.

March 20, 2026: the Company announced that it had closed its first tranche of a private placement offering, initially announced on March 10 and 11, 2026, and issued 3,750 debenture units for aggregate gross proceeds of C$3,750,000. One director of the Company participated in the private placement offering and subscribed for 300 debenture units, representing aggregate gross proceeds of C$300,000.

March 20, 2026: the Company also announced the completion of debt settlements by issuing an aggregate of 370,457 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the Company to settle approximately C$1,117,727 of debt owed to certain arm’s length creditors and insiders of the Company.

B. Business Overview

Overview of the Company – Business Segments

Quantum BioPharma is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to building a portfolio of innovative assets and biotech solutions for the treatment of challenging neurodegenerative, inflammatory and metabolic disorders and alcohol misuse disorders with drug candidates (“ Product Candidates ”) in different stages of development. Through Lucid, the Company is currently focused on the R&D of its lead compound, Lucid-MS (formerly Lucid-21-302). Lucid-MS is a patented new chemical entity shown to prevent and reverse myelin degradation, the underlying mechanism of multiple sclerosis, in preclinical models. The Company has also licensed unbuzzd™, a proprietary formulation of natural ingredients, vitamins, and minerals to help with liver and brain function for the purposes of quickly relieving individuals from the effects of alcohol consumption, to Unbuzzd and Celly U.S., and is entitled to a royalty on the revenue generated by Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. from sales of products created using the technology rights granted under the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement. Further, the Company is also focused on the R&D of novel formulations for the treatment of alcohol misuse for application in hospitals and other medical practices.

Finally, the Company has expanded its corporate treasury management function to include investments in cryptocurrencies. This initiative is aligned with the Company’s financial diversification goals and supports its long-term strategic objectives.

(1) Biopharmaceutical Operations

(i) Alcohol Misuse Disorder Product Candidates

Excess alcohol consumption (alcohol misuse or mild acute alcohol intoxication) is clinically harmful. Clinical symptoms and manifestations are heterogeneous, and can have behavioral, cardiac, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, neurological, and metabolic effects. The Company is focused on treatments to reverse inebriation and to assist accelerating alcohol metabolism in people who consumed excess alcohol, reaching blood alcohol levels around/slightly above the legal limits in various countries. Available options for emergency response doctors and nurses are to provide a vitamin intravenous drip or let alcohol “wear off”, until medical professionals can tend to those individuals who are inebriated, occupying expensive resources in the emergency room. The Company also identified that excess alcohol consumption is a problem in general society (consumer market), and the commonly available remedies mostly fall in the category of “hangover remedies”. Thus, there is a great need for immediate treatments that can address the challenges when one consumes excess alcohol.

Medical and R&D teams at Lucid identified several natural ingredients that are dietary supplements that can function as alcohol metabolism accelerants and enhance mental alertness; the team developed several formulations that will help enhance mental alertness, replenish cofactors, and may accelerate the rate of alcohol metabolism. This formulation may be useful in treating intoxicated individuals who wish to speed up their recovery from the effects of alcohol as well as for the treatment of intoxicated patients entering emergency departments in the hospitals. The Company will continue its R&D program and develop products for use in emergency departments and other healthcare settings. Regulatory activity in the United States, and other markets globally will be continued, aligned with the R&D and potential clinical trials (as needed) for commercialization, marketing, and distribution.

With respect to the Product Candidates for alcohol misuse disorders, the Corporation sees two distinct routes where this segment can be developed, (a) recreational retail and (b) healthcare; Unbuzzd and Celly U.S., through the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement (as defined herein), will be focusing on the recreational retail sector and the Corporation will be focusing on the healthcare sector as further outlined below:

a. Alcohol Misuse: Retail Product (known as “unbuzzd™”)

unbuzzd™ is a consumer recreational beverage product that will be sold via retail distribution. The Company entered into the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, which provides Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. access to proprietary information for the purposes of consumer product development and marketing in connection with unbuzzd™. For more information, see “ Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – Significant Operations and Principal Activities in Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2024”.

Field: Page; Sequence: 47; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 44 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The Plan of Arrangement has not had, and does not expect to have, an impact on the development of the retail product, unbuzzd™. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has trademarks with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (Registrar of Trademarks) (“ CIPO ”) and the USPTO relating to novel treatments for alcohol misuse and related conditions, including ALCOHOLDEATH™, which was licensed to Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. pursuant to the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement (as defined herein). For more information, see “ Item 4B. – Intellectual Property ”.

unbuzzd™ Clinical Trials

On February 19, 2024, FSD Australia, entered into an agreement with Ingenu CRO Pty Ltd. (“ Ingenu ”) to conduct “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of unbuzzd™ in Healthy Volunteers in an Induced State of Alcohol Intoxication” (the “ METAL-1 TRIAL ”).

On March 11, 2024, the Company submitted a CTA for a planned Phase-1b of the METAL-1 TRIAL. This clinical trial application was submitted for review by a human ethics review committee (“ HREC ”) in Australia, which is a first step to obtaining permission to initiate the clinical trial. Recruitment of healthy volunteers to this trial is expected following approval by the HREC. The METAL-1 TRIAL was not approved by the HREC, and thus was replaced by the METAL-2 TRIAL (as defined herein),

On April 24, 2024, the Company entered into agreement with Applied Science and Performance Institute (“ ASPI ”) in Tampa, Florida, to conduct “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of unbuzzd™ in Healthy Volunteers in an Induced State of Alcohol Intoxication” (the “ METAL-2 TRIAL ”).

On April 28, 2024, the Company submitted a clinical trial protocol for the METAL-2 TRIAL, which was approved on June 4, 2024. The clinical trial protocol was submitted for review and approval by the institutional review board (“ IRB ”) in the USA. Recruitment of healthy volunteers to the trial began following approval by the IRB. In the METAL-2 TRIAL, the ability of unbuzzd™ to help alleviate the effects of acute alcohol intoxication will be studied in a crossover design. The METAL-2 TRIAL has since been completed.

On May 28, 2024, the Company submitted a clinical trial protocol to assess the safety and efficacy of unbuzzd™ in healthy volunteers for its METAL-2 TRIAL. The clinical trial protocol was submitted for review and approval by the IRB in the USA. Recruitment of healthy volunteers to the trial will begin following approval by the IRB. This trial has since been completed.

On June 4, 2024, the Company received IRB approval for its METAL-2 TRIAL in the United States.

On February 4, 2025, the Company announced that it completed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design clinical trial (NCT06505239) of its dietary supplement product unbuzzd™, investigating its effects on alcohol intoxication and alcohol metabolism. Results of data analysis show definitively that unbuzzd™ accelerated the rate at which blood alcohol concentration was reduced in study subjects, while simultaneously reducing the symptoms of intoxication and hangover. All these results were statistically significant compared to placebo. The study included 26 participants, both male and female, aged between 21 and 43, with weights ranging from 119 to 232 pounds. The positive effects of unbuzzd™ were rapidly apparent, occurring within 30 minutes after consumption of the dissolved powder. unbuzzd™ was well-tolerated and safe, with no reported product-related adverse effects.

Unbuzzd Public Relations Partnerships

On April 22, 2024, Celly U.S. announced its collaboration with BevSource, a leading provider of beverage development, production and operations solutions located in St. Paul, Minnesota. This partnership will assist with the production and distribution process of unbuzzd™, commercial formulation consultation, contract packaging solutions, ingredient procurement, commercialization strategies, initial production oversight, and fulfillment center coordination for both the 12oz can and ready-to-mix powder stick packs product formats.

On April 25, 2024, Celly U.S. announced its partnership with Six+One, to enhance the presence of its premier dietary supplement, unbuzzd™, in preparation of the launch in the United States. This strategic alliance aims to utilize Six+One’s branding and strategic expertise to redefine wellness. Renowned for its innovative work with brands like vitaminwater and BODYARMOR (both brands later acquired by The Coca-Cola Company), Six+One, an advertising, entertainment, and production agency, is focused on marketing a brand’s purpose beyond its product.

Unbuzzd Distribution Partnerships

On October 7, 2024, Celly U.S. signed a master distribution agreement with FUSION Distribution Group (“ FUSION ”) for distribution of unbuzzd™ across Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. unbuzzd™ was made available as ready-to-mix powder sticks on Amazon on August 30, 2024, with ready-to-drink 12oz cans planned for future release. FUSION, which distributed brands such as CELSIUS, SHINE Water, Tona Cerveza, and Kin Whiskey, was selected to handle the distribution of both ready-to-mix powder sticks and ready-to-drink 12oz cans. As of the date of this Annual Report, the planned future release of the ready-to-drink 12oz cans have been put on hold.

The Corporation’s continued operations are not dependent on the development of unbuzzd™ for recreational use by Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. pursuant to the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement.

Field: Page; Sequence: 48; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 45 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

b. Alcohol Misuse: Healthcare Product (the “ Healthcare Product ”)

The Healthcare Product has the potential to support emergency room physicians and their medical staff by managing the high volume of intoxicated patients who utilize critical resources (i.e. the physicians and their medical staff) that could be used for more urgent and critical needs. The Corporation did not license the intellectual property with respect to the Product Candidate for the Healthcare Product to Unbuzzd, and will be conducting further R&D, including clinical trials, into the viability of the Healthcare Product. Although any R&D conducted by the Corporation on the Healthcare Product could be shared with, and may assist, Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. in developing unbuzzd™, the Corporation has no obligation, pursuant to the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement (as defined herein), to share such information with its licensees.

The viability, development and advancement of the Healthcare Product is dependent on the Corporation obtaining requisite funding, in the amount of approximately US$10,998,811, for the Corporation to complete further R&D. The Corporation, through its initial research, has discovered that there is significant demand in the market for this type of product, an opportunity for them to capture market share and believes that if it were able to develop and sell the Healthcare Product, it would bring immense value to its Shareholders. If the requisition financing is not obtained, the Corporation will be unable to develop the Healthcare Product.

The Corporation’s continued operations are not dependent on the Healthcare Product’s development.

(ii) Lucid-MS

This program is focused on the development of novel drugs for multiple sclerosis. Available drugs for progressive multiple sclerosis are immunomodulatory, and do not address the neurodegeneration in these patients. The Corporation believes it has a solution that can significantly change the course of neurodegenerative decline in multiple sclerosis patients. The Corporation, through the acquisition of Lucid, acquired the multiple sclerosis program with the lead candidate, Lucid-MS (development code, Lucid-21-302). Lucid-21-302 exhibits moderate inhibition profile against peptidyl arginine deiminase (“ PAD ”) 2 and PAD 4 isozymes. There is strong evidence that hypercitrullination of myelin, mediated by increased activities of PAD 2 and potentially PAD 4, may contribute to demyelination and multiple sclerosis pathogenesis through two mechanisms: (1) destabilizing myelin integrity on neuronal axons, leading to demyelination and degeneration, and (2) generating antigenic neoepitopes, leading to immune activation. Lucid-21-302 reduced hypercitrullination, prevented demyelination and helped remyelination in various non-clinical animal models of multiple sclerosis, including functional recovery in the animals. Lucid-MS is being developed as a first-in-class, non-immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis. Current data from preclinical and clinical development suggests that Lucid-21-302 could achieve the therapeutic dose to launch a proof-of-concept human study in a small number of patients (Phase 2a PoC clinical trial). This trial will pave way for a larger Phase 2b study, with appropriate biomarkers and endpoints for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis with multiple clinical sites. The Corporation has actively been planning a potential phase-2 clinical trial. The current patent on Lucid-21-302 are effective until 2036 (US10716791B2) and was licensed from University Health Network (Toronto, Canada) exclusively for development and commercialization.

Lucid-MS Clinical Trials

On January 17, 2023, the Company submitted the CTA for a planned Phase 1 clinical trial for Lucid-MS to Health Canada.

On February 7, 2023, the Company received regulatory clearance from Health Canada to proceed with the Company’s Phase 1 clinical trial of Lucid-MS in Canada, which would evaluate the safety and tolerability of Lucid-MS.

On April 17, 2023, the Company announced the completion of its first-in-human dosing of Lucid-MS in the Company’s Phase 1 clinical trial.

On May 10, 2023, the Company announced the completion of dosing the first cohort of patients in the Phase 1 clinical trial of Lucid-MS. The clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05821387), is a first-in-human study evaluating Lucid-MS.

On July 10, 2023, the Company received a “no objection letter” for the Phase 1 Lucid-MS clinical trial, which was acknowledged on June 12, 2023. On July 19, 2023, the Company submitted a request for pre-IND meeting to the FDA, which was acknowledged August 3, 2023, and a response was received on September 21, 2023.

On August 25, 2023, the Company received a “no objection letter” for the CTA, which was acknowledged on July 31, 2023.

On September 18, 2023, the completion of study notification (after completion of five cohorts) was submitted to Health Canada. Also, the Company received the interim report for the first-in-human single ascending dose Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating Lucid-MS. This interim blinded report was issued on August 17, 2023, for the first 4 cohorts, with an addendum report describing the results of the fifth cohort submitted on this date.

On October 2, 2023, the Company submitted a provisional patent application to USPTO for the clinical formulation containing Lucid-MS.

Field: Page; Sequence: 49; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 46 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

In February 2024, the Company presented the results from its first-in-human Phase 1 study of Lucid-MS at the America’s Committee meeting for the treatment and research in multiple sclerosis. This presentation detailed the final results including adverse events profile of Lucid-21-302 in the single-ascending dose (“ SAD ”) studies. The study concluded that Lucid-21-302 is safe and well-tolerated in the dose range of 50-300 mg p.o. administered once, with no difference in pharmacokinetics between the fed and fasted states. There were no serious adverse effects, and most adverse effects (7/12) in participants receiving Lucid-21-302 were characterized as unlikely related or unrelated to study drug. In the dose range 50-300 mg, drug exposure was proportional to dose of the drug. It also demonstrated good oral absorption with ‘area under the curve’ at 300mg comparable to ‘area under the curve’ in mouse efficacy studies.

On March 26, 2024, the Company, through its subsidiary, Huge Biopharma, entered into agreement with Ingenu to conduct “A Phase 1, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lucid-21-302 in Healthy Adult Participants”.

On May 7, 2024, the Company announced the submission to HREC in Australia for a trial titled “A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lucid-MS in Healthy Adult Participants.” This CTA is a step that is necessary to obtain permission to initiate the multiple ascending dose (“ MAD ”) trial. The MAD trial follows the Phase-1 SAD trial.

On June 27, 2024, the Company announced that it has received approval by the HREC in Australia for its trial entitled “A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lucid-21-302 in Healthy Adult Participants.”

On September 9, 2024, the Company announced that through its subsidiary, Huge Biopharma, it entered into an agreement with Ingenu on August 13, 2024, to conduct a clinical study to observe and quantify disease progression in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

On October 29, 2024, the Company announced that Huge Biopharma had initiated sentinel dosing in a Phase 1 clinical trial for Lucid-MS. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was designed to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of Lucid-MS in healthy adult participants, marking a significant step toward Phase-2 efficacy trials.

On December 10, 2024, the Company’s safety review committee recommended commencing dosing of the second cohort in its trial entitled “A Phase 1, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lucid-21-302 in Healthy Adult Participants.” The safety review committee made this recommendation after reviewing safety and pharmacokinetic data from participants in the first cohort.

May 20, 2025: the Company announced an agreement signing with a Global Pharmaceutical Contract Research Organization to prepare an application for Lucid-MS.

Field: Page; Sequence: 50; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 47 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

(iii) FSD-PEA and Lucid-PSYCH

On May 31, 2022, the Company submitted an IND application with the FDA and Health Canada detailing a planned Phase 1 clinical trial of its proprietary ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide (“ FSD-PEA ” or “ FSD201 ”) formulation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

On July 13, 2022, Lucid filed a provisional patent application on novel formulations of FSD-PEA. The new patent application is based on the results of completed preclinical animal toxicology studies and Phase 1 clinical trial using FSD-PEA sponsored by the Company.

On September 6, 2022, the Company received a “Study May Proceed” letter from the FDA for its IND application, and a “Notice of Authorization” from Health Canada for its Phase 2 clinical trial of FSD-PEA/FSD201. The corresponding study protocol is titled “A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Parallel Group Study of Safety and Efficacy of FSD201 in Patients with Chronic Widespread Musculoskeletal Nociplastic Pain Associated with Idiopathic Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (Disorder) (“ MCAS ”)”.

On March 22, 2023, FSD Australia received the certificate of approval from the Alfred Ethics Committee to proceed with a Phase 1 clinical trial of Lucid-201, a novel drug candidate for the potential treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Since that date, there has been no further activity on Lucid-201.

Suspension and Resumption of FSD-PEA Development

On June 2, 2023, the Corporation terminated any further clinical development FSD-PEA formulation which was being developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The Corporation’s team of internal medical experts conducted a profitability assessment of FSD-PEA and ultimately determined that the FSD-PEA molecule was not profitable compared to the currently available products in the market and it would not be possible to cover the Corporation’s manufacturing and R&D investments at a price that would be accepted in the market.

In Q3 2024, the Corporation resumed the clinical development of FSD-PEA. The Corporation signed a study order for a Phase 2 clinical trial of FSD-PEA in mast cell activation syndrome (“ MCAS ”).

May 28, 2025: the Company received an ethics committee approval for Phase 2 clinical for the drug product containing ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) to address the MCAS disease.

Lucid-PSYCH Put on Hold

Additionally, management made the decision to put the R&D activities associated with Lucid-PSYCH (formerly Lucid-201) on hold during June 2023. This decision was made based on the cumulative cash requirements to advance the R&D of the Company’s portfolio of compounds. Due to cash flow prioritization strategies, management elected to prioritize the Lucid-MS compound and its alcohol misuse treatment products. The Corporation has not recognized an amount specific to Lucid-PSYCH. When the Corporation acquired Lucid, it recognized an intangible asset consisting of the world-wide exclusive license agreement with the University Health Network (the “ UHN License ”) for the exclusive rights to the Lucid-MS compound and the U.S. patent for the Lucid-MS compound covered by the UHN license. Lucid-PSYCH was not covered by the license agreement and did not have any patent protection.

The Corporation’s continued operations are not dependent on its biopharmaceutical operations.

(iv) Prismic

The Corporation does not operate through Prismic, however Prismic holds the right to receive certain payments based on net sales of certain products from the Corporation pursuant to an assignment agreement between Prismic and the Corporation.

(2) FSD Strategic Investments

Residential Property Investments (Historical Segment)

Historically, through its wholly owned subsidiary, FSD Strategic Investments Inc., the Company maintained a portfolio of strategic residential investments focused on issuing loans secured by residential real estate properties.

The business generated returns and cash flow through fixed-rate lending arrangements, with loans arranged through a third-party financing intermediary. The Board’s investment criteria included a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 55%, a maximum loan value of C$1,200,000, and a requirement that the secured property be located in the Greater Toronto Area. Interest rates were determined based on borrower-specific factors, including credit score and equity held in the property.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the entire portfolio of these loan receivables was sold to a corporation owned by the CFO of the Company. As of December 31, 2025, the Company no longer holds any loans secured by residential properties and has no further rights or obligations with respect to the sold portfolio. This business segment did not continue into the subsequent fiscal year.

Field: Page; Sequence: 51; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 48 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

(3) Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Investments

In December 2024, the Company introduced to its corporate treasury management function to include investments in cryptocurrencies. During 2025, the cryptocurrencies holdings expanded to include Bitcoin (BTC), Solana (SOL), Ethereum (ETH), XRP (later liquidited in 2025), Sui (SUI), and Chainlink (LINK). A summary list of investments is provided below.

The Company considers cryptocurrencies both a financial asset and a potential medium of exchange for future transactions. Management retains full discretion to adjust cryptocurrency holdings based on market conditions and business priorities. The Company is also equipped to receive financing and execute transactions in cryptocurrencies, further enhancing its operational and financial flexibility.

Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a digital asset that is created and transmitted through the operations of the peer-to-peer Bitcoin network, a decentralized network of computers that operates on cryptographic protocols, which are mathematical rules that secure digital communication by encrypting data, verifying identities, ensuring integrity. This mechanism, whereby users known as “miners” compete to solve complex mathematical problems to validate transactions on the network, is referred to as a “Proof-of-Work” system.

No single entity owns or operates the Bitcoin network, the infrastructure of which is collectively maintained by a decentralized user base.

The Bitcoin network allows people to exchange tokens of value, called Bitcoin, which are recorded on a public transaction ledger known as a blockchain. Bitcoin can be used to pay for goods and services, or it can be converted to fiat currencies, such as the U.S. dollar, at rates determined on Digital Asset Trading Platforms that trade Bitcoin or in individual end-user-to-end-user transactions under a barter system.

The first Bitcoins were created in 2009 after the presumably pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto released the Bitcoin network source code (the software and protocol that created and launched the Bitcoin network). The Bitcoin network has been under active development since that time by a group of engineers known as core developers. The core developers are able to access, and can alter and update, the Bitcoin network source code. Users and miners must accept any changes made to the Bitcoin source code by downloading the proposed modification of the Bitcoin network’s source code. The modification is effective only with respect to the Bitcoin users and miners that download it. If a modification is accepted by only a percentage of users and miners, a division in the Bitcoin network will occur such that one network will run the pre-modification source code and the other network will run the modified source code. Such a division is known as a “fork.”

The supply of new Bitcoin is mathematically controlled so that the amount of Bitcoin grows at a limited rate pursuant to a pre-set schedule, with a capped supply of 21 million Bitcoin. Bitcoin's unique attributes not only differentiate it from fiat money but also from other cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin has the capacity to act as a hedge against inflation due to its limited supply, and its status as a non-security commodity is well-established in regulatory precedent.

As of March 2026, Bitcoin has a circulating supply of approximately 20.00 million BTC and a market capitalization of approximately $1.33 trillion . The token reached its all-time high of $124,000 in October 2025, and is currently trading in the range of $66,500 to $71,000, reflecting a correction from its peak as the market digests post-halving dynamics and macroeconomic conditions

The specific risk factors surrounding Bitcoin include the following:

| ● | “51% attacks”, which may occur where
a group of malicious miners attain more than 50% of the Bitcoin network’s mining power, thereby enabling such miners to control
and manipulate the blockchain; |
| --- | --- |
| ● | “Denial-of-service attacks”, which
may occur when legitimate users are unable to access information systems, devices, or other network resources due to the actions
of a malicious actor flooding the network with traffic until the network is unable to respond or crashes; |
| ● | Unauthorized wallet access whereby an attacker
deceives the victim into sharing private keys; |
| ● | Bitcoin is highly volatile and has experienced
large fluctuations in its price since its inception and over the previous 12 months; |
| ● | The computing power necessary to validate transactions
requires vast amounts of energy and produces carbon emissions; |
| ● | Bitcoin’s network is subject to congestion
and the amount of transactions processed in each block is limited and the process of validating transactions can be delayed resulting
in an increase in transaction fees; and |
| ● | A decrease in incentives to validate transactions
on the blockchain after 21 million Bitcoin have been issued. |

As of December 31, 2025, 18.32 Bitcoin units with a fair value of approximately US$1,601,865 were pledged as collateral to BitGo Prime, LLC, the Company's primary custodian, pursuant to a loan agreement dated June 4, 2025. The loan bears interest at 9% per annum, has an open-ended duration terminable at the Company's discretion, and had an outstanding principal balance of US$1,000,000 as of December 31, 2025. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company is required to maintain collateral with a fair value of at least 150% of the outstanding loan balance. The pledged Bitcoin units are subject to trading restrictions while securing the loan; however, the Company retains the contractual right to recall the collateral at its sole discretion, upon which the Bitcoin units would be immediately released from trading restrictions and available for corporate use. These pledged Bitcoin units are presented as "Digital assets — restricted" on the Company's consolidated statement of financial position.

Field: Page; Sequence: 52; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 49 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Solana

The Solana (“ SOL ”) protocol was first conceived by Anatoly Yakovenko in a 2017 whitepaper. Development of the Solana network is overseen by the Solana Foundation, a Swiss non-profit organization, and Solana Labs, Inc., a Delaware corporation, which administered the original network launch and token distribution. Smart contract operations are executed on the Solana blockchain in exchange for payment of SOL. In addition to Proof-of-Stake mechanisms, Solana uses a Proof-of-History (“ PoH ”) consensus mechanism that automatically orders on-chain transactions by creating a historical record that proves an event has occurred at a specific moment in time. PoH is intended to provide a transaction processing speed and capacity advantage over traditional PoW and PoS networks, which rely on sequential production of blocks and can lead to delays caused by validator confirmations. The Company holds SOL as part of its cryptocurrency treasury and engages in staking of its SOL holdings through its primary custodian, BitGo, as a built-in feature of its custodial arrangement. Staking rewards, if any, are variable and not guaranteed, and staked SOL may be subject to an unbonding period during which those holdings cannot be transferred or liquidated. The staked SOL holdings are included in the unrestricted digital assets balance on the Company's consolidated statement of financial position .

On September 14, 2021, the Solana network experienced a significant disruption, later attributed to a type of denial-of-service attack, and was offline for 17 hours, only returning to full functionality 24 hours later. The Solana network has also experienced significant disruptions throughout 2022, for example, in January, April, May and June. In February 2022, a vulnerability in a smart contract for Wormhole, a bridge between the Ethereum and Solana networks led to a $320 million theft of Ethereum. In August 2022, over 8,000 internet-connected “hot” Solana wallets were hacked, with millions of dollars’ worth of various digital assets stolen. Such disruptions and hacking events may have a material adverse effect on the price of SOL and the confidence of users.

The regulatory status of SOL under U.S. federal securities laws has evolved significantly. While the SEC asserted in its June 2023 enforcement complaints against Binance and Coinbase that SOL was an unregistered security, it removed those allegations from its amended complaint against Coinbase in September 2024. On March 17, 2026, the SEC and CFTC jointly issued an interpretive release (Release Nos. 33-11412; 34-105020) that explicitly classified SOL as a digital commodity — not a security — under U.S. federal securities laws, placing it under CFTC oversight and superseding all prior SEC staff statements on this topic. However, this classification is interpretive guidance, not permanent law; the Digital Asset Market Clarity Act of 2025, which passed the U.S. House in July 2025 but remains pending before the Senate, would codify this classification into statute. Until that legislation is enacted, the current regulatory status of SOL could be revised by future agency leadership or Congressional action, and there can be no assurance that this classification will remain in effect.

As of March 2026, Solana has a circulating supply of approximately 569.65 million to 621.60 million SOL, depending on the inclusion of staked and locked tokens, and a market capitalization of approximately $49.7 billion. The token reached its all-time high of $296 in January 2025, and is currently trading in the range of $87 to $120, representing a significant correction of approximately 70-80% from its peak as the market consolidates following the approval of Solana spot ETFs in late 2025.

Additionally, there other risks specific to SOL include, but are not limited to, the following:

| ● | Aside from “staking” SOL
does not pay interest, dividends, or other returns in connection with mere ownership of SOL any returns from staking are variable,
not guaranteed, and dependent on network conditions; |
| --- | --- |
| ● | SOL’s PoH system is relatively new and may
not function as intended; |
| ● | SOL has been the subject of much regulatory scrutiny,
including in major SEC enforcement actions such as against Binance; |
| ● | SOL does not have a maximum determined supply
and instead uses an inflation model, and a proposal, SIMD-228, to transition to dynamic, market-based model failed in 2025; |
| ● | The core developers of Solana have the ability
to propose amendments to the Solana network’s source code, and to the extent that such amendments are adopted by a significant
majority of users and validators on the Solana network, such amendments may materially adversely affect the value of SOL; |
| ● | Since developers are not directly compensated
for their contributions to the network and addressing emerging issues, inadequate incentives for participation may lead to a decrease
in the number of validators and users. |

Field: Page; Sequence: 53; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 50 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Dogecoin

Dogecoin is a digital asset that functions similarly to Bitcoin through a blockchain that is a decentralized ledger upon which Dogecoin transactions are processed and settled. No single person or entity owns or operates the Dogecoin Blockchain, which is maintained collectively by the decentralized user base. Like Bitcoin, Dogecoin functions on a Proof-of-Work system to validate transactions.

Dogecoin was originally developed by software engineers Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer as a lighthearted take on the rapidly emerging cryptocurrency market. Markus and Palmer believed that existing cryptocurrencies at the time, such as Bitcoin, had overly grandiose goals to “change the world,” and launched Dogecoin as a fun, community-driven, and lighthearted alternative. Dogecoin emphasized ease of use and a sense of humor. The project adopted a popular internet meme – a photograph of a Shiba Inu dog named Kabosu, which was the “top meme” for 2013 according to an online meme ranking system called “Know Your Meme” – as its brand image and mascot, and chose the name “Dogecoin” in reference to the dog as a way of emphasizing the fun and friendly aspects of the project. The use of an internet meme as inspiration for the project later caused users to refer to Dogecoin as a meme coin and sparked the creation of many competitor meme coins. Dogecoin quickly became popular following its launch, gaining adoption as a speculative investment and as a tool for tipping and small transactions. Dogecoin is optimized for speed, efficiency, and volume capability, and processes transaction in approximately one minute, as opposed to Bitcoin’s 10-minute transaction processing time.

On February 27, 2025, the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance issued a Staff Statement on Meme Coins (the “ Meme Coin Statement ”). The Meme Coin Statement clarified whether that the agency believes that meme coins are not securities under U.S. federal securities laws as, among other reasons, they are akin to collectibles and lack utility. The SEC in the Meme Coin Statement noted that meme coins do not constitute any of the common financial instruments within the definition of a security under the Securities Act of 1933. Additionally, meme coins are not considered an investment contract because the offer and sale of meme coins does not involve an investment in an enterprise nor is it undertaken with a reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the entrepreneurial or managerial efforts of others.

Risks specific to Dogecoin include the following:

| ● | There is no limit to Dogecoin’s supply,
and although it has a diminished inflation rate because a fixed-rate of 5 billion Dogecoin are created every year, this will not
change unless the block reward is adjusted or the network adopts an issuance cap; |
| --- | --- |
| ● | Like Bitcoin, Dogecoin is theoretically susceptible
to a “51% attack” as it relies on miners who maintain the consensus in a decentralized computer network; |
| ● | Many Dogecoin participants engage in speculative
trading; and |
| ● | Dogecoin’s origins as a “meme coin”
and that many purchase them for social and entertainment value may contribute to the lack of serious and widespread adoption and
use of the cryptocurrency. |

During 2025, the Company liquidated its entire holdings of Dogecoin. As at December 31, 2025, and as at the date of this annual report, no further units of Dogecoin were purchased.

XRP

XRP is a digital asset that was created by Chris Larsen, Jed McCaleb, Arthur Britto and David Schwartz (the “ XRP Creators ”) in 2012 to address scalability concerns that the XRP creators believed were inherent in the structure of Bitcoin. The XRP Creators created XRP to increase speed, efficiency, and stability of payments. In addition, network transaction fees are substantially lower than Bitcoin, typically less than $0.01.

The total supply of XRP is limited, similar to bitcoin, with 100 billion tokens available, with a significant portion, approximately 55 billion tokens held in escrow by Ripple Labs, Inc. (“ Ripple ”), which was started by the XRP Creators to solve problems regarding payment processing. XRP is released programmatically on a monthly schedule to ensure liquidity and minimize market disruption, with a consistent pattern of unlocking 1 billion XRP at the start of each month and relocking the unused portion. As of March 2026, the total escrow balance stands at approximately 33.3 billion XRP.

In 2025, Ripple launched RLUSD, a USD-pegged stablecoin, which is now integrated directly into XRP trading pairs on major exchanges. This integration removes friction in bridging capital through third-party stablecoins, enabling seamless settlement within the XRP ecosystem. The XRP Ledger has also experienced significant growth, with transaction volumes increasing over 40% from recent baselines, driven by cross-border payments, DeFi activity, and growing institutional integration.

The inclusion of XRP in our treasury strategy has been subject to significant regulatory scrutiny. In December 2020, the SEC commenced civil enforcement proceedings against Ripple Labs, Inc. ("Ripple") and certain of its executives, alleging that the offer and sale of XRP constituted an unregistered securities offering under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. In July 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a partial ruling finding that, while certain institutional sales of XRP by Ripple constituted unregistered securities offerings, XRP sold on digital asset trading platforms in secondary market transactions did not constitute a security under applicable U.S. federal securities laws.

Field: Page; Sequence: 54; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 51 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Both the SEC and Ripple appealed aspects of the district court's ruling. On August 7, 2025, the SEC and Ripple jointly filed a stipulation of dismissal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, withdrawing the SEC's appeal and Ripple's cross-appeal, with each party agreeing to bear its own costs. On August 22, 2025, the Second Circuit approved the joint stipulation of dismissal, formally ending all appellate proceedings. The resolution of the litigation includes a $125 million civil penalty payable by Ripple to the U.S. Treasury. The district court's final judgment remains in effect, including a permanent injunction prohibiting Ripple from violating the registration provisions of the Securities Act in connection with future institutional sales of XRP.

As a result of the dismissal with prejudice, the district court's finding that XRP is not a security in secondary market transactions is final and binding in the Second Circuit. Retail trading of XRP on public exchanges is not restricted by the injunction. However, certain risks associated with our XRP holdings remain. Trading platforms that facilitate XRP transactions and institutional participants may remain cautious given the residual injunction against Ripple's institutional sales, which could affect market liquidity. In addition, the regulatory environment for digital assets continues to evolve and future legislative, regulatory, or judicial developments could affect the legal status of XRP or the terms on which it may be traded or held.

The following is a summary of the risk factors associated with XRP:

| ● | The centralization of power in Ripple in contrast
to decentralized systems such as Bitcoin may lead to significant influence, control, and manipulation of the market; |
| --- | --- |
| ● | Regulatory uncertainty has contributed to XRP’s
volatility and hesitation regarding widespread adoption; |
| ● | XRP’s dependence on Ripple’s partnerships
and success introduce risks that are not present in more decentralized networks. |

Ethereum (ETH)

Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain system that features smart contract functionality. The platform was first proposed in late 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, a Russian-Canadian programmer, and development was crowdfunded in 2014. The Ethereum network went live on July 30, 2015, with 72 million coins pre-mined for the founding developers and contributors.

Ethereum enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications through its native programming language, Solidity, which runs on the Ethereum Virtual Machine ("EVM"). The network's native digital asset, Ether ("ETH"), serves three primary functions within the ecosystem: (i) payment for transaction fees, known as "gas fees," which typically range from 0.001 to 0.1 ETH depending on network congestion; (ii) staking collateral under the Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism; and (iii) a medium of exchange within decentralized applications.

The network underwent a significant architectural change in September 2022 known as "The Merge," transitioning from a Proof-of-Work to a Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism. This upgrade reduced Ethereum's energy consumption by approximately 99.95% and decreased its annual inflation rate from 4.3% to 0.2%. According to ultrasound.money data, approximately $26 billion worth of ETH has been permanently burned through the network's fee-burning mechanism since the upgrade.

As of March 2026, Ethereum's development roadmap includes several key priorities announced by the Ethereum Foundation in February 2026. The network is targeting the implementation of quantum-resistant security features, with a dedicated Post-Quantum team established on January 24, 2026. The Glamsterdam network upgrade, scheduled for the first half of 2026, is expected to advance these quantum resistance capabilities.

As of March, 2026, Ethereum has a market capitalization of approximately $237.1 billion, with a circulating supply of 120.69 million ETH. The token reached its all-time high of $4,946.05 on August 25, 2025.

The following is a summary of the risk factors associated with holding ETH:

● Price volatility: ETH has experienced significant price fluctuations, declining approximately 36% in the first two months of 2026 and trading near $1,900 in March 2026, down 60% from its 2025 all-time high;

● Competition from alternative Layer-1 blockchains: Ethereum's DEX trading volume declined to $56.5 billion in February 2026, down from its August 2025 peak of $128.5 billion, while competitor Solana processed $95.5 billion in monthly transactions during the same period;

● ETF outflows: Ethereum spot ETFs recorded net outflows of $369.87 million in February 2026, marking four consecutive months of outflows since November 2025;

● Technical risk associated with network upgrades: The implementation of quantum-resistant features and continued gas limit increases may introduce unforeseen vulnerabilities or execution challenges;

● Scalability trade-offs: Ethereum's strategy of scaling through Layer-2 solutions has faced criticism as competing networks like Solana and Tron currently lead in transaction fee revenue generation;

Field: Page; Sequence: 55; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 52 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Chainlink (LINK)

Chainlink is a decentralized oracle network that enables blockchain-based smart contracts to securely interact with real-world data, events, and payment systems. The Chainlink network was founded by Sergey Nazarov and Steve Ellis, with the project conducting an initial coin offering in September 2017. The network's native token, LINK, is used to compensate node operators for retrieving data from off-chain sources, formatting it into blockchain-readable formats, and performing availability checks .

Chainlink's primary function is to serve as a bridge between blockchain environments and external systems, addressing the limitation that blockchains cannot natively access data outside their networks. The protocol has evolved to become a foundational infrastructure provider for the tokenization of real-world assets ("RWAs") and institutional decentralized finance applications. By February 2026, Chainlink oracles had secured over $28.4 trillion in value for DeFi protocols and financial institutions, up from $12 trillion in early 2025, cementing its status as a critical infrastructure layer .

Institutional adoption of Chainlink has accelerated in 2025-2026. The Bitwise Chainlink ETF (ticker: CLNK) launched on NYSE Arca, making LINK accessible to registered retirement accounts and institutional investors. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Commerce reportedly began relying on Chainlink oracles to deliver official economic data, including GDP and inflation figures, directly to blockchain networks . Chainlink's staking model has also expanded, with Staking v0.2 allowing more node operators and community members to earn protocol fees. As of February 2026, approximately 28.5% of circulating LINK was staked, compared to 12% in early 2025 .

As of March 2026, LINK is trading in the range of $9.00 to $10, with a market capitalization of approximately $9.36 billion . The network has grown to support over 2,450 active nodes, a 145% increase from early 2025 .

The following is a summary of the risk factors associated with holding LINK:

● Dependence on network adoption: LINK's value is derived from the utility of the Chainlink network, and a failure to maintain its position as the leading oracle provider could adversely affect token value;

● Competition from alternative oracle solutions: Other decentralized oracle networks and emerging technologies may offer competitive solutions that erode Chainlink's market share;

● Smart contract risk: The complex nature of oracle networks and CCIP may contain undiscovered vulnerabilities that could be exploited;

● Regulatory uncertainty: As Chainlink facilitates institutional financial infrastructure, increased regulatory scrutiny of oracle networks and their role in financial markets could emerge;

● Token price volatility: LINK, similarly to other digital assets, is subject to significant price fluctuations;

● Dependence on continued development: The network's roadmap relies on ongoing contributions from Chainlink Labs and the developer community, with no guarantee of continued participation.

Sui (SUI)

Sui is a Layer-1 blockchain platform developed by Mysten Labs, a company founded by former senior executives and lead architects of Meta Platforms, Inc.'s Novi Research (formerly Calibra) and Diem blockchain initiative. Sui's mainnet launched in May 2023, introducing a novel object-centric data model and the Move programming language adapted for blockchain development .

Sui distinguishes itself from other blockchain networks through its focus on parallel transaction processing and horizontal scalability. The network's architecture is designed to support high-throughput applications with low latency, making it suitable for applications in gaming, social networking, and high-frequency DeFi. According to the Sui Foundation, the network achieved significant improvements in transaction finality and cost efficiency throughout 2025, enabling new classes of applications that were previously impractical on blockchain infrastructure .

As of March 2026, Sui is trading at approximately $0.93 per token, with a circulating supply of 3.85 billion SUI and a maximum supply of 10.00 billion. The token reached its all-time high of $5.35 on January 5, 2025, and has a market capitalization of approximately $3.58 billion, ranking 30th among all cryptocurrencies .

Institutional adoption of Sui gained significant momentum in early 2026. On March 3, 2026, SUI Group Holdings formally introduced the "Sui Bank" initiative, positioning the Sui blockchain as a foundational platform for regulated financial services.

The following is a summary of the risk factors associated with holding SUI:

● Price volatility and market sensitivity: SUI's price experienced a 30% surge in early 2026 followed by notable declines in total value locked, demonstrating the ecosystem's sensitivity to market fluctuations ;

Field: Page; Sequence: 56; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 53 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

● Dependence on institutional adoption: The "Sui Bank" initiative and related institutional strategies are unproven and may fail to attract expected levels of regulated capital;

● Regulatory uncertainty: Pending SEC decisions regarding spot SUI ETF applications from Grayscale and Bitwise could materially affect institutional demand and market access ;

● Relatively short operating history: Having launched in 2023, Sui has a limited track record compared to more established networks, and its novel architecture may contain undiscovered vulnerabilities;

● Token supply inflation: With a maximum supply of 10 billion tokens and only 3.85 billion currently in circulation, future token unlocks may create selling pressure ;

● Concentration of token holdings: The substantial treasury holdings by SUI Group Holdings (108.37 million tokens) introduce centralization risks and potential market manipulation concerns.

Overall Strategy and Possible Other Currencies

In summary, the Company is actively engaging with the evolving landscape of cryptocurrencies, recognizing both their potential and inherent risks. By maintaining rigorous compliance with financial regulations and strategically diversifying its portfolio across Bitcoin, Solana, Dogecoin, and possible other currencies, the Company aims to capitalize on growth opportunities while safeguarding shareholder interests. As the market continues to develop, the Company remains committed to adapting its strategies to navigate the complexities and uncertainties of the cryptocurrency sector.

Product Development on Hold or Discontinued

In June 2023, the Company put R&D activities with Lucid-PSYCH on hold. While the Company did suspend clinical development of FSD-PEA, research and development activities for FSD-PEA were resumed in Q3 2024. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – B. Business Overview – (iii) FSD-PEA and Lucid-PSYCH ”.

Significant Operations and Principal Activities in Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2024 and Fiscal 2025

January 12, 2023: the Board authorized a normal course issuer bid pursuant to which the Company was able to repurchase for cancellation up to 1,925,210 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, being approximately 5% of the Company’s issued and outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as of January 12, 2023, over a 12-month period (the “ 2023 NCIB ”). The 2023 NCIB commenced on January 18, 2023, and was terminated on January 12, 2024. Under the 2023 NCIB, the Company repurchased for cancellation 1,904,700 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at an average price of approximately C$2.11 per Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. All Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were repurchased through the facilities of the CSE at the prevailing market price on the CSE at the time of repurchase.

February 13, 2023: the Company issued warrants to purchase 500,000 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to Jason Gold and warrants to purchase 300,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to Pillow Hog Ventures Inc. in exchange for consulting services provided to the Company. The warrants vested on issuance and expired on March 30, 2024.

February 13, 2023: the Company issued warrants to purchase 500,000 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to Zapability LLC in exchange for consulting services provided to the Company. Each tranche of warrants expires 12 months from the first day it vested, with the final tranche expiring on February 15, 2026. The warrants have an exercise price ranging from US$1.85 to US$8.00.

February 15, 2023: the Company regained compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements after receiving a written deficiency letter from Nasdaq on September 29, 2022, noting that the Company was not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in the Nasdaq’s rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq.

February 27, 2023: the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,000,000 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to Kevin Harrington in exchange for consulting services provided to the Company. The warrants vested on issuance and expire on February 27, 2026, with an exercise price ranging from US$1.75 USD to US$8.00. Mr. Harrington was appointed to the Company’s Advisory Board on March 1, 2023.

March 1, 2023: t he Company appointed Kevin Harrington to the Advisory Board. Mr. Harrington has forty (40) years’ experience in product introduction and direct marketing, being one of the first to market products through infomercials. A serial entrepreneur, Mr. Harrington appeared as one of the original panelists on the ABC television program, “ Shark Tank .”

March 24, 2023: the Company issued warrants to purchase 1,000,000 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to Gerard David in exchange for consulting services provided to the Company. The warrants vested on issuance and will expire on March 24, 2026, with an exercise price ranging from US$1.75 to US$8.00.

March 30, 2023: the Company appointed Gerry David to the Advisory Board. Mr. David is known for his five-year tenure as Chief Executive Officer at zero-calorie fitness drink maker Celsius Holdings, Inc. where he led efforts that increased global sales, attracted strategic investors and enhanced shareholder value significantly.

Field: Page; Sequence: 57; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 54 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

April 17, 2023: FSD Strategic Investments entered into a secured loan agreement with Mr. Saeed for C$1,200,000, with monthly payments of C$6,000 based on an annual interest rate of 6% and a blended rate of 7% (the “ CEO Mortgage Loan ”). The business purpose of the CEO Mortgage Loan was a treasury function to earn a rate of return on excess capital held. The CEO Mortgage Loan was repaid in full on March 4, 2025. For more information, see “ Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - B. Related Party Transactions. ”

April 24, 2023: the Company filed a provisional patent application with USPTO with respect to the Company’s alcohol misuse treatment technology, which was licensed to Unbuzzd under the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement for retail use.

May 1, 2023: GBB Drink Lab, Inc. (“ GBB ”) had filed a complaint with the S.D. Fla., Fort Lauderdale Division against FSD Biosciences, Inc. and FSD Pharma, Inc. claiming a material breach of a mutual non-disclosure agreement and misappropriation of trade secrets, which GBB claims has and continues to cause irreparable harm, valued, as of August 30, 2022 (prior to the misappropriation and material breach) at $53,047,000. For more information about the Company’s lawsuit with GBB, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

May 6, 2023: Justice Cunningham ruled in favor of the Company, awarding the Company approximately C$2.81 million in costs of arbitration in the arbitration between the Company and its former CEO, Dr. Raza Bokhari (the “ Cost Award ”). The Costs Award particularizes the amount of the Company’s costs entitlement. The total costs awarded to the Company in the Costs Award are comprised of legal fees of C$1,981,462.91, disbursements of C$509,005.33 and HST of C$323,760.91, for a total of C$2,814,229.15. For more information about the Company’s lawsuits with Dr. Raz Bokhari, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

May 10, 2023: the Company announced the completion of dosing the first cohort of patients in the Phase 1 clinical trial of Lucid-MS. For more information about Lucid-MS Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (ii) Lucid-MS”.

May 25, 2023: the Company appointed Dr. Eric Hoskins to the Company’s Board. Effective at the same time was the resignation of Donal Carroll from the Board.

June 2, 2023: the Corporation terminated any further clinical development of FSD-PEA and put on hold further clinical development of Lucid-PSYCH. Clinical development of FSD-PEA has since resumed. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview – (iii) FSD-PEA and Lucid-PSYCH ”.

June 23, 2023: the Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint GBB had filed against the Corporation. For more information about the Company’s lawsuit with GBB, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

June 29, 2023: at the annual general and special meeting of the Shareholders, Messrs. Michael Zapolin and Dr. Eric Hoskins were elected as directors of the Company.

July 4, 2023: the Company announced the appointment of Mr. Zeeshan Saeed as CEO of the Company, to succeed Mr. Anthony Durkacz, who served as interim CEO of the Company since July 2021.

July 10, 2023: the Company received a “no objection letter” for a Phase 1 Lucid-MS clinical trial for the submission Clinical Trial Application, which was acknowledged on June 12, 2023. For more information about Lucid-MS Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (ii) Lucid-MS”.

July 10, 2023: the Company announced that it had retained Christian Attar Law, a regional litigation firm located in Houston, Texas, to co-lead, along with New York City law firm, Warshaw Burstein, LLP, an investigation of any potential naked short selling or other market manipulation of the Corporation’s securities. For more information about the Company’s lawsuit against CIBC World Markets, RCB Dominion Securities, and John Does 1-10 please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

July 19, 2023: the Company submitted a request for pre-IND meeting to the FDA, which was acknowledged August 3, 2023, and a response was received on September 21, 2023. For more information about Lucid-MS Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (ii) Lucid-MS”.

Field: Page; Sequence: 58; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 55 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

July 31, 2023: the Company entered the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement and related documents, which were subsequently amended. Pursuant to the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, Unbuzzd gained access to proprietary information for the purposes of consumer product development and marketing and was granted the right to a proprietary formulation of natural ingredients, vitamins, and minerals to help with liver and brain function for the purposes of potentially quickly relieving from the effects of alcohol consumption, such as inebriation, and restoring normal lifestyle, and was granted the right to certain trademarks (collectively, the “ Licensed IP ”). The Unbuzzd IP License Agreement provided Unbuzzd with exclusive global rights to commercialize recreational applications for the Company’s alcohol misuse technology worldwide. In exchange, the Company received 200,000,000 common shares in the capital of Unbuzzd (“ Unbuzzd Shares ”) following a 2:1 share-split of Unbuzzd. The Company also received an anti-dilution warrant certificate (“ Celly Warrant Certificate ”) that entitles it to purchase up to 25% of the Unbuzzd Shares deemed outstanding less the 200,000,000 Unbuzzd Shares issued under the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement and from time to time as a result of any partial exercise under the anti-dilution Celly Warrant Certificate. The Company is also entitled to certain license fees and royalties under the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement. Through the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, the Company acquired 34.66% of Unbuzzd as of July 31, 2024 (which has decreased to 19.84 % as of December 31, 2025). The Company retained all rights to medical and pharmaceutical applications of the Licensed IP to further develop this business as part of its portfolio.

● As part of the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, the Company and Unbuzzd entered into a loan agreement for gross proceeds of C$1,000,000 (the “ Unbuzzd Loan ”), which was funded on August 1, 2023. Pursuant to the terms of the Unbuzzd Loan, the loan was secured by all of Unbuzzd’s assets and accrues interest at a rate of 10% per annum and matures on July 31, 2026, pursuant to a general security agreement dated July 31, 2023. On April 8, 2024, the Company and Unbuzzd amended the Unbuzzd Loan such that the interest payment due on the first annual anniversary of the Unbuzzd Loan was deferred to the second annual anniversary of the Unbuzzd Loan, increased the Unbuzzd Loan by C$300,000 to C$1,300,000, and provided the Company with the option to convert any amounts outstanding (inclusive of interest) into Unbuzzd Shares upon the occurrence of an event of default pursuant to the Loan Amending Agreement dated as of April 3, 2024, with an effective date of March 31, 2024 (the “ Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement ”). The Company also entered into an amended and restated general security agreement (the “ Unbuzzd Amended Security Agreement ”) with Unbuzzd in connection with the Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement.

August 2, 2023: the Company entered into a settlement agreement (the “ Syneos Settlement Agreement ”) with Syneos Health, LLC and Syneos Health UK Limited (collectively, the “ Syneos ”), whereby the Corporation paid Syneos US$100,000 within five days of the execution of the Settlement Agreement and upon receipt by Syneos of such settlement payment, Syneos shall waive, release and forgive the Corporation’s payment of (i) the different between the settlement payment and the damages payment (i.e. US$1,607,831) and (ii) interest on the damages payment ordered by the award, and any other amounts that were or could have been sought in the arbitration. Pursuant to the Syneos Settlement Agreement, Syneos also agreed to withdraw its recognition application that was filed on June 30, 2023. Payment was made by the Corporation on August 4, 2023, and pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, the matter was concluded in its entirety.

October 4, 2023: the ONSC dismissed the motion to set aside the arbitration award to the Company filed by Dr. Raza Bokhari. For more information about the Company’s lawsuits with Dr. Raz Bokhari, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

October 4, 2023: the Company entered into a definitive arrangement agreement with Unbuzzd dated October 4, 2023 (the “ Unbuzzd Arrangement Agreement ”) with respect to the distribution of a portion of the Corporation’s shareholdings of Unbuzzd to the FSD Pharma Securityholders (as defined herein).

● Pursuant to the Unbuzzd Arrangement Agreement, FSD Pharma Securityholders passed a special resolution at the special meeting of Shareholders held on November 20, 2023 to approve a statutory plan of arrangement under section 182 of the OBCA (the “ Plan of Arrangement ”), which involved (i) an amendment to the capital structure of the Corporation (the “ Share Capital Amendment ”); and (ii) the distribution of a portion of the Unbuzzd Shares to the holders of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, Class A Multiple Voting Shares and outstanding warrants exercisable for the purchase of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, provided the applicable warrant certificate entitles the holder thereof to receive distributions substantially similar to those received by the holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (“ FSD Pharma Distribution Warrants ” and together with Class A Multiple Voting Shares and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, the “ FSD Pharma Securities ”). The Shareholders and the holders of FSD Pharma Distribution Warrants (collectively, the “ FSD Pharma Securityholders ”) received one Unbuzzd Share for each Class A Multiple Voting Share, Class B Subordinate Voting Share or FSD Pharma Distribution Warrant held.

November 24, 2023: the Company received a final order from the Ontario Superior Court (“ ONSC ”) approving the Plan of Arrangement. The record date of the Plan of Arrangement was set at November 28, 2023, and the ex-dividend date was set at November 27, 2023.

November 29, 2023: the Company completed the Plan of Arrangement. Holders of FSD Pharma Securities received one Unbuzzd Share for each Class A Multiple Voting Share, Class B Subordinate Voting Share, or FSD Pharma Distribution Warrant held. FSD Pharma Securityholders also received new Class A Multiple Voting Shares, new Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, and new FSD Pharma Distribution Warrants (“ New FSD Pharma Securities ”) in exchange for their Class A Multiple Voting Shares, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, and FSD Pharma Distribution Warrants (the “ Share Exchange ”). Pursuant to the Share Exchange and in accordance with the terms of the Unbuzzd Arrangement Agreement, 24 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class A Multiple Voting Shares were exchanged to 24 (on a pre-consolidation basis) new Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Following the closing of the Plan of Arrangement, the Corporation had 48 new Class A Multiple Voting Shares, 39,376,723 (on a pre-consolidation basis) new Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, and 6,335,758 (on a pre-consolidation basis) new FSD Pharma Distribution Warrants issued and outstanding. Further details regarding the Plan of Arrangement are described in the management information circular dated October 20, 2023 (the " October 2023 Circular "), the supplement to the October 2023 Circular filed November 15, 2023, and the Unbuzzd Arrangement Agreement, each of which is available under the Corporation’s profile on SEDAR+ and EDGAR.

● All Unbuzzd Shares distributed to FSD Pharma Securityholders pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement were subject to restrictions on resale, and were not transferrable until May 31, 2024, provided that, Unbuzzd may, in its sole discretion, waive such restrictions, in whole or in part.

Field: Page; Sequence: 59; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 56 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

| ● | The Plan of Arrangement resulted in an aggregate
of 45,712,529 Unbuzzd Shares being distributed to the FSD Pharma Securityholders and an aggregate of 154,287,471 Unbuzzd Shares were
retained by the Corporation, which represented approximately 26.15% of the issued and outstanding Unbuzzd Shares on a non-diluted
basis. |
| --- | --- |
| ● | The Plan of Arrangement was considered a “business
combination” pursuant to Multilateral Instrument 61-101 – Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions (“ MI 61-101 ”) since (i) the FSD Pharma Securityholders’ interest in the FSD Pharma Securities may have been
terminated without their consent as a result of the Share Capital Amendment; and (ii) Michael (Zappy) Zapolin, a director of the
Corporation and therefore a “related party” under MI 61-101, was party to a “connected transaction” to the
Plan of Arrangement. The Plan of Arrangement and subscription by Mr. Zapolin for 28,800,000 Unbuzzd Shares on August 1, 2023, were
a “connected transaction” (the “ Related Party Purchase ”). Both transactions involved Unbuzzd as a
common party and the Plan of Arrangement and Related Party Purchase were arguably negotiated at approximately the same time. At the
time, Mr. Zapolin owned, directly or indirectly, nil Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, nil Class A Multiple Voting Shares, nil FSD
Pharma Distribution Warrants, and 500,000 warrants, each exercisable for the purchase of one Class B Subordinate Voting Share. Any
FSD Pharma Securities held by Mr. Zapolin were treated in the same fashion under the Plan of Arrangement as the FSD Pharma Securities
held by every other FSD Pharma Securityholder. The Plan of Arrangement was not a “related party transaction” pursuant
to MI 61-101 as a result of it being a “business combination” pursuant to MI 61-101. The Plan of Arrangement did not
have a material impact or represent a material change on the Corporation’s financial performance and condition. |

December 4, 2023: the Company closed a non-brokered private placement of Class A Multiple Voting Shares for gross aggregate proceeds of C$45.60 through the issuance of 24 (on a pre-consolidation basis) Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$1.90 per Class A Multiple Voting Share (the “ December 2023 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement ”). The Corporation used the proceeds of the December 2023 Private Placement for general working capital purposes. The participation by such insiders is considered a “related-party transaction” within the meaning of MI 61-101. For more information, see “ Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - B. Related Party Transactions. ”

December 22, 2023: In order to replace its prior base shelf prospectus that expired, effective December 22, 2023, the Company filed and obtained a receipt for its final short form base shelf prospectus dated December 22, 2023 (the “ December 2023 Canadian Prospectus ”, and together with the January 2024 Registration Statement, the “ December 2023 Prospectuses ”) to provide the Company with the flexibility to take advantage of financing opportunities and favourable market conditions, if and when needed, during the 25-month period that the Prospectus remains effective (the “ December 2023 Canadian Prospectus Effective Period ”). The December 2023 Canadian Prospectus has been filed in each of the provinces and territories in Canada. The December 2023 Canadian Prospectus enables the Company to offer, issue and sell, from time to time: Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, subscription receipts, warrants and units, or any combination thereof (collectively, the “ Prospectus Securities ”) for up to an aggregate offering amount of US$50,000,000, in one or more transactions during the December 2023 Canadian Prospectus Effective Period. Should the Company decide to offer Securities during the December 2023 Canadian Prospectus Effective Period, the specific terms, including the use of proceeds from any offering of Securities, will be set forth in one or more related prospectus supplements to the December 2023 Canadian Prospectus. Effective December 22, 2023, the Company also filed the January 2024 Registration Statement. For more information, see “ Item 4A. History and Development of the Company – Important Events in the Development of the Company’s Business in Fiscal 2025 to the date of this Annual Report.”

January 4, 2024 : the registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-276264) filed under the Securities Act with the SEC containing a base shelf prospectus with the SEC on December 22, 2023 (the “ U.S. Base Prospectus ”) was declared effective (the “ January 2024 Registration Statement”) . The January 2024 Registration Statement also qualifies the offer, issue and sale, from time to time of Securities up to an aggregate amount of US$50,000,000, subject to limitations, as applicable, under Form F-3. The January 2024 Registration Statement is available for use by the Company until January 4, 2027. The terms of any Securities to be offered under the January 2024 U.S. Base Prospectus will be specified in a prospectus supplement, which will be filed with the SEC in connection with any such offer.

January 8, 2024: the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “ S.D. Fla. ”) dismissed the Corporation’s request for a motion to dismiss the complaint filed against it by GBB. For more information about the Company’s lawsuit with GBB, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

January 24, 2024: the Company entered into an agreement with SBS Intl Group LLC. (“ SBS ”) to assist the Corporation in enhancing its market awareness and foster productive, continuing dialogues with Shareholders and other market participants. The agreement granted SBS 1,539 Options with an exercise price of C$68.25 and expiry date of January 24, 2026. As of the date of this Annual Report, this agreement has been terminated, and all share based compensation forfeited.

January 24, 2024: the Company entered into an agreement with Draper, Inc. (“ Draper ”) and Carriage House Capital, Corp. (“ Carriage House ”) to assist the Corporation in enhancing its market awareness and foster productive, continuing dialogues with Shareholders and other market participants. The agreement granted Draper and Carriage 5,385 Options each with the exercise price of C$68.25 and expiry date of January 24, 2026. As of the date of this Annual Report, this agreement has been terminated, and all share based compensation forfeited.

January 29, 2024: the Company appointed Dr. Sanjiv Chopra, MD to the Board to replace Nitin Kaushal.

February 6, 2024: the Court of Appeal for Ontario (“ ONCA ”) affirmed the ONSC’s judgement in the amount of C$2.8 million plus C$175,000 against Dr. Raza Bokhari. An additional C$5,000 in costs was awarded to the Company by the ONCA in respect of Dr. Raza Bokhari’s failed motion for leave to appeal. For more information about the Company’s lawsuits with Dr. Raz Bokhari, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

February 6, 2024: the Company incorporated Huge Biopharma to conduct research related to Lucid-MS in Australia.

Field: Page; Sequence: 60; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 57 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Field: Split-Segment; Name: 2

February 11, 2024: the Company engaged MZHCI, LLC, an MZ Group Company (“ MZ ”) to lead a comprehensive strategic investor relations and financial communications program across all key markets (the “ MZ Agreement ”). Pursuant to the MZ Agreement, MZ is paid US$10,000 per month. Either party has the right to terminate the MZ Agreement upon fifteen days’ notice. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company terminated its business relationship with MZHCI, LLC.

February 16, 2024: the Company entered into an at-the-market offering agreement (the “ ATM Agreement ”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“ Wainwright ”), pursuant to which the Company, at its discretion, may offer and sell, from time to time, through Wainwright as sales agent, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, having an aggregate offering price of up to US$11,154,232 (the “ ATM Offering ”). A cash commission of 3.0% on the aggregate gross proceeds raised under the ATM Offering is payable to Wainwright in connection with its services. The ATM Offering was made in the United States pursuant to the January 2024 Registration Statement and the prospectus supplement dated February 16, 2024, and as amended pursuant to the Amendment No. 1 to the prospectus supplement dated August 26, 2024 (together with January 2024 Registration Statement , the “ ATM U.S. Prospectus ”) filed with the SEC.

● Sales of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares under the ATM U.S. Prospectus will and have been made in transactions that are deemed to be “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “ Securities Act ”) including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq. The Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will be distributed at the prevailing market prices at the time of each sale. As a result, prices may vary between purchasers and during the period of distribution. No Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the ATM Offering will be sold on the CSE or any other trading market in Canada.

● The volume and timing of sales, if any, will be determined at the sole discretion of the Corporation’s management and in accordance with the terms of the ATM Agreement. If the Company chooses to sell Class B Subordinate Voting Shares under the ATM Offering, the Company intends to use the net proceeds of the ATM Offering (i) to fund various clinical studies, trials and development programs, (ii) to fund R&D, and (iii) for general corporate purposes and working capital.

● From February 16, 2024, through December 31, 2024, the Company sold an aggregate of 1,384,781 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares on a post-consolidation basis, pursuant to the ATM U.S. Prospectus for gross proceeds of approximately US$ 11,746,730.

February 19, 2024: Huge Biopharma entered into an agreement with Ingenu to conduct the METAL-1 TRIAL. For more information about unbuzzd™ Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

February 28, 2024: the Company announced the settlement of an aggregate of US$492,135 of amounts owing to arm’s length creditors through the issuance of 8,385 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at the deemed price of US$0.903 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share .

March 11, 2024: the Company submitted a CTA for a planned Phase-1b clinical trial for the METAL-1 TRIAL. For more information about unbuzzd™ Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

March 26, 2024: Huge Biopharma entered into agreement with Ingenu to conduct a trial in connection with Lucid-21-302.

March 31, 2024: the principal amount of the Unbuzzd Loan (as defined herein) was increased by C$300,000.00, pursuant to the Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement (as defined herein). No retroactive interest was to be charged on the increased amount. Thus, the total principal amount equates to C$1,300,000.00 as of December 31, 2025. The interest rate per annum remained unchanged. For more information, see “ Item 4B. – Significant Operations and Principal Activities in Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2024 ”.

April 5, 2024: the Company received a written notification (the “ April 2024 Nasdaq Notification Letter ”) from Nasdaq that the Company was not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq’s Listing Rule rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq. The April 2024 Nasdaq Notification Letter was a deficiency notice, not a delisting notice, and did not affect the trading of the Class B Subordinating Voting Shares. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires securities listed on Nasdaq to maintain a minimum bid price of US$1.00 per share, and Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business day. The Class B Subordinate Voting Shares traded at a price of less than $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days between from February 22 to April 4, 2024. The Company was given until October 2, 2024, to regain compliance by maintaining a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for 10 consecutive business days. The Company regained compliance on September 6, 2024.

Field: Page; Sequence: 61; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 58 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

April 22, 2024: Celly U.S. announced its collaboration with BevSource. For more information about Unbuzzd Public Relations Partnerships, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

April 24, 2024: the Company entered into an agreement with ASPI in Tampa, Florida, to conduct the METAL-2 TRIAL. For more information about unbuzzd™ Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

April 25, 2024: Celly U.S. announced its partnership with Six+One. For more information about Unbuzzd Public Relations Partnerships, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

May 7, 2024: the Company announced the submission to HREC of for a trial in connection with Lucid-MS. For more information about Lucid-MS Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B – Business Overview – (ii) Lucid-MS”.

May 16, 2024: Unbuzzd launched its newly designed packaging and logo.

May 22, 2024: the Company entered into an investor relations services agreement with IR Agency LLC (“ IR Agency ”). Pursuant to the agreement, IR Agency agreed to communicate information about the Corporation to the financial community including, but not limited to, creating company profiles, media distribution and building a digital community with respect to the Corporation for a period of one month beginning on May 28, 2024, in exchange for a fee of US$245,000. As at today’s date, the Corporation discontinued its engagement with IR Agency.

May 28, 2024: the Company submitted a clinical trial protocol for its METAL-2 TRIAL. For more information about unbuzzd™ Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

June 11, 2024: the Company entered into an option agreement with the University of Southern California (“ USC ”) to evaluate dietary supplement technology for commercialization (the “ USC Agreement ”). The USC Agreement allowed the Company to exclusively evaluate its novel technology for a 6-month term. At the end of this USC Agreement, the Company decided not to extend the USC Agreement.

June 27, 2024: the Company received approval from HREC for its trial in connection with Lucid 21-302. For more information about Lucid-MS Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (ii) Lucid-MS”.

June 27, 2024: the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granted judgement in favor of the Company in its case against Dr. Raza Bokhari. For more information about the Company’s lawsuits with Dr. Raz Bokhari, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

June 28, 2024: the Company retained the services of Totaligent, Inc. (“ Totaligent ”), a market awareness firm with 25 years of experience and a 32-million investor database, for a 30-day contract valued at US$30,000, ending July 28, 2024, unless renewed, with both parties maintaining a 5-day termination notice option. As at today’s date, the Company discontinued its engagement with Totaligent.

August 13, 2024: the Company entered into an agreement with Ingenu to conduct a clinical study to observe and quantify disease progression in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. This study will facilitate a future phase 2 clinical trial with Lucid-MS. This agreement is still in place.

August 14, 2024: the Celly IP Nu IP License Agreement (i) was amended to add Celly U.S . , as a licensee to the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, effective as of the August 14, 2024, and granted Celly U.S. exclusive global rights to commercialize the Licensed IP (as defined herein) from August 14, 2024, (ii) noted that Unbuzzd became the sole and exclusive owner of the unbuzzd™ trademark pursuant to an intellectual property purchase agreement with the Company dated October 2, 2023, and amended the definition of the Licensed IP in the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement to exclude unbuzzd™ any time after the unbuzzd™ trademark assignment date, and (iii) confirmed that Unbuzzd retained an exclusive global license to commercialize the Licensed IP since July 31, 2023, the effective date of the Unbuzzd License Agreement. All other terms in the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement remained substantially the same.

August 15, 2024: the Company completed the 2024 Consolidation and changed its name to “Quantum BioPharma Ltd.”. In connection with the name change, the Company’s trading symbol was changed to “QNTM” on both the Nasdaq and CSE. The new CUSIP and ISIN for the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were changed to 74764Y205 and CA74764Y2050, respectively. After giving effect to the 2024 Consolidation, the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were reduced from 84,531,149 to approximately 1,300,727 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and the Class A Multiple Voting Shares were reduced from 72 to 2 Class A Multiple Voting Shares. No fractional Class A Multiple Voting Shares and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were issued in connection with the 2024 Consolidation. Instead, all fractional Class A Multiple Voting Shares or Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were rounded up to the nearest whole number. The exercise price and/or conversion price and number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issuable under any of the Company’s outstanding convertible securities were proportionately adjusted in connection with the 2024 Consolidation.

Field: Page; Sequence: 62; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 59 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

August 15, 2024: the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued four (4) Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$18.00 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for aggregate gross proceeds of C$72.00 (the “ August 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering ”). Xorax Family Trust, a trust of which Zeeshan Saeed, the Chief Executive Officer (“ CEO ”) and Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma is a beneficiary (“ Xorax ”), and Fortius Research and Trading Corp., a corporation controlled by Anthony Durkacz, a Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, is a director (“ Fortius ”), purchased all the Class A Multiple Voting Shares issued pursuant to the August 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering. The participation by such insiders is considered a “related-party transaction” within the meaning of MI 61-101. For more information, see “ Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions - B. Related Party Transactions. ”

August 23, 2024: the Company canceled an aggregate of 47,358 Options (“ August 2024 Options ”) to purchase Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, which were previously granted to board members, advisory board members, employees, advisors and consultants of the Company (each a “ August 2024 Option Participant ”). Management reviewed the Company’s outstanding August 2024 Options and determined that certain August 2024 Options granted to such August 2024 Option Participants under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan, at exercise prices, ranging from C$84.50 to C$189.15 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share, no longer represented a realistic incentive to motivate the August 2024 Option Participants.

August 23, 2024: the Company announced the grant of RSUs ( August 2024 RSUs ”) pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan. The Company granted an aggregate of 32,690 August 2024 RSUs to certain officers, directors, and employees of the Company. Each August 2024 RSU granted vests the earlier of: (i) one year; and (ii) the successful implementation of the Lucid-MS MAD study conducted by Ingenu, subject to acceleration in the event of a takeover bid or change of control.

August 23, 2024: the Board authorized and approved bonuses in the amount of C$450,000 to each of Anthony Durkacz, Zeeshan Saeed and Donal Carroll, officers of the Company, (together, the “ Executives ”) pursuant to the terms and conditions of certain executive agreements entered into between the Company and each of the Executives (together, the “ Executive Agreements ”). Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the respective Executive Agreements, each Executive was entitled to certain annual bonuses, based on the Executive and Company meeting certain performance milestones, calculated on the basis of 70% of the respective Executive’s base salary for the second year of employment and 80% of the respective Executive’s base salary for the third year of employment, which equates to a bonus payment of C$210,000 and C$240,000, respectively, for each Executive for each year of service (each, a “ August 2024 Bonus Payment ”). Subject to compliance with CSE policies, the Company and Executives determined that to preserve the Company’s cash, it settled the August 2024 Bonus Payments into Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a deemed price of C$5.44 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share.

August 26, 2024: the Company filed an amendment to the ATM U.S. Prospectus. For more information, see “ Item 4A – Important Events in the Development of the Company’s Business in Fiscal 2025 to the date of this Annual Report.”

August 30, 2024: Donal Carroll assumed the role of Chief Financial Officer, and Nathan Coyle assumed the role of Controller. In addition, the Company appointed Jason Sawyer as the Head of Finance and Mergers and Acquisitions.

August 30, 2024: Unbuzzd launched unbuzzd™ Clear Eyed Citrus Powder grab-and-go stick packs on Amazon.com.

August 30, 2024: the Company regained compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements after receiving the April 2024 Nasdaq Notification Letter. See “ April 5, 2024 ” for more information.

September 6, 2024: the Company completed debt settlements in the amount of C$450,000 with the Executives to preserve the Company’s cash through the issuance of 248,160 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, at a deemed price of C$5.44 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share.

September 6, 2024: the Company granted an aggregate of 12,500 Options (the “ September 2024 Options ”), and an aggregate of 7,500 RSUs (the “ September 2024 RSUs ”) to a director and certain consultants of the Company. Each September 2024 Option is exercisable at a price of C$5.60 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share, expires two years from the date of grant and vest in one-third increments with the first batch vesting immediately and the remaining two thirds vesting equally on the 6 month and 12-month anniversary of the date of grant. Each September 2024 Option is exercisable to purchase one Class B Subordinate Voting Share. Each September 2024 RSU granted vested immediately.

September 6, 2024: the Company canceled an aggregated of 7,692 warrants to purchase Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, which were previously granted to a board member. Management reviewed the Company’s outstanding warrants and determined that the warrants granted to such individual at an exercise price of C$97.50 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share no longer represented a realistic inventive to motivate such individual.

Field: Page; Sequence: 63; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 60 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

September 13, 2024: the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued six Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$6.00 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for gross proceeds of C$36.00 (the “ September 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering ” ) . Xorax and Fortius purchased all the Class A Multiple Voting Shares issued pursuant to the September 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering. The participation by such insiders was considered a “related-party transaction” within the meaning of MI 61-101. The Company relied on exemptions from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 contained in respectively, sections 5.5(a) and 5.7(1)(a) of MI 61-101 in respect of related party participation in the September 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering as neither the fair market value (as determined under MI 61-101) of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the transaction, insofar as it involved the related parties, exceeded 25% of the Company’s market capitalization (as determined under MI 61- 101). Fortius, Xorax and the Company entered into a Shareholder Agreement dated September 13, 2024 (“ Shareholder Agreement ”), which prohibits unauthorized transfers of the Class A Multiple Voting Shares. See “ Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions B. Related Party Transactions – Shareholder Agreement .”

September 27, 2024: the Company announced the grant of 29,500 Options to certain directors, officers, employees, and consultants (the “ September 2024 Options ”). Each September 2024 Option granted vests immediately and is exercisable at a price of C$5.25 for a period of two years from the issue date. A director of the Company received 7,500 of the September 2024 Options, and thus, the foregoing as it applies to such party represents a related-party transaction under MI 61-101. However, the transaction was exempt from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 as neither the fair market value of the subject matter of the transaction nor the consideration exceeds 25% of the Company’s market capitalization.

September 27, 2024 : the Company announced it has retained the services of Cambridge Consultants Inc. (“ Cambridge ”) for $35,000, TD Media LLC dba Life Water Media (“ LWM ”) for $75,000, and King Tide Media LLC (“ KTM ”) for $50,000. As at today’s date, the Company has discontinued its engagement with Cambridge, LWM, and KTM.

October 7, 2024: the Company announced that Celly U.S. signed a master distribution agreement with FUSION. For more information about Unbuzzd Public Relations Partnerships, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (i)unbuzzd™ Retail Product Treatment for Alcohol Misuse”.

October 20, 2024: On October 20, 2024, the Company filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against CIBC World Markets, Inc., RBC Dominion Securities Inc., and John Does 1-10. For more information about the Company’s lawsuit against CIBC World Markets, RCB Dominion Securities, and John Does 1-10 please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

October 29, 2024: the Company engaged Agoracom Independent Trading Group (“ Agoracom ”) for C$25,000, Buyins, Inc. (“ Buyins ”) for US$15,000, and Stockjock.com LP (“ Stockjock ”) for US$15,000, to enhance market awareness and shareholder engagement, following a capital review and in compliance with CSE policies. Agoracom and ITG agreements require 30 days’ termination notice, while Buyins and Stockjock require 10 days’ notice. The Company remains engaged in these agreements.

October 31, 2024: The Company further decreased its outstanding debt to a creditor through a debt settlement agreement involving cash payments. Previously reported on the balance sheet at approximately US$611,000, the debt has been reduced to around US$211,000, reflecting a substantial reduction of approximately US$400,000.

November 5, 2024: the Company settled its total outstanding debt to a creditor, which was previously reported on the balance sheet at approximately US$278,000. The Company and the creditor reached a debt settlement agreement, whereby the creditor would be compensated by an external party to the Company.

December 5, 2024: the Company announced it intended to complete a non-brokered private placement offering (the “ December 2024 Offering” ) of up to 5,000 convertible debenture units of the Company (each, a “ December 2024 Debenture Unit ”) at a price of C$1,000 per Debenture Unit. Each December 2024 Debenture Unit consists of (i) one convertible debenture having a face value of C$1,000.00 (each a “ December 2024 Debenture ”); and (ii) 80 Class B Subordinate Voting Share purchase warrants (each a “ December 2024 Warrant ”) exercisable for 80 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The December 2024 Debentures matures on the date that is 36 months from the date of issuance and bears interest at a rate of 1.25% per month, beginning on the date of issuance and is payable in cash on the last day of each calendar quarter. The principal sum of the December 2024 Debenture, or any portion thereof, and any accrued but unpaid interest, may be converted into Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a conversion price of C$6.25 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share. Each December 2024 Warrant shall entitle the holder to acquire one additional Class B Subordinate Voting Share at a price of C$7.00 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share, for a period of five (5) years from the date of issuance. The December 2024 Debenture contained normal course default provisions, and a default if the volume weighted average price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares on the Canadian Securities Exchange is at or below C$5.3125 for any period of 10 consecutive trading days (the “ VWAP Default ”). The December 2024 Debenture and December 2024 Warrant contain a provision that prevents conversion or exercise, as applicable, if the holder’s interest in the Company would exceed 9.99%. The Company shall have a right to prepay or redeem a part or the entire principal amount of the December 2024 Debenture for a cash amount equal to the sum of all payments of interest on the December 2024 Debenture, that would be due through to the maturity date (the “ Prepayment Penalty ”). In the event the holder converts the entire amount owing on the December 2024 Debenture within 6 months of the issuance date, the holder shall be entitled to receive a cash amount equal to half the sum of all payments of interest on the December 2024 Debenture that would be due through to the maturity date, or at the option of the holder Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at the conversion price (the “ Conversion Bonus ”). The Company used proceeds from the December 2024 Offering for the ongoing development of the Company’s business model and for general working capital purposes.

Field: Page; Sequence: 64; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 61 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

December 10, 2024: the Company’s safety review committee recommended commencing dosing of the second cohort in its trial entitled “A Phase 1, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lucid-21-302 in Healthy Adult Participants.” For more information about Lucid-MS Clinical Trials, please see “ Item 4B. – Business Overview – (ii) Lucid-MS”.

December 13, 2024: the Company closed an initial tranche of the December 2024 Offering and issued 500 December 2024 Debenture Units for C$500,000. See “ December 5, 2024 ” above for more details on the December 2024 Offering.

December 18, 2024: the Company entered into an investor relations services agreement with Enterprise Canada Inc. (“ Enterprise ”). Pursuant to the agreement (“ Enterprise Agreement ”), Enterprise has been engaged for an indefinite period. The Enterprise Agreement is structured in three phases, with C$10,000 paid to Enterprise at the start of phase 1, C$2,500 on the completion of phase 2, and C$5,000 due monthly as a public relations retainer (phase 3). Enterprise will be assisting the Company with its public relations strategy, which includes developing the Company’s narrative, key messages, and pitching strategies with identified targets. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has terminated its Business relationship with Enterprise Canada Inc.

December 20, 2024: the Company closed the second tranche of the December 2024 Offering and issued 500 December 2024 Debenture Units for C$500,000. See “ December 5, 2024 ” above for more details on the December 2024 Offering.

December 20, 2024: the Company purchased US$1,000,000 of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as part of its strategic efforts. For more information, please see “ Item 4B. Business Overview – Overview of the Company – Business Segments – (3) Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Investments”.

December 24, 2024: the Company entered into a prepaid forward purchase agreement (“ Sports Coat Prepaid Purchase Agreement ”) with Sports Coat LLC (“ Sports Coat ”), whereas Sports Coat agreed to provide financing of US$1,000,000 to the Company as consideration for purchasing proceeds of the litigations (the “ Litigation Proceeds ”) which includes any of the following involving: (i) claims relating to market manipulation / securities / commodities / exchanges brought by or on behalf of Quantum Biopharma Ltd. or any related entity: or (ii) Dr. Raza Bokhari. Per terms stated in the Sports Coat Prepaid Purchase Agreement, the Company is not obligated to repay US$1,000,000 to Sports Coat if no proceeds are realized from the lawsuit as the financing is considered non-recourse. Sports Coat bears risk of loss in the event of non-collection of the Litigation Proceeds. The Sports Coat Prepaid Purchase Agreement does not have a predefined repayment schedule, or specified due date, and the Company has not generally pledged its assets as collateral to ensure repayment.

Field: Page; Sequence: 65; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 62 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

March 27, 2025: the Corporation appointed Terry Lynch to the Board to replace Dr. Sanjiv Chopra.

April 18, 2025: the Company announced the grant of 60,000 restricted share units (each, an “RSU”) pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plan, to Malone Wealth Ventures, LLC.

April 22, 2025: the Company announced the appointment of Kevin Malone as an advisor to the Board of Directors.

On April 23, 2025: the Company expanded its portfolio of residential mortgages by issuing one new mortgage loan, with a principal amount of C$105,000 with a maturity of one year.

May 19, 2025: the Company purchased an additional USD$1,000,000 worth of Bitcoin and expanded its cryptocurrency holdings to a total value of $4,500,000.

Field: Page; Sequence: 66; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 63 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

June 10, 2025: the Company announced that it purchased USD$500,000 additional Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and expanded its cryptocurrency portfolio to a total value of $5,000,000.

June 25, 2025: the Company terminated the consulting agreement with Malone Wealth and his services as a Board Advisor.

July 1, 2025: Malone Wealth was rehired as a Board Advisor on July 1, 2025.

July 10, 2025: the Company renewed an existing residential mortgage in its portfolio, extending its maturity by one year, with a principal amount of C$925,000.

July 24, 2025: the Company purchased 38,129 shares of Genius Group Limited (AMEX: GNS).

Field: Page; Sequence: 67; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 64 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

On August 21, 2025: the Company announced the following corporate updates:

5) Debt Settlement

6) Grant of Restricted Stock Units

7) Statutory Hold Period and Restrictions on Resale

8) Change to Advisory Board

On September 26, 2025: the Company announced the following corporate updates:

1) Grant of Restricted Stock Units

2) Stock Options Grant

3) Statutory Hold Period and Restrictions on Resale

Field: Page; Sequence: 68; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 65 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

4) Related Party Transaction

October 14, 2025: the Company issued a formal response strongly refuting what it characterized as vague, unsubstantiated, and misleading allegations by The Schall Law Firm and DJS Law Group, which had announced an investigation into potential securities law violations, stating that the claims lacked any factual basis or concrete details and appeared to be an opportunistic attempt to damage the Company's reputation and provoke shareholder concern, please see “ Item 8. Financial Statements – Legal Proceedings .”

October 31, 2025 , the Company filed a prospectus supplement to its effective shelf registration statement in connection with its ATM Agreement with Wainwright, pursuant to which it may from time to time offer and sell up to $21,225,000 of its Class B Subordinate Voting Shares through an at-the-market offering program.

December 10, 2025 . the Company announced it terminated the ATM Agreement with Wainwright to be effective December 20, 2025.

December 10, 2025: The Company announced, further to its October 29, 2025, announcement, that it successfully closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 30 Class A Multiple Voting Shares of the Company at a price of C$25 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for gross proceeds of C$750.

Field: Page; Sequence: 69; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 66 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

December 22, 2025: The company announced that pursuant to the entry into the at-the-market offering agreement with Rodman & Renshaw LLC (“ Rodman ”) on December 22 2025, the Company, at its discretion may offer and sell from time to time, through Rodman as sales agent, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the capital of the Company having an aggregate offering price of up to $17,243,174.

Milestones for Future Development

In light of the above, the Company has determined that it will prioritize the development of its viable assets, utilizing the limited in-house resources available, to maximize the chances of their successful commercialization. Therefore, the Company resolves to push forward with the development of (i) Lucid-MS, (ii) the Healthcare Product, and (iii) its license of unbuzzd™ to Unbuzzd and Celly U.S.. As previously discussed, the Company has decided to pause the development of Lucid-PSYCH.

The Company’s adaptable trial planning integrates insights from clinical and non-clinical studies, regulatory guidance, and market dynamics. Our adjusted timelines, especially in 2026, are influenced by key market regulations, ensuring efficiency and cost-effectiveness across chemistry, product development, and data acquisition.

The Company’s overarching strategy allows it to conduct studies efficiently in terms of time and cost, considering that toxicology and clinical studies can span several months to several years. It also provides flexibility to adjust or explore alternative pathways cost-effectively in case of unexpected toxicities or efficacy issues.

The table below sets forth the status of these milestones as of the date of this Annual Report, the estimated costs and estimated timeframe for completion thereof. The following are “forward-looking statements” and as such, there is no guarantee that such milestones will be achieved on the timelines indicated or at all. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. See “ Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements ” and “Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors” on the Company’s ability to achieve certain of its objectives and milestones, which are contingent upon raising additional financing.

| Objective | Estimated
Cost 2024 (USD) | Estimated
Cost 2025 (USD) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1.
MAD Cohorts | | | |
| Regulatory
Agency Approval | | completed | MAD
trial completed in 2025 including receipt of CSR (clinical study report) |
| Site
Pass Through Costs | 730,413.00 | completed | |
| First
Participants In | - | completed | |
| Last
Participant In | 376,012.00 | completed | |
| Completion
of Report | 150,282.00 | completed | |
| Sub-total | 1,256,707.00 | - | |
| 2.
Chronic Toxicity to initiate phase-2 (3-month study) | | | |
| Study
design for 2-species toxicity trial | 90,000.00 | completed | 3
month toxicity studies in 2 species were completed in 2025. Second interim report was not needed anymore as part of the agreements
reached. |
| First
interim report | 261,410.00 | completed | |
| Second
interim report | | | |
| Final
Report | 338,390.00 | completed | |
| Sub-total | 689,800.00 | - | |

Field: Page; Sequence: 70; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 67 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

| 3.
Lucid-MS Program | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-clinical
studies | | | | | |
| | Phase
2 enabling pharmacology studies | 111,474.00 | | completed | The
pharmacology studies were completed in 2025 and the chronic toxcity studies will be completed in Q2-Q3 2026. Reproductive toxicology
and autoradiography will be required for an NDA or for Phase 3 trial application submission. |
| | Chronic
tox studies to complete phase-2 (2 species up to 9 months) | 1,217,000.00 | 1,217,000.00 | Q2-Q3
2026 | |
| | Reproductive
toxicology and autoradiography | 1,857,907.00 | 1,857,907.00 | Q4
2027 | |
| Drug
Substance and Product Manufacturing | Synthesis
of non-GMP drug substance for chronic toxicology studies | 819,100.00 | | completed | Synthesis
of non-GMP drug substance for chronic toxicity studies was completed in 2025. |
| | Development
of clinical Formulations | 334,423.00 | | completed | Development
of a clinical formulation for a Phase 2 trial was completed in 2025. |
| | Drug
Substance for Phase 2 studies | 1,800,000.00 | 1,800,000.00 | Q2
2025-Q3 2026 | Manufacturing
of the drug substance for launching Phase-2 study began in 2025 and will continue to start of Phase 2 trial. Manufacturing of the
drug product began in 2025 and will continue to start of Phase 2 trial. The costs are based on newer estimates that were received. |
| | Drug
Product for Phase 2 studies | 1,345,898.00 | 1,345,898.00 | Q4
2025-Q4 2026 | |
| Clinical
Studies | Phase
2 clinical trial sites and CRO identification and deposits | 966,112.00 | 966,112.00 | Q1-Q3
2026 | The
time frame includes submission of regulatory files discussions and approvals from the regulator identification of potential clinical
sites and contracts negotiations. The title for this trial was reworded for clarity compared to 2023 annual report. |
| | Phase
2a proof of concept (“PoC”) clinical trial (launch biomarkers labs clinical site regulatory and other activities) | 4,458,977.00 | - | N/A | This
trial is being replaced by a larger Phase 2 trial (below) |
| | Phase-2
clinical trial (launch biomarkers biostats labs clinical sites regulatory and other activities) | 14,863,258.00 | 14,863,258.00 | Q3
2026- Q4 2028 | A
single Phase 2 trial is being planned in multiple sclerosis |
| Regulatory
licensing and other support costs | US
FDA/Health Canada/UK MHRA regulatory activities patents maintenance/new filings patent licensing costs. | 3,715,815.00 | 3,715,815.00 | Q4
2024-Q4 2028 | These
are continuous activities for patents maintenance licensing costs (to UHN) regulatory filings for early market access among others.
Milestones will be based on each activity undertaken and success of regulatory reviews. Each major milestone calls for
a milestone payment to UHN. |
| | Sub-total | 31,489,964.00 | 25,765,990.00 | | |

Field: Page; Sequence: 71; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 68 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

4. Alcohol Misuse Treatments Program: Healthcare Product — Non-clinical activities	In vitro and in vivo toxicology studies and dose range for the oral liquid formulation	743,163.00	743,163.00	Q4 2026-Q3 2027	These non-clinical activities will be undertaken as a part of our R&D program for new formulations in late 2026 that will serve the development of hospital and consumer products.
	In vitro and in vivo toxicology studies and dose range for the intravenous formulation	2,229,489.00	2,229,489.00	Q3-Q4 2027	These studies are aligned with the above line item for hospital product development.
Drug Substance and Product Manufacturing	Oral liquid formulation development	743,163.00	743,163.00	Q2-Q4 2027	GMP R&D manufacturing of oral liquid formulation for hospital line product; aligned with completion of non-clinical activities above.
	Intravenous formulation development	1,114,744.00	1,114,744.00	Q3 2027-Q2 2028	GMP R&D manufacturing of intravenous formulation for hospital line product; aligned with completion of non-clinical activities above and after the oral formulation development in the above line item.
	Oral liquid formulation manufacturing for clinical study	371,581.00	371,581.00	Q1-Q3 2028	Manufacturing of clinical trial material (liquid oral) will commence after R&D
	GMP Sterile formulation manufacturing for clinical studies	1,114,744.00	1,114,744.00	Q3 2028-Q1 2029	Manufacturing of clinical trial material (intravenous) will commence after R&D
Clinical Studies	Clinical study with one oral formulation	1,114,744.00	1,114,744.00	Q1 2028-Q4 2028	Clinical study using novel oral formulation is scheduled after the completion of toxicology and clinical trial materials manufacturing.
	Clinical study with one intravenous formulation for regulatory submission	1,857,907.00	1,857,907.00	Q2 2029-Q4 2029	Clinical study using novel intravenous formulation is scheduled after the completion of toxicology and intravenous clinical trial materials manufacturing.
Regulatory IP and other support costs	Regulatory activities and submissions in the USA and Canada	222,949.00	222,949.00	Q2 2025-Q4 2029	These are continuous activities for patents maintenance licensing regulatory filings for market access among others. Milestones will be based on each activity undertaken and success of regulatory reviews.
Marketing and related activities	Medical education pre-launch and partnership activities	1,486,326.00	1,486,326.00	Q4 2028-Q4 2029	As the clinical studies commence marketing outreach and partnership activities will be undertaken; the time frame is based on the clinical studies scheduling above and the anticipated prior work for late-stage marketing and potential pre-launch for the products.
	Sub-total	10,998,810.00	10,998,810.00

Field: Page; Sequence: 72; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 69 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

| 5.
FSD201 (ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide) Program in Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) — Drug
Product | Drug
substance and Product Manufacturing | 28,549.00 | | completed | Drug
manufacturing is complete for the Phase 2 MCAS trial. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Clinical
Study | Regulatory
Agency Approval | 1,604,296.00 | | completed | These
are milestones steps for completion of the Phase 2 trial of FSD201(ultramicronized palmitoyl ethanolamide) in MCAS. |
| | Site
Pass Through Costs | 1,701,452.00 | 1,701,452.00 | Q3
2025-Q1 2027 | |
| | First
Participants In | 802,463.00 | 802,463.00 | Q2
2026 | |
| | Last
Participant In | 2,407,388.00 | 2,407,388.00 | Q1
2027 | |
| | Completion
of Report | 534,975.00 | 534,975.00 | Q2
2027 | |
| | Addition
of non-Australian sites | 5,283,556.00 | 5,283,556.00 | Q4
2026 | If
sites in Australia are not able to recruit necessary number of MCAS patients additional sites (Malaysia United Kingdom Ireland or
USA) may be activated with estimated additional costs. |
| | Sub-total | 12,362,679.00 | 10,729,834.00 | | |
| Operations | Team
members salaries benefits external consultants and key opinion leaders | 4,087,396.00 | 4,087,396.00 | Started
in Q4 2024 - expected to continue until Q2 2029 | These
costs include additional personnel will be required for all planned clinical drug development toxicology project management and regulatory
affairs for all programs. |
| | Information
technology legal telecommunications facilities infrastructure travel shipping/logistics | 2,229,489.00 | 2,229,489.00 | Started
in Q4 2024 - expected to continue until Q2 2029 | Planned
programs will incur indirect costs in order to support the R&D and clinical activities. |
| | Sub-total | 6,316,885.00 | 6,316,885.00 | | |

Notes:

| (1) | There may be circumstances where, for sound business reasons, the Company’s
reallocates the funds or determines not to proceed with a milestone. |
| --- | --- |
| (2) | Subject to receipt of all necessary approvals, including any approvals
required by the academic and scientific organizations with which the Company is working. |
| (3) | The total expenditure may be incurred by the Company after the relevant
quarter that is indicated as the target timeframe for completion. |
| (4) | Based on a calendar year end. |

The materials factors or assumptions used to develop the estimated costs disclosed above are included in the “ Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements ” section above. The actual amount that the Company spends in connection with each of the intended milestones will depend on several factors, including those listed under “ Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors ” in or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report or unforeseen events. While the Company believes it has the skills and resources necessary to accomplish these business objectives, there is no guarantee that the Company will be able to do so within the timeframes indicated above, or at all. The Company will rely on third-party opinions evaluating novelty and patentability of its drug compounds, as well as data generated by tests performed by third parties indicating there is preclinical evidence of improved efficacy or safety profiles compared to currently known treatments for challenging neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders based on scientifically sound preclinical studies. These tests are ongoing. While the Company believes its approach mitigates many risks associated with the challenges of obtaining regulatory approval for certain difficult to treat indications, the development of potential drugs for treatment of challenging neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders involves a high degree of risk and uncertainty. The Company is committed to funding research it believes is essential for advancing the study of drugs to treat these conditions.

Field: Page; Sequence: 73; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 70 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Research and Development

As at the date of this Annual Report, the Corporation has not generated any revenue from the sale of pharmaceutical drugs or other products. The Corporation is focused on development of pharmaceutical drugs and other products, through the R&D of novel chemical compounds and delivery mechanisms and the study of such compounds in preclinical studies. The Corporation’s studies are conducted via the various CROs and contract manufacturers it has engaged, including Ingenu, BioPharma Services Inc. (“ BioPharma ”), Erythro Pharma Ltd. (“ Erthro ”), Corealis Pharma Inc. (“ Corealis ”), Adgyl Lifesciences (“ Adgyl ”) and Vibrant Pharma Inc. (“ Vibrant Pharma ”). Each of Ingenu, BioPharma, Erythro, Corealis, Adgyl and Vibrant Pharma are CROs that, in the ordinary course of the Corporation’s business, have entered into service agreements with the Corporation to provide services related to the Corporation’s preclinical studies and/or the manufacture of its various chemical compounds. The Corporation is not dependent on third party contracts. Although each of the CROs will be involved in the synthesis, or testing thereof, for the Corporation, none of these agreements allows for the various CROs to utilize any of the Corporation’s intellectual property, including its patents, formulae, trade secrets, or processes, for their own purposes. The pharmaceutical industry is a competitive and, in the event that one, or all, of these contractual relationships become unsatisfactory, the Corporation does not anticipate having difficulty retaining other services providers to perform similar services. The Corporation does not anticipate generating any revenue from any of these, or any other, service agreements.

The Company anticipates growing its pipeline of pharmaceutical drugs and other products through its research, development, proprietary discovery programs, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and collaborative development agreements. The Corporation has sought protection for the intellectual property rights generated by its R&D activities through patent applications and as trade secrets. The Corporation anticipates that as these programs mature it will file additional patent applications and details about these programs will be disclosed at such time. The Corporation further anticipates that existing patent applications will result in successful patent grants by the respective intellectual property regulators of each jurisdiction in which the Corporation has submitted such applications.

The Company’s R&D activities (including such activities conducted by third party contractors) are conducted in strict compliance with the regulations of federal, state, local and regulatory agencies in Canada, Australia and the United States. These regulatory authorities regulate, among other things, the research, manufacture, promotion and distribution of drugs in specific jurisdictions under applicable laws and regulations.

See “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – B. Business Overview - Milestones for Future Development ” for further information on the Corporation’s objectives and milestones.

Intellectual Property

International Patent Applications and National Phase Filings

The Company’s intellectual property portfolio includes patent rights that are protected through international patent applications filed pursuant to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”). These PCT applications preserve the Company’s right to seek patent protection in selected jurisdictions through national phase filings, subject to applicable statutory deadlines.

The Company has filed the following material PCT applications:

● PCT Application No. PCT/IB2024/059257 , relating to aspects of the Company’s pharmaceutical development programs, including Lucid-MS, with an international filing date of September 23, 2024 and a priority date of October 2, 2023; and

● PCT Application No. PCT/IB2024/053952 , relating to the Company’s alcohol misuse technology, with an international filing date of April 23, 2024 and a priority date of April 24, 2023.

With respect to PCT Application No. PCT/IB2024/059257 , as of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has not yet completed all national phase entries for the first PCT application. The Company intends to enter the national phase in selected jurisdictions, including the United States, Canada and Europe, within the applicable statutory deadlines following the filing of this Annual Report.

The Company expects to complete the Canadian and United States national phase filings by early April 2026, and the European national phase filing by early May 2026.

Field: Page; Sequence: 74; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 71 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

With respect to PCT Application No. PCT/IB2024/053952 , the Company completed national phase filings in Canada, Mexico and the United States, where these applications are now pending.

Until such national phase filings are completed and applications accepted by the relevant patent offices, the Company does not have issued patents covering these inventions in those jurisdictions, and there can be no assurance that such filings will result in issued patents or that any resulting patents will provide meaningful protection.

The Company believes it is acting diligently and in the ordinary course to pursue and maintain its intellectual property rights. However, failure to timely complete national phase filings, adverse determinations by patent offices, or successful challenges by third parties could result in the loss or narrowing of patent protection in one or more jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, competitive position and prospects.

The following tables set forth the status for each patent applicable to the Company’s current and anticipated business and activities of Lucid-MS, Unbuzzd and Celly U.S.:

Note:

(1) The Company has put any future work programs relating to Lucid-PSYCH on hold.

Field: Page; Sequence: 75; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 72 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

As the Company generates new data, it will continue to file or acquire additional patent applications through the Company’s development program.

The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Lucid, has filed pending applications for the trademarks set forth in the table below with the Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada – CIPO:

Note:

(1) Licensed to Unbuzzd and Celly US.

As the Company generates new data it will continue to file or acquire additional patent applications through the Company’s development program.

Regulatory Environment

The Company is currently focused on obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States, Canada and Australia for the drug candidates it is developing, Lucid-MS, and its Alcohol Misuse Disorder Products. In the future, the Corporation may consider seeking approvals for these drug candidates in other countries. The following is a summary of the FDA, Health Canada and the Australian Therapeutics Goods Administration (“ TGA ”) approval process that the Corporation and/or its related entities are undertaking with each of the Product Candidates in the United States, Canada and Australia. Assuming the Corporation is successful in obtaining the requisite approvals from the FDA, TGA or Health Canada (together the “ Regulatory Approvals ”) pursuant to the process set out below, it may decide to seek comparable approvals in other countries, which would be subject to different and additional regulatory requirements. Obtaining Regulatory Approval often takes several years, involves the expenditure of substantial resources, and depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the disease in question, the availability of alternative treatments, and the risks and benefits demonstrated in clinical trials.

The Company will be subject to extensive regulations while it focuses on gaining Regulatory Approvals for treatments it is developing with each of the Product Candidates. The United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 , as amended, Public Health Service Act (United States), Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) (Australia), and other federal, provincial and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labelling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical product candidates for their respective jurisdictions. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may subject the Corporation to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as application refusals, warning or untitled letters, product candidate recalls, product candidate seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.

Pharmaceutical product candidate development in the United States, Canada and Australia typically involves pre-clinical laboratory and animal tests, followed by a submission to commence clinical testing to, as applicable:

(a)	the FDA for the United States (an IND);
(b)	Health Canada for Canada (a CTA)); or
(c)	in Australia, (i) where the Clinical Trial Notification
(“ CTN ”) process is utilized, to a Human Research Ethics Committee, or (ii) where the Australian CTA process is
utilized, to the TGA.

If:

| (a) | there are no comments from the FDA within 30 days
after the submission of the application in the United States; |
| --- | --- |
| (b) | a “no objection letter” is received
from Health Canada; or |
| (c) | in Australia, (i) where the CTN process is utilized,
the applicable Human Research Ethics Committee provides its approval and the TGA is notified by way of the due submission of a CTN,
or (ii) where the Australian CTA process is utilized, the TGA provides its approval, |

then clinical trials for the drug may commence in the respective jurisdiction assuming all other requirements are met (such as institution review board approval, informed consents and any additional approvals related to the use of controlled substances). The satisfaction of pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years. The actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate or the diseases a product candidate targets.

Field: Page; Sequence: 76; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 73 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Before testing any compound in human patients in the U.S., Canada or Australia, a company must generate extensive preclinical data. Preclinical testing generally includes laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as toxicological and pharmacological studies in several animal species to assess the toxicity and dosing of the product candidate and its potential safety and efficacy. The conduct of the pre-clinical tests must comply with government regulations and requirements, including good laboratory practices. For example, in the U.S., certain animal studies must be performed in compliance with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice regulations and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal Welfare Act .

A Regulatory Approval must be in effect before human clinical trials may commence in the U.S., Canada or Australia, respectively. The results of pre-clinical testing and any previous human experience with the investigational drug are submitted to the FDA, Health Canada or TGA as part of the Regulatory Approval process in each jurisdiction, along with other information, including information about product candidate chemistry, manufacturing and controls, information about the study investigator, and a proposed clinical trial protocol.

There can be regulatory barriers to obtaining an effective Regulatory Approval based on FDA’s, Health Canada’s or TGA’s respective review of the investigative drug and, where applicable, its classification as a known controlled substance.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the product candidate that is the subject of the Regulatory Approval to healthy volunteers or study participants with the disease or condition being studied under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials to support an NDA for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap.

There is a process under which clinical trials may begin and involve the administration of the product candidate that is the subject of the Regulatory Approval to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in compliance with applicable government regulations, (ii) in compliance with Good Clinical Practice, an international standard meant to protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators and monitors, and (iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA, Health Canada and/or TGA as part of the Regulatory Approval process, as applicable.

The FDA, Health Canada or TGA may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. The trial protocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be submitted to an IRB for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements or may impose other conditions.

If the trials for any of its Product Candidates are successful, the Corporation may pursue additional trials as required and may ultimately pursue an NDA, which may involve applying for additional Regulatory Approvals required to market the Corporation’s synthetic treatments in the United States or in other jurisdictions. There is no assurance that the Corporation will be successful in receiving the required approvals, and the clinical trials are subject to numerous risks.

See “Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

New Drug Application and New Drug Submission Process

Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, the results of product development, nonclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The application must include the results of all preclinical, clinical, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology and chemistry, manufacture, and controls. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, a substantial application user fee is required for most NDAs, and the applicant under an approved NDA is also subject to an annual program fee for each prescription product.

Field: Page; Sequence: 77; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 74 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

After evaluating the NDA, the FDA issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission. Substantial additional testing or information may be required in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If regulatory approval of a product is granted, such approval will be granted for particular indications and may entail limitations on the indicated uses for which such product may be marketed. Additionally, as a condition of approval, the FDA may impose restrictions that could affect the commercial success of a drug or require post-approval commitments, including the completion within a specified time period of additional clinical studies, which often are referred to as “Phase 4” or “post-marketing” studies. For example, as a condition of approval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“ REMS ”) to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks. REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, such as special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing. Moreover, product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy.

Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to certain post-approval requirements, including, among other things, requirements related to record-keeping, providing the FDA with updated safety information, product sampling and distribution, and promotion and advertising. Post-approval modifications to the drug, such as changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, may require a sponsor to develop additional data or conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, to be submitted in a new or supplemental NDA, which would require FDA approval.

Similarly, Health Canada and the TGA (in Australia) regulates, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, post-approval monitoring, marketing and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Drug approval laws require licensing of manufacturing facilities, carefully controlled research and testing of products, and government review and approval of experimental results prior to giving approval to sell drug products.

The process required by the applicable regulatory authorities before prescription drug product candidates can be marketed in Canada or Australia requires:

| (a) | in the case of Canada, the submission of a new
drug submission (“ NDS ”) to Health Canada; or |
| --- | --- |
| (b) | in the case of Australia, an application for registration
in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (“ ARTG ”), the NDS, and application for registration on the ARTG
collectively referred to as “New Drug Application”. |

Health Canada and/or TGA, as the case may be, must review and approve the relevant “New Drug Application”. Health Canada must also and issue a notice of compliance and both Health Canada and TGA must issue a drug identification number prior to any commercial marketing, sale, or shipment of the drug.

Even if Health Canada approves a NDS or TGA registers the drug on the ARTG, the relevant regulatory authority may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms.

The regulatory review process of a drug application in each of the U.S., Canada and Australia includes the satisfactory completion of an inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the product is produced (or other evidence acceptable to the regulator) to ensure that the facilities are in compliance with current GMP (“ cGMP ”) requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications.

The FDA, Health Canada and TGA also conduct regular, periodic visits to re-inspect equipment, facilities, and processes following the initial approval of a product. Failure to comply with applicable cGMP requirements and other conditions of product approval may lead the regulatory authority to take enforcement action or seek sanctions, including fines, issuance of warning letters, civil penalties, injunctions, suspension of manufacturing operations, operating restrictions, withdrawal of approval, seizure or recall of products, and criminal prosecution.

Controlled Substances - United States

In June 2023, the Company decided to stop any development efforts for Lucid-PSYCH, which is considered a controlled-substance in the United States, Canada, and Australia. If and when the Company continues with the development of Lucid-PSYCH for psycho functions, it will need to comply with the controlled substances laws in various jurisdictions.

Field: Page; Sequence: 78; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 75 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Drugs and other substances that are determined to have a potential for abuse are also regulated under the United States Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, as amended, also known as the Controlled Substances Act (the “ CSA ”) and its implementing regulations, as “controlled substances.” The CSA establishes a closed chain of distribution for entities handling controlled substances, which include researchers, manufacturers, distributors, pharmacies and physicians, importers, and exporters. The CSA and regulations enforced by the DEA impose registration, security, quotas inventory, recordkeeping, reporting, storage, manufacturing, distribution, importation, exportation, and other requirements on entities handling controlled substances. Practitioners such as pharmacies and physicians, as well as other types of entities that handle controlled substances, such as researchers and analytical laboratories, are also subject to DEA registration and other requirements related to controlled substances.

The CSA categorizes controlled substances into one of five schedules - Schedule I, II, III, IV, or V - depending on the potential for abuse and physical or psychological dependence. Schedule I substances by definition have a high potential for abuse, have no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and lack accepted safety for use under medical supervision. They may not be marketed or sold for dispensing to patients in the United States. Certain “hallucinogens” or psychedelic drugs are currently regulated as Schedule I controlled substances, as is any substance that includes any of a Schedule I substance’s salts, isomers (e.g., optical, position, and geometric isomers), or salts of isomers, whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical. Pharmaceutical products having a currently accepted medical use and that are otherwise approved for marketing may be listed as Schedule II, III, IV, or V substances, with Schedule II substances presenting the highest potential for abuse and physical or psychological dependence, and Schedule V substances presenting the lowest relative potential for abuse and dependence.

Whether a new drug or substance is ultimately controlled or not is a fact specific determination that the DEA makes based on the input of the Department of Health and Human Services (including the FDA), which provides scientific and medical findings and recommendations to the DEA. During the FDA approval process, the FDA will generally conduct an abuse potential evaluation of any substance that could have an effect on the central nervous system. If FDA finds that a new drug or substance may have an abuse potential that would require the drug to be controlled, FDA notifies the DEA and provides information/recommendation to the DEA on its scheduling. The DEA must conduct notice and comment rulemaking to propose scheduling of a new substance. If a drug being approved contains a substance already controlled under the CSA, that drug will generally be controlled in the same schedule absent findings or recommendations that it should be placed in another schedule.

Lucid-PSYCH is a Schedule I listed substance under the CSA. Its use in the United States is highly restricted under Federal law, even though there have been a few state and local laws seeking to loosen restrictions. A facility that seeks to manufacture, distribute, import, or export any Schedule I controlled substance must register with the DEA. The DEA registration is specific to the particular location, activity, and controlled substance. A DEA registered facility must maintain records documenting all activities, including the manufacture, receipt, and distribution, of controlled substances. The import or export of a Schedule I substance requires a permit and may need to comply with international drug control treaties as well as DEA requirements.

Any Schedule I drug or substance approved by the FDA must be rescheduled (or descheduled) to another schedule before it can be commercially marketed in the United States. Rescheduling or descheduling a Schedule I substance to another schedule is dependent on FDA approval and FDA recommendation as to the appropriate schedule. Any rescheduling or descheduling action requires the DEA to conduct notice and comment rulemaking. Such action will be subject to public comment and requests for hearing which could affect the scheduling of these substances.

Controlled Substances – Canada

A controlled substance is a type of drug that the Government of Canada has categorized as having a higher-than-average potential for abuse or addiction and is listed in one of the schedules (I to V) of the CDSA. Lucid-PSYCH is a controlled substance in Canada. The possession, sale or distribution of controlled substances is prohibited unless specifically permitted by the government.

Under section 56 of the CDSA the Minister of Health may exempt a person or a class of persons or any controlled substance or class thereof from the application of all or any provision of the CDSA or regulations if necessary for a medical or a scientific purpose or is otherwise in the public interest. Researchers requiring a controlled substance for research, including clinical trials, must receive an exemption under the CDSA, which can permit the importation, possession and/or use of a specified quantity of the controlled substance for a specified purpose. The Minister of Health can impose any terms and conditions that the Minister considers necessary in respect of the exemption. Through agreements with third parties, the Company has access to facilities that have experience and licenses required to handle Controlled Substances listed under the CDSA. Similar to the United States, in Canada certain scheduled substances would require reclassification to a different schedule in order to permit commercial marketing.

Field: Page; Sequence: 79; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 76 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Controlled Substances – Australia

Like in the United States and Canada, a controlled drug is a type of drug that the Australian Government has categorized as having a higher-than-average potential for abuse or addiction and is listed in one of the schedules (1 to 10) of the Poisons Standard.

Substances with therapeutic uses are generally contained in Schedules 2, 3, 4 and 8 with progression through these Schedules signifying increasingly restrictive regulatory controls. Schedule 9 details substances that should be available only for teaching, training, medical or scientific research including clinical trials conducted with the approval of Commonwealth and/or State and Territory health authorities.

Lucid-PSYCH is currently a prohibited drug in Australia, meaning its supply is largely limited to clinical trials.

Specialized Knowledge and Personnel

The Board and executive officers of the Company, led by Zeeshan Saeed, as CEO and Co-Executive Chairman, Anthony Durkacz, Co-Executive Chairman, and Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra, as director, Dr. Eric Hoskins, as director, Dr. Andrzej Chruscinski, VP-Clinical and Scientific Affairs, and Ms. Ashwini Joshi, Director of Pharmaceutical Development have a wide combination of the skills, knowledge and experience that are necessary for the successful advancement of the Company’s business plan. Our future growth and success depend on our ability to recruit, retain, manage, and motivate our qualified employees. The inability to hire or retain experienced personnel in the pharmaceutical field could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and harm our operating results. Due to the specialized scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and managerial personnel. The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical field is intense. Due to this intense competition, we may be unable to continue to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to recruit suitable replacement personnel.

The pharmaceutical industry market for MS drugs is highly competitive and subject to rapid change. The industry continues to expand and evolve as an increasing number of competitors and potential competitors enter the market. There are few approved therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis such as ocrelizumab by Roche and siponimod by Novartis, all of which are immunomodulatory drugs. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, which also inhibits immune responses, are also being investigated as therapies for progressive MS in Phase 3 clinical trials; for example fenebrutinib by Roche (NCT04544449) and tolebrutinib by Sanofi (NCT04458051 and NCT04411615). In the HERCULES trial (NCT04411615), tolebrutinib was shown to delay disability progression in patients with non-relapsing secondary progressive MS, although elevations of liver enzymes were observed in 4.1% of tolebrutinib-treated participants. In the FENtrepid trial (NCT04544449) presented at the ACTRIMS Forum 2026, the efficacy of fenebrutinib in reducing disability progression in patients with primary progressive MS was examined. The trial involved 985 adults and demonstrated that fenebrutinib achieved noninferiority to ocrelizumab in reducing the risk of disability progression, with a 12% reduction in the risk of 12-week composite confirmed disability progression.

Kyverna Therapeutics had announced their Phase-2 clinical trial on a Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy candidate KYV-101 (NCT06138132), in people with non-relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. Immunic Therapeutics is developing vidofludimus as a potential treatment for all MS types; the Phase 2 CALLIPER clinical trial (NCT05054140) is testing it against a placebo specifically in people with progressive forms of the disease. Tiziana Life Sciences is developing an antibody, foralumab that is designed to reduce inflammation in the brain and spinal cord by blocking CD3, a protein found on the surface of T-cells. This type of immune cells is involved in MS progression. All known drugs and those under development are immunomodulatory, several are biologics and do not directly address demyelination, which is a hallmark feature in MS. Even if Lucid-MS is approved, it will compete with product offerings from large and well-established companies that have greater marketing and sales experience and capabilities than we have or our third-party research collaborators. Other companies with greater resources than us may announce similar plans in the future.

However, we believe Lucid-MS may offer advantages over therapies that primarily target the immune system in individuals with progressive MS. Lucid-MS is a first-in-class therapy for MS that has a unique mechanism of action. Based on our preclinical research studies, Lucid-MS prevents the myelin sheath from unraveling. By doing so, it can inhibit the process of demyelination, which is thought to be a key driver of disability in progressive MS.

Environmental Matters

The Company expects the financial and operational effects of environmental protection requirements on its capital expenditures, profit, and competitive position in the current and future financial years to be minimal.

Employees

As at December 31, 2025, the Company directly employed seven full-time employees. All of these employees are based in the Toronto, Ontario area. The Company believes its relationship with its employees, consultants and contractors is good. None of the Company’s employees are represented by a labour union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement.

Field: Page; Sequence: 80; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 77 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Reorganizations

The Company has not completed any material reorganization within the three most recently completed financial years , except for the reorganization that occurred pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement.

C. Organizational Structure

As at the date of this Annual Report, the Company has eight subsidiaries, Lucid, FSD BioSciences, Prismic, FSD Strategic Investments, FSD Australia, Huge Biopharma, FV Pharma, and Unbuzzd. The corporate chart of the Company including the Company’s subsidiaries, together with the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Company and its subsidiary and the percentage of voting securities beneficially owned, controlled, or directed, directly or indirectly, by the Company is as follows:

The Company has four active subsidiaries, which are:

Unbuzzd Wellness Inc.

Unbuzzd is focused on the commercialization of unbuzzd™. The Company, on the one hand, and Unbuzzd and Celly U.S., on the other hand, are parties to the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement dated as of August 14, 2024 which gives Unbuzzd and Celly U.S. exclusive global rights to use the Company’s alcohol misuse technology for recreational purposes. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company – A. History and Development of the Company – Alcohol Misuse Disorder Product Candidates”.

FSD Strategic Investments

The Company had historically maintained a portfolio of strategic residential investments through its wholly owned subsidiary, FSD Strategic Investments Inc. ("FSD Strategic Investments"), which focused on issuing loans secured by residential real estate properties. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the entire portfolio of these loan receivables was sold to a corporation owned by the CFO of the Company. As of December 31, 2025, the Company no longer holds any loans secured by residential properties.

FSD Australia

On November 24, 2022, the Company incorporated FSD Australia, to facilitate its development of Lucid-PSYCH and other assets. The registered and head office of FSD Australia is Suite 1, Level 3, 62 Lygon Street, Carlton South, VIC 3053, Australia. FSD Australia was established to facilitate the Company’s development of Lucid-PSYCH by conducting Australian clinical trials in respect of Lucid-PSYCH. In Q3 2024 FSD Australia restarted the clinical development of FSD-PEA, which is being developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. FSD Australia signed a study order for a Phase 2 clinical trial of FSD-PEA in MCAS. Subject to satisfaction of relevant eligibility criteria, FSD Australia may be entitled to claim the Australian research and development tax incentive for eligible expenditure it incurs on eligible research and development activities. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – A. History and Development of the Company”.

Huge Biopharma

On February 6, 2024, the Company incorporated Huge Biopharma to conduct research related to Lucid-MS in Australia. Huge Biopharma's registered and head office is Suite 1, Level 3, 62 Lygon Street, Carlton South, VIC 3053, Australia. The research and related operations conducted by Huge Biopharma in Australia are financed entirely by the Company.

Inactive Subsidiaries

Lucid

Lucid is focused on the development of therapies to treat critical neurodegenerative diseases. Lucid is currently focused on research and development of Lucid-MS, which is a molecular compound identified for potential treatment of MS. Lucid conducted research on Lucid-PSYCH, which was being considered as a treatment for major depressive orders. Research activities in connection with Lucid-PSYCH is currently on hold due to funding concerns.

FV Pharma

The Company suspended all activities by FV Pharma Inc, which had engaged in the cannabis business, as of September 2020 and in May 2022, substantially all of the assets of FV Pharma were sold. FV Pharma has accumulated historic tax losses and continues to exist as an entity wholly owned by the Company. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – B. Business Overview – Significant Operations and Principal Activities in Fiscal 2023 and Fiscal 2024”.

Field: Page; Sequence: 81; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 78 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

FSD BioSciences

FSD BioSciences was focused on the research and development of FSD-PEA, an ultra-micronized PEA. Although the Company terminated clinical development of FSD-PEA in 2023, it has restarted development through its Australian subsidiary, FSD Australia, in Q3 2024. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – A. History and Development of the Company”.

Prismic

The Company does not operate through Prismic; however, Prismic holds the right to receive certain payments based on net sales of certain products under an amended and restated licensing agreement between Epitech Group SpA dated January 8, 2020, as amended, (the “ Epitech License Agreement ”) and the Company pursuant to an assignment agreement between Prismic and the Company (the “ Prismic Assignment Agreement ”). Although the Company initially terminated the clinical development of FSD-PEA, research and development pertaining to FSD-PEA was restarted in Q3 2024. For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – A. History and Development of the Company”.

Property, Plants and Equipment

The Company’s current operating plan does not include building infrastructure. The Company rents an office space in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. During fiscal year ended 2025, the head office incurred costs of a total amount of approximately C$ 72,300 , including taxes. The current head office rental agreement concludes on June 30, 2027. The Company’s previous head office incurred costs of a total amount of approximately C$72,300 during fiscal year ended 2025.

The Company believes that its current facilities are adequate to meet its ongoing needs and that if the Company requires additional space, it will be able to obtain additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

A. Operating Results

See the Company’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (the “ 2025 Annual MD&A ”) attached hereto as Exhibit 15.1.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

See the 2025 Annual MD&A attached hereto as Exhibit 15.1. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had cash used in operating activities of approximately US$8.2 million for the year, financed primarily through the issuance of convertible debentures (US$3.2 million), proceeds from other loans (US$1.5 million), proceeds from the sale of finance receivables (US$1.8 million), and proceeds from the at-the-market offering program (US$0.3 million). Management has concluded that the Company has sufficient working capital as of December 31, 2025 to carry out its planned operations over the next twelve months. The Company has no significant off-balance sheet arrangements. For a full discussion of the Company's liquidity position, cash flows, and capital resources, see the 2025 Annual MD&A attached hereto as Exhibit 15.1.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

For a discussion of our research and development activities, see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – B. Business Overview - Products and Sales ” and the 2025 Annual MD&A attached hereto as Exhibit 15.1.

Field: Page; Sequence: 82; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 79 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

D. Trend Information

The following trends and uncertainties were present as of December 31, 2025 and are reasonably likely to continue to affect our financial condition and results of operations:

Cryptocurrency Treasury: The Company's cryptocurrency holdings represented approximately 34% of total assets as of December 31, 2025, exposing the Company's financial statements to significant fair value volatility. Continued appreciation or depreciation in the value of these holdings will materially affect our reported net assets and other comprehensive income or loss.

Clinical Development Expenditures: We expect research and development expenditures to increase as we advance the Lucid-MS program toward a IND filing and starting a Phase 2 trial in people with Multiple Sclerosis.

Litigation: The outcome of the GBB Market Manipulation Litigation and the CIBC/RBC spoofing litigation are inherently uncertain. Any adverse development in these proceedings could materially and adversely affect our financial condition.

Continued Reliance on Equity and Debt Financing: The Company has no revenue from pharmaceutical product sales and continues to fund operations through equity and debt financings. The availability and terms of future financing are uncertain and subject to market conditions.

For additional information, see the 2025 Annual MD&A attached hereto as Exhibit 15.1.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

See notes 2 and 3 to our 2025 Annual Financial Statements in Item 18. In particular, the Company's classification of its cryptocurrency holdings as financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss under IAS2, including the use of closing prices published by BitGo, our primary custodian, as the basis for fair value determination, and the judgment as to whether such custodian-published pricing constitutes a reliable and relevant measure of fair value under IFRS 13, involves significant management judgment that could materially affect our reported financial results. A change in any of these judgments, or a determination by the Company's auditors or regulators that the methodology applied is not consistent with IFRS, could require a restatement or adjustment of our reported cryptocurrency asset values.. For a further discussion of these judgments, see the 2025 Annual MD&A attached hereto as Exhibit 15.1.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A. Directors and Senior Management .

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to our executive officers and directors as of the date of this Annual Report:

Name	Age	Position(s) with the Company	Other Directorships	Date of Initial Appointment
Anthony Durkacz	50	Co-Executive Chairman and Director	Stock Trend Capital Inc. First Republic Capital	May 18, 2018
Zeeshan Saeed	56	CEO, President, Co-Executive Chairman and Director	Unbuzzd	May 24, 2018 (1)
Donal Carroll	50	Chief Financial Officer (“ CFO ”)	Street Capital Inc.; Unbuzzd	May 18, 2018 (3)
Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra	54	Director, CEO of Lucid, President of FSD Biosciences and CEO of FSD Australia	Unbuzzd	November 25, 2023
Adnan Bashir	56	Director	N/A	June 1, 2021
Dr. Eric Hoskins	65	Director	Unbuzzd; Cybin Inc.	June 29, 2023
Terry Lynch (2)	66	Director	Cardiol Therapeutics; Chilean Metals Inc.; Firstgold Corp.; Great Northern Energy Metals Inc.; Kingsmill Capital Ventures Inc.; Power Metallic Mines Inc.; Resolute Resources Ltd.	March 27, 2025
Michael (Zappy) Zapolin	59	Director	N/A	June 29, 2023

Notes:

| (1) | Mr. Saeed departed from his position as President and director of the
Company effective January 25, 2021 but was re-elected as a director of the Company on May 14, 2021 and re-appointed as President
of the Company on July 27, 2021. |
| --- | --- |
| (2) | Terry Lynch replaced Dr. Sanjiv Chopra on the Board effective March
27, 2025. |
| (3) | Mr. Carroll served as the interim CFO from July 27, 2018 until
January 2, 2020, when he became the permanent CFO until May 4, 2021. In August 2021, he became the COO and served in this position
until August 30, 2024, when he resumed the role of CFO, and resigned as COO, with no replacement hired. He served as a Board
member form May 18, 2018 through August 2018, and from May 14, 2021 until January 29, 2024. |

Field: Page; Sequence: 83; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 80 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Term of Office

Each director is to serve until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his death, resignation, or removal. Our Board appoints our officers and each officer is to serve until his successor is appointed and qualified or until his or her death, resignation, or removal.

Executive Officers

Anthony Durkacz

Mr. Durkacz has served as the Company’s Co-Executive Chairman since May 2021 and as a member of the Board since June 2018. Mr. Durkacz previously served as the Company’s interim CEO from July 2021 to July 2023. In addition to his roles with the Company, Mr. Durkacz is also (i) a director and the Executive Vice-President of First Republic Capital, and has served in those roles since 2014, and (ii) the Chairman and CEO of Stock Trend Capital Inc. (CSE:STCQ, PINK:STOCF), and has served in that role since 2018. Prior to co-founding the Company, from January 2013 to December 2013, Mr. Durkacz was President of Capital Ideas Investor Relations. He previously served as the CFO and a director of Snipp Interactive Inc. (TSXV: SPN.V), a global marketing solutions company that provides a modular software-as-a-service technology suite, from January 2011 to January 2013. Mr. Durkacz was instrumental in the financing and public listing of Snipp Interactive Inc. with operations in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and India. From 2006 to 2009, he served as COO and CFO of MKU Canada Inc. and engaged in mergers and acquisitions of companies around the world. From 2002 to 2006, Mr. Durkacz served as the CFO and a director of Astris Energi Inc., a dual-listed public company in the United States and Canada which was acquired by an international conglomerate. Mr. Durkacz began his career at TD Securities on the capital markets trading floor. He holds an Honours Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Brock University with a major in both Accounting and Finance.

Zeeshan Saeed

Mr. Saeed, a co-founder of the Company, has served as the Company’s President and Executive Co-Executive Chairman since May 2021 and as the Company’s CEO since July 4, 2023. Previously, he served as President of the Company from May 2019 to January 2021 and as a director from May 2018 to January 2021. From December 2017 to May 2019, Mr. Saeed served as Executive Vice President of FV Pharma, a subsidiary of the Company and a former licensed producer of cannabis in Canada under the Cannabis Act (Canada). From October 2013 to December 2017, Mr. Saeed provided consulting services to FV Pharma, and from April 2003 to December 2017, he served as President of ZZ Telecommunications Inc., a long-distance telecommunications common carrier. Mr. Saeed is the founder of Platinum Telecommunications Inc. and served as its CEO from 2011 to 2013. He has a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology.

Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra

Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra is a director of the Company and has served as CEO of the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Lucid, since September 2020, which he co-founded in 2020, and has served as a director on the Company’s Board since November 2022. He joined the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, in 2000, where he is currently serving as a Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, and University Health Network in 2006, where he is currently serving as a Senior Scientist. Dr. Kotra received his Ph.D. in Pharmacy (Medicinal Chemistry) from the University of Georgia under Prof. David Chu’s supervision, and completed postdoctoral training at Wayne State University under Prof. Shahriar Mobashery’s supervision. Dr. Kotra teaches and leads a research group and drug discovery program with multiple portfolios at University of Toronto and University Health Network. Dr. Kotra has contributed to a number of important drug discovery and development projects, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative and immunological disorders, anti-HIV drugs, antibacterials, and antimalarials. He has authored/co-authored over 130 publications and delivered over 140 scientific talks internationally. Dr. Kotra is the recipient of several awards for his accomplishments, including the Julia Levy Award in 2021 from the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) Canada in recognition of his substantial contribution to the successful commercialization of innovation in Canada in the field of biomedical science and engineering.

Donal Carroll

Mr. Carroll has served as CFO of the Company since August 30, 2024. Mr. Carroll was initially appointed as interim CFO in 2018, and was subsequently appointed to the position on a permanent basis in December 2019, where he served until May 2021. Mr. Carroll previously served as COO of the Company from August 15, 2021, until he was appointed as CFO on August 30, 2024, and resigned from his position as COO concurrently. Mr. Carroll had also served as a director on the Company’s Board from May 2018 to July 2018 and from May 2021 to January 2024. Mr. Carroll has 20 years of corporate finance leadership and public company experience, as well as experience in syndicate investing both in equity and debt securities. From June 2005 to January 2008, he served as an Accounting Supervisor with Alberto Culver (now Unilever (NYSE:UL)), from February 2008 to October 2013, Mr. Carroll served as Controller with Videojet Technologies, and from October 2013 to July 2017, he served as a Corporate Controller with Cardinal Meats, where he was instrumental in major restructuring activities, mergers and acquisitions and the implementations of new internal controls and ERP systems. He holds a CPA-CMA designation and a Bachelor of Commerce degree from University College Dublin.

Field: Page; Sequence: 84; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 81 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Directors

Adnan Bashir

Mr. Bashir has over 20 years of experience in strategic management and operations. He is the founder and President of 58Northwest Inc., a management consulting and marketing services company, and has held the role since 2018. Previously, Mr. Bashir worked for over a decade at Al Batha Group, a diversified business conglomerate based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Mr. Bashir was responsible for overseeing the management and operations of 4 companies within the group and was instrumental in acquiring and developing new businesses and partners from Europe, the U.S., and China. During his tenure at Al Batha Group, Mr. Bashir gathered extensive experience in executing turnaround strategies, transforming weak businesses into sustainable and profitable ones, and implementing new technologies. Mr. Bashir holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore and has completed extensive executive education, including in strategic management, audit, sales management, and technical management.

Dr. Eric Hoskins

Dr. Eric Hoskins is a medical doctor and public health expert with more than 30 years’ experience in healthcare, public policy, economic development, and international trade. Dr. Hoskins is currently a Partner at Maverix Private Equity and serves on a number of public and private healthcare Boards.

Dr. Hoskins previously served as the health minister of Ontario between 2014 and 2018, a role in which he was responsible for one of the largest health care systems in North America. Dr. Hoskins was Chair of the Federal Advisory Council on the Implementation of National Pharmacare (2017-18). Additionally, he has previously served as President of War Child Canada and was awarded the Order of Canada in 2007 for his humanitarian work. During Dr. Hoskins’ nearly 10 years as a member of provincial parliament in Ontario, he held several cabinet positions including Minister of Health and Long-Term Care; Economic Development, Trade and Employment; Children and Youth Services; as well as Citizenship and Immigration. A tireless health advocate, Dr. Hoskins has many years of experience creating and delivering health programs in Africa and the Middle East.

Terry Lynch

Mr. Lynch is widely known and respected for his role founding and operating Save Canadian Mining, a not-for-profit organization leading the fight against micro-cap stock market manipulation and naked short selling. Mr. Lynch has a long, successful track record as an executive and board member of many public micro-cap companies. Currently he is the CEO of Power Metallic Mines Inc. (TSXV: PNPN), that recently closed a $50 million financing in February 2025 close to its all-time high stock price. Mr. Lynch is also a co-founder of Cardiol Therapeutics, a NASDAQ and TSX listed clinical-stage life sciences company focused on the research and clinical development of cannabidiol as an anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. He is also an investor and consultant to bionxt solutions.

Michael (Zappy) Zapolin

Zappy has built an illustrious business career. He began on Wall Street, becoming a Vice President at a Bear Stearns’ at just 23, making him the youngest person in the firm’s history to achieve the role. Over the years, he’s developed a reputation for identifying massive trends early, including internet domain names, legal CBD and cannabis, and now the burgeoning psychedelic economy. Zappy is a futurist, psychedelic concierge to the stars, and award-winning filmmaker dedicated to expanding human consciousness. An early pioneer in the domain name space, he developed major properties like Beer.com, Diamond.com, and CreditCards.com.

He won the Amsterdam Film Festival’s Van Gogh Award for directing The Reality of Truth, featuring Michelle Rodriguez, Deepak Chopra, and Joel Osteen. Viewed over 20 million times, the film has inspired more than 1 million psychedelic experiences.

Zappy also launched the Psychedelic Concierge Certification Program, training guides in safety, ethics, screening, set and setting, and integration.

Certain Proceedings involving Directors

Not applicable.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

Special Arrangements

Not applicable.

Field: Page; Sequence: 85; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 82 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

B. Compensation.

Executive Compensation

The purpose of this Compensation Discussion and Analysis is to provide information about the Company’s philosophy, objectives, and processes regarding executive compensation. This disclosure is intended to communicate compensation provided to: (a) the CEO; (b) the CFO; (c) each of the three most highly compensated executive officers of the Company, including any of its subsidiaries, or the three most highly compensated individuals acting in a similar capacity, other than the CEO and CFO, as at the end of the most recently completed financial year whose total compensation was, individually, more than C$150,000; and (d) each individual who would be a NEO under (c) but for the fact that the individual was neither an executive officer of the Company or its subsidiaries, nor acting in a similar capacity, as at December 31, 2025, (collectively, the “ NEOs ”) and (v) the directors of the Company.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the NEOs of the Company were as follows:

1)	Zeeshan Saeed, CEO and Co-Executive Chairman, and Director of the Company;
2)	Anthony Durkacz, Co-Executive Chairman, and Director of the Company;
3)	Donal Carroll, CFO;
4)	Nathan Coyle, Controller (Former CFO until August 30, 2024) with total compensation in FY2025 of $185,759.
5)	Dr. Andrzej Chruscinski, Vice-President, Clinical and Scientific Affairs;
6)	Dr. Ashwini Joshi, Director of Pharmaceutical Development

The description of the Company’s compensation philosophy and objectives and the elements of such compensation for the year ended December 31, 2025, is set forth below:

Compensation Philosophy and Objectives

The executive compensation program adopted by the Company and applied to its executive officers is designed to attract and retain qualified and experienced executives who will contribute to the success of the Company. The executive compensation program attempts to ensure that the compensation of the senior executive officers provides a competitive base compensation package and a strong link between corporate performance and compensation. Senior executive officers are motivated through the program to enhance long-term shareholder value and rewarded for their yearly individual contribution in the context of overall annual corporate performance.

Elements of Compensation

The executive compensation program during the year, ended December 31, 2025, consisted of three principal components: (i) base compensation; (ii) potential annual incentive award; (iii) Options to Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (“ Options ”); (iv) restricted share units (“ RSUs ”); and (v) performance share units (“ PSUs ”). Options, RSUs, and PSUs are granted pursuant to the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan which replaced the Company’s rolling stock option plan (the “ Stock Option Plan ”). For the year ended December 31, 2025, all executive compensation was determined and administered by the Board based on recommendations by the compensation, nominating and governance committee of the Company (“ Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee ”).

Compensation Governance

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee is currently comprised of three directors, Eric Hoskins (Chair), Zeeshan Saeed, and Adnan Bashir. Zeeshan Saeed is not an independent director, and Eric Hoskins and Adnan Bashir are independent directors. As a foreign private issuer, the Company is not required to comply with certain Nasdaq corporate governance rules applicable to domestic issuers, including Nasdaq Rule 5605(d)(2), which requires that executive compensation be determined solely by independent directors. The Company's home country requirements under Ontario law do not prohibit a non-independent director from serving on a compensation committee. See "Item 16G — Corporate Governance" for a description of the Nasdaq rules from which the Company is exempt and the home country practices followed in lieu thereof.

The primary goal of the Company’s executive compensation program is to attract and retain the key executives necessary for the Company’s long term success, to encourage executives to further the development of the Company and its operations, and to motivate top quality and experienced executives.

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee has been tasked with establishing an executive compensation program, which, prior to May 16, 2022, included equity compensation by way of share awards and Options granted under the Stock Option Plan. As of May 16, 2022, the executive compensation program includes equity compensation by way of share awards, RSUs, PSUs and Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan.

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee reviews the adequacy of remuneration for the executive officers by evaluating their performance in light of the Company’s goals and objectives, the bonus opportunities contained in their employment agreements, and by comparing the performance of the Company with other reporting issuers of similar size in the same industry. All of the members of the committee have senior executive leadership experience that lends to knowledge of compensation and rewards. They also use key industry metrics and benchmarks to determine compensation packages.

Field: Page; Sequence: 86; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 83 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The Board is of the view that all elements of the total program should be considered, rather than any single element. As such, the Company does not use fixed criteria in determining the mix of compensation and instead determines compensation based on a contextual analysis of the Company. While the Company does not have a formally established peer group in determining compensation, the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee will on occasion reference other comparable publicly traded Canadian companies to align its compensation practices with market practice.

The terms of any proposed compensation for the directors of the Company who are not also officers of the Company (including any Options, RSUs and PSUs to be granted) will be determined by the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee. The compensation program is designed to provide income certainty, to attract and retain executives and to provide incentives for the achievement of both short-term and long-term objectives of the Company.

Compensation Process

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee determines compensation through a contextual review process that considers market conditions, Company performance, individual contributions, retention requirements, and available capital, without reliance on formal quantitative benchmarks or a pre-established peer group. The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee has no formal criteria or goals tied to total compensation or any significant element of total compensation. The Board, through the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee, is responsible for determining all forms of compensation, including share-based compensation and long-term incentives in the form of Options, RSUs and PSUs to be granted to the Company’s executive officers and directors, and for reviewing the recommendations respecting compensation of other officers of the Company from time-to-time, to ensure such arrangements reflect the responsibilities and risks associated with each position. The Compensation Nominating and Governance Committee determines compensation by considering: (i) recruiting and retaining executives critical to the Company’s success and the enhancement of shareholder value; (ii) providing fair and competitive compensation; (iii) balancing the interests of management and the Shareholders; and (iv) rewarding performance, both on an individual basis and with respect to the Company’s operations in general.

Annual Incentive Awards

Annual incentive awards are designed to motivate NEOs to achieve the Company’s short-term corporate goals, and rewards individual and overall performance. Annual incentives are based on objective, identifiable measures set at the beginning of each financial year at the discretion of the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee, which may vary from year to year and incentive payments are expected to be determined by the Board on the recommendation of the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee.

Option Awards

Long-term incentives in the form of Options are intended to align the interests of the Company’s directors and its executive officers with those of its Shareholders, to provide a long-term incentive that rewards these individuals for their contribution to the creation of Shareholder value, and to reduce the cash compensation the Company would otherwise pay. The Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Board. While the Company does not have a formally established peer group in determining compensation, in considering the number of Options to be granted to the NEOs, reference is made to the number of Options granted to officers of other comparable publicly traded Canadian companies. The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee also considers previous grants of equity incentives and the overall number of equity incentives that are outstanding relative to the number of outstanding Shares in determining whether to make any new grants of Options and the size and terms of any such grants, as well as the level of effort, time, responsibility, ability, experience, and level of commitment of the executive officer in determining the level of Option compensation.

Share Unit Awards

The Equity Incentive Plan provides that Eligible Persons (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan) may be allocated share units in the form of RSUs or PSUs (collectively, “ Share Units ”), which represent the right to receive an equivalent number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares or the Market Price (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan) in cash on the vesting date. The issuance of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares may be subject to vesting requirements similar to those described above with respect to the exercise of Options, including such time- or performance-based conditions as may be determined from time to time by the Board in its discretion.

The Equity Incentive Plan provides for the express designation of Share Units as either RSUs, which have time-based vesting conditions, or PSUs, which have performance-based vesting conditions over a specified period. The Equity Incentive Plan provides that if Share Units are scheduled to settle during a blackout period, such settlement shall be postponed until the trading day following the date on which the blackout period ends (or as soon as practicable thereafter, and in any event, within 10 business days following the end of the blackout period), and the Market Price of any RSUs or PSUs settled in cash will be determined as of the trading day immediately prior to the settlement date.

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee also considers previous grants of equity incentives and the overall number of equity incentives that are outstanding relative to the number of outstanding Shares in determining whether to make any new grants of Share Units and the size and terms of any such grants, as well as the level of effort, time, responsibility, ability, experience, and level of commitment of the executive officer in determining the level of Share Unit compensation.

Field: Page; Sequence: 87; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 84 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Insider Trading and Blackout Period Policy

All of the Company’s executives, other employees and directors are subject to the Company’s Insider Trading and Blackout Period Policy, which prohibits trading in the Company’s securities while in possession of material undisclosed information about the Company. Under this policy, such individuals are also prohibited from entering into hedging transactions involving securities of the Company, such as short sales, puts and calls. Furthermore, subject to certain limited exceptions, the Company permits executives, including the NEOs, to trade in the Company’s securities only during prescribed trading windows.

Risk Analysis

The Board and Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee considered risks associated with executive compensation and do not believe that the Company’s executive compensation policies and practices encourage its executive officers to take inappropriate or excessive risks. Aside from a fixed base salary, NEOs are compensated through the granting of awards, which are compensation that is both “at risk” and associated with long-term value creation. The value of such compensation is dependent upon Shareholder return over award vesting periods which reduces the incentive for executives to take inappropriate or excessive risks as their long-term compensation is at risk.

Performance graph

The following performance graph compares the total cumulative return to a Shareholder who invested C$100 in Shares on December 31, 2021, assuming reinvestment of dividends, with the cumulative total return on the S&P/TSX Composite Total Return Index and SPDR S&P Biotech ETF for each year following December 31, 2020. The performance of the Shares as set out in the graph below does not necessarily indicate future performance.

QTNM	101.43	66.32	51.26	59.80	3.68	7.30
XBI	140.78	111.96	83.00	89.29	90.06	121.93
S&P/TSX	2,029.46	2,560.47	2,247.55	2,580.89	2,878.57	3,976.90

The Company is of the view that compensation levels for the directors and executive officers cannot and should not be directly compared to year-over-year relative market performance. Market performance is impacted by a number of external factors beyond the control of management and an increase or decrease in the market price and thus should not be a determining factor in establishing the annual compensation of the Company’s directors and executive officers. The stock price directly impacts the benefits enjoyed by the directors and executive officers from the Stock Option Plan and Equity Incentive Plan. As a result, the trend shown in the above graph does not necessarily correspond to the Company’s compensation to its directors and executive officers for the same period.

The Company’s compensation package is based on competitive compensation trends and the value of the services provided and is designed to attract and retain top quality personnel for the longer term in order to manage and grow the business through both adverse and favorable economic cycles. These factors may not yield immediate results in stock price.

Field: Page; Sequence: 88; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 85 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Field: Split-Segment; Name: 3

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets out all direct and indirect compensation for, or in connection with, services provided to the Company and its subsidiaries for the three most recently completed financial years of the Company in respect of the NEOs of the Company:

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary (US$)	Share- — Based Awards (1) (US$)	Option- — Based Awards (2) (US$)	Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation (US$)(6) — Annual incentive plans	Long-term incentive plans	Pension Value	All Other Compensation (3) (US$)	Total Compensation (US$)
Zeeshan Saeed	2025	214,743	373,708	93,667	214,676	Nil	Nil	Nil	896,794
CEO &	2024	218,635	32,410	Nil	332,640	Nil	Nil	Nil	583,685
Co-Executive Chairman	2023	222,625	Nil	377,248	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	599,873
Anthony Durkacz	2025	214,743	373,708	93,667	214,676	Nil	Nil	Nil	896,794
Co-Executive Chairman	2024	218,635	32,410	Nil	332,640	Nil	Nil	Nil	583,685
and Director	2023	222,625	Nil	377,248	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	599,873
Donal Carroll	2025	214,743	373,708	93,667	214,676	Nil	Nil	Nil	896,794
CFO (4)	2024	218,635	32,410	Nil	332,640	Nil	Nil	Nil	583,685
	2023	225,625	Nil	377,248	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	602,873
Nathan Coyle	2025	92,091	Nil	93,667	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	185,759
Controller and	2024	93,965	Nil	10,950	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	104,914
Former CFO (5)	2023	177,521	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	177,521
Dr. Andrzej Chruscinski	2025	162,827	Nil	93,667	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	256,495
Vice-President, Clinical and	2024	119,258	3,885	18,250	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	141,393
Scientific Affairs	2023	154,318	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	154,318
Dr. Ashwini Joshi	2025	113,631	Nil	93,667	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	207,298
Director of	2024	89,397	4,214	10,950	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	104,560
Pharmaceutical Development	2023	107,560	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	107,560

Notes:

(1) “ Share-based Award ” means an award of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and includes PSUs and RSUs. The dollar amount disclosed is based on the closing price per Class B Subordinate Voting Share at the date of each grant.

(2) “ Option-based Award ” means an award of Options under the Stock Option Plan or the Equity Incentive Plan. This does not represent cash paid to the NEO. This figure is based on the grant date fair value of such Options. The grant date fair value was determined in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. This methodology was chosen in order to be consistent with the accounting fair value used by the Company in its financial statements, and the Black-Scholes option pricing model is a commonly used methodology for valuing Options which provides an objective and reasonable estimate of fair value. Calculating the value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model is very different from a simple “in-the-money” value calculation. Accordingly, caution must be exercised in comparing grant date fair value amounts with cash compensation or an in-the-money option value calculation.

(3) Includes Company-paid health and life insurance benefits and car allowances for all NEOs.

(4) Mr. Carroll was appointed as CFO of the Company effective August 30, 2024.

(5) Mr. Coyle resigned from his role as CFO of the Company effective August 30, 2024, and assumed the role of Controller of the Company.

(6) The Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation amounts shown for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 relate solely to annual bonuses accrued or paid to Zeeshan Saeed, Anthony Durkacz, and Donal Carroll pursuant to their respective employment agreements. No other NEO received any non-equity incentive plan compensation during the periods presented. The 2024 bonuses of C$450,000 per executive were settled through the issuance of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a deemed price of C$5.44 per share in September 2024. The 2025 bonuses of C$300,000 per executive were accrued as at December 31, 2025 and remained outstanding as an accrued liability as at that date; they were subsequently settled through the issuance of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in March 2026 in lieu of cash payment. Canadian dollar bonus amounts have been converted to US dollars using the average exchange rate for the applicable fiscal year: C$1.3974 per US$1.00 for 2025 and C$1.3528 per US$1.00 for 2024.

Field: Page; Sequence: 89; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 86 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Outstanding Option-Based and Share-Based Awards

The following table is a summary of all outstanding Options, RSUs and PSUs held by the NEOs which were outstanding as of December 31, 2025:

| Name | Option-based Awards — Number
of securities underlying unexercised options (#)(b) | Option exercise price ($)(c) | Option expiration date (d) | Value of unexercised in-the-money options ($)(e) | Share-based Awards — Number of shares or units of shares that have not vested (#)(f) | Market
or payout value of share-based awards that have not vested ($)(g) | Market
or payout value of vested share-based awards not paid out or distributed ($)(h) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Zeeshan Saeed CEO, Co-Executive Chairman, and Director | 7,000 | 17.57 | 2030-09-26 | N/A | 32,000 | 522,240 | N/A |
| Anthony Durkacz Co-Executive Chairman & Director | 7,000 | 17.57 | 2030-09-26 | N/A | 32,000 | 522,240 | N/A |
| Donal Carroll CFO | 7,000 | 17.57 | 2030-09-26 | N/A | 32,000 | 522,240 | N/A |
| Nathan Coyle Controller and Former CFO | 7,000 | 17.57 | 2030-09-26 | N/A | Nil | Nil | N/A |
| Dr. Andrzej Chruscinski Vice-President, Clinical and Scientific Affairs | 7,000 | 17.57 | 2030-09-26 | N/A | Nil | Nil | N/A |
| Dr. Ashwini Joshi Director of Pharmaceutical Development | 7,000 | 17.57 | 2030-09-26 | N/A | Nil | Nil | N/A |

Incentive plan awards – value vested or earned during the year

The following table sets forth for each NEO, the value of Option-based awards and share-based awards that vested during the year ended December 31, 2025, and the value of non-equity incentive plan compensation earned during the year ended December 31, 2025:

Name (a)		Share-based awards – Value vested during the year ($)(c)	Non-equity incentive plan compensation – Value earned during the year ($)(d)
Zeeshan Saeed CEO, Co-Executive Chairman, and Director	93,667	Nil	Nil
Anthony Durkacz Co-Executive Chairman & Director	93,667	Nil	Nil
Donal Carroll CFO	93,667	Nil	Nil
Nathan Coyle Controller and Former CFO	93,667	Nil	Nil
Dr. Andrzej Chruscinski Vice-President, Clinical and Scientific Affairs	93,667	Nil	Nil
Dr. Ashwini Joshi Director of Pharmaceutical Development	93,667	Nil	Nil

Field: Page; Sequence: 90; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 87 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Stock option plans and other incentive plans

Equity Incentive Plan

On May 16, 2022, the Board adopted the Equity Incentive Plan, which was effective on June 29, 2023, upon the Company receiving shareholder approval at the annual general and special meeting. The Equity Incentive Plan replaced the Stock Option Plan.

Purpose of the Equity Incentive Plan

The principal purposes of the Equity Incentive Plan is to: (i) promote a further alignment of interests between officers, employees and other eligible service providers and the Shareholders, (ii) associate a portion of the compensation payable to officers, employees and other eligible service providers with the returns achieved by the Shareholders, and (iii) attract and retain officers, employees and other eligible service providers with the knowledge, experience and expertise required by the Company.

The Equity Incentive Plan contains provisions applicable to all grants of Options, RSUs, and PSUs (collectively, “ Awards ”) in the capital of the Company, to Eligible Persons (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan).

Equity Incentive Plan Maximum, Limits and Vesting Restrictions

The Equity Incentive Plan provides that: (i) the aggregate number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares that may be issued pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan, together with all other security-based compensation arrangements of the Company, shall be equal to 10% of the issued and outstanding Class B, from time to time; (ii) the aggregate number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares reserved for issuance pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan to any one participant, together with all other security-based compensation arrangements of the Company, must not exceed 5% of the aggregate issued and outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares; (iii) the maximum number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (a) issued to Insiders (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan) within any one year period, and (b) issuable to Insiders, at any time, under the Equity Incentive Plan or when combined with all other security-based compensation arrangements of the Company, shall not exceed 10% of the number of the aggregate issued and outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares; and (iv) the maximum number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issued within any 12-month period to an individual Employed (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan) by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or a service provider engaged in investor relations activities must not exceed 1% of the issued and outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Unless otherwise designated by the Board in the applicable grant agreement, 25% of the Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan shall vest and become exercisable on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining 75% of the Options shall vest and become exercisable in equal quarterly installments beginning on the 15-month anniversary of the grant date and ending on the four-year anniversary of the grant date.

As at December 31, 2025 the Company had issued an aggregate total of 258,630 Awards outstanding under the Equity Incentive Plan, comprised of 160,956 Options, 97,600 RSUs, 0 PSUs, 32 warrants, and a total of 130,171 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares remained authorized for issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan.

The Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Board, which has full and complete discretionary authority with respect to the granting of all awards thereunder. The Board may, subject to applicable law and certain restrictions, delegate its powers, rights, and duties under the Equity Incentive Plan to a committee of the Board, a person or persons, as it may determine, from time to time, on terms and conditions as it may determine. Awards may be granted under the Equity Incentive Plan to such service providers of the Company and its subsidiaries, if any, as the Board may from time to time designate. With respect to Options, exercise prices will be determined by the Board but will, in no event, be less than the market price of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares on the grant date or the lowest price permitted by the policies of any stock exchange on which the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares may be listed. Generally, all Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan will expire not later than the date that is ten years from the date that such Options are granted.

With respect to RSUs and PSUs, the number of such awards granted shall be determined by dividing the grant value for such grant, as determined by the Board, by the market price of a subordinate voting share as at the grant date (or otherwise determined by the Board). Settlement of RSUs and PSUs shall be made by the issuance of one Class B Subordinate Voting Share for each RSU or PSU then being settled, a cash payment equal to the market price of one subordinate voting share on the vesting date of the RSUs or PSUs being settled in cash or a combination of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and cash, all as determined by the Board in its discretion, or as specified in applicable grant agreement. Subject to certain exceptions, any awards granted under the Equity Incentive Plan are not transferable or assignable other than by testamentary disposition or pursuant to the laws of intestate succession.

Field: Page; Sequence: 91; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 88 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Stock Option Plan

The Stock Option Plan was replaced by the Equity Incentive Plan. A summary of the material terms of the Stock Option Plan can be found in the management information circular dated May 19, 2023. There are no predecessor Option outstanding under the Stock Option Plan.

Pension Disclosure

The Company established a 401(k) plan on January 31, 2021, but the plan was terminated on December 31, 2021. The Company currently does not have any pension plans that provide for payments or benefits at, following, or in connection with retirement.

Termination and Change of Control

The Company has entered into executive employment agreements with each of the NEOs (the “ Executive Agreements ”). Each Executive Agreement provides for the NEO’s annual base salary, vacation entitlement and benefits.

The following is a description of material provisions of the Executive Agreements as they relate to termination and change of control.

Anthony Durkacz (Co-Executive Chairman and Director)

Mr. Durkacz has an executive employment agreement with the Company. In the event of both a change of control transaction and Mr. Durkacz ceasing to be employed by the Company for any reason, all outstanding unvested Options held as of the date Mr. Durkacz ceases to be employed by the Company shall immediately vest and remain outstanding and exercisable for a period of five years from that date. All vested Options held by Mr. Durkacz that are outstanding on that date shall remain outstanding and be exercisable for five years following the applicable vesting date of the Options. Additionally, in the event of any change of control transaction, the expiry date of each Option issued to Mr. Durkacz prior to the date, and during the term, of his Executive Agreement shall be the date that is five years from the applicable vesting date of such Option. In the event Mr. Durkacz’ employment is terminated as a result of a change of control transaction, he would be entitled to receive C$600,000.

Zeeshan Saeed (CEO, Co-Executive Chairman and Director)

Mr. Saeed has an executive employment agreement with the Company. In the event the Company terminates Mr. Saeed’s employment without cause or in the event of any termination of the agreement by either party following a change of control, the Company will provide Mr. Saeed with a cash payment in an amount equal to 24-months (2 years) compensation, being the sum of: (i) base salary, (ii) the applicable target bonus, and (iii) the cash value of any stock grants provided in the last 12-months. In the event of a change of control transaction and Mr. Saeed ceasing to be employed by the Company for any reason, all outstanding unvested Options held by Mr. Saeed as of the date that he ceases being employed by the Company shall immediately vest and shall remain outstanding and be exercisable for five years following that date. All vested Options held by Mr. Saeed that are outstanding on that date will remain outstanding and be exercisable for five years following the applicable vesting date of the Options. Additionally, in the event of any change of control transaction, the expiry date of each Option issued to Mr. Saeed prior to the date, and during the term, of his Executive Agreement shall be the date that is five years from the applicable vesting date of such Option. In the event Mr. Saeed’s employment is terminated without cause or as a result of a change of control transaction, he would be entitled to receive C$600,000.

Donal Carroll (CFO)

Mr. Carroll has an executive employment agreement with the Company. In the event the Company terminates Mr. Carroll’s employment without cause or in the event of any termination of the agreement by either party following a change of control, the Company shall pay Mr. Carroll a cash payment in an amount equal to 24 months (two years) compensation, being the sum of: (i) base salary, (ii) the applicable target bonus, and (iii) the cash value of any stock grants provided in the last 12-months. In the event of a change of control transaction and Mr. Carroll ceasing to be employed by the Company for any reason, all outstanding unvested Options, as of the date Mr. Carroll ceases to be employed by the Company shall immediately vest and shall remain outstanding and be exercisable for a period of five years following that date. All vested Options held by Mr. Carroll that are outstanding as of that date shall remain outstanding and be exercisable for five years following the applicable vesting date of the Options. Additionally, in the event of any change of control transaction, the expiry date of each Option issued to Mr. Carroll prior to the date, and during the term, of his Executive Agreement shall be the date that is five years from the applicable vesting date of such Option. In the event Mr. Carroll’s employment is terminated without cause or as a result of a change of control transaction, he would be entitled to receive C$600,000.

Nathan Coyle (Controller and Former CFO)

Mr. Coyle had an executive employment agreement with the Company. In the event the Company terminated Mr. Coyle’s employment without cause or in the event of any termination of the agreement by either party following a change of control, the Company will paid Mr. Coyle a cash payment in an amount equal to one month’s salary per year of employment up to a maximum of 12 months and no less than four months compensation. In the event of a change of control transaction and Mr. Coyle ceasing to be employed by the Company for any reason, the expiry date of each Option issued to Mr. Coyle prior to the date, and during the term, of his Executive Agreement shall be the date that is five years from the applicable vesting date of such Option.

Field: Page; Sequence: 92; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 89 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Dr. Andrzej Chruscinski (Vice-President, Clinical and Scientific Affairs)

Dr. Chruscinski has an executive employment agreement with the Company. In the event the Company terminates Dr. Chruscinski ’s employment without cause or in the event of any termination of the agreement by either party following a change of control, the Company would pay Dr. Chruscinski a cash payment in an amount equal to one month’s salary. In the event of a change of control transaction and Dr. Chruscinski ceasing to be employed by the Company for any reason, the expiry date of each Option issued to Dr. Chruscinski prior to the date, and during the term, of his Executive Agreement shall be the date that is 30 days from the applicable vesting date of such Option.

Dr. Ashwini Joshi (Director of Pharmaceutical Development)

Dr. Joshi has an executive employment agreement with the Company. In the event the Company terminates Dr. Joshi’s employment without cause or in the event of any termination of the agreement by either party following a change of control, the Company would pay Dr. Joshi a cash payment in an amount equal to one month’s salary. In the event of a change of control transaction and Dr. Joshi ceasing to be employed by the Company for any reason, the expiry date of each Option issued to Dr. Joshi prior to the date, and during the term, of his Executive Agreement shall be the date that is 30 days from the applicable vesting date of such Option.

Liability Insurance of Directors and Officers

The Company has directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage for losses to the Company if the Company is required to reimburse directors and officers, where permitted, and for direct indemnity of directors and officers where corporate reimbursement is not permitted by law. This insurance protects the Company against liability (including costs), subject to standard policy exclusions, which may be incurred by directors and/or officers acting in such capacity for the Company. All directors and officers are covered by the policy and the amount of insurance applies collectively to all. The annual cost for this insurance during the year ended December 31, 2025 was C$ 108,000 per annum.

Indemnification

Amended and Restated By-Law No. 1 provides for indemnification of each of the Company’s directors, former directors, officers, former officers, respective heirs and legal representatives of directors and officers and each individual who acts or acted at the Company’s request as a director or officer of a body corporate or an individual acting in a similar capacity of another entity (each, an “ Indemnified Person ”) against all costs, charges and expenses reasonably incurred in respect of any civil, criminal or administrative, investigative or other proceeding to which that Indemnified Person is made a party by reason of being or having been at the relevant time a director or officer of the Company or of a body corporate of which the Company is or was a shareholder or creditor, or by reason of having acted in a similar capacity for any other entity that is or was at the relevant time directly or indirectly owned or controlled by the Company, as required by the OBCA.

The Company has entered into indemnity agreements with each director and officer providing that if such director or officer is or was involved in any threatened, pending or completed proceeding by reason of the fact that such director or officer is or was a director or officer of the Company or is or was serving at the Company’s request as a director or officer of another entity, such director or officer will be indemnified and held harmless by the Company to the fullest extent authorized by and in the manner set forth in the Amended and Restated By-Law No.1 and OBCA against all expense, liability and loss reasonably incurred or suffered by such director or officer in connection therewith. Under such indemnity agreements, to the fullest extent allowable under applicable law, the Company shall also indemnify against any costs actually and reasonably paid or incurred by a director or officer in connection with any action or proceeding by such director or officer for (i) indemnification or reimbursement of any costs, or payment of any cost advance, by the Company under any provision of the agreements, or under any other agreement or provision of our constating documents and (ii) recovery under any directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies maintained by the Company, regardless of whether the director or officer ultimately is determined to be entitled to such indemnification or insurance recovery, as the case may be.

Director Compensation

The following describes the director compensation program. Each director is entitled to an annual retainer of C$50,000, which may be paid entirely in cash, in share-based compensation, or as a combination of both, at the discretion of the Compensation, Nominating, and Governance Committee.

Field: Page; Sequence: 93; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 90 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Director Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information concerning compensation accrued or paid to the Company’s non-employee directors, other than NEOs whose compensation is reported in the Summary Compensation Table above, during the year ended December 31, 2025:

Name (1)		Share-based awards ($)(c)		Non-equity incentive plan compensation ($)(e)	Pension value ($)(f)	All other compensation ($)(g)
Dr. Eric Hoskins	32,198	Nil	120,793	Nil	Nil	Nil	152,991
Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra	Nil	Nil	93,667	Nil	Nil	Nil	93,667
Adnan Bashir	32,198	Nil	93,667	Nil	Nil	Nil	125,865
Terry Lynch	Nil	Nil	332,406	Nil	Nil	Nil	332,406
Michael (Zappy) Zapolin	17,701	Nil	93,667	Nil	Nil	Nil	111,368

Notes:

(1) The relevant disclosure pertaining to directors who are NEOs (meaning, Zeeshan Saeed and Anthony Durkacz) are reflected in the summary compensation table set forth above.

Directors’ Outstanding Share-based Awards, Option-Based Awards and Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation

The following table sets forth for each of the Company’s directors, other than directors who are also currently NEOs, all share-based awards and Option-based awards outstanding at the end of the year ended December 31, 2025:

Name		Share-based awards – Value vested during the year ($)	Non-equity incentive plan compensation – Value earned during the year ($)
Dr. Eric Hoskins	120,793.65	Nil	Nil
Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra	93,667.51	Nil	Nil
Adnan Bashir	93,667.51	Nil	Nil
Terry Lynch	332,406.39	Nil	Nil
Michael (Zappy) Zapolin	93,667.51	Nil	Nil

C. Board Practices

Our Board is responsible for our stewardship and strategic direction. It does not actively manage but rather supervises the management of our business and affairs to ensure a consistent focus on increasing shareholder value. In exercising their powers and discharging their duties, our directors shall (a) act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the Company; and (b) exercise the care, diligence, and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances.

Board

Our Board currently consists of seven members. The Board is responsible for the stewardship of the Company and for the supervision of management to protect Shareholder interests. The Board oversees the development of the Company’s strategic plan and the ability of management to continue to deliver on the corporate objectives.

The independent judgment of the Board in carrying out its responsibilities is the responsibility of all directors. The Board facilitates independent supervision of management through meetings of the Board and through frequent informal discussions among independent members of the Board and management. In addition, the Board has free access to the Company’s external auditors, external legal counsel and to the Company’s officers.

The Board is responsible for assessing the effectiveness of the Board as a whole, the committees of the Board and the contribution of individual directors. Each Board member has considerable experience in the guidance and management of public companies and the Board has found this has been sufficient to meet the needs of the Company to date.

Composition and Independence of the Board

As at December 31, 2025, the Board was comprised of seven directors: Anthony Durkacz, Zeeshan Saeed, Terry Lynch, Dr. Eric Hoskins, Adnan Bashir, Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra, and Michael (Zappy) Zapolin.

The Board has determined that four of the seven directors, namely Terry Lynch, Dr. Eric Hoskins, Adnan Bashir, and Michael (Zappy) Zapolin, have no material relationship with the Company, either directly or indirectly, which could, in the view of the Board, be reasonably expected to interfere with the exercise of such individual’s independent judgment, and are “independent” (as determined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and as such term is defined in National Instrument 52-110 - Audit Committees (“ NI 52-110 ”)).

Anthony Durkacz, Zeeshan Saeed and Dr. Lakshmi Kotra are not “independent” (as determined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and as such term is defined in NI 52-110), as Anthony Durkacz is the Co-Executive Chairman of the Company and a holder, through a corporation he owns and controls, of Class A Multiple Voting Shares, Zeeshan Saeed is the CEO and Co-Executive Chairman of the Company and has an interest in Class A Multiple Voting Shares held in a trust for his economic benefit and Dr. Lakshmi Kotra is the CEO of Lucid.

Field: Page; Sequence: 94; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 91 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Board Meetings

Although the independent directors do not hold regularly scheduled meetings at which non-independent directors and members of management are not in attendance, the Board has adopted the practice of following each meeting with an independent directors’ discussion. The Board ensures open and candid discussion among its independent directors by continuously monitoring situations where a conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest with respect to a director may exist. In cases where such a conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest is identified, it is addressed in accordance with the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) and the Board Mandate. The Board may determine that it is appropriate to hold an in-camera session excluding a director with a conflict of interest or perceived conflict of interest, or such director may consider that it is appropriate to recuse him or herself from considering and voting with respect to the matter under consideration.

The Co-Executive Chairmen of the Board, Anthony Durkacz and Zeeshan Saeed, are non-independent directors. The independent chair of the Audit Committee, Dr. Eric Hoskins, provides leadership for its independent directors. Messrs. Durkacz, Saeed, and Hoskins are responsible for encouraging open and candid discussion among the independent directors, as discussed above, as well as facilitating Board meetings.

Messrs. Durkacz, Saeed, and Hoskins collaborate when setting the agenda of Board meetings and both work with the broader Board to promote good governance and ethics in the decision-making process of the Board.

Considering the guidelines contained in National Policy 58-201 – Corporate Governance Guidelines , the Board convenes meetings, as deemed necessary, of the independent directors at which non-independent directors and members of the management are not in attendance. The Board is of the opinion that no formal leadership of independent directors is required given the size of the Board and the ability of the independent directors to convene meetings of independent directors.

The attendance record of each of the Company’s directors for Board meetings and committee meetings held during the year ended December 31, 2025, was as follows:

Name	Board Meetings Attended	Audit Committee Meetings Attended	Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee Meetings Attended	Disclosure Meetings Attended
Anthony Durkacz	5/5			1/1
Zeeshan Saeed	5/5		1/1
Dr. Lakshmi P. Kotra	5/5
Adnan Bashir	3/5	4/4	1/1	1/1
Dr. Eric Hoskins	4/5	4/4	1/1
Michael (Zappy) Zapolin	5/5	4/4		1/1
Terry Lynch	3/5

Board Mandate

The duties and responsibilities of the directors of the Board are to supervise the management of the business and affairs of the Company; and to act in the best interests of the Company. In discharging its mandate, the directors of the Company are responsible for the oversight and review of the development of, among other things, the following matters:

●	the strategic direction of the Company;
●	identifying the principal business risks of the
Company and ensuring that procedures and people are in place to appropriately manage these risks;
●	succession planning, including appointing, training,
and monitoring senior management;
●	a communications policy for the Company to facilitate
communications with investors and other interested parties; and
●	the integrity of the internal controls and procedures
(including adequate management information systems and the oversight of the testing of internal controls) within the Company.

Field: Page; Sequence: 95; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 92 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

The Board also has the mandate to assess the effectiveness of the Board as a whole, its committees and the contributions of individual directors. The Board discharges its responsibilities and obligations either directly or through its committees, currently consisting of the Audit Committee, Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee and the Disclosure Committee.

Position Descriptions

The Board has determined that, given the size of the Company and the direct and ongoing involvement of the Board in the Company's operations, formal written position descriptions for the Co-Executive Chairmen, the CEO, the CFO, and the Chair of each Board committee are not necessary to achieve effective governance at this stage of the Company's development. The roles and responsibilities of the Co-Executive Chairmen and each officer are established through: (i) the Board Mandate; (ii) the charters of each Board committee; (iii) the executive employment agreements entered into between the Company and each officer; and (iv) ongoing formal and informal communication between the Board, management, and the respective committee chairs.

The Co-Executive Chairmen and the Chair of each Board committee preside over all meetings of the Board or the relevant committee, as applicable, participate in the development of meeting calendars and agendas, and are responsible for ensuring the orderly and efficient conduct of meetings. Each committee chair reports to the Board on a regular basis. The primary role of each chair is to lead the Board and its committees in fulfilling the duties and responsibilities set out in their respective charters and mandates. The Board periodically assesses whether more formal position descriptions would enhance governance and will adopt them if circumstances warrant.

Feedback Policy

There are no formal measures in place for receiving feedback from stakeholders

Orientation and Continuing Education

New directors are provided orientations which include meetings with management on business directions, operational issues, and financial aspects of the Company.

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee ensures that new directors receive orientation materials describing the Company’s business and its corporate governance policies and procedures. New directors will have meetings with the Co-Executive Chairmen of the Board and CEO, and with the CFO, and are expected to visit the Company’s principal offices. The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for confirming that procedures are in place and resources are made available to provide directors with appropriate continuing education opportunities.

Management updates the Board on a regular basis regarding the business and activities of the Company to ensure that the directors have the necessary knowledge to meet their obligations as directors. Directors are encouraged to communicate with management, the auditors and the Company’s legal counsel to keep themselves current with the Company’s business. Directors are also provided with full access to the Company’s records.

Ethical Business Conduct

All Board members and employees are committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity and ethical business conduct in the management of the Company and their interaction with all key Shareholders. These standards can only be achieved by the Company by adhering to the values and principles of conduct.

The Company expects all Board members and employees to conduct themselves in an ethical and law-abiding manner, in all areas, including but not limited to conflicts of interest and the protection and proper use of corporate assets, information and opportunities.

The Board has adopted the Code of Conduct and Ethics, which provides guidelines surrounding, among other items, compliance with applicable laws, conflicts of interest, certain opportunities, confidentiality and disclosure, employment practices, and use of company property and resources. The Code of Conduct and Ethics is available on the Company’s SEDAR+ profile accessible at www.sedarplus.ca and the Company’s website, https://www.quantumbiopharma.com/investors.

The Board has delegated responsibility for monitoring compliance with the Code of Conduct and Ethics and for investigating and enforcing matters related to the Code of Conduct and Ethics to management, who will report breaches of the Code of Conduct and Ethics to the Company’s general counsel or human resources.

Directors are required by applicable law and the Code of Conduct and Ethics to promptly disclose any potential conflict of interest that may arise. If a director has a material interest in an agreement or transaction, applicable law, the Code of Conduct and Ethics, and principles of sound corporate governance require them to declare the interest in writing or request to have such interest entered in the minutes of meetings of directors and, where required by applicable law, abstain from voting with respect to the agreement or transaction.

Field: Page; Sequence: 96; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 93 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Conflicts of Interest

When faced with a conflict, it is required that business judgment of responsible persons, uninfluenced by considerations other than the best interests of the Company, will be exercised in compliance with the guidelines set out in the Code of Conduct and Ethics. Pursuant to the OBCA, any officer or director of the Company with a conflict of interest must disclose the nature and extent of such conflict to the Board and recuse themselves from a matter that materially conflicts with that individual’s duty as a director or senior officer of the Company.

Protection and Proper Use of Corporate Assets, Information and Opportunities

Confidential information is not to be used for any purposes other than those of the Company. This requirement of confidentiality extends beyond the duty not to discuss private information, whether about the Company and/or its management and also applies to any asset of the Company, including trade secrets, patient, supplier or customer lists, business plans, computer software, company records and other proprietary information. The Code of Conduct and Ethics adopted by the Board provides for certain specific guidelines around the duty of confidentiality of employees, officers, and directors of the Company.

In the situation of contracts with third parties such as suppliers and service providers, management is to share only that information which is needed to satisfy the conditions of the contract and only to those individuals who need to know.

The duty of confidentiality applies to all Board members and employees even after leaving the Company regardless of the reason for departing.

Compliance with Laws, Rules, and Regulations

It is required that the Company is in compliance with all legislation applicable to the Company’s business operations, including but not restricted to the laws of the Province of Ontario, all Canadian provincial laws and legislation, and any other similar legislation in jurisdictions where the Company operates.

All Board members and employees have a duty to know, understand and comply with any specific legislation pertaining to the business of the Company and any legislation applicable to their duties and responsibilities.

The Board has adopted the Code of Conduct and Ethics which provides guidelines surrounding, among other items, compliance with applicable laws, conflicts of interest, certain opportunities, confidentiality and disclosure, employment practices, and use of company property and resources.

Board Committees

Audit Committee

The Board is responsible for reviewing and approving the unaudited interim financial statements, and annual audited financial statements, together with other financial information of the Company and for ensuring that Management fulfills its financial reporting responsibilities. The Audit Committee assists the Board in fulfilling this responsibility. The Audit Committee meets with management to review the financial reporting process, unaudited interim financial statements, and annual audited financial statements, together with other financial information of the Company. The Audit Committee reports its findings to the Board for its consideration in approving the unaudited interim financial statements, and annual audited financial statements, together with other financial information of the Company for issuance to the Shareholders.

The Audit Committee meets on a quarterly basis. The members of the Audit Committee do not have fixed terms and are appointed and replaced from time to time by resolution of the Board.

Pursuant to NI 52-110, the Audit Committee is required to have a charter, which is incorporated by reference hereto as Exhibit 99.1.

Composition of the Audit Committee

As of the date of this Annual Report, the following are the members of the Audit Committee:

Name	Independent (1)	Financially Literate (2)
Dr. Eric Hoskins	Yes	Yes
Michael (Zappy) Zapolin	Yes	Yes
Adnan Bashir	Yes	Yes

Notes:

| 1. | Within the meaning of subsection 1.4 of NI 52-110
and as determined under Exchange Act Rule 10A-3 and Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. |
| --- | --- |
| 2. | Within the meaning of subsection 1.6 of NI 52-110. |

Field: Page; Sequence: 97; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 94 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Relevant Education and Experience

The Board believes that the composition of the Audit Committee reflects financial literacy and expertise. Currently, all members of the Audit Committee have been determined by the Board to be “independent” and “financially literate” (as determined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and as such terms are defined under NI 52-110). The Board has made these determinations based on the education as well as breadth and depth of experience of each member of the Audit Committee.

All the members of the Audit Committee have the education and/or practical experience required to understand and evaluate financial statements that present a breadth and level of complexity of accounting issues that are generally comparable to the breadth and complexity of issues that can reasonably be expected to be raised by the Company’s financial statements. For more information related to the experience of each of the members of the Audit Committee, see “ Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management ”.

The Board has also determined that Dr. Eric Hoskins qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by the rules of the SEC and has the requisite financial sophistication under the listing standards of Nasdaq. Dr. Hoskins is independent within the meaning of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and under the listing standards of Nasdaq. See "Item 16A — Audit Committee Financial Expert" for further information.

Audit Committee Oversight

At no time since the commencement of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year was a recommendation of the Audit Committee to nominate or compensate an external auditor not adopted by the Board.

Reliance on Certain Exemptions

At no time since the commencement of the Company’s most recently completed fiscal year has the Company relied on an exemption from the provisions of NI 52-110.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee pre-approves all audit services to be provided to the Company by its independent auditors. Non-audit services that are prohibited to be provided to the Company by its independent auditors may not be pre-approved. In addition, prior to the granting of any pre-approval, the Audit Committee must be satisfied that the performance of the services in question will not compromise the independence of the independent auditors. All non-audit services performed by the Company’s auditor for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee. No non-audit services were approved pursuant to the de minimis exemption to the pre-approval requirement set forth in Rule 2-01(c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation S-X.

External Auditor Service Fees

Please see, “ Item 16.C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services ”.

Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee

Nomination of Directors

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee is currently comprised of three directors of the Company: Dr. Eric Hoskins (Chair), Zeeshan Saeed and Adnan Bashir. Dr. Eric Hoskins and Adnan Bashir are considered to be "independent" (as determined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and as such term is defined under NI 52-110). Zeeshan Saeed is not an independent director. As a foreign private issuer, the Company is not required to comply with Nasdaq Rule 5605(d)(2), which requires that executive compensation be determined solely by independent directors. The Company's home country requirements under Ontario law do not prohibit a non-independent director from serving on a compensation committee. See "Item 16G — Corporate Governance" for a description of the Nasdaq rules from which the Company is exempt and the home country practices followed in lieu thereof.

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for recommending to the Board a list of candidates for nomination for election to the Board at each annual meeting of Shareholders. In addition, as the need arises, it will identify and recommend to the Board new candidates for Board membership. The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee selects potential directors with the desired background and qualifications, taking into account the needs of the Board at the time. In making its recommendations, the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee considers whether each candidate is or would be “independent” and “financially literate” (as determined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and as such terms are defined under NI 52-110) and possesses the competencies and skills that: (i) are considered to be necessary for the Board, as a whole, to possess; (ii) are considered to be necessary for each existing director to possess; and (iii) each new nominee will bring to the boardroom. The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee also considers whether or not each new nominee can devote sufficient time and resources to his or her duties as a Board member.

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee is also responsible for examining the size of the Board and recommending to the Board a size that facilitates effective decision making, reviewing the overall composition of the Board, taking into consideration factors such as business experience, areas of expertise and competency of each director and evaluating whether the necessary and appropriate committees exist to support the work of the Board.

Compensation

For further information on the Company’s compensation practices, please see the section entitled “Item 6.B. Compensation – Compensation Governance”.

Field: Page; Sequence: 98; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 95 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Nomination

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee is also responsible for: (i) ensuring that the mission and strategic direction of the Company is reviewed annually; (ii) ensuring that the Board and each of its committees carry out its functions in accordance with due process; (iii) assessing the effectiveness of the Board as a whole, each committee of the Board, and the contribution of each individual director; (iv) identifying, recruiting, endorsing, appointing, and orienting new directors; (v) reviewing and making compensation related recommendations and determinations regarding senior executives and directors; and (vi) the Company’s human resources and compensation policies and processes.

Governance

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee is also responsible for, among other things: (i) assisting the Company and the Board in fulfilling their respective corporate governance responsibilities under applicable securities laws, instruments, rules and mandatory policies and regulatory requirements; (ii) promoting a culture of integrity throughout the Company; and (iii) developing the Company’s approach to governance issues and establishing sound corporate governance practices that are in the interests of shareholders and that contribute to effective and efficient decision-making.

Disclosure Committee

The Disclosure Committee is currently comprised of three directors of the Company: Michael (Zappy) Zapolin (Chair), Anthony Durkacz and Adnan Bashir. Michael (Zappy) Zapolin and Adnan Bashir are considered to be “independent” (as determined under Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and as such term is defined under NI 52-110).

The Disclosure Committee is responsible for, among other things, ensuring that the Company complies with its timely continuous disclosure obligations, overseeing and monitoring compliance with the Company’s disclosure policies, guidelines, and procedures, promoting effective communication and preserving confidentiality of material information.

Assessments

The Board and its individual directors are assessed on an informal basis continually as to their effectiveness and contribution. The Board encourages discussion among members as to evaluation of its effectiveness as a whole, of each individual director and each of its committees. The Board does not consider that formal assessments would be useful at this stage of the Company’s development. To assist in its review, the Board may conduct informal surveys of its directors. In addition, the Board works closely with management and, accordingly, are in a position to assess individual director’s performance on an ongoing basis.

Director Term Limits and Other Mechanisms of Board Renewal

The Board has not adopted a term limit for directors and, as part of the Board’s assessment process, the Board considers the benefit of renewal among directors in the context of the needs of the Board from time to time. In light of the nature of the industry in which the Company operates, the Board does not believe that adopting a term limit for directors is necessary or appropriate at this time.

Policies Regarding the Representation of Women on the Board

The Company does not have a written policy relating to the identification and nomination of women directors. When considering and recommending qualified director nominees, the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee evaluates all candidates on their skills and experience in the context of what the Board as a whole requires to be effective, taking the background and diversity, including gender, of all directors and nominees into consideration.

Consideration of the Representation of Women in the Director Identification and Selection Process

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee goes through a rigorous process when considering a director nominee, including an evaluation of the skills and experience of the current directors, determining the gaps in skills and experience that exist and finding potential candidates to fill those gaps and round out the skills and experience of the Board as a whole. Diversity (including the representation of women on the Board and in executive officer positions) is a factor considered in determining the optimal composition of the Board. The final recommendation for nomination or appointment to the Board has been based on the best combination of skills and experience for the position, with due regard for the benefits of diversity on the Board.

Consideration Given to the Representation of Women in Executive Officer Appointments

The Board encourages the consideration of women who have the necessary skills, knowledge, experience, and character when considering new potential candidates for executive officer positions.

Issuer’s Targets Regarding the Representation of Women on the Board and in Executive Officer Positions

The Board does not have specific targets in respect of appointing women to the Board and in respect of executive officer appointments.

Field: Page; Sequence: 99; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 96 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Number of Women on the Board and in Executive Officer Positions

As of the date of this Annual Report there are no women on the Board or in executive officer positions (0%).

The Board acknowledges that its current composition does not reflect gender diversity and intends to take gender diversity into consideration in future director and executive appointment processes.

D. Employees

As of December 31, 2025, we had 7 full-time employees. None of our employees are represented by collective bargaining agreements. We believe that we maintain good relations with our employees. At each date shown, we had the following number of full-time employees, broken out by function.

Function	December 31, — 2025	2024	2023
Research and development	2	2	3
General and administrative	5	5	5
Total	7	7	8

E. Share Ownership.

For information regarding the share ownership of our directors and executive officers, see “ Item 6.B.-Compensation ” and “ Item 7.A.-Major Shareholders .”

F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation.

Not applicable.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.

A. Major Shareholders

The following table provides information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our Class A Multiple Voting Shares and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as of the date of this Annual Report:

| ● | each person, or group of affiliated persons, known
by us to beneficially own five percent (5%) or more of any class of our shares; |
| --- | --- |
| ● | each of our NEOs; |
| ● | each of our directors; and |
| ● | all of our directors and executive officers as
a group. |

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include shares that can be acquired within 60 days of the date of this Annual Report. The percentage ownership information shown in the table is based upon 42 Class A Multiple Voting Shares and 5,829,223 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares outstanding as of the date of this Annual Report. Each Class A Multiple Voting Share is convertible into one Class B Subordinate Voting Share at the option of the Class A Multiple Voting Shareholder. Class A Multiple Voting Shares have 276,660 votes per share and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares have one vote per share.

As of December 31, 2025, there were 42 Class A Multiple Voting Shares outstanding, representing approximately 74.93% of the voting power of the Company’s outstanding voting shares, and there were 3,887,729 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares outstanding, representing approximately 25.07% of the voting rights attached to the voting power of the Company’s outstanding voting shares. The voting power percentages set out above are calculated as of December 31, 2025. As additional Class B Subordinate Voting Shares may have been issued between December 31, 2025 and the date of this Annual Report, including pursuant to the Company's at-the-market offering program, the percentage of voting power represented by the Class A Multiple Voting Shares as of the date of this Annual Report may differ from the figures stated above. The beneficial ownership information in the table below is presented as of the date of this Annual Report using the then-current share counts set out in the preamble above. For further information regarding the voting rights of the Class A Multiple Voting Shares and the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, see Exhibit 2.1, “ Description of Securities ”.

Except as otherwise indicated, all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose.

In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed outstanding shares subject to Options and warrants held by that person that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this Annual Report. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The information in the table below is based on information known to us or ascertained by us from public filings made by the Shareholders. Except as otherwise indicated, the addresses of the directors, executive officers and named beneficial owners are in the care of the Company at Suite 801, 1 Adelaide Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M5C 2V9.

Field: Page; Sequence: 100; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 97 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

For additional information regarding the Options reported in the following table, see “ Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees - B. Compensation ”.

Name of Beneficial Owner	Class A Multiple Voting Shares (1) — Number	Percent	Class B Subordinate Voting Shares — Number	Percent	Total Voting Power — Percent
Five Percent or Greater Holders
Rehan Saeed	21	50 %	6,786	1.13 %	33.34 %
Current Directors and Named Executive Officers
Anthony
Durkacz Co-Executive Chairman and Director	21	50 %	145,551	24.25 %	34.13 %
Zeeshan
Saeed CEO, Co-Executive Chairman and Director	21	50 %	239,998	39.99 %	34.67 %
Donal
Carroll CFO	-	0.00 %	114,805	19.13 %	0.66 %
Adnan
Bashir Director	-	0.00 %	146	0.02 %	0.00 %
Dr.
Eric Hoskins Director	-	0.00 %	-	0.00 %	0.00 %
Terry
Lynch Director	-	0.00 %	69,115	11.52 %	0.40 %
Michael
(Zappy) Zapolin Director	-	0.00 %	-	0.00 %	0.00 %
Dr.
Lakshmi P. Kotra Director, CEO of Lucid	-	0.00 %	29,573	4.93 %	0.17 %
Dr.
Andrzej Chruscinski Vice-President, Clinical and Scientific Affairs	-	0.00 %	0	0.00 %	0.00 %
Dr.
Ashwini Joshi Director of Pharmaceutical Development	-	0.00 %	1,000	0.17 %	0.01 %
Total for Current Directors and Named Executive Officers (10 individuals)	42	100 %	600,188	100 %	70.03 %

Notes:

| (1) | Class A Multiple Voting Shares have 276,660 votes
per share. |
| --- | --- |
| (2) | The reported number of Class A Multiple Voting
Shares consists of 21 shares held by Xorax Family Trust ("Xorax"), of which Mr. Zeeshan Saeed is the economic beneficiary
and Mr. Rehan Saeed is the trustee. Both Mr. Rehan Saeed (as trustee) and Mr. Zeeshan Saeed (as beneficiary) have shared voting and
dispositive power over these 21 Class A Multiple Voting Shares. These shares are reported as beneficially owned by Mr. Zeeshan Saeed
in the table above and are not separate or additional holdings. |
| (3) | The reported number of Class B Subordinate Voting
Shares held by Xorax over which both Mr. Rehan Saeed (as trustee) and Mr. Zeeshan Saeed (as beneficiary) have shared voting and dispositive
power are as follows: (i) 6,786 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by Xorax, and (ii) 21 Class B Subordinate Voting
Shares issuable upon conversion of the Class A Multiple Voting Shares held by Xorax. These shares are included in the Class B holdings
reported for Mr. Zeeshan Saeed in the table above and do not represent separate or additional holdings. |
| (4) | 21 Class A Multiple Voting Shares are held by
Fortius, an entity to which Mr. Durkacz controls and has shared voting and dispositive power. |
| (5) | The reported number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares consists of
(a) the following shares as to which Mr. Durkacz has sole voting and dispositive power consists of: (i) 143,919 outstanding Class B Subordinate
Voting Shares and (ii) 7,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding Options exercisable within 60 days
of the date of this Annual Report; and (b) the following shares as to which Mr. Durkacz has shared voting and dispositive power: (i) 1,632
outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by Fortius. The reported number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares does not include
5,749 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by First Republic, of which Mr. Durkacz is a director, Executive Vice President
and majority shareholder. Mr. Durkacz does not have or share voting or investment power over the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held
by First Republic. |
| (6) | The reported number of Class A Multiple Voting
Shares consists of 21 Class A Multiple Voting Shares held by Xorax, of which Mr. Zeeshan Saeed has shared voting and dispositive
power. |
| (7) | The reported number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares consists of
the following shares as to which Mr. Zeeshan Saeed (a) has sole voting and dispositive power: (i) 233,212 outstanding Class B Subordinate
Voting Shares and (ii) 7,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding Options exercisable within 60 days
of the date of this Annual Report; and (b) has shared voting and dispositive power: (i) 21 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issuable
upon conversion of Class A Multiple Voting Shares held by Xorax and (ii) 6,786 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by Xorax. |
| (8) | The reported number of Class B Subordinate Voting
Shares held by Mr. Bashir consists of (a) 142 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as to which Mr. Adnan Bashir has sole
voting and dispositive power; (b) 2 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by 58 Northwest, a corporation controlled
by Mr. Bashir, and (c) 2 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by TFSA, a registered Canadian investment account controlled
by Mr. Bashir. |
| (9) | The reported number of Class B Subordinate Voting
Shares held by Dr. Kotra consists of the following shares as to which Dr. Kotra has sole voting and dispositive power: (a) 15,628
outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares; (b) 13,311 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by ILace Therapeutics
International Inc., a corporation controlled by Dr. Kotra; (c) 634 outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares held by Kotra Trust,
a trust of which Dr. Kotra is the trustee; and (d) 7,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding
Options exercisable within 60 days of the date of this Annual Report. |

Field: Page; Sequence: 101; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 98 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

U.S. Share Ownership

As of the date of this Annual Report, we estimate that approximately less than 9 % of our outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, which equates to 469,014 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, were held in the United States by 108 holders of record. This represents less than 2.8 % of the voting control of the Company. The number of holders of record does not include beneficial owners whose Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. The number of holders of record also does not include holders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Control of Corporation

We are not controlled by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any natural or legal persons except as set forth herein, and there are no arrangements known to us which would result in a change in our control at a subsequent date.

B. Related Party Transactions

Since January 1, 2024, we have engaged in the following transactions with our related parties. For this purpose, our related parties include (a) enterprises that directly or indirectly control or are controlled by, or are under common control with, us; (b) our associates; (c) Shareholders beneficially owning 10% or more of our voting power and other individuals with significant influence over us, and close members of any such individual’s family; (d) our directors and executive officers, and close members of their families; and (e) enterprises in which a substantial interest in the voting power is owned, directly or indirectly, by any person described in (c) or (d) or over which such a person is able to exercise significant influence. Our related parties include enterprises owned by directors or major Shareholders and enterprises that have a member of key management in common with us. All of the transactions described below have been reviewed and approved by our Board or, where applicable, a committee of the Board in accordance with the Company's related party transaction policies and applicable securities laws, including MI 61-101.

Transactions with Unbuzzd and Celly U.S.

For more information on the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, Unbuzzd Loan Agreement, Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement, Unbuzzd Security Agreement, Unbuzzd Amended Security Agreement, Celly Warrant Certificate and Plan of Arrangement, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company – A. History and Development of the Company Overview and History ”.

For accounting purposes, the Company determined that it obtained control of Unbuzzd on July 31, 2023, and control was maintained at all times from July 31, 2023, through December 31, 2025. Unbuzzd is significantly dependent on the Company as a result of the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement and Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement. As of December 31, 2025, the Corporation holds 19.84% of the voting rights of Unbuzzd. In addition, key management personnel of the Company hold three of the four board of director positions of Unbuzzd. The assessment of control is performed on a quarterly basis.

The principal amount of the Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement was increased by C$300,000 from C$1,000,000 to C$1,300,000 effective March 31, 2024, pursuant to the Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement dated as of April 3, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement is C$1,300,000. The loan bears interest at a rate of 10% per annum and matures on July 31, 2026. The loan is secured by all of Unbuzzd's assets pursuant to the Unbuzzd Amended Security Agreement.

Mortgage Loan to CEO

On April 17, 2023, FSD Strategic Investments entered into the CEO Mortgage Loan. The CEO Mortgage Loan matures on April 26, 2025, and is part of FSD Strategic Investments’ portfolio of loans. The business purpose of the CEO Mortgage Loan was a treasury function to earn a rate of return on excess capital held.

On September 24, 2024, Mr. Saeed made a partial principal repayment of C$400,000, thereby reducing the total outstanding debt to the Company to C$800,000. Thus, as of December 31, 2024, the outstanding debt amounted to C$800,000.

On March 4, 2025, Mr. Saeed made a payment of C$800,000 towards the CEO Mortgage Loan, thereby settling the total debt outstanding owed to FSD Strategic Investments. During the year ended December 31, 2025, there was no further debt outstanding.

Field: Page; Sequence: 102; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 99 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Sale of FSD Strategic Investments Loan Portfolio to Corporation Owned by CFO

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary FSD Strategic Investments Inc., sold its entire portfolio of residential mortgage loan receivables to a corporation owned by Donal Carroll, the Chief Financial Officer of the Company. The carrying amount of the loan receivables sold was $2,027,730. Total consideration received by the Company was $1,824,203 in cash plus an interest receivable of $85,788, resulting in a realized loss on sale of $117,136 recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2025. Following the sale, the Company has no further rights or obligations with respect to the sold portfolio and no longer holds any loans secured by residential properties.

The sale of the loan portfolio to a corporation owned by the CFO constitutes a related party transaction within the meaning of MI 61-101. The Board of Directors reviewed and approved the terms of the transaction and determined that the transaction was completed on terms that are not less advantageous to the Company than if the transaction had been completed with a party dealing at arm's length with the Company.

December 2023 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement

Effective December 4, 2023, the Corporation closed the December 2023 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement

Xorax Family Trust ("Xorax"), a trust of which Zeeshan Saeed, the CEO and Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, is a beneficiary, and Fortius Research and Trading Corp. ("Fortius"), a corporation controlled by Anthony Durkacz, a Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, purchased all of the Class A Multiple Voting Shares issued pursuant to the December 2023 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement. The participation by such insiders is considered a “related-party transaction” within the meaning of MI 61-101. The Corporation relied on exemptions from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 contained in respectively, sections 5.5(a) and 5.7(1)(a) of MI 61-101 in respect of related party participation in the December 2023 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement as neither the fair market value (as determined under MI 61-101) of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the transaction, insofar as it involved the related parties, exceeded 25% of the Corporation’s market capitalization (as determined under MI 61-101). The Corporation did not file a material change report more than 21 days before the expected closing of the December 2023 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement because the details of the participation therein by related parties to the Corporation were not settled until shortly prior to the closing, and the Corporation wished to close on an expedited basis for business reasons.

August 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering

On August 15, 2024, the Company completed the August 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering.

Xorax, a trust of which Zeeshan Saeed, the CEO and Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma is a beneficiary, and Fortius, a corporation controlled by Anthony Durkacz, a Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, is a director, purchased all the Class A Multiple Voting Shares issued pursuant to the August 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering. The participation by such insiders is considered a “related-party transaction” within the meaning of MI 61-101. The Company relied on exemptions from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 contained in respectively, sections 5.5(a) and 5.7(1)(a) of MI 61-101 in respect of related party participation in the Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering as neither the fair market value (as determined under MI 61-101) of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the August 2024 Offering, insofar as it involved the related parties, exceeded 25% of the Company’s market capitalization (as determined under MI 61- 101).

September 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering

On September 13, 2024, the Company completed the September 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering, pursuant to which the Company issued six Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$6.00 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for aggregate gross proceeds of C$36.00.

Xorax, a trust of which Zeeshan Saeed, the CEO and Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, is a beneficiary, and Fortius, a corporation controlled by Anthony Durkacz, a Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, purchased all the Class A Multiple Voting Shares issued pursuant to the September 2024 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering. The participation by such insiders is considered a "related-party transaction" within the meaning of MI 61-101. The Company relied on exemptions from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 contained in sections 5.5(a) and 5.7(1)(a) of MI 61-101, as neither the fair market value (as determined under MI 61-101) of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the September 2024 Offering, insofar as it involved the related parties, exceeded 25% of the Company's market capitalization (as determined under MI 61-101). Fortius, Xorax and the Company entered into a Shareholder Agreement dated September 13, 2024 in connection with this offering. See "Shareholder Agreement with the Company, Xorax and Fortius" below for further details.

Shareholder Agreement with the Company, Xorax and Fortius.

Fortius, Xorax and the Company entered into a Shareholder Agreement dated September 13, 2024 (“Shareholder Agreement”), which prohibits unauthorized transfers of the Class A Multiple Voting Shares by either shareholder unless consent is first obtained from other shareholder. If there is a change in control of a corporate shareholder, it is considered a non-permitted transfer unless the written consent of the other shareholder is first obtained. Fortius and the Xorax are permitted to transfer the Class A Multiple Voting Shares to permitted transferees (as defined in the Shareholder Agreement), provided any permittee transferee must execute and delivers an Assumption Agreement, in which it agrees to be bound by the terms of the Shareholder Agreement in the same manner as if it had been an original party to the Shareholder Agreement.

December 2025 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering

On October 29, 2025, the Company announced its intention to complete a non-brokered private placement of up to 30 Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$25.00 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for aggregate gross proceeds of up to C$750. On December 10, 2025, the Company completed the December 2025 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering, pursuant to which the Company issued 30 Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$25.00 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for aggregate gross proceeds of C$750.

Xorax, a trust of which Zeeshan Saeed, the CEO and Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, is a beneficiary, and Fortius, a corporation controlled by Anthony Durkacz, a Co-Executive Chairman of Quantum BioPharma, purchased all the Class A Multiple Voting Shares issued pursuant to the December 2025 Class A Multiple Voting Share Private Placement Offering. The participation by such insiders is considered a "related-party transaction" within the meaning of MI 61-101. The Company relied on exemptions from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 contained in sections 5.5(a) and 5.7(1)(a) of MI 61-101, as neither the fair market value (as determined under MI 61-101) of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the December 2025 Offering, insofar as it involved the related parties, exceeded 25% of the Company's market capitalization (as determined under MI 61-101).

Field: Page; Sequence: 103; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 100 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

2024 Executive Bonus Settlement

On August 23, 2024, the Board authorized and approved bonus payments (the "August 2024 Bonus Payments") of C$450,000 to each of Zeeshan Saeed (CEO and Co-Executive Chairman), Anthony Durkacz (Co-Executive Chairman), and Donal Carroll (CFO) (together, the "Executives"), pursuant to the terms and conditions of their respective executive employment agreements. Each Executive was entitled to annual bonuses based on the Executive and the Company meeting certain performance milestones, calculated on the basis of 70% of the respective Executive's base salary for the second year of employment and 80% of the respective Executive's base salary for the third year of employment, equating to bonus payments of C$210,000 and C$240,000, respectively, for each Executive for each year of service.

*On September 6, 2024, the Company settled the aggregate August 2024 Bonus Payments of C$450,000 owing to each Executive — totalling C$1,350,000 in aggregate — through the issuance of an aggregate of 248,160 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a deemed price of C$5.44 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share, in lieu of cash payment, in order to preserve the Company's cash. The issuance of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in settlement of the August 2024 Bonus Payments to the Executives constitutes a related party transaction as each of the Executives is a director and/or officer of the Company. The Board determined that this settlement was in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders.

2025 Management Bonus

Pursuant to the terms and conditions of certain employment agreements for the executive officers, Zeeshan Saeed, Donal Carroll, and Anthony Durkacz, the Company accrued, during the year ended December 31, 2025, a bonus payment of C$300,000 for each executive, representing an aggregate accrued liability of C$900,000 as at December 31, 2025. The bonus accrued was not paid during the year ended December 31, 2025 and remained outstanding as an accrued liability as at that date. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, in March 2026, the accrued bonuses were settled through the issuance of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to each of the Executives in lieu of cash payment, in order to preserve the Company's cash.

2025 Lease Agreement

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company entered into a lease agreement with Peak Corp, an entity in which a director is a family member of a senior officer of the Company. This lease arrangement resulted in the right-of-use asset recognized as at December 31, 2025, of $102,320 on the balance sheet of the Company. The lease term ends June 30, 2027.

Directors and Officers Liability Insurance

We maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies for the liability of our directors and officers arising out of the performance of their duties and for our liability arising out of securities claims. The policies provide coverage for a maximum total liability of C$3,000,000, and includes specific exclusions as outlined in the policy.

D&O Indemnification Agreements

See “ Item 6.B. Compensation - Indemnification ” for details.

Lucid Acquisition

See “ Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company – Important Events in the Development of the Company’s Business – Lucid Acquisition” for further details.

Subsequent Event

March 2026 Convertible Debenture Financing: Insider Participation

On March 11, 2026, the Company announced its intention to complete a non-brokered private placement offering of up to 4,000 convertible debenture units at a price of C$1,000 per unit. Each debenture unit consists of: (i) one secured convertible debenture having a face value of C$1,000, bearing interest at a rate of 1.25% per month, maturing 24 months from the date of issuance, and convertible into Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at a conversion price of C$3.00 per share; and (ii) 333.33 Class B share purchase warrants, each exercisable at C$3.75 per share for a period of five years from the date of issuance.

On March 20, 2026, the Company closed the first tranche of the offering, issuing 3,750 debenture units for aggregate gross proceeds of C$3,750,000. Eric Hoskins, a director of the Company, participated in the offering and subscribed for 300 debenture units for aggregate gross proceeds of C$300,000.

The participation by Eric Hoskins in the offering constitutes a related party transaction within the meaning of MI 61-101. The Board of Directors, reviewed and approved the terms of the transaction and determined that the transaction was completed on terms that are not less advantageous to the Company than if the transaction had been completed with a party dealing at arm's length with the Company.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

Field: Page; Sequence: 104; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 101 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Item 8. Financial Information

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Consolidated Financial Statements

Our 2025 Annual Financial Statements are appended at the end of this Annual Report, starting at page F-1, and incorporated herein by reference.

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Dividend Distribution Policy

The Company does not currently have any dividend distribution policy. Except for the Unbuzzd shares distributed in October 2023 pursuant to the Plan of Arrangement, where the Company distributed an aggregate of approximately 45,712,529 Unbuzzd Shares to its Shareholders, the Company has not paid any dividends or distributions on its outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, the Company has not paid any other dividends or distributions on its outstanding Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.In addition,on October 3, 2025, the Board of Directors set October 27, 2025 as the record date for the distribution of Contingent Value Rights ("CVRs") to holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares of record on that date, on a one-for-one basis, pursuant to the Contingent Value Rights Agreement dated October 23, 2025 between the Company and Marrelli Trust Company Limited, as Rights Agent (the "CVR Agreement"). Each CVR entitles the holder to a pro rata portion of between 10% and 50% of net settlement proceeds received by the Company from its ongoing litigation seeking over US$700 million in damages from CIBC, RBC, and others for alleged stock manipulation and spoofing, with the specific percentage to be determined by the Board of Directors pursuant to a corporate resolution. The CVRs are non-transferable contingent rights to receive a potential future cash payment and do not represent an equity, voting, or debt interest in the Company. Pursuant to the CVR Agreement, no payment will become due and payable to any CVR holder until the then-outstanding and undistributed net settlement proceeds exceed US$50,000,000 in the aggregate. Payment is contingent on, and payable only if and when, the Company receives net proceeds from a settlement or final judgment in that matter; there can be no assurance that any such proceeds will be received, that the US$50,000,000 threshold will be met, or that any amount will ever become payable under the CVRs. The CVR Agreement has a term of three years from October 23, 2025 and will automatically terminate if no payments have been made by October 23, 2028. We have no current intention to declare dividends on our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the foreseeable future. Any decision to pay dividends on our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the future will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, current and anticipated cash requirements and surplus, financial condition, any future contractual restrictions and financing agreement covenants, solvency tests imposed by corporate law and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is engaged in certain legal proceedings, as further described below. Litigation has been, and is expected to be, costly and time-consuming and could divert the attention of management and key personnel from our business operations. Although we intend to vigorously defend ourselves against any pending claims, and future claims that may occur, we cannot assure that we will succeed in defending any of these claims and that the judgments will not be upheld against us. If we are unsuccessful in our defense of these claims or unable to settle the claims in a manner satisfactory to us, we may be faced with outcomes that could have a material adverse effect on the Company and its financial condition. Except as otherwise disclosed below, there are no material outstanding legal proceedings or regulatory actions to which the Company is party, nor, to Company’s knowledge, are there any such proceedings or actions contemplated.

GBB Drink Lab Litigation

On May 12, 2023, the Company announced that it had received a lawsuit filed in S.D. Fla. by GBB against the Company, alleging breach of a mutual non-disclosure agreement and misappropriation of trade secrets. GBB claimed that its assets were valued at US$53,047,000 as of August 30, 2022 (prior to the misappropriation and material breach).

On June 23, 2023, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. On July 3, 2023, GBB responded in opposition to the Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint. On August 24, 2023, the parties filed a proposed joint scheduling report with the S.D. Fla., which set forth various deadlines that would govern this action. Under the proposed joint schedule, the case was supposed to be trial-ready by November 30, 2024. On January 8, 2024, the S.D. Fla. denied the Company’s request to dismiss the lawsuit.

On January 22, 2024, the Company filed a third-party complaint against Joseph Romano (a former director of the Company) and a counterclaim against GBB. The Company alleged that Mr. Romano breached his fiduciary duty by providing or fabricating confidential information to GBB, and that GBB aided and abetted this breach. On October 9, 2024, Judge Melissa Damian denied Mr. Romano’s motion to dismiss, finding that the Company plausibly alleged Romano breached fiduciary duties, including his duties of loyalty, confidentiality, and to act in the company’s best interests. GBB and Romano then denied the allegations in their respective answers.

Field: Page; Sequence: 105; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 102 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Discovery concluded in July 2025, and on July 21, 2025, the parties filed various pre-trial motions, including summary judgment motions. On October 9, 2025, the Court granted the motion for the Company’s current counsel, Given Pursley LLP, to appear, officially appointing them and relieving prior counsel, Blank Rome LLP. A status conference was held on December 16, 2025, where the Court ruled on several pending motions. The Court granted Mr. Romano’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing all claims against him. The Court reserved ruling on the Company’s motion for summary judgment, ordering supplemental briefing on the issue of whether GBB has standing to pursue its claims after selling its assets to a third party. The trial, previously set for January 2026, has been continued.

The parties filed supplemental briefs addressing standing in accord with the Court’s order. But GBB then filed a reply brief. On February 17, 2026, the Company filed a motion to strike GBB’s reply brief and accompanying exhibits, arguing that the filing was unauthorized. On February 18, 2026, GBB filed a response in opposition to the motion to strike. And, as of the date of this annual report, the Court has not yet ruled on standing or the Company’s pending summary judgment motion.

Dr. Raza Bokhari

Following the contested meetings scheduled to be held on June 29, 2021, the former CEO, Dr. Raza Bokhari commenced five actions against the Company and management, which resulted in counterclaims and additional unexpected legal and operating expenses. As at the date of the Annual Report, the status of the matters is as follows:

Wrongful Dismissal Arbitration

On July 15, 2021, the Corporation’s former CEO, Dr. Raza Bokhari, filed an arbitration notice seeking C$30.2 million for breach of contract, severance, and damages, along with C$500,000 for punitive damages and legal fees. Dr. Bokhari had been placed on administrative leave after the May 14, 2021, shareholder meeting and was terminated for cause on July 27, 2021, following an investigation by a special committee of the Board. The Company defended the arbitration and counterclaimed against Dr. Bokhari for reimbursement of expenses he directed the Company to pay himself, as well as losses the Company sustained as a result of Dr. Bokhari’s decision to authorize a series of dilutive share issuances.

The arbitration concluded in August 2022. In a 174 page merits award (the “ Merits Award ”), the Honourable J. Douglas Cunningham, K.C. dismissed Dr. Bokhari’s claims in their entirety. Justice Cunningham also ordered Dr. Bokhari to repay certain monies to the Company in respect of the Company’s counterclaim, while also awarding the Company its costs of the arbitration which he subsequently fixed at approximately C$2.8 million, plus interest. The Merits Award is available at the following link: https://fsdpharma.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023-03-01-Application-Record-Applicant-FSD-Pharma-Inc.pdf.

On December 9, 2022, Dr. Bokhari sought to set aside the award, citing unfair treatment and inadequate reasoning. On October 4, 2023, the Company announced that the ONSC had dismissed Dr. Bokhari’s motion to set aside the arbitration award. Dr. Bokhari was required to put up C$150,000 as security for costs before the motion was heard, which he has forfeited. In addition, Dr. Bokhari was ordered to pay C$175,000 to cover the Company’s legal costs for his failed set aside motion.

On October 13, 2023, Dr. Bokhari served notices of motion on the Company for leave to appeal the set aside and enforcement orders issued by the ONSC on October 4, 2023. On December 1, 2023, the Company filed a petition to confirm the arbitration award in the United States District Court for Eastern District of Pennsylvania. On December 15, 2023, the Company submitted a responding party’s factum to the ONCA. On February 6, 2024, the Company announced that the ONSC affirmed judgment and awarded an additional C$5,000 in costs in light of Dr. Bokhari’s failed motion for leave to appeal. On June 27, 2024, the United States District Court for Eastern District of Pennsylvania granted judgement in favor of the Company in its case against Dr. Bokhari. On January 24, 2025, the Company sought a court order from the ONSC declaring Dr. Bokhari to be a vexatious litigant. This matter was resolved as part of the comprehensive settlement agreement entered into on May 21, 2025, as described below.

Restraining Order and Class B Subordinate Voting Share Cancellation Application

On January 21, 2021, and February 10, 2021, the Board authorized the issuance of an aggregate of 1,349,765 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as share based awards to certain directors and officers of the Corporation, including Dr. Bokhari. Upon determining that 1,198,146 of these Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (the “ Contested Shares ”) had been inappropriately issued contrary to applicable laws, the Board resolved to cancel the Contested Shares on June 1, 2021, and later directed the Corporation’s transfer agent to cancel and return the Contested Shares to treasury. On July 2, 2021, Dr. Bokhari, filed an action against the Corporation seeking to prevent the Corporation from cancelling his portion of the Contested States. The motion was heard and denied on July 27, 2021. On July 21, 2021, the Corporation commenced a legal proceeding against Dr. Bokhari, former members of the Board, including James Datin, Robert Ciaruffoli, Stephen Buyer and Gerald Goldberg, Dr. Bokhari’s brokerages’ Haywood Securities Inc. and Haywood Securities (US) Inc., and the Corporation’s transfer agent. The Corporation made an application before the ONSC stating that the Contested Shares were issued contrary to section 23(2) of the OBCA and validly cancelled by resolution of the Board passed on June 1, 2021. The Corporation was able to reach an agreement with all of the former directors other than Dr. Bokhari under which they did not oppose the Corporation’s application and agreed to be bound by the decision in the application, and the Corporation agreed not to seek costs against them. Neither the Corporation’s transfer agent nor any of Dr. Bokhari’s brokerages took any position on the application. On March 8, 2022, the court issued a mixed decision in the application, permitting the Contested Share grant to Dr. Bokhari until the date of his termination but cancelling 504,888 Contested Shares relating to services that were to be provided after the date of termination.

Bokhari v. FSD Pharma Inc. Et al.

On July 2, 2021, Dr Bokhari filed an action against the Corporation, FSD BioSciences, Anthony Durkacz and Zeeshan Saeed. The case was placed in civil suspense pending resolution of arbitration. Therefore, no further activity will occur in this case unless and until the aforementioned arbitration concludes. This matter was resolved as part of the comprehensive settlement agreement entered into on May 21, 2025, as described below.

Bokhari Wrongful Means Action

In June 2023, Dr. Bokhari commenced an action against the Company and FSD Biosciences by way of notice of action issued out of the ONSC. He subsequently filed a statement of claim, of July 7, 2023 and served the notice of action and statement of claim on a former director of the Company on December 19, 2023. The action seeks USD $1.5 million in damages for intentional interference with economic relations, misrepresentation, negligence, and other causes of action to be specified in a statement of claim. We delivered a notice of intent to defend in the action on January 5, 2024, but thus far not been required to provide a statement of defense. We believe these claims are without merit.

Field: Page; Sequence: 106; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 103 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Bokhari Employment Claim

By way of notice of action issued on May 11, 2023, Dr. Bokhari commenced an action for damages for breach of contract against the Company in the ONSC. He subsequently filed a statement of claim in which he specified the claim as a claim for USD $30.2 million in damages on the basis that the Company breached his employment agreement by not providing him notice of default before terminating his employment. On November 10, 2023, the last day on which he could do so, Dr. Bokhari served the notice of action and statement of claim on an FSD director. We served a notice of intent to defend this action on November 22, 2023 but have not been required to serve a statement of defense. We note that to the extent he wished to advance this claim, it is a claim that Dr. Bokhari should have advanced in the employment arbitration, but did not do so As such, and bearing in mind the decision the arbitrator reached in that proceeding in our view, we believe that this claim has no merit.

Cunningham Assessment Application

By notice of application dated September 26, 2023, Dr. Bokhari applied to the ONSC for an order directing an assessment of the accounts/billing rendered by Justice Cunningham in the Wrongful Dismissal Arbitration noted above. In late January 2024, Dr. Bokhari served Arbitrator Cunningham with the notice of application and a supporting affidavit sworn January 24, 2024. Under the terms of the retainer agreement between FSD, Dr. Bokhari and Justice Cunningham, FSD is jointly and severally liable for any costs Justice Cunningham might incur as a result of this proceeding. The liability exposure that FSD could have in this matter is approximately C$182,777.50, which represents half of the arbitration fees, plus any costs in defending the arbitrator To protect its interest, the Company has instructed its legal counsel to move to have the Company joined to the proceeding. We believe this claim is without merit.

As of May 7, 2024, Mr. Bokhari decided to abandon his application to have his accounts assessed.

At a hearing on November 28, 2024, the ONSC awarded the Company C$13,000 for costs. This award was released February 10, 2025, and the amount is currently outstanding. The Company appeared before the registrar on March 12, 2025, to address the collection of the award.

Bokhari Indemnification Application

On November 12, 2021, Dr. Bokhari commenced an application in the ONSC seeking an order appointing an arbitrator to arbitrate his claim to be entitled to indemnification of his legal expenses associated with the litigation he commenced against FSD or in which he was named as a party by FSD. FSD denied the validity of the underlying indemnification agreement and therefore opposed the application. In April 2022, the parties agreed to allow Dr. Bokhari to adjourn the application indefinitely. Last year, Dr. Bokhari retained new counsel who indicated that it intended to pursue the application. To date that new counsel has taken no steps to do so. We believe this claim is without merit.

The Company’s Petition against Raza Bokhari to Confirm Arbitration Award

On December 1, 2023, the Company filed a Petition to Confirm Arbitration (the “ Petition ”), in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, which seeks to (a) confirm the four awards entered in an arbitration in Ontario, Canada, in favor of the Company and against former CEO Raza Bokhari and (b) enter final judgment against Bokhari in an amount in excess of C$3,000,000. The petition was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Dr. Bokhari filed a response on February 9, 2024. The Company filed a response and the litigation is ongoing.

As of May 31, 2024, the Company won the petition to confirm the arbitration awards against Dr. Raza Bokhari. As a result, on June 27, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania confirmed the Company’s motion for entry of judgement and granted judgement in favor of the Company of approximately US$3,000,000.

On May 21, 2025, the Company entered into a comprehensive settlement agreement with Dr. Raza Bokhari, its former CEO, resolving all outstanding litigation in Canada and the U.S. This concluded disputes originating from Dr. Bokhari’s 2021 termination and subsequent legal actions, including:

● A wrongful dismissal arbitration (initially claiming $30.2 million), dismissed in 2022 with costs awarded to the Company.

● Multiple court proceedings related to share cancellations, indemnification claims, and U.S. enforcement of arbitration awards.

The Company received a one-time payment of $2,350,000, recorded as other income during the second quarter of 2025. All outstanding cost awards and claims were mutually waived.

This settlement eliminated all future legal uncertainties and associated costs as announced in the Company’s May 30, 2025, press release, which confirmed a $2.35 million payment from Dr. Bokhari to fully resolve all outstanding claims in Canada and the United States.

Parkway Clinical Laboratories

On July 8, 2021, Parkway Clinical Laboratories, a company wholly owned by Dr. Bokhari, filed an action against the Company, which was subsequently settled following a conference between the parties on October 20, 2021.

On July 20, 2021, a shareholder of the Corporation filed a claim in the Delaware Chancery Court against the Corporation and its directors and officers seeking to remedy harm they believe the directors and officers of the Corporation have caused by their actions. The shareholder has filed the claim on count of breach of fiduciary duties and corporate waste against the directors and officers with no dollar amount being claimed. On September 13, 2021, the Corporation filed a motion to dismiss in its entirety and the motion was heard on February 8, 2022. The claim was dismissed by the court May 6, 2022.

Field: Page; Sequence: 107; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 104 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Lawsuit against CIBC World Markets, RBC Dominion Securities, and John Does 1-10

On October 20, 2024, the Company filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against CIBC World Markets, Inc., RBC Dominion Securities Inc., and John Does 1-10. The complaint alleges market manipulation through spoofing activities between January 1, 2020, and August 15, 2024. The Company is seeking damages of more than US$700 million.

The complaint alleges that between January 1, 2020, and August 15, 2024, the defendants engaged in "spoofing," an unlawful trading practice, to manipulate the market price of Quantum's shares. The complaint details that the defendants placed thousands of spoofing orders to sell, creating the illusion that Quantum's share price was declining. This practice allegedly "tricked" other investors into selling their shares at lower prices, driving the company's share price downward. The defendants then purchased shares at artificially depressed prices, positioning themselves to profit when the market price rebounded. The Company claims to have suffered significant damage and seeks to recover more than USD 700 million. It alleges that it sold approximately 90 million shares of its stock on U.S. and Canadian exchanges during the relevant period at artificially depressed prices due to the defendants' spoofing activities. The complaint names CIBC World Markets, Inc., RBC Dominion Securities Inc., and John Does 1 through 10 as defendants. It asserts three claims for relief: violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5(a) and (c), violation of Section 9(a)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and New York Common Law Fraud.

The defendants filed a motion to dismiss on June 16, 2025, and the Company is awaiting the decision from U.S.District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Employment Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved with employment litigation, in the normal course of its business.

Subsequent to the resignation of two former employees of the Company (the “ Former Employees ”), on July 9, 2021, the Former Employees filed a joint claim against the Corporation. On September 17, 2021, the Corporation filed a motion to dismiss the claim in its entirety. On December 13, 2021, the Court granted the Corporation’s motion and dismissed the case. One of the Former Employee’s claims was dismissed with prejudice while the other was not.

On July 18, 2023, Kevin Cassidy, a former employee, sued the Company and Lucid. The claim was for wrongful dismissal and the amounts claimed were C$497,000, plus additional damages, which have not been quantified, plus interest and costs. Pleadings have been exchanged, and on January 26, 2024, Cassidy’s counsel served a motion for summary judgment.

On September 13, 2024, Cassidy entered into a settlement agreement with the Company. The terms of the settlement stipulate that a sum of C$140,000 shall be paid to Cassidy in 14 equal installments of C$10,000 each. The Company paid all 14 installments in accordance with the terms of the settlement and this matter is no longer effective as of December 31, 2025.

On October 12, 2023, Dr. Sima Salahshor, a former employee, sued the Company and Lucid. The claim is for wrongful dismissal and the amounts claimed are C$97,500, plus other damages, which have not been quantified, plus interest and costs. The claim was served. This matter is at the pleadings stage and we expect that the defense will be served shortly. It is premature to estimate the likely outcome of this claim.

On August 13, 2024, Dr. Salashor entered into a settlement agreement with the Company. The terms of the settlement stipulated that a sum of C$65,000 shall be paid to Dr. Salashor. A single payment of C$65,000 was made on August 19, 2024. The company has satisfied the terms of the settlement agreement reached, and this matter is now closed effective December 31, 2024.

B. Significant Changes

A discussion of the significant changes in our business can be found under “ Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company ” and “ Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview .”

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

A. Offer and Listing Details

No offering is made by this Annual Report. The Class B Subordinate Voting Shares commenced trading on the CSE on May 29, 2018, under the symbol “HUGE”. Prior to the CSE listing there was no public trading in any securities of the Company. The Class B Subordinate Voting Shares commenced trading on the Nasdaq in the United States on January 9, 2020, under the symbol “HUGE”. The Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the symbol “0K9A”. Trading on the FSE market is minimal. On August 15, 2024, in connection with the 2024 Consolidation, the Company’s trading symbol was changed to “QNTM” on both the Nasdaq and CSE.

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

Field: Page; Sequence: 108; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 105 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

C. Markets

See Item 9.A “Offer and listing details.”

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

Item 10. Additional Information

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

See Exhibit 1.1 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F for a summary of certain material provisions of our articles of incorporation, as amended; bylaws, as amended; and certain related sections of the OBCA. See Exhibit 1.2 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F for our articles of incorporation, as amended, and Exhibit 1.3 for our bylaws, as amended.

C. Material Contracts.

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F.

The summaries provided below and elsewhere in this Annual Report are not meant to be exhaustive and are qualified in their entirety by the full text of the relevant agreements, copies of which are filed as exhibits to this Annual Report.

Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, Plan of Arrangement and Related Documents

For more information on the Unbuzzd IP License Agreement, Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement, Unbuzzd Amended Security Agreement, Celly Warrant Certificate, Plan of Arrangement and related documents, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. - A. History and Development of the Company Overview and History – Important Events in the Development of the Company’s Business ” and Exhibits 4.2-4.9.

Coattail Agreement

In accordance with the rules of the CSE designed to ensure that, in the event of a take-over bid, the holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will be entitled to participate on an equal footing with holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares, the holders of not less than 80% of the outstanding Class A Multiple Voting Shares have entered into the coattail agreement dated May 24, 2018 among the Company, Computershare Investor Services Inc., the Company’s previous registrar and transfer agent of the Company, and certain of the Shareholders holding at least 80% of the Class A Multiple Voting Shares. The Coattail Agreement contains provisions customary for dual class, publicly traded Ontario corporations designed to prevent transactions that otherwise would deprive the holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares of rights under the take-over bid provisions of applicable Canadian securities legislation to which they would have been entitled if the Class A Multiple Voting Shares had been Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

See Exhibit 2.4 for the Coattail Agreement and Exhibit 2.1, “ Description of Securities ,” for details.

UHN License Agreement

For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. - A. History and Development of the Company - Other Significant Operations and Principal Activities – Fiscal 2023 and 2024 ” and Exhibit 4.10.

Epitech License Agreement and Prismic Assignment Agreement

For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. – C. Organizational Structure ” and Exhibits 4.13, 4.14, and 4.15.

Field: Page; Sequence: 109; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 106 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

ATM Agreement

For more information, please see “ Item 4. Information on the Company. - A. History and Development of the Company - Significant Developments in Fiscal 2025 ” and Exhibit 4.26.

Lucid Amalgamation Agreement and Master Agreement

The Lucid Amalgamation Agreement is the amalgamation agreement dated September 20, 2021, entered into among the Company, Lucid and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“ Subco ”) in connection with the Lucid Acquisition. Pursuant to the Lucid Amalgamation Agreement, Lucid Psycheceuticals Inc. and Subco agreed to amalgamate into Lucid.

For more information, please see Exhibits 4.11 and 4.12.

Shareholder Agreement

For more information, please see “ Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions –B. Related Party Transactions ” and Exhibit 4.22.

Employment Agreements

The Company has entered into employment agreements with Zeeshan Saeed, its Chief Executive Officer, Anthony Durkacz its Co-Executive Chairman, Donal Carroll, its Chief Financial Officer and Dr. Andrzej Chruscinski, its Vice President, Clinical and Scientific Affairs.

For more information, please see “Exhibits 4.18-4.21.

December 2024 and January 2025 Convertible Debenture Offerings

During December 2024 and January 2025, the Company completed a series of non-brokered private placement financings raising aggregate gross proceeds of C$5,000,000 through the issuance of convertible debenture units. For more information, please see "Item 4. Information on the Company — A. History and Development of the Company — Important Events in the Development of the Company's Business in Fiscal 2025" and Exhibits 2.2, 2.3, 4.23, 4.24, and 4.25

D. Exchange Controls

The Company was formed under and subject to the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada. Subject to the next paragraph and the disclosure under “ Exhibit 2.1 - Description of Securities ” filed herewith, there is no law or governmental decree or regulation in Canada that restricts the export or import of capital, or affects the payment of dividends or interest or other amounts to a non-resident holder of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, other than withholding tax requirements.

There is no limitation imposed by Canadian law or by the charter or other constituent documents of the Company on the right of a non-resident to hold or vote Class B Subordinate Voting Shares of the Company. However, the Competition Act (Canada) and the Investment Canada Act (Canada) have rules regarding certain acquisitions of shares by certain persons, including non-residents, along with other requirements under that legislation.

See “ Item 10. Additional Information - E. Taxation ” for additional information regarding the material U.S. and Canadian federal income tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares by U.S. Holders (as defined therein).

E. Taxation

Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to a U.S. Holder (as defined below) arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may apply to a U.S. Holder arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. In addition, this summary does not take into account the individual facts and circumstances of any particular U.S. Holder that may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such U.S. Holder, including, without limitation, specific tax consequences to a U.S. Holder under an applicable income tax treaty. Accordingly, this summary is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, legal or U.S. federal income tax advice with respect to any U.S. Holder. This summary does not address the U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences to U.S. Holders of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. In addition, except as specifically set forth below, this summary does not discuss applicable tax reporting requirements. Each prospective U.S. Holder is urged to consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

No ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “ IRS ”) has been requested, or will be obtained, regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. This summary is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS is not precluded from taking a position that is different from, and contrary to, the positions taken in this summary. In addition, because the authorities on which this summary are based are subject to various interpretations, the IRS and the U.S. courts could disagree with one or more of the conclusions described in this summary.

Field: Page; Sequence: 110; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 107 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Scope of this Summary

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “ Code ”), Treasury Regulations (whether final, temporary, or proposed), published rulings of the IRS, published administrative positions of the IRS, the Convention Between Canada and the United States of America with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital, signed September 26, 1980, as amended (the “ Canada-U.S. Tax Convention ”), and U.S. court decisions that are applicable, and, in each case, as in effect, as of the date of this document. Any of the authorities on which this summary is based could be changed in a material and adverse manner at any time, and any such change could be applied retroactively. This summary does not discuss the potential effects, whether adverse or beneficial, of any proposed legislation.

For purposes of this summary, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of
the United States; |
| --- | --- |
| ● | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation
for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| ● | an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal
income taxation regardless of its source; or |
| ● | a trust that (i) is subject to the primary supervision
of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions or (ii) has a valid
election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person. |

This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including, but not limited to, U.S. Holders that: (a) are tax-exempt organizations, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts, or other tax-deferred accounts; (b) are financial institutions, underwriters, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts, or regulated investment companies; (c) are broker-dealers, dealers, or traders in securities or currencies that elect to apply a mark-to-market accounting method; (d) have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar; (e) own Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as part of a straddle, hedging transaction, conversion transaction, constructive sale, or other arrangement involving more than one position; (f) acquire Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in connection with the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for services; (g) hold Class B Subordinate Voting Shares other than as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment purposes); (h) are required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement; or (i) own, have owned or will own (directly, indirectly, or by attribution) 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of the outstanding shares of the Company. This summary also does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders who are: (a) U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the U.S.; (b) persons that have been, are, or will be a resident or deemed to be a resident in Canada for purposes of the Tax Act; (c) persons that use or hold, will use or hold, or that are or will be deemed to use or hold Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in connection with carrying on a business in Canada; (d) persons whose Class B Subordinate Voting Shares constitute “taxable Canadian property” under the Tax Act; or (e) persons that have a permanent establishment in Canada for the purposes of the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention. U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including, but not limited to, U.S. Holders described immediately above, should consult their own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership (or other “pass-through” entity) for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such entity and the partners (or other owners) of such entity generally will depend on the activities of the entity and the status of such partners (or owners). This summary does not address the tax consequences to any such partner (or owner). Partners (or other owners) of entities or arrangements that are classified as partnerships or as “pass-through” entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

Ownership and Disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares

The following discussion is subject in its entirety to the rules described below under the heading “ Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules ”.

Taxation of Distributions

A U.S. Holder that receives a distribution, including a constructive distribution, with respect to a Class B Subordinate Voting Share will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend (without reduction for any foreign income tax withheld from such distribution) to the extent of the current or accumulated “earnings and profits” of the Company, as computed for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To the extent that a distribution exceeds the current and accumulated “earnings and profits” of the Company, such distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and thereafter capital gain to the extent of the excess over the U.S. Holder’s tax basis, Capital gain will be taxed in the manner described below at “ Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares ”. The Company may not maintain the calculations of its earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, and each U.S. Holder may have to assume that any distribution by the Company with respect to the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will constitute dividend income. Dividends received on Class B Subordinate Voting Shares by corporate U.S. Holders generally will not be eligible for the “dividends received deduction”. Subject to applicable limitations and provided the Company is eligible for the benefits of the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention or the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are readily tradable on a United States securities market, dividends paid by the Company to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals, generally will be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains for dividends, provided certain holding period and other conditions are satisfied, including that the Company not be classified as a PFIC in the tax year of distribution or in the preceding tax year. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the application of such rules.

Field: Page; Sequence: 111; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 108 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares

A U.S. Holder will recognize gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between (a) the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received and (b) such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such Class B Subordinate Voting Shares sold or otherwise disposed of. Any such gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss, which will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or other disposition, such Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are held for more than one year.

Preferential tax rates apply to long-term capital gains of a U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate, or trust. Deductions for capital losses are subject to significant limitations under the Code.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If the Company were to constitute a PFIC for any year during a U.S. Holder’s holding period, then certain potentially adverse rules would affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder resulting from the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The Company believes that it was a PFIC for the prior tax year ended December 31, 2024, and based on current business plans and financial expectations, the Company expects to be a PFIC for the current tax year. If the Company is a PFIC in the taxable year in which a U.S. Holder first invests in the Company, the adverse rules described below will apply indefinitely unless the Company no longer is a PFIC in a subsequent taxable year and the U.S. Holder makes a timely “purging election” as described below. No opinion of legal counsel or ruling from the IRS concerning the status of the Company as a PFIC has been obtained or is currently planned to be requested. However, PFIC classification is fundamentally factual in nature, generally cannot be determined until the close of the tax year in question, and is determined annually. In addition, the analysis depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations.

General PFIC Rules

In any year in which the Company is classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will be required to file an annual report with the IRS containing such information as Treasury Regulations and/or other IRS guidance may require. In addition to penalties, a failure to satisfy such reporting requirements may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing such information returns under these rules, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8621 annually.

The Company generally will be a PFIC if, after the application of certain “look-through” rules with respect to subsidiaries in which the Company holds at least 25% of the value of such subsidiary, for a tax year, (a) 75% or more of the gross income of the Company for such tax year is passive income (the “ income test ”) or (b) 50% or more of the value of the Company’s assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”), based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets. “Gross income” generally includes all sales revenues less the cost of goods sold, plus income from investments and from incidental or outside operations or sources, and “passive income” generally includes, for example, dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties, certain gains from the sale of stock and securities, and certain gains from commodities transactions. Active business gains arising from the sale of commodities generally are excluded from passive income if substantially all of a foreign corporation’s commodities are stock in trade or inventory, depreciable property used in a trade or business or supplies regularly used or consumed in the ordinary course of its trade or business, and certain other requirements are satisfied.

The Company holds significant cryptocurrency assets, including Bitcoin, Solana, and other digital assets, as part of its corporate treasury. The characterization of these assets for purposes of the PFIC income and asset tests is uncertain and depends on, among other things, how the cryptocurrency holdings are classified under applicable U.S. federal income tax principles, the extent to which any active business commodity exclusion applies, and the application of the look-through rules to the Company's subsidiaries. The Company's cryptocurrency holdings may be characterized as passive assets for purposes of the PFIC asset test, which could affect the Company's PFIC status. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the impact of the Company's cryptocurrency holdings on the PFIC analysis and their own tax obligations.

If the Company were a PFIC in any tax year during which a U.S. Holder held Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, and subject to a U.S. Holder making a “QEF Election” or “Mark-to-Market Election” as described below, such holder generally would be subject to special rules with respect to “excess distributions” made by the Company on the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and with respect to gain from the disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. An “excess distribution” generally is defined as the excess of distributions with respect to the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares received by a U.S Holder in any tax year over 125% of the average annual distributions such U.S. Holder has received from the Company during the shorter of the three preceding tax years, or such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Generally, a U.S. Holder would be required to allocate any excess distribution or gain from the disposition of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares ratably over its holding period for the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Such amounts allocated to the year of the disposition or excess distribution would be taxed as ordinary income, and the preferential tax rates applicable to capital gains or dividends received on our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares would not be available. In addition, amounts allocated to prior tax years would be taxed as ordinary income at the highest tax rate in effect for each such year and an interest charge would apply at a rate applicable to underpayments. These adverse tax consequences would not apply to a pension or profit-sharing trust or other tax-exempt organization that did not borrow funds or otherwise utilize leverage in connection with its acquisition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. In addition, if a non-electing U.S. Holder who is an individual dies while owning our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, such U.S. Holder’s successor generally would not receive a step-up in tax basis with respect to such Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, but instead would have a tax basis equal to the lower of the fair market value of such Class B Subordinate Voting Shares or the decedent’s tax basis in such Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

QEF Election

The tax consequences described above upon a PFIC determination may be mitigated if a U.S. Holder makes a timely “qualified electing fund” election (a “ QEF election ”) with respect to its interest in the PFIC, provided the Company provides the U.S Holder with the necessary information regarding its ordinary earnings and net capital gain. Consequently, if the Company is classified as a PFIC, it would likely be advantageous for a U.S. Holder to elect to treat the investment as a “qualified electing fund” (a “ QEF ”) with respect to such U.S. Holder in the first year in which it holds Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. If a U.S. Holder makes a timely QEF election with respect to the Company, the electing U.S. Holder would be required in each taxable year that the Company is considered to be a PFIC to include in gross income (i) as ordinary income, the U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings of the Company and (ii) as capital gain, the U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of the net capital gain (if any) of the Company, whether or not the ordinary earnings or net capital gain are distributed. An electing U.S. Holder’s basis in its Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will be increased to reflect the amount of any taxed but undistributed income. Distributions of income that had previously been taxed will result in a corresponding reduction of basis in the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and will not be taxed again as distributions to the U.S. Holder. Gain realized from the sale of our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares covered by a QEF election would be taxed as a capital gain and the denial of the basis step-up at death described above would not apply. Generally, a QEF election must be made by the U.S. Holder in a timely filed tax return for the first taxable year in which the U.S. Holder held our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares that includes the close of our taxable year for which we met the PFIC gross income test or asset test. A separate QEF election would need to be made for any of our subsidiaries that are classified as a PFIC. A QEF election is made on IRS Form 8621.

The U.S. federal income tax on any gain from the disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares or from the receipt of Excess Distributions may be greater than the tax that would apply if a timely QEF election is made. If the Company does not provide the required information with regard to the QEF election, U.S. Holders will not be able to make a QEF election and will, subject to the discussion of the mark-to-market election below, continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules as described above. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the advisability and availability of making a QEF election with respect to the Company.

Field: Page; Sequence: 112; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 109 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Mark-to-Market Election

Alternatively, if the Company were to be classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder could also avoid certain of the general PFIC rules described above by making a timely mark-to-market election on Form 8621 (instead of a QEF election), provided the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are treated as regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market within the meaning of the applicable Treasury regulations. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisers regarding the potential availability and consequences of a mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder who makes the mark-to-market election generally must include as ordinary income each year the increase in the fair market value of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and deduct from gross income the decrease in the value of such shares during each of its taxable years, but with losses limited to the amount of previously recognized net gains. The U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss recognized as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a mark-to-market election with respect to our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares is in effect on the date of a U.S. Holder’s death, the tax basis of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the hands of a U.S. Holder who acquired them from a decedent will be the lesser of the decedent’s tax basis or the fair market value of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Any gain from a sale, exchange or other disposition of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in any taxable year in which we are a PFIC (i.e., when we meet the gross income test or asset test described above) would be treated as ordinary income and any loss from a sale, exchange or other disposition would be treated first as an ordinary loss (to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains previously included in income) and thereafter as a capital loss. If we cease to be a PFIC, any gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Holder on the sale or exchange of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares would be classified as a capital gain or loss. The Class B Subordinate Voting Shares should be marketable stock as long as they are listed on the Nasdaq and are regularly traded. A mark-to-market election will not apply to the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares for any taxable year during which we are not a PFIC but will remain in effect with respect to any subsequent taxable year in which we again become a PFIC. Such election will not apply to any subsidiary that we own. Accordingly, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to any lower-tier PFICs notwithstanding the U.S. Holder’s mark-to-market election.

Purging Election

If we are a PFIC at any time when a U.S. Holder holds our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. Holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares even if we cease to meet the PFIC gross income test or asset test in a subsequent year. However, if we cease to meet these tests, a U.S. Holder can avoid the continuing impact of the PFIC rules by making a special election (a Purging Election) to recognize gain by making a “deemed sale” election with respect to all of the U.S. Holder’s Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and have such Class B Subordinate Voting Shares deemed to be sold at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year during which we were a PFIC. Under another type of purging election, the Company will be deemed to have made a distribution to the U.S. Holder of such U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of the Company’s earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In order for the U.S. Holder to make this second election, the Company must also be determined to be a “controlled foreign corporation” as defined by the U.S. Tax Code (which may not be the case, but please see the Controlled Foreign Corporation section below). The shareholder makes a purging election under Code section 1298(b)(1) and regulations section 1.1298–3 on IRS Form 8621 attached to the shareholder’s tax return (including an amended return), or requests the consent of the IRS Commissioner to make a late election under Code section 1298(b)(1) and regulations section 1.1298–3(e) (late purging election) on Form 8621-A. In addition, for a U.S. Holder making such an election, a new holding period would be deemed to begin for our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares for purposes of the PFIC rules. After the Purging Election, the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares with respect to which the Purging Election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC unless we subsequently again become a PFIC.

Each U.S. person who is a shareholder of a PFIC generally must file an annual report (on IRS Form 8621) with the IRS containing certain information, and the failure to file such report could result in the imposition of penalties on such U.S. person and in the extension of the statute of limitations with respect to federal income tax returns filed by such U.S. person.

U.S. Holders should be aware that, for each tax year, if any, that the Company is a PFIC, the Company can provide no assurances that it will satisfy the record keeping requirements or make available to U.S. Holders the information such U.S. Holders require to make a QEF Election with respect to the Company or any subsidiary that also is classified as a PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to the ownership and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, and the availability of certain U.S. tax elections under the PFIC rules.

Additional Considerations

Contingent Value Rights

In October 2025, the Company distributed Contingent Value Rights ("CVRs") to holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of the receipt of CVRs and any future payments thereunder is uncertain. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving and holding CVRs and receiving any payments thereunder.

Controlled Foreign Corporation

As a result of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and JOBS Act and the repeal of Code section 958(b)(4), it is possible to accidentally create a controlled foreign corporation (“ CFC ”) without having a direct or indirect United States shareholder. Historically, Code section 958(b)(4) prevented stock owned by a foreign person from being attributed downward to a U.S. person (e.g., a partnership, corporation, trust, or estate) owned by such foreign person. Effective as of the last taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning before January 1, 2018, stock may be attributed downward from a person to a corporation if “50 percent or more in value of the stock in a corporation is owned, directly or indirectly by or such person.” As a result of the repeal of Code section 958(b)(4), it is thus possible to accidentally create CFCs without a direct or indirect United States shareholder. This is because, since the repeal, a U.S. corporation owned by a foreign parent corporation may be treated as constructively owning the stock of the foreign parent or even the foreign parent’s foreign subsidiaries (i.e., foreign brother-sister companies). The Company believes that certain case law along with the legislative intent of the repeal may substantiate that it is not a CFC, although it is possible that the IRS may disagree. In discussing the repeal of Code section 958(b)(4), the Senate amendment that was followed by the Conference Report provides: “furthermore, the Senate Finance Committee explanation states that the provision is not intended to cause a foreign corporation to be treated as a controlled foreign corporation regarding a U.S. shareholder as a result of attribution of ownership under section 318(a)(3) to a U.S. person that is not a related person (within the meaning of section 954(d)(3)) to such U.S. shareholder as a result of the repeal of section 958(b)(4).” The Tax Court case of Nettie Miller v. Commissioner stands for the premise that reading the current rules strictly would result in an absurd result that the Company’s U.S. subsidiary (a non-Code section 958(a) shareholder) is treated as constructively owning the Company. Furthermore, in Rev. Rul. 74-605, the IRS concluded that a subsidiary could not be attributed ownership of its direct or indirect parent corporations for purposes of applying Code section 304. The IRS’s rationale is that if a subsidiary were treated as constructively owning its parent (or grandparent) under the constructive ownership rules (that is, Code section 318(a)(3)(C)), it would further be treated as owning its own stock. The IRS concluded that treating a subsidiary as owning its own stock would violate regulation section 1.318-1(b)(1), which provides that “a corporation shall not be considered to own its own stock by reason of section 318(a)(3)(C).” Thus, the Company may not be a CFC as a result of Rev. Rul. 74-605, Nettie Miller , and the legislative intent of the repeal of Code section 958(b)(4). It should be noted, however, that the rationale for the Company not being classified as a CFC may not extend to the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries. As such, any U.S. Holders that own 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of the Company, or 10 percent or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of the Company should consider whether the overlap rules for CFCs and PFICs apply to them pursuant to Code section 1297(d) when determining their U.S. tax obligations for the Company or any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of this rule since the attribution rules related to ownership are very complex.

Field: Page; Sequence: 113; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 110 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Additional Tax on Passive Income

Certain U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates and trusts whose income exceeds certain thresholds will be required to pay a 3.8% surtax on “net investment income” including, among other things, dividends, and net gain from disposition of property (other than property held in certain trades or businesses). U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application, if any, of this tax on their ownership and disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

Receipt of Foreign Currency

The amount of any distribution paid to a U.S. Holder in foreign currency, or on the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, generally will be equal to the U.S. dollar value of such foreign currency based on the exchange rate applicable on the date of receipt (regardless of whether such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars at that time). A U.S. Holder will have a basis in the foreign currency equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any U.S. Holder who converts or otherwise disposes of the foreign currency after the date of receipt may have a foreign currency exchange gain or loss that would be treated as ordinary income or loss, and generally will be U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. Different rules apply to U.S. Holders who use the accrual method of tax accounting. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own U.S. tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving, owning, and disposing of foreign currency.

Foreign Tax Credit

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, a U.S. Holder that pays (whether directly or through withholding) Canadian income tax with respect to dividends paid on the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares generally will be entitled, at the election of such U.S. Holder, to receive either a deduction or a credit for such Canadian income tax. Generally, a credit will reduce a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability on a dollar-for-dollar basis, whereas a deduction will reduce a U.S. Holder’s income that is subject to U.S. federal income tax. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid (whether directly or through withholding) by a U.S. Holder during a year.

Complex limitations apply to the foreign tax credit, including the general limitation that the credit cannot exceed the proportionate share of a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability that such U.S. Holder’s “foreign source” taxable income bears to such U.S. Holder’s worldwide taxable income. In applying this limitation, a U.S. Holder’s various items of income and deduction must be classified, under complex rules, as either “foreign source” or “U.S. source.” Generally, dividends paid by a foreign corporation should be treated as foreign source for this purpose, and gains recognized on the sale of stock of a foreign corporation by a U.S. Holder should be treated as U.S. source for this purpose, except as otherwise provided in an applicable income tax treaty, and if an election is properly made under the Code. However, the amount of a distribution with respect to the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares that is treated as a “dividend” may be lower for U.S. federal income tax purposes than it is for Canadian federal income tax purposes, resulting in a reduced foreign tax credit allowance to a U.S. Holder. In addition, this foreign tax credit limitation is calculated and applied separately with respect to specific categories of income. The foreign tax credit rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own U.S. tax advisor regarding the foreign tax credit rules.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

Under U.S. federal income tax law and Treasury Regulations, certain categories of U.S. Holders must file information returns with respect to their investment in, or involvement in, a foreign corporation. For example, U.S. return disclosure obligations (and related penalties) are imposed on individuals who are U.S. Holders that hold certain specified foreign financial assets in excess of certain threshold amounts. The definition of specified foreign financial assets includes not only financial accounts maintained in foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person, any financial instrument or contract held for investment that has an issuer or counterparty other than a U.S. person and any interest in a foreign entity. U. S. Holders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless their Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are held in an account at certain financial institutions. Penalties for failure to file certain of these information returns are substantial. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing information returns, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8938.

Payments made within the United States or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, of dividends on, and proceeds arising from the sale or other taxable disposition of, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will generally be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax, at the rate of 24%, if a U.S. Holder (a) fails to furnish such U.S. Holder’s correct U.S. taxpayer identification number (generally on Form W-9), (b) furnishes an incorrect U.S. taxpayer identification number, (c) is notified by the IRS that such U.S. Holder has previously failed to properly report items subject to backup withholding tax, or (d) fails to certify, under penalty of perjury, that such U.S. Holder has furnished its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number and that the IRS has not notified such U.S. Holder that it is subject to backup withholding tax. However, certain exempt persons generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the U.S. backup withholding tax rules generally will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Holder furnishes required information to the IRS in a timely manner.

The discussion of reporting requirements set forth above is not intended to constitute a complete description of all reporting requirements that may apply to a U.S. Holder. A failure to satisfy certain reporting requirements may result in an extension of the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax, and under certain circumstances, such an extension may apply to assessments of amounts unrelated to any unsatisfied reporting requirement. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the information reporting and backup withholding rules.

THE ABOVE SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE A COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF ALL TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO U.S. HOLDERS WITH RESPECT TO THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP, AND DISPOSITION OF CLASS B SUBORDINATE VOTING SHARES. U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO THEM IN THEIR OWN PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.

Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following summary describes, as of the date of this Annual Report, the material Canadian federal income tax considerations generally applicable to a Shareholder who is a beneficial owner of our Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and who, at all relevant times, for the purposes of the application of the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the Income Tax Regulations (collectively, the “ Canadian Tax Act ”), (1) is not, and is not deemed to be, resident in Canada for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act and any applicable income tax treaty or convention; (2) deals at arm’s length with us; (3) is not affiliated with us; (4) does not use or hold, and is not deemed to use or hold, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in a business or part of a business carried on in Canada; (5) has not entered into, with respect to the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, a “derivative forward agreement”, as that term is defined in the Canadian Tax Act and (6) holds the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares as capital property (a “ Non-Canadian Holder ”). This summary does not apply to a Non-Canadian Holder that is an insurer carrying on an insurance business in Canada and elsewhere or an “authorized foreign bank”, as that term is defined in the Canadian Tax Act. Such Non-Canadian Holders should consult their own tax advisors for advice having regards to their particular circumstances.

Field: Page; Sequence: 114; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 111 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Field: Split-Segment; Name: 4

This summary is based on the current provisions of the Canadian Tax Act and the Canada-United States Tax Convention (1980), as amended (the “ Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty ”), and an understanding of the current administrative policies and assessing practices of the Canada Revenue Agency published in writing prior to the date hereof. It takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Canadian Tax Act and the Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty, publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) prior to the date hereof (the “ Proposed Amendments ”) and assumes that all Proposed Amendments will be enacted in the form proposed. However, no assurances can be given that the Proposed Amendments will be enacted as proposed, or at all. This summary does not otherwise take into account or anticipate any changes in law or administrative policy or assessing practice whether by legislative, regulatory, administrative or judicial decision or action nor does it take into account tax legislation or considerations of any province, territory or foreign jurisdiction, which may differ from those discussed herein.

This summary is of a general nature only and is not, and is not intended to be, legal or tax advice to any particular shareholder, and no representations with respect to the income tax consequences to any particular shareholder are made. This summary is not exhaustive of all Canadian federal income tax considerations. Accordingly, you should consult your own tax advisor with respect to your particular circumstances.

Generally, for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act, all amounts relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares must be converted into Canadian dollars based on the exchange rate quoted by the Bank of Canada on the date such amount arose or such other rate of exchange as is acceptable to the Minister of National Revenue (Canada).

Dividends

Dividends paid or credited on the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares or deemed to be paid or credited on the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to a Non-Canadian Holder will be subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25% on the gross amount of the dividend, subject to any reduction in the rate of withholding to which the Non-Canadian Holder is entitled under any applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country in which the Non-Canadian Holder is resident. For example, under the Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty, where dividends on the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are considered to be paid to or derived by a Non-Canadian Holder that is a beneficial owner of the dividends and is a U.S. resident for the purposes of, and is entitled to the full benefits of, the Canada-U.S. Tax Treaty, the applicable rate of Canadian withholding tax is generally reduced to 15%. We will be required to withhold the applicable withholding tax from any dividend and remit it to the Canadian government for the Non-Canadian Holder’s account. Non-Canadian Holders are urged to consult their own advisors to determine their entitlement to relief under an applicable income tax treaty or convention.

Field: Page; Sequence: 115; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 112 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Dispositions

A Non-Canadian Holder will not be subject to tax under the Canadian Tax Act on any capital gain realized on a disposition or deemed disposition of a Class B Subordinate Voting Share, unless the Class B Subordinate Voting Share is “taxable Canadian property” to the Non-Canadian Holder for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act at the time of disposition and the Non-Canadian Holder is not entitled to relief under an applicable income tax treaty or convention between Canada and the country in which the Non-Canadian Holder is resident.

Generally, the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” to a Non-Canadian Holder at a particular time provided that the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are listed at that time on a “designated stock exchange” (as defined in the Canadian Tax Act), which currently includes the CSE and the Nasdaq, unless at any particular time during the 60-month period that ends at that time the following two conditions are met concurrently:

| ● | at
least 25% of the issued shares of any class or series of our capital stock was owned by or belonged to any combination of (a) the
Non-Canadian Holder, (b) persons with whom the Non-Canadian Holder does not deal at arm’s length for purposes of the Canadian
Tax Act, and (c) partnerships in which the Non-Canadian Holder or a person described in (b) holds a membership interest directly
or indirectly through one or more partnerships, and |
| --- | --- |
| ● | more
than 50% of the fair market value of the Class B Subordinate Voting Shares was derived, directly or indirectly, from one or any combination
of: (i) real or immoveable property situated in Canada, (ii) “Canadian resource properties” (as that term is defined
in the Canadian Tax Act), (iii) “timber resource properties” (as that term is defined in the Canadian Tax Act) or (iv)
options in respect of, or interests in, or for civil law rights in, a property described in any of the foregoing whether or not the
property exists. |

Notwithstanding the foregoing, in certain circumstances, Class B Subordinate Voting Shares could be deemed to be “taxable Canadian property” to a Non-Canadian Holder. Non-Canadian Holders whose Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are, or may constitute, “taxable Canadian property” should consult their own tax advisors .

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers and under those requirements will file reports with the SEC. Those reports may be inspected without charge on the SEC's EDGAR system at www.sec.gov. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. Nevertheless, we will file with the SEC an Annual Report on Form 20-F containing financial statements that have been examined and reported on, with an opinion expressed by an independent registered public accounting firm.

We maintain a corporate website at https://www.quantumbiopharma.com. We intend to post our Annual Report on Form 20-F on our website promptly following its filing with the SEC. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual reference.

The SEC maintains a website ( www.sec.gov ) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.

This Annual Report, copies of our financial statements and other continuous disclosure documents required under the Securities Act (Ontario) are available for viewing on the Company’s SEDAR+ profile accessible at www.sedarplus.ca. All of the documents referred to are in English.

With respect to references made in this Annual Report to any contract or other document of our company, such references are not necessarily complete, and you should refer to the exhibits attached or incorporated by reference to this Annual Report for copies of the actual contract or document.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

Field: Page; Sequence: 116; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 113 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Foreign Currency Risk

We operate primarily in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Therefore, we are exposed to foreign currency risk associated with our expenses outside of Canada. We do not use financial derivative instruments to manage this market risk.

Interest Rate Risk

The Company's debt obligations, including the convertible debentures issued in December 2024 and January 2025 and the loan receivable under the Unbuzzd Amended Loan Agreement, bear interest at fixed rates and are therefore not subject to fluctuations in market interest rates. As such, the Company does not have floating-rate interest rate risk and has not entered into any financial instruments to mitigate such risk.

We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes and are not parties to any leverage derivatives. We do not currently engage in hedging transactions.

Cryptocurrency Risk

The Company holds certain cryptocurrency assets, which exposes us to risks associated with the volatility of cryptocurrency markets. The value of these holdings is subject to significant fluctuations due to changes in market conditions, investor sentiment, regulatory developments, and technological changes. Cryptocurrencies are inherently speculative and may experience periods of illiquidity, which could impact our ability to convert these holdings into cash when required. Additionally, the regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving and may result in changes that could adversely affect the value or usability of our cryptocurrency holdings. We do not currently engage in hedging transactions to mitigate these risks.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company held cryptocurrency assets with a total fair value of approximately US$3,815,440, comprising unrestricted holdings of US$2,213,575 and US$1,601,865 of Bitcoin units pledged as collateral and classified as restricted. The total cryptocurrency assets, of US$3,815,440, represent approximately 41% of the Company's total assets on an unrestricted basis. The cost basis of these holdings was approximately US$4,729,073. A hypothetical 10% decline in the aggregate fair value of the Company's cryptocurrency holdings would result in an unrealized loss of approximately US$472,907. Given the significant price volatility historically exhibited by cryptocurrency assets, actual price movements may be substantially larger than this hypothetical scenario.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Not applicable.

Field: Page; Sequence: 117; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 114 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

Not applicable.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds.

A.-D.

Not applicable.

E. Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our CEO and CFO, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2025, the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2025.

The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and the risk that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate over time. Because of these limitations, there can be no assurance that any system of disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.

Field: Page; Sequence: 118; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 115 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is the process designed by and under the supervision of our CEO and CFO to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting in accordance with IFRS.

Management's assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting was based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework).

Under the supervision and with the participation of our CEO and CFO, our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, and concluded that it was effective.

C. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

Not applicable.

D. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Under the supervision and with the participation of our CEO and CFO, our management has evaluated changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 16. [Reserved.]

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert.

Our Board has determined that Dr. Eric Hoskins, the Chair of the Audit Committee of our Board, is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by SEC rules and has the requisite financial sophistication under the listing standards of Nasdaq. Dr. Hoskins meets the standards of independence applicable to audit committees under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and under the listing standards of Nasdaq.

The Board based this determination on Dr. Hoskins's experience overseeing financial reporting at the provincial government level, his service on other public company audit committees, and his broad understanding of financial controls and reporting applicable to companies of the size and complexity of the Company.

Item 16B. Code of Ethics.

We have adopted the Code that is applicable to all of our directors, executive officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller. A copy of the Code is available on our website at https://www.quantumbiopharma.com.

During 2025, except for the CEO Mortgage Loan, no provision of the Code applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller was amended (other than technical, administrative, or other non-substantive amendments), nor did we grant any waiver (including an implicit waiver) of any provision of the Code to any such officer. During fiscal year 2025, the CEO made a payment and thereby fully extinguishing the CEO Mortgage Loan. As of the date of this annual report, the CEO has no further outstanding debt owed to the Company.

We intend to disclose any amendments to the Code applicable to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller (other than technical, administrative, or other non-substantive amendments) and any waiver of the Code for any such officer on our website within five business days following the date of the amendment or waiver. We expect to maintain any such disclosure on our website for a period of at least twelve months from the date of posting.

Field: Page; Sequence: 119; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 116 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

MNP LLP, auditors of the Company since November 29, 2019, served as our independent registered public accounting firm for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. The following table provides a summary of the fees for professional services rendered by MNP for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024:

Fee — Audit Fees (1)	2025 — C$	496,940	2024 — C$	363,335
Audit-Related Fees (2)	C$	0	C$	0
Tax Fees (3)	C$	50,964	C$	59,488
All Other Fees (4)	C$	41,714	C$	53,200
Total	C	589,618	C$	476,023

Notes

| (1) | “Audit
Fees” include fees necessary to perform the annual audit and quarterly reviews of the Company’s consolidated financial
statements. Audit Fees include fees for review of tax provisions and for accounting consultations on matters reflected in the financial
statements. Audit Fees also include audit or other attest services required by legislation or regulation, such as comfort letters,
consents, reviews of securities filings and statutory audits. |
| --- | --- |
| (2) | “Audit-Related
Fees” include services that are traditionally performed by the auditor. These audit-related services include employee benefit
audits, due diligence assistance, accounting consultations on proposed transactions, internal control reviews and audit or attest
services not required by legislation or regulation. |
| (3) | “Tax
Fees” include fees for all tax services other than those included in “Audit Fees” and “Audit-Related Fees”.
This category includes fees for tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice. Tax planning and tax advice includes assistance with
tax audits and appeals, tax advice related to mergers and acquisitions, and requests for rulings or technical advice from tax authorities. |
| (4) | “All
Other Fees” include all other non-audit services. |

All permissible categories of non-audit services require pre-approval by the Audit Committee, subject to certain statutory exemptions.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees.

Not applicable.

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, neither the Company nor any affiliated purchaser made any purchases of the Company's Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The Company's 2023 Normal Course Issuer Bid, pursuant to which the Company repurchased an aggregate of 1,904,700 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (on a pre-consolidation basis) at an average price of approximately C$2.11 per share, was terminated on January 12, 2024.

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant.

Not applicable.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance.

The Company is a foreign private issuer, and its Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are listed on Nasdaq. Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5615(a)(3) permits a foreign private issuer to follow its home country practices in lieu of most of the requirements of the 5600 Series of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. In order to claim such an exemption, the Company must disclose the significant differences between its corporate governance practices and those required to be followed by U.S. domestic issuers under Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements. Set forth below is a brief summary of such differences:

Field: Page; Sequence: 120; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 117 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Independent Director Requirements

Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5605(b)(1) requires a majority of the board of directors of each issuer to be comprised of independent directors, as that term is defined under Rule 5605(a)(2). The Company has a majority of independent directors and follows the Nasdaq Marketplace Rule and complies with the applicable CSE rules and applicable Canadian and Ontario corporate and securities regulatory requirements.

Shareholder Approval Requirements

Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5635 requires each issuer to obtain shareholder approval prior to certain dilutive events, including a transaction other than a public offering involving the sale of 20% or more of the issuer’s outstanding shares of common stock prior to the transaction for less than the greater of book or market value of the stock. The Company does not follow this Nasdaq Marketplace Rule. Instead, and in accordance with the Nasdaq exemption, the Company complies with Ontario corporate and securities laws, which do not require shareholder approval for dilutive events unless the Company were to dispose of all or substantially all of its undertaking. In addition, the Company follows the CSE policies which require shareholder approval on the occurrence of a “fundamental change,” defined by the policies of the CSE to be a “major acquisition” (whereby for the next 12-month period at least 50% of the issuer’s assets will be comprised of, or anticipated revenues are expected to be derived from, the assets, properties, businesses or other interests that are the subject of the major acquisition) accompanied or preceded by a “change of control.” In such context, a “change of control” would include the distribution of a number of equity securities of the issuer equal to or greater than 100% of the number outstanding prior to the transaction, as well as a substantial change of management or the board of directors of the issuer.

In addition, Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5635 requires shareholder approval of most equity compensation plans and material revisions to such plans. We do not follow this Nasdaq Marketplace Rule. Instead, and in accordance with the Nasdaq exemption, we comply with Ontario corporate and securities laws, which do not require shareholder approval of equity compensation plans. In addition, the Company intends to follow the CSE policies and certain provisions of Canadian securities laws which require limitations on the number of equity compensation securities that can be distributed to persons performing investor relations services to 1% of the issued and outstanding amount of listed securities in a 12-month period, and further limit the number of equity compensation securities that can be distributed to a director, officer or a related entity of the issuer, or an associate thereof (each a “related person”), on a fully diluted basis to not exceed 5% of the outstanding securities of the issuer, or collectively to related persons exceeds 10% of the outstanding securities of the issuer.

Quorum Requirement

Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5620(c) requires that each company that is not a limited partnership shall provide for a quorum as specified in its by-laws for any meeting of holders of common stock; provided, however, that in no case shall such quorum be less than 33-1/3% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common voting stock. The Company does not presently follow this Nasdaq Marketplace Rule. Instead, the Company complies with Ontario corporate and securities laws and its by-laws which do not require a quorum of no less than 33-1/3% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common voting stock and provides that the quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of Shareholders is at least two voting persons holding or representing, in the aggregate, not less than 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of the applicable class.

Independent Director Oversight of Executive Compensation and Board Nominations

Nasdaq’s Marketplace Rule 5605(d) requires independent director oversight of executive officer compensation arrangements by approval of such compensation by a committee comprised solely of independent directors, and Marketplace Rule 5605(e) requires similar oversight with respect to the process of selecting nominees to the board or oversight by a majority of the independent directors. Under the exemption available to foreign private issuers under Rule 5615(a)(3), the Company is not required to comply with Nasdaq Marketplace Rules 5605(d) or 5605(e). Instead, and in accordance with the Nasdaq exemption, the Company complies with the applicable CSE rules and applicable Canadian corporate and securities regulatory requirements.

Proxy Delivery Requirements

Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 5620(b) requires that a listed company that is not a limited partnership to solicit proxies and provide proxy statements for all meetings of Shareholders and also provide copies of such proxy solicitation materials to Nasdaq. The Company is a “foreign private issuer” as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act, and the equity securities of the Company are accordingly exempt from the proxy rules set forth in Sections 14(a), 14(b), 14(c) and 14(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company solicits proxies in accordance with applicable rules and regulations in Canada.

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

Field: Page; Sequence: 121; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 118 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Item 16J. Insider Trading Policies

All of the Company’s executives, other employees and directors are subject to the Company’s Insider Trading and Blackout Period Policy, which prohibits trading in the Company’s securities while in possession of material undisclosed information about the Company. The Insider Trading and Blackout Period Policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules, and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to the Company. Under this policy, such individuals are also prohibited from entering into hedging transactions involving securities of the Company, such as short sales, puts and calls. Furthermore, subject to certain limited exceptions, the Company permits executives, including the NEOs, to trade in the Company’s securities only during prescribed trading windows.

A copy of the Insider Trading and Blackout Period Policy, as currently in effect, is filed as Exhibit 11.1 to this Annual Report.

Item 16K. Cybersecurity.

We have established policies and processes for assessing, identifying, and managing risks from cybersecurity threats, and have integrated these processes into our overall risk management systems and processes. We routinely assess risks from cybersecurity threats, including any potential unauthorized occurrence on or conducted through our information systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information systems or any information residing therein.

We conduct periodic risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats, as well as assessments in the event of a material change in our business practices that may affect information systems that are vulnerable to such cybersecurity threats. These risk assessments include identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks, the likelihood and potential damage that could result from such risks, and the sufficiency of existing policies, procedures, systems, and safeguards in place to manage such risks.

Following these risk assessments, we evaluate whether and how to re-design, implement, and maintain reasonable safeguards to minimize identified risks; reasonably address any identified gaps in existing safeguards; and regularly monitor the effectiveness of our safeguards. We devote significant resources and designate high-level personnel, including our CFO, who reports to our Board, to manage the risk assessment and mitigation process.

As part of our overall risk management system, we monitor our safeguards and train our employees on these safeguards. Personnel at all levels and departments are made aware of our cybersecurity policies through trainings integrated into new employee onboarding processes and annual employee re-training.

We engage consultants, experts, or other third parties in connection with our risk assessment processes. These third parties assist us in designing and implementing our cybersecurity policies and procedures, as well as in monitoring and testing our safeguards.

We require each third-party service provider who may have access to our systems and/or our sensitive data to confirm that it has the ability to implement and maintain appropriate security measures, consistent with all applicable laws, to implement and maintain reasonable security measures in connection with their work with us, and to promptly report any suspected breach of its security measures that may affect our company.

We have not experienced any cybersecurity incidents that have been determined to be material. For additional information regarding whether any risks from cybersecurity threats are reasonably likely to materially affect our company, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition , please refer to “ Item 3. Key information - D. Risk Factors ” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Governance

One of the key functions of our Board is informed oversight of our risk management process, including risks from cybersecurity threats. Our Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, and our executive officers are responsible for the day-to-day management of the material risks we face. Our Board administers its cybersecurity risk oversight function directly as a whole, as well as through the audit committee.

Our CFO and our management committee on cybersecurity, and outside consultants, who collectively possess significant experience in evaluating, managing, and mitigating security and other risks, including cybersecurity risks, are primarily responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats.

Our CFO and our management committee on cybersecurity oversee our cybersecurity policies and processes, including those described in “Risk Management and Strategy” above. The processes by which our CFO and representatives from our management committee on cybersecurity are informed about and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents include the following:

●	monitoring of Company computer and information systems for potential malware, ransomware and other malicious activity, and remediation of identified issues, including mitigation of identified risks and containment and elimination of any malicious software;
●	mandatory cybersecurity training as part of new employee onboarding along with required annual employee cybersecurity re-training;
●	monitoring of systems and network infrastructure by security information and event management application;
●	prompt incident reporting directly to the Board; and
●	escalation to the Company’s Audit Committee and Board as warranted based upon the nature of the identified issue.

Our CFO and/or representatives from our management committee on cybersecurity provide periodic briefings to the Audit Committee regarding our Company’s cybersecurity risks and activities, including any recent cybersecurity incidents and related responses, cybersecurity systems testing, activities of third parties, and the like. Our Audit Committee provides regular updates to the Board on such reports.

Field: Page; Sequence: 122; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 119 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

Not applicable.

Item 18. Financial Statements

See pages F-1 through F-45 appearing at the end of this Annual Report on Form 20-F following the signature page.

Item 19. Exhibits.

1.1	Articles of Amalgamation of the Company dated November 1, 1998, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99 in FS Pharma Inc.’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on May 31, 2022).
1.2	Certificate of Amendment and Articles of Amendment of the Company issued by the Ontario Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery on August 6, 2024 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 in the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on August 16, 2024).
1.3*	Amended and Restated By-Law Number and Bylaw 2.
2.1*	Description
of Securities
2.2 *	Form
of Unsecured Convertible Debentures issued to investors in December 2024 and January 2025 private offerings.
2.3*	Form
of Class B Common Stock Purchase warrants issued to investors in December 2024 and January 2025 private offerings.
2.4	Coattail Agreement dated May 24, 2018, by and among the Company, Computershare Trust Company of Canada and each of the individuals listed on Schedule A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.18 in the Company’s Report on Form 40-F filed with the SEC on December 6, 2019).
4.1	At the Market Offering Agreement dated February 16, 2024 between the Company and H.C. Wainwright Co. LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on February 20, 2024).
4.2	Unbuzzd Arrangement Agreement dated as October 4, 2023 by and between the Company and Unbuzzdtrition Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 2, 2024).
4.3	Amended and Restated Exclusive Intellectual Property License Agreement dated August 14, 2024 by and between the Company, Unbuzzdtrition Corp., a British Colombia corporation and Lucid PsycheCeuticals, Inc., an Ontario corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 in the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on August 27, 2024).
4.4	Intellectual Property Purchase Agreement dated October 2, 2023 by and between the Company and Lucid PsycheCeuticals Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 in the Company’s Form 6-K filing with the SEC on August 27, 2024).
4.5	Amended and Restated General Loan Agreement, dated as of April 3, 2024 by and between Unbuzzdtrition Corp., a British Colomubia corporation in favor of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 in the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on August 27, 2024).
4.6	Amended and Restated General Security Agreement dated as of April 3, 2024 made by an between Unbuzzdtrition Corp., a British Colombia corporation in favor of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 in the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on August 27, 2024).
4.7	Exclusive Intellectual Property Agreement dated July 31, 2023, by and between the Company, Unbuzzdtrition Corp. and Lucid PsycheCeuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 2, 2024).
4.8	Warrant Certificate dated July 31, 2023 granted to the Company’s to purchase shares of common stock of Unbuzzdtrition Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 2, 2024)
4.9	Unbuzzd Loan Agreement and Unbuzzd Security Agreement dated as of July 31, 2023 by and between Unbuzzdtrition Corp and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 2, 2024)
4.10*	Exclusive License Agreement dated May 19, 2021 by and between Lucid PsycheCeuticals Inc. and the University Health Network.
4.11	Master Agreement dated August 25, 2021, by and among the Company, 2861435 Ontario Inc. and Lucid PsycheCeuticals Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 in the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on September 21, 2021).
4.12	Amalgamation Agreement dated September 20, 2021, by and among the Company, 2861435 Ontario Inc. and Lucid PsycheCeuticals Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 in the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on September 21, 2021).
4.13	Amended and Restated License Agreement dated January 8, 2020, by and between the Company and Epitech Group SPA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 in the Company’s form 6-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2020).
4.14	First Amendment to the Restated License Agreement dated July 9, 2020 by and between the Company and Epitech Group SPA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023).
4.15	Assignment Agreement dated June 28, 2019 by and between the Company and Prismic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023).
4.16†	the Company Equity Incentive Plan dated May 16, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 4.18 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023). †

Field: Page; Sequence: 123; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 120 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

4.17†	the Company Stock Option Plan dated February 9, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.9 in the Company’s Form 40-F filed with the SEC on December 6, 2019). †
4.18†	Employment Agreement dated July 26, 2021 by and between Anthony Durkacz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023). †
4.19†	Employment Agreement dated July 26, 2021, and between the Company And Zeeshan Saeed (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023). †
4.20†	Employment Agreement dated August 29, 2021 by and between the Company and Donal Carroll (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023).†
4.21†	Employment
Agreement dated March 21, 2023 by and between the Company and Dr. Andrezj Chruscinski (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19
in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023).
4.22*	Shareholder
Agreement dated September 13, 2024 by and between Fortius Research and Trading Corp., Xorax Family Trust and the Company.
4.23*	Form
of Secured Convertible Debentures issued to investors in January 2025 private offering.
4.24*	Form of General Security Agreement issued to investors in January 2025 private offering.
4.25*	Form of Agency and Interlender Agreement issued to investors in January 2025 private offering.
4.26 *	At-The-Market Offering Agreement dated December 22, 2025 between the Company and Rodman & Renshaw LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on December 22, 2025)
4.27*	Contingent
Value Rights Agreement dated October 23, 2025 between the Company and Marrelli Trust Company Limited
8.1*	List
of subsidiaries of the Registrant.
11.1	Insider Trading and Blackout Period Policy
12.1*	Certification
by the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section
302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
12.2*	Certification
by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section
302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
13.1*	Certification
by the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
of 2002.
13.2*	Certification
by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
of 2002.
15.1*	Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for three months ended and fiscal years ended December 31,
2025 and 2024
15.2*	Consent of Independent Auditor
97.1	Quantum BioPharma Ltd. Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 28, 2025)
99.1	Audit Committee Charter (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 in the Company’s Form 20-F filed with the SEC on March 31, 2023).
101.1*	Interactive
Data File.
101.INS*	Inline
XBRL Instance Document–the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as its XBRL tags are embedded within
the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*	Inline
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*	Inline
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*	Inline
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101
LAB*	Inline
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101
PRE*	Inline
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover
Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

Filed herewith.

† Indicates a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract, or arrangement.

Field: Page; Sequence: 124; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 121 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Quantum BioPharma Ltd.

By:	/s/ Zeeshan Saeed
Name:	Zeeshan Saeed
Title:	Chief Executive Officer
Date:	March 26, 2026

Field: Page; Sequence: 125; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 122 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

Quantum Biopharma Ltd. (formerly, FSD Pharma Inc.)

Consolidated financial statements

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[expressed in United States dollars]

Field: Page; Sequence: 126; Options: NewSection; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 1 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Quantum Biopharma Ltd. (formerly, FSD Pharma Inc.)

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Quantum Biopharma Ltd. (formerly, FSD Pharma Inc.) (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its consolidated operations and its consolidated cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with IFRS® Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019

Mississauga, Canada

March 26, 2026

MNP LLP ( 1930 )

Field: Page; Sequence: 127; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 2 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (formerly, FSD PHARMA INC.)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

[expressed in United States dollars]

As at		December 31,
		2025	2024
	Notes	$	$
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		1,905,357		5,995,872
Other receivables	4	231,053		374,678
Prepaid expenses and deposits	5	15,290		69,036
Finance receivables, net	6	—		3,432,340
Investments	7	459,080		1,202,349
Inventory	8	52,133		117,242
Digital assets - restricted	9,13	1,601,865		—
Digital assets	9,13	2,213,575		861,230
		6,478,353		12,052,747
Non-current assets
Equipment, net		67,029		76,894
Investments	7	—		2,224
Right-of-use asset, net		102,320		53,488
Intangible assets, net	10	4,513,207		4,933,871
Total assets		11,160,909		17,119,224
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables	11,22	4,182,083		4,362,068
Lease obligations		103,165		53,780
Warrants liability	12	—		212,002
Derivative liabilities	14	—		280,000
Deferred income	21	—		1,000,000
Notes payable	13	1,300,549		619,029
Convertible debentures	14	472,497		152,113
		6,058,294		6,678,992
Total liabilities		6,058,294		6,678,992
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Class A share capital	15	152,247		151,701
Class B share capital	15	169,551,044		150,318,624
Warrants	15	10,009		1,997,759
Contributed surplus		35,405,812		31,072,543
Foreign exchange translation reserve		91,533		50,795
Accumulated deficit		( 198,286,170	)	( 172,110,884	)
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Company		6,924,475		11,480,538
Non-controlling interests	17	( 1,821,860	)	( 1,040,306	)
		5,102,615		10,440,232
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity		11,160,909		17,119,224
Commitments and contingencies	21
Subsequent events	25

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

On behalf of the Board:

“Signed”	“Signed”
Director - Zeeshan Saeed	Director - Eric Hoskins

Field: Page; Sequence: 128; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 3 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (formerly, FSD PHARMA INC.)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

[expressed in United States dollar, except number of shares]

For the years ended December 31,	Notes	2025 — $		2024 — $		2023 — $
Expenses
General and administrative	19	9,047,918		9,410,097		9,032,724
External research and development fees		2,763,174		6,083,378		3,859,178
Share-based payments	16,17	2,945,502		152,214		3,835,475
Depreciation and amortization	10	545,780		490,571		2,506,316
Impairment loss		—		—		4,555,805
Total operating expenses		15,302,374		16,136,260		23,789,498
Loss from operations		( 15,302,374	)	( 16,136,260	)	( 23,789,498	)
Interest income	20,6	( 236,084	)	( 572,891	)	( 786,363	)
Other income	21	( 1,946,491	)	( 3,989	)	—
Finance expense, net		158,063		33,017		299
Accretion and interest expense	14	460,577		14,560		—
(Gain) on settlement of debt	15	( 43,336	)	( 732,417	)	—
(Gain) on measurement of financial liability		—		—		( 4,939,015	)
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities and warrant liability	12,14	11,909,532		( 104,483	)	( 212,256	)
Unrealized loss on change in fair value of digital assets	9	771,863		141,770		—
Realized (gain) on sale of digital assets	9	( 593,922	)	—		—
Change in fair value of investments	7	( 257,956	)	3,702		378,425
Realized (gain) on sale of investments	7	( 175,194	)	—		—
Realized loss on sale of finance receivables	6	117,136		—		—
Loss on issuance of convertible debt	14	1,490,278		—		—
Net loss		( 26,956,840	)	( 14,915,529	)	( 18,230,588	)
Other comprehensive loss
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to loss:
Exchange gain (loss) on translation of foreign operations		40,738		( 366,546	)	( 235,260	)
Comprehensive loss		( 26,916,102	)	( 15,282,075	)	( 18,465,848	)
Net loss attributable to:
Equity owners of the Company		( 26,175,286	)	( 14,202,724	)	( 17,902,179	)
Non-controlling interests	17	( 781,554	)	( 712,805	)	( 328,409	)
		( 26,956,840	)	( 14,915,529	)	( 18,230,588	)
Net (loss) per share
Basic and diluted - continuing operations	18	$ ( 8.20	)	$ ( 13.12	)	$ ( 29.93	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding – basic and diluted	18	3,285,876		1,136,922		609,056

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 129; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 4 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (formerly, FSD PHARMA INC.)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INTERIM STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[expressed in United States dollars, except number of shares]

#	$	#		$		#		$		$		$		$		$		$
Balance, December 31, 2022	2	151,588	592,372		143,258,972		99,725		2,142,400		28,500,924		—		652,601		( 144,164,265	)	30,542,220
Initial recognition of non-controlling interests	—	—	—		—		—		—		—		( 24,467	)	—		( 40,583	)	( 65,050	)
Plan of arrangement [note 15]	—	34	1		—		—		—		—		8,673		—		( 8,673	)	34
Share repurchase [note 15]	—	—	( 29,303	)	( 7,165,356	)	—		—		—		—		—		4,207,540		( 2,957,816	)
Share-based payments [note 16]	—	—	555		36,000		—		—		2,410,010		16,702		—		—		2,462,712
Share options exercised [note 15]	—	—	323		33,247		—		—		( 13,000	)	—		—		—		20,247
PSUs converted to shares [note 15,16]	—	—	41,848		1,464,000		—		—		( 1,464,000	)	—		—		—		—
Warrants issued [note 15]	—	—	—		—		61,154		1,372,763		—		—		—		—		1,372,763
Warrants expired [note 15]	—	—	—		—		( 2,047	)	( 791,807	)	791,807		—		—		—		—
Comprehensive loss for the year	—	—	—		—		—		—		—		( 328,409	)	( 235,260	)	( 17,902,179	)	( 18,465,848	)
Balance, December 31, 2023	2	151,622	605,796		137,626,863		158,832		2,723,356		30,225,741		( 327,501	)	417,341		( 157,908,160	)	12,909,262
Balance, December 31, 2023	2	151,622	605,796		137,626,863		158,832		2,723,356		30,225,741		( 327,501	)	417,341		( 157,908,160	)	12,909,262
Shares issued [note 15]	10	79	1,384,783		10,670,539		—		—		—		—		—		—		10,670,618
Shares for debt [note 15,16]	—	—	301,423		1,990,213		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,990,213
Warrants issued [note 14]	—	—	—		—		80,000		—		—		—		—		—		—
Share-based payments [note 16]	—	—	—		—		—		—		152,214		—		—		—		152,214
Warrants expired [note 15]	—	—	—		—		( 20,770	)	( 286,189	)	286,189		—		—		—		—
Warrants cancelled [note 15]	—	—	—		—		( 7,692	)	( 439,408	)	439,408		—		—		—		—
RSU converted to shares [15,16]	—	—	7,500		31,009		—		—		( 31,009	)	—		—		—		—
Comprehensive loss for the year	—	—	—		—		—		—		—		( 712,805	)	( 366,546	)	( 14,202,724	)	( 15,282,075	)
Balance, December 31, 2024	12	151,701	2,299,502		150,318,624		210,370		1,997,759		31,072,543		( 1,040,306	)	50,795		( 172,110,884	)	10,440,232
Balance, December 31, 2024	12	151,701	2,299,502		150,318,624		210,370		1,997,759		31,072,543		( 1,040,306	)	50,795		( 172,110,884	)	10,440,232
Shares issued [note 15]	30	546	45,079		390,837		—		—		—		—		—		—		391,383
Shares issued - convertible debt [note 14,15]	—	—	984,792		8,192,245		—		—		—		—		—		—		8,192,245
Shares for debt [note 15]	—	—	73,744		775,087		—		—		—		—		—		—		775,087
Warrants issued [note 14]	—	—	—		—		346,806		—		—		—		—		—		—
Warrants expired [note 15]	—	—	—		—		( 130,338	)	( 1,987,750	)	1,987,750		—		—		—		—
Exercise of warrants [note 14, 15]	—	—	354,730		9,126,182		( 426,806	)	—		—		—		—		—		9,126,182
Share-based payments [note 16]	—	—	—		—		—		—		2,945,502		—		—		—		2,945,502
Exercise of RSUs [note 15,16]	—	—	92,690		515,625		—		—		( 515,625	)	—		—		—		—
Exercise of options [note 15,16]	—	—	37,192		232,444		—		—		( 84,358	)	—		—		—		148,086
Comprehensive loss for the year	—	—	—		—		—		—		—		( 781,554	)	40,738		( 26,175,286	)	( 26,916,102	)
Balance, December 31, 2025	42	152,247	3,887,729		169,551,044		32		10,009		35,405,812		( 1,821,860	)	91,533		( 198,286,170	)	5,102,615

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 130; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 5 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (formerly, FSD PHARMA INC.)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INTERIM STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

[expressed in United States dollar]

$		$		$
Operating activities
Net loss	( 26,956,840	)	( 14,915,529	)	( 18,230,588	)
Add (deduct) items not affecting cash
Depreciation and amortization	545,780		490,571		2,506,316
Interest expense	65,734		9,343		24,288
Accretion expense	460,577		14,560		—
Share-based payments	2,945,502		152,214		3,835,475
Change in fair value of investments	( 257,956	)	3,702		378,425
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	11,909,532		( 104,483	)	( 212,256	)
Loss on issuance of convertible debt	1,490,278		—		—
Unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss	( 501,196	)	( 1,692,842	)	( 383,514	)
Unrealized loss on change in fair value of digital assets	771,863		141,770		—
Realized gain on sale of digital assets	( 593,922	)	—		—
(Gain) loss on settlement of debt	( 43,336	)	( 732,417	)	—
Gain on measurement of financial liability	—		—		( 4,939,015	)
Impairment loss	—		—		4,555,805
Realized (gain) on sale of investments	( 175,194	)	—		—
Realized loss on sale of finance receivables	117,136		—		—
Changes in non-cash working capital balances
Finance receivables	1,491,001		4,663,014		( 663,698	)
Other receivables	196,677		( 145,914	)	159,585
Prepaid expenses and deposits	53,746		86,377		316,724
Note receivable	—		—		( 224,610	)
Inventory	65,109		( 117,242	)	—
Deferred income	( 1,000,000	)	1,000,000		—
Trade and other payables	1,178,497		4,270,397		2,049,799
Cash used in operating activities	( 8,237,012	)	( 6,876,479	)	( 10,827,264	)
Investing activities
Redemption of investments	1,181,499		6,189,077		—
Purchase of investments	( 462,325	)	( 6,689,636	)	( 744,500	)
Proceeds from sale of investments	460,508		—		—
Net cash upon control of subsidiary	—		—		31,783
Purchases of digital assets	( 5,632,576	)	( 1,003,000	)	—
Proceeds from sale of digital assets	2,500,425		—		443,138
Cash (used in) provided by investing activities	( 1,952,469	)	( 1,503,559	)	( 269,579	)
Financing activities
Share repurchase	—		—		( 2,957,816	)
Proceeds from issuance of shares, net	338,331		10,670,618		34
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	1,824,203		—		—
Proceeds from convertible debentures	3,243,165		702,700		—
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	43,257		—		—
Payment of lease obligation	( 113,862	)	( 63,586	)	( 189,054	)
Proceeds from share options exercised	148,086		—		20,247
Repayment of loans from tax rebate refund	( 1,497,600	)	—		—
Proceeds from loans (RH and Bitgo)	2,113,386		309,138		—
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities	6,098,966		11,618,870		( 3,126,589	)
Net increase (decrease)	( 4,090,515	)	3,238,832		( 14,223,432	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year	5,995,872		2,757,040		16,980,472
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year	1,905,357		5,995,872		2,757,040
Non-cash transactions
Shares issued for debt	775,087		1,990,213		—
Exercise of warrants	9,026,594		—		—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 131; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 6 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Nature of business

Quantum BioPharma Ltd. (formerly, FSD Pharma Inc.) (“Quantum” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to building a portfolio of innovative assets and biotech solutions for the treatment of challenging neurodegenerative, inflammatory and metabolic disorders and alcohol misuse disorders with drug candidates in different stages of development. Through its wholly owned subsidiary, Lucid Psycheceuticals Inc. ("Lucid"), Quantum is focused on the research and development of its lead compound, Lucid-MS (formerly Lucid-21-302) ("Lucid-MS"). Lucid-MS is a patented new chemical entity shown to prevent and reverse myelin degradation, the underlying mechanism of multiple sclerosis, in preclinical models. The Company also maintains selective R&D programs for inflammatory diseases ( FSD-PEA ) and depression ( Lucid-PSYCH ), though these initiatives remain secondary priorities. Quantum is also focused on the research and development of a treatment for alcohol misuse for application in hospitals and other medical practices. Quantum maintained, through its wholly owned subsidiary, FSD Strategic Investments Inc. ("FSD Strategic Investments"), a portfolio of strategic investments which historically represented loans secured by residential properties. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the entire portfolio of these loan receivables was sold to a corporation owned by the CFO of the Company. (see Note 6). As of December 31, 2025, the Company no longer holds any loans secured by residential properties.

The Company’s registered office is located at 1 Adelaide Street East, Suite 801. On August 15, 2024, the Company consolidated its Class A Multiple Voting Shares and Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (each as defined hereinafter) on a 65:1 basis and changed its name to “Quantum BioPharma Ltd.” with a new trading symbol “QNTM” on both NASDAQ and CSE.

On July 31, 2023, the Company entered into an exclusive intellectual property license agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Celly Nutrition Corp. (“Celly”). Celly changed its name to “Unbuzzd Wellness Inc.” (“Unbuzzd”), effective May 23, 2025. The License Agreement provides Unbuzzd access to proprietary information for the purposes of consumer product development and marketing. The License Agreement grants Unbuzzd the rights to a proprietary formulation of natural ingredients, vitamins, and minerals to help with liver and brain function for the purposes of potentially quickly relieving from the effects of alcohol consumption, such as inebriation, and restoring normal lifestyle. The License Agreement also grants Unbuzzd rights to certain trademarks. In exchange, Quantum received 200,000,000 Unbuzzd Common Shares (as defined below) following a 2:1 share-split . The Company also received an anti-dilution Warrant Certificate that entitles Quantum to purchase up to 25 % of the Unbuzzd Common Shares deemed outstanding less the 200,000,000 Unbuzzd Common Shares issued under the License Agreement and from time to time as a result of any partial exercise under the anti-dilution Warrant Certificate. Quantum is also entitled to certain license fees and royalties under the License Agreement. Through the License Agreement, Quantum acquired 34.66 % of Unbuzzd. On July 31, 2023, the Company and Unbuzzd entered into a loan agreement for gross proceeds of C$ 1,000,000 . The loan was funded on August 1, 2023, and accrues interest at a rate of 10 % per annum. Interest is payable annually and the loan matures on July 31, 2026. On April 3, 2024, an amendment to the loan agreement was approved for additional gross proceeds of C$ 300,000 . In November 2023, through the Plan of Arrangement the Company distributed 45,712,529 of its 200,000,000 shares of Unbuzzd to its shareholders. The License Agreement was amended and restated on August 14, 2024. The consolidated financial statements incorporate the assets and liabilities of Unbuzzd as of December 31, 2025, and the results of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a 19.84 % (December 31, 2024 – 22.95 %) ownership interest in Unbuzzd through Unbuzzd Common Shares.

Subsidiaries

These consolidated financial statements are comprised of the financial results of the Company and its subsidiaries, which are the entities over which the Company has control. An investor controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and can affect those returns through its power over the investee. The Company has the following subsidiaries:

	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Entity Name	Country %	%	%
FSD Biosciences Inc.	USA	100.00	100.00	100.00
Prismic Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Prismic”)	USA	100.00	100.00	100.00
FV Pharma Inc.	Canada	100.00	100.00	100.00
Lucid Psycheceuticals Inc.	Canada	100.00	100.00	100.00
FSD Strategic Investments Inc.	Canada	100.00	100.00	100.00
FSD Pharma Australia Pty Ltd (“FSD Australia”)	Australia	100.00	100.00	100.00
Unbuzzd Wellness Inc.	Canada	19.84	22.95	26.15
Huge Biopharma Australia Pty Ltd (“Huge Biopharma”)	Australia	100.00	100.00	-

Field: Page; Sequence: 132; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 7 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Non-controlling interests (“NCI”) represent ownership interests in consolidated subsidiaries by parties that are not shareholders of the Company. They are shown as a component of total equity in the consolidated statements of financial position, and the share of income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests is shown as a component of net income (loss) in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss. Changes in the parent company’s ownership that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions.

Basis of presentation

[a] Statement of compliance

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with IFRS® Accounting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). The policies set out below have been consistently applied to all years presented, unless otherwise noted.

These consolidated financial statements were approved and authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Company on March 25, 2026.

[b] Functional currency and presentation currency

The financial statements of each company within the consolidated group are measured using their functional currency, which is the currency of the primary economic environment in which an entity operates. These consolidated financial statements are presented in United States dollars (“USD”), which is the Company’s functional and presentation currency for all years presented. The Company’s functional currency is the United States dollar, and the functional currencies of its subsidiaries are as follows:

FSD Biosciences Inc.	United States Dollar
Prismic Pharmaceuticals Inc.	United States Dollar
FV Pharma Inc.	Canadian Dollar
Lucid Psycheceuticals Inc.	Canadian Dollar
FSD Strategic Investments Inc.	Canadian Dollar
FSD Pharma Australia Pty Ltd	Australian Dollar
Unbuzzd Wellness Inc.	Canadian Dollar
Huge Biopharma Australia Pty Ltd	Australian Dollar

[c] Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

The following include items requiring critical judgments, apart from those involving estimations that management has made in the process of applying the Company’s accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:

[i] Going concern

Judgement is required in determining if disclosure of a material uncertainty related to events or conditions which might cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is required in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. In management’s judgement, such disclosure is not required. This judgement is dependent on management’s expectations of future net cash flows, existing borrowing capacity and financial obligations in the next 12 months.

Although during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company had a loss from operations and negative cash flows from operation activities, the Company was able to secure debt and equity financing to fulfill its operational needs. Based on management’s expectations of future net cash flows, management has applied judgement that there is no material uncertainties related to events or conditions that may cast substantial doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Field: Page; Sequence: 133; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 8 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[ii] Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is named as a party to claims or involved in proceedings, including legal, regulatory and tax related, in the ordinary course of its business. While the outcome of these matters may not be estimable at the reporting date, the Company makes provisions, where possible, for the estimated outcome of such claims or proceedings. Should a loss result from the resolution of any claims or proceedings that differ from these estimates, the difference will be accounted for as a charge to profit or loss in that period. The actual results may vary and may cause significant adjustments.

[iii] Intangible assets

The Company employs significant estimates to determine the estimated useful lives of intangible assets, considering the nature of the asset, contractual rights, expected use and review of asset useful lives. The Company reviews amortization methods and useful lives annually or when circumstances change and adjusts its amortization methods and assumptions prospectively.

The Company reviews intangible assets for impairment annually or when impairment indicators exist. If the recoverable amount of the respective intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, it is considered to be impaired. In the process of measuring the recoverable amount, management makes assumptions about future events and circumstances. The actual results may vary and may cause significant adjustments.

[iv] Valuation of share-based payments and warrants

Management measures the costs for share-based payments and warrants, including certain warrant liabilities, using market-based option valuation techniques. Assumptions are made and estimates are used in applying the valuation techniques. These include estimating the future volatility of the share price, expected dividend yield, expected term, expected risk-free interest rate and the rate of forfeiture. For performance share units (“PSUs”), management is required to estimate when the vesting conditions will be met. Such estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Changes in these assumptions affect the fair value estimates of share-based payments, warrants and warrant liabilities.

[v] Allowance for credit losses

Judgment is required as to the timing of establishing an allowance for credit losses and to estimate the amount of expected credit losses taking into consideration counterparty creditworthiness, the fair value of underlying collateral, current and future economic trends, the expected residual value of the underlying assets and past experience.

[vi] Functional currency

The Company and its subsidiaries are required to determine their functional currencies based on the primary economic environment in which each entity operates. In order to do that, management has to analyze several factors, including which currency mainly influences the cost of undertaking the business activities, in which currency the entity has received financing, and in which currency it keeps its receipts from operating activities. Management uses its judgment to determine which factors are most important when the above indicators are mixed and the functional currency is not obvious.

[vii] Disclosure of interests in other entities

To assess the investment in Unbuzzd, judgment was required to determine if the Company has significant influence or control of Unbuzzd. The Company considered the relevant guidance in IFRS 10 – Consolidated Financial Statements, IAS 24 – Related Party Disclosures and IAS – 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures.

Judgment is applied in determining when the Company controls an investment even if the Company holds less than a majority of the investee’s voting rights (the existence of de facto control). The Company concluded it has control of Unbuzzd even though the Company only held 19.84 % of the voting rights as of December 31, 2025 (December 31, 2024 – 22.95 %). The Company concluded that it has control of Unbuzzd as the Company, together with persons or entities considered to be de facto agents of the Company, held a combined 55.23 % (December 31, 2024 - 56.83 %) of the voting rights of Unbuzzd. In addition, key management personnel of the Company hold three of the four board of director positions of Unbuzzd. The assessment of control is performed on a continuous basis. The Company determined that it obtained control of Unbuzzd on July 31, 2023, and control was maintained from July 31, 2023, through December 31, 2025.

Unbuzzd is significantly dependent on the Company as a result of the License Agreement and the loan. The NCI component of Unbuzzd is included as a separate component in equity (Note 17).

Field: Page; Sequence: 134; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 9 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[viii] Derivative liability in Convertible Debenture

The estimates and judgements made in relation to the fair value of derivative liabilities are subject to measurement uncertainty. The valuation technique used to determine the fair value requires inputs that involve assumptions and judgement such as the credit risk of the Company, volatility of the Company, probability of default event and foreign exchange rate. Such judgement and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Changes in these assumptions will affect the fair value of the derivative liability.

[ix] Measurement of digital assets, at fair value less costs to sell:

Digital assets consist of electronic currency, coins, or alternative cryptocurrency coins (altcoins) - a type of currency only available in digital form.

There are inherent and higher risks to digital assets including the risk associated with traditional securities, which include significant price volatility, the loss of the digital assets, fraud, and high transaction fees.

Where the fair values of digital assets recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position cannot be derived from active markets, they are determined using a variety of valuation techniques. The inputs to these models are derived from observable market data where possible, but where observable market data are not available, judgment is required to establish fair values. Changes in estimates and assumptions about these inputs could affect the reported fair value.

Material accounting policies

[a] Equipment

Equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. The cost of an item of equipment includes expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of the asset.

Depreciation is based on the estimated useful lives of the assets provided as follows:

Computer equipment	3 years
Furniture and fixtures	3 – 10 years
Lease improvements	Over the term of the lease

An item of equipment and any significant part initially recognized are derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from their use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss when the asset is derecognized. The assets’ residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation and the depreciation charge are adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

[b] Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are recorded at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the useful life, as follows:

Intellectual Property 5 – 15 years

Expenditures on internally generated intangible assets during the research phase are expensed as incurred. Expenditures on internally generated intangible assets during the development phase, which comprise deferred development costs, are initially capitalized and recognized in the consolidated balance sheet if they meet the recognition criteria. Subsequent to initial recognition, deferred development costs are accounted for at cost less accumulated amortization and are amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life beginning once the deferred development costs are used in commercial production.

Field: Page; Sequence: 135; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 10 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[c] Foreign Currency Transactions

Foreign currency transactions are translated into functional currencies at exchange rates in effect on the date of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into functional currencies at the foreign exchange rate applicable at that period-end date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Realized and unrealized exchange gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.

On consolidation, assets and liabilities of operations with a functional currency other than United States dollar are translated into United States dollar at period end foreign currency rates. Expenses of such operations are translated into the United States dollar at average rates for the period. Foreign currency translation gains and losses are recognized in other comprehensive income. The relevant amount in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment is reclassified into earnings upon disposition of a foreign operation.

[d] Financial Instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.

● Financial assets

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”), or fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”). The classification of financial assets is based on the business model in which a financial asset is managed and its contractual cash flow characteristics.

A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

● It is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

● Its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A financial asset (unless it is a trade receivable without a significant financing component that is initially measured at the transaction price) is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at FVTPL, transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition.

The following accounting policies apply to the subsequent measurement of financial assets.

Financial assets at FVTPL	Subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.
Financial assets at amortized cost	Subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognized in consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.

Digital assets at fair value

Field: Page; Sequence: 136; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 11 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The Company evaluates the principal markets annually and conducts a quarterly analysis to determine if any changes in the principal market are required.

● Financial liabilities

The Company initially recognizes financial liabilities at fair value on the date at which the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

The Company classifies its financial liabilities as either financial liabilities at FVTPL or amortized cost.

Subsequent to initial recognition, other liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are stated at fair value with changes being recognized in consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.

The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled or expire.

● Financial liabilities and equity instruments

● Classification as debt or equity

Debt and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument. The Company does not reclassify financial liabilities or equity after initial recognition due to a change in circumstance.

● Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by a group entity are recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

Repurchase of the Company’s own equity instruments is recognized and deducted directly in equity. No gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of the Company’s own equity instruments.

● Classification of financial instruments

The Company classifies its financial assets and liabilities depending on the purpose for which the financial instruments were acquired, their characteristics and management intent as outlined below:

Cash and cash equivalent	Amortized cost
Other receivables (excluding sales tax recoverable)	Amortized cost
Digital assets	Fair value through profit or loss
Investments	Fair value through profit or loss
Finance receivables	Amortized cost
Trade and other payables	Amortized cost
Warrants liability	Fair value through profit or loss
Notes payable	Amortized cost
Convertible debentures	Amortized cost
Derivative liabilities	Fair value through profit or loss

Field: Page; Sequence: 137; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 12 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

● Impairment of financial assets

● Finance receivables

Finance receivables are a financial asset initially recognized at fair value and are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The Company’s business model is to hold these receivables to collect contractual cash flows that represent solely payments of principal and interest. Finance receivables are assessed for impairment at the end of each reporting period in accordance with IFRS 9 as outlined below.

The ECL model is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the assets, unless there has been no significant increase in credit risk since origination, in which case the allowance is based on the 12 months’ expected credit loss. The ECL model uses a three-stage impairment approach based on changes in the credit risk of the finance receivable since initial recognition. The three stages are as follows:

Stage 1– Finance receivables that have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition.

Stage 2– Finance receivables that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition.

Stage 3 – Finance receivables for which there is objective evidence of impairment.

The Company considers a number of factors when assessing if there has been a significant increase in credit risk, including the number of days past due, changes in the financial condition of the borrower, responsiveness of the borrower and other borrower specific information that may be available, without consideration of collateral.

In determining its estimation of the ECL allowances, the Company also considers past events, current market conditions including interest rates, real estate market statistics, and supportable forward-looking information, including macro-economic factors, such as housing price and interest rate forecasts.

The ECL model requires recognition of credit losses equal to 12-month ECLs for Stage 1 and recognition of lifetime expected credit losses for Stage 2 and 3. The 12-month ECLS are lifetime ECLS that are expected to occur within 12 months after the reporting date. The lifetime ECLs represent the expected loss in value due to possible default events over the life of a mortgage receivable weighted by the likelihood of a loss. Three factors are primarily used to measure ECLs: probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD).

[e] Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, including equipment and intangible assets are tested for impairment at each reporting date when there are indicators of impairment or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. The Company has no indefinite life intangible assets.

For the purpose of impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generate cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets (the cash-generating unit, or “CGU”). The recoverable amount of an asset or a CGU is the higher of its fair value, less costs to sell and its value in use. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount, an impairment charge is recognized immediately in net loss equal to the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to the lesser of the revised estimate of the recoverable amount, and the carrying amount that would have been recorded had no impairment loss been recognized previously.

[f] Income Taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax and deferred tax are recognized in net profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive loss.

Current income taxes are recognized for the estimated income taxes payable or receivable on taxable income or loss for the current year and any adjustment to income taxes payable in respect of previous years. Current income taxes are determined using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the year-end date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized where the carrying amount of an asset or liability differs from its tax base, except for taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill and temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction which is not a business combination and at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.

Field: Page; Sequence: 138; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 13 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Recognition of deferred tax assets for unused tax losses, tax credits and deductible temporary differences is restricted to those instances where it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the deferred tax asset can be utilized. At the end of each reporting period, the Company reassesses unrecognized deferred tax assets. The Company recognizes a previously unrecognized deferred tax asset to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

[g] Share-based Compensation

Share options and warrants awarded to non-employees are accounted for using the fair value of the instrument awarded or service provided, whichever is considered more reliable. Share options, performance share units (“PSUs”), restrictive units (“RSUs”) and warrants awarded to employees are accounted for using the fair value method. The fair value of the share options, PSUs, RSUs and warrants granted are recognized as an expense on a proportionate basis consistent with the vesting features of each tranche of the grant. The fair value of share options and warrants are calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with assumptions applicable at the date of grant. The fair value of PSUs is calculated using market share prices at the date of grant.

[h] Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share is calculated based on the loss for the financial year and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted net loss per share is calculated using the loss for the financial year adjusted for the effect of any dilutive instruments and the weighted average diluted number of shares (ignoring any potential issue of common shares that would be anti-dilutive) during the year.

[i] External research and development

External research and development costs are expensed in the periods in which they are incurred, with the exception of development costs for new products with proven technical feasibility and for which a defined future market exists. Such development costs are capitalized in accordance with the Company’s policy for intangible assets. The Company’s external research and development costs relate primarily to third-party contract research organizations.

[j] Discontinued operations

Discontinued operations are reported when a component of the Company, representing a separate major line of business or area of operations with clearly distinguishable cash flows, has been disposed of or is held for sale. Classification as a discontinued operation occurs upon disposal or when the operation meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, if earlier. Discontinued operations are reported as a separate element of net income or loss on the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss for both the current and comparative periods. When a disposal group is classified as held for sale, assets and liabilities are aggregated and presented as separate line items, respectively, on the consolidated statements of financial position. Comparative periods are not restated on the consolidated statements of financial position. Assets held for sale are not depreciated and are measured at the lower of carrying value and fair value less costs to sell.

[k] Share capital

Common shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of common shares are

recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

[l] Warrants

The Company follows the relative fair value method with respect to the measurement of common shares and warrants issued as private placement units. The proceeds from the issuance of units are allocated between share capital and warrants. The warrant component is recorded in contributed surplus. Unit proceeds are allocated to common shares and warrants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the share price at the time of financing. If the warrants are exercised, consideration paid by the warrant holder, together with the amount previously recognized in contributed surplus, is recorded as an increase to share capital. Upon expiration of warrants, the amount applicable to expired warrants is reclassed in contributed surplus.

[m] Convertible debentures

The Company issues convertible debentures which can be converted into common shares at the option of the holder,

at a fixed conversion price denominated in Canadian dollars.

For convertible debentures which provide conversion into a variable number of shares or into a fixed number of shares for a variable amount of consideration, the conversion option is accounted for as an embedded derivative, which is separated from the host contract. Upon initial recognition, the derivative liability is valued at fair value using a valuation model. The carrying amount of the convertible debenture (host debt) will be recognized as the difference between the total proceeds received from the issuance and the fair value of the derivative liability. Any directly attributable transaction costs are allocated to the derivative liability and host contract in proportion to their initial carrying amounts.

Field: Page; Sequence: 139; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 14 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[n] Inventories

Inventories consist of purchased finished goods and raw materials that will be used in the manufacturing of finished goods. The cost of raw materials inventory is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. The cost of finished goods are valued at the lower cost or net realizable value. The inventories balance is included in these consolidated financial statements as part of the Company’s investment in Unbuzzd (Note 17).

New standards, amendments and interpretations adopted by the Company

In May 2024, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments – Disclosures. The amendments clarify the derecognition of financial liabilities and introduce an accounting policy option to derecognize financial liabilities that are settled through an electronic payment system. The amendments also clarify how to assess the contractual cash flow characteristics of financial assets that include environmental, social and governance (ESG)-linked features and other similar contingent features and the treatment of non-recourse assets and contractually linked instruments (CLIs). Further, the amendments mandate additional disclosures in IFRS 7 for financial instruments with contingent features and equity instruments classified at FVOCI. The amendments are effective for annual periods starting on or after January 1, 2026. Retrospective application is required, and early adoption is permitted.

The IASB issued IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements , which replaces IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements , effective on January 1, 2027. Earlier application is permitted. The objective of IFRS 18 is to set out requirements for the presentation and disclosure of information in general purpose financial statements to help ensure they provide relevant information that faithfully represents an entity’s assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses. IFRS 18 applies to all financial statements that are prepared and presented in accordance with IFRSs. Standards for recognising, measuring, and disclosing specific transactions are addressed in other Standards and Interpretations.

The Company will assess the impact on the consolidated financial statements when applicable.

Other receivables

The Company’s other receivables are comprised of the following as at:

$	$
Sales tax recoverable	102,714	367,480
Interest receivable	73,575	156
Other receivables	1,712	7,042
Subscription receivables (Note 15)	53,052	—
	231,053	374,678

Prepaid expenses and deposits

The Company’s prepaid expenses and deposits include the following:

$	$
Research and development	—	26,348
Insurance	2,201	36,162
Other prepaids and deposits	13,089	6,526
	15,290	69,036

Field: Page; Sequence: 140; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 15 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Finance receivables

Finance receivables consisted of secured loan receivables measured at amortized cost, net of allowance for expected credit losses. Finance receivables for the following years are as follows:

Balance – December 31, 2023	8,095,354
Additions	2,300,368
Add: Interest income	513,925
Less: Interest payments	( 490,277	)
Less: Principal payments	( 6,632,290	)
Effects of foreign exchange	( 354,740	)
Balance – December 31, 2024	3,432,340
Additions	222,530
Add: Interest income	246,219
Less: Interest payments	( 236,535	)
Less: Principal payments	( 1,760,345	)
Less: Sale of finance receivables	( 2,027,730	)
Effects of foreign exchange	123,521
Balance – December 31, 2025	—
Current	—
Non-current	—
Balance – December 31, 2025	—

Allowances for expected credit losses as at December 31, 2025, were $ Nil (December 31, 2024 - $ Nil ). Finance receivables earned fees at fixed rates between 7 %- 8.5 % per annum and had an average term to maturity of one year from the date of issuance. The loans were secured by residential property with a first or second collateral mortgage on the secured property. Loans were issued up to 55 % of the initial appraised value of the secured property at the time of issuance.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company, through its subsidiary FSD Strategic Investments, sold its entire portfolio of loan receivables to a corporation owned by the CFO of the Company. The carrying amount of finance receivables sold was $ 2,027,730 . Total consideration received was $ 1,824,203 and an interest receivable of $ 86,391 , which corresponds to the stream of future monthly interest payments contractually due under the original mortgage terms, which continue to be collected by the Company. This resulted in a realized loss on sale of $ 117,136 , recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.

Following the sale, the Company has no further rights or obligations with respect to the sold portfolio .

Investments

The following tables outline changes in investments during the years:

Entity	Instrument	Note	Balance at December 31, 2024 — $ $	$		$		$		$	$
A2ZCryptoCap Inc.	Shares	(i)	2,224	-	-		-		1,570		-	3,794
Royal Bank of Canada	GIC	(ii)	20,850	-	-				-		1,039	21,889
Meridian	GIC	(viii)	1,181,499	-	-		( 1,181,499	)	-		-	-
Gamestop	Shares	(iv)	-	48,516	-		-		( 8,358	)	-	40,158
Genius Group Ltd	Shares	(v)	-	49,009	( 2,217	)	-		( 24,886	)	-	21,906
JZR Gold	Shares	(vi)	-	214,161	( 283,097	)	-		68,936		-	-
JZR Gold	Warrants	(vi)	-	150,639	-		-		220,694		-	371,333
			1,204,573	462,325	( 285,314	)	( 1,181,499	)	257,956		1,039	459,080
											Current	459,080
											Non-current	-
												459,080

Field: Page; Sequence: 141; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 16 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Entity	Instrument	Note	Balance at December 31, 2023 — $ $			$		$		$
A2ZCryptoCap Inc.	Shares	(i)	6,049	—	—		( 3,702	)	( 123	)	2,224
Royal Bank of Canada	GIC	(iii)	756,100	—	( 738,000	)	—		( 18,100	)	—
Royal Bank of Canada	GIC	(ii)	—	2,955,610	( 2,934,760	)	—		—		20,850
Bank of Montreal	GIC	(vii)	—	500,000	( 500,000	)	—		—		—
Meridian	GIC	(viii)	—	3,234,026	( 2,016,317	)	—		( 36,210	)	1,181,499
			762,149	6,689,636	( 6,189,077	)	( 3,702	)	( 54,433	)	1,204,573
									Current		1,202,349
									Non-Current		2,224
											1,204,573

i) On June 23, 2022, the Company acquired 80,000 shares of A2ZCryptoCap Inc. for C$ 0.10 per share. As at December 31, 2025, the fair value of the shares was determined based on the quoted market price of the shares of C$ 0.065 per share (December 31, 2024 – C$ 0.04 ).

ii) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased four GICs for a total amount of C$ 4,030,000 from RBC with maturity dates ranging from February 14, 2025 , to September 12, 2025 . The GICs pay variable interest ranging from 4.20 % to 4.95 % per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the total balance outstanding was C $30,000 (December 31, 2024 – C$ 30,000 ) as three GICs out of the four were effectively redeemed during the year ended December 31, 2024.

iii) On August 9, 2023, the Company purchased a Guaranteed Investment Certificate (“GIC”) in the amount of C$ 744,500 from Royal Bank of Canada (“RBC”) with a maturity date of August 9, 2024. The GIC pays variable interest based on RBC’s Prime Interest Rate minus 2.00 %. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company redeemed the full amount for gross proceeds of $ 738,000 . The balance outstanding as at December 31, 2024 is $ Nil .

iv) On July 18, 2025, the Company purchased 2,000 shares of GameStop Corp. (NYSE: GME) for a total amount of $ 48,516 (C$ 66,561 ) for $ 23.55 per share. As at December 31, 2025, the fair value of the shares was determined based on the quoted market price of $ 20.08 per share resulting in a gain on change in fair value of $ 8,358 for the year.

v) On July 25, 2025, the Company purchased 40,000 shares of Genius Group Limited (AMEX: GNS) for a total amount of $ 49,009 (C$ 67,237 ) for a weighted average price of $ 1.20 per share. On July 28, 2025, the Company sold 1,871 shares of GNS for a total amount of $ 2,217 (C$ 3,043 ). As at December 31, 2025, the fair value of the remaining 38,129 shares, was determined based on the quoted market price of $ 0.57 per share resulting in a loss on change in fair value of $ 24,886 for the year.

vi) On July 22, 2025, the Company acquired 1,666,667 units at a price of C$ 0.30 per unit of JZR Gold Inc (“JZR”) for $ 364,800 (C$ 500,000 ). Each unit is comprised of one common share in the capital of JZR and one non-transferable common share purchase warrant to acquire one common share at a price of C$ 0.40 per warrant share.

● The Company sold 1,666,667 common shares on December 10, 2025, with a fair value of $ 283,097 (C$ 391,667 ), at C$ 0.235 per share, resulting in a loss on change in fair value of $ 68,936 prior to the date of sale. As of December 31, 2025, there were no outstanding shares.

● The 1,666,667 associated warrants, valued at $ 150,639 on acquisition date using the Black Scholes model, had a fair value of $ 371,333 as at December 31, 2025, resulting in a gain on change in fair value of $ 220,694 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at the following dates:

	July 22, 2025	December 31, 2025
Share price (CDN)	$ 0.460	$ 0.465
Exercise price	$ 0.29	$ 0.29
Expected dividend yield	-	-
Risk free interest rate	2.78 %	2.55 %
Expected life	2.00	1.56
Expected volatility	135.64 %	140.17 %

Field: Page; Sequence: 142; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 17 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

vii) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased a GIC in the amount of $ 500,000 from Bank of Montreal (“BMO”) with a maturity date of October 11, 2024. The GIC paid a variable interest rate of 4.50 % per annum. As of December 31, 2024, the total balance outstanding is $ Nil as the entire amount was redeemed at maturity.

viii) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased three GICs for a total amount of C$ 4,520,000 from Meridian Credit Union (“Meridian”) with maturity dates ranging from December 21, 2024 , to March 25, 2025 . The GICs pay variable interest ranging from 3.52 % to 3.78 % per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the total balance outstanding was $ Nil as the remaining GICs were redeemed during the year (December 31, 2024 - C$ 1,700,000 ).

Inventory

Inventories consist of purchased raw materials that will be used in the manufacturing of finished goods and are valued at lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventory is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. The cost of work in-process and finished goods are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. As at December 31, 2025, the Company’s inventory consisted of the following balances:

Raw materials	33,827	51,973
Finished goods	18,306	65,269
Total inventory	52,133	117,242

Digital assets

(a) The changes in the digital assets balance for the following years are as follows:

$	$	$		$		$
Bitcoin	356,877	2,827,102	( 647,000	)	( 249,368	)	2,287,611
Dogecoin	154,314	200,000	( 401,000	)	46,686		—
Solana	350,039	2,052,166	( 661,503	)	( 404,195	)	1,336,507
ETH	—	132,093	( 47,000	)	( 30,344	)	54,749
XRP	—	150,000	( 150,000	)	—		—
SUI	—	50,000	—		( 27,317	)	22,683
LINK	—	221,215	—		( 107,325	)	113,890
	861,230	5,632,576	( 1,906,503	)	( 771,863	)	3,815,440

$	$		$
Bitcoin	401,000	( 44,123	)	356,877
Dogecoin	201,000	( 46,686	)	154,314
Solana	401,000	( 50,961	)	350,039
	1,003,000	( 141,770	)	861,230

Digital currency prices are affected by various forces including global supply and demand, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation or deflation and the global political and economic conditions. Digital assets have a limited history, and the fair value historically has been very volatile. The Company may not be able to liquidate its inventory of digital assets currency at its desired price if required. The Company has recognized an unrealized loss in change in fair value of $ 771,863 for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024 – $ 141,770 ).

Field: Page; Sequence: 143; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 18 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company invested an additional $ 5,632,576 in digital assets. The Company also sold $ 1,906,503 in digital assets for total gross proceeds of $ 2,500,425 and recognized a gain on sale of digital assets of $ 593,922 for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024 - $Nil).

The following table presents the Company’s digital assets, measured at fair value less and categorized into levels of

the fair value hierarchy on the consolidated statements of financial position as at the following:

As at December 31, 2025

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Digital
assets, at fair value	Quoted market price	Valuation technique - observable market inputs	Valuation technique - unobservable market inputs
	$	$	$
Digital coins	—	3,815,440	—

As at December 31, 2024

	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Digital assets, at fair value	Quoted market price	Valuation technique - observable market inputs	Valuation technique - unobservable market inputs
	$	$	$
Digital coins	—	861,230	—

Intangible assets

Intangible assets as at December 31, 2025, are as follows:

Cost
$
As at December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023	6,314,571
Accumulated amortization	$
As at December 31, 2023	958,884
Amortization	421,816
As at December 31, 2024	1,380,700
Amortization	420,664
As at December 31, 2025	1,801,364
Net book value
As at December 31, 2025	4,513,207
As at December 31, 2024	4,933,871

The Company’s intangible asset for Lucid represents the license agreement with the University Health Network giving the Company world-wide exclusive rights to the Lucid-MS compound and related patents.

Trade and other payables

Trade and other payables consist of the following as at:

$	$
Trade payables	1,981,851	3,254,838
Accrued liabilities (i)	2,200,232	1,107,230
	4,182,083	4,362,068

Field: Page; Sequence: 144; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 19 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

(i) Accrued liabilities consist of the following as at:

$	$
External research and development fees	35,770	55,670
Operational expenses	774,223	178,307
Professional and other fees	981,046	464,060
Accrued interest	409,193	409,193
	2,200,232	1,107,230

Warrants Liability

[a] August 2020 Warrants

In August 2020, the Company issued 42,499 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares and 21,250 warrants to purchase Class B Subordinate Voting Shares for total cash proceeds of $ 9,999,997 . Each warrant is exercisable to purchase one Class B Subordinate Voting Share of the Company at an exercise price of $ 276.90 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance. The fair value of these warrants is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

On initial recognition the Company determined that these warrants did not meet the IFRS definition of equity due to the exercise price being denominated in United States dollar, which was not the functional currency of the Company at the time resulting in variability in exercise price. The change in functional currency on October 1, 2020, was determined to be a change in circumstance and, as such, the Company has made an accounting policy choice to continue to recognize the warrants as a financial liability classified at fair value through profit or loss.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, 21,250 outstanding warrants expired.

The fair value of the warrants liability as at December 31, 2025, was $ Nil (December 31, 2024 – $ 2 ) resulting in a gain on change in fair value of $ 2 for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024 – $ 31,336 ). The fair value was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at:

	December 31, 2024
Share price	$ 3.68
Exercise price	$ 276.90
Expected dividend yield	-
Risk free interest rate	2.91 %
Expected life	0.60
Expected volatility	134 %

[b] December 2024 Warrants

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued warrants attached to its convertible debenture (Note 14).

The Company determined that these warrants were exchangeable into a variable number of shares due to foreign exchange, and as such, the warrants were classified as financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”). The Company uses the Black-Scholes pricing model to estimate fair value. Expected volatility has been based on an evaluation of the historical volatility of the Company’s share price. The risk-free interest rate for the life of the warrants was based on the yields available on government benchmark bonds with a term approximating the remaining term of the warrants. The life of the warrants is based on the contractual term. The fair value of the warrant liability as at December 13, 2024, the date of issuance was $ 245,147 . During the year ended December 31, 2025, 80,000 total warrants outstanding were exercised on a cashless basis into 66,315 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2025, was $ Nil (December 31, 2024 - $ 212,000 ) as there were no warrants outstanding as at year end. The fair value of the warrants on June 25, 2025, the date of exercise, was $ 1,797,056 , resulting in a change in fair value of $ 1,585,056 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Field: Page; Sequence: 145; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 20 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The fair values were determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at:

	December 13, 2024	December 31, 2024	June 25, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 5.80	$ 5.20	$ 33.48
Exercise price (CAD)	$ 7.00	$ 7.00	$ 7.00
Expected dividend yield	-	-	-
Risk free interest rate	2.97 %	2.96 %	2.940 %
Expected life	5.00	4.95	4.47
Expected volatility	104.39 %	104.52 %	118.86 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.70	0.70	0.73

[c] January 2025 Warrants

On January 20, 2025 , the Company issued warrants attached to its convertible debenture (Note 14). The fair value of the warrant liability at the date of issuance on January 20, 2025, was $ 405,656 . The fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2025, was $ Nil as there were no warrants outstanding as of yearend. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 152,577 total warrants outstanding were exercised on a cashless basis into 133,002 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The fair value of the warrants on June 25, 2025, the date of exercise, was $ 3,484,401 , resulting in a change in fair value of $ 3,078,745 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The fair values were determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at:

	January 20, 2025	June 25, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 4.90	$ 33.48
Exercise price (CAD)	$ 5.25	$ 5.25
Expected dividend yield	-	-
Risk free interest rate	2.99 %	2.90 %
Expected life	5.00	4.58
Expected volatility	106.90 %	118.86 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.70	0.73

[d] March 6, 2025 Warrants

On March 6, 2025, the Company issued warrants attached to its convertible debenture (Note 14). The fair value of the warrant liability as at date of issuance on March 6, 2025, was $ 38,702 . The fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2025 was $ Nil as there were no warrants outstanding as of yearend. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 10,309 total warrants outstanding were exercised on a cashless basis into 8,986 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. The fair value of the warrants on June 25, 2025, the date of exercise, was $ 235,883 , resulting in a change in fair value of $ 197,181 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The fair values were determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at:

	March 6, 2025	June 25, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 6.44	$ 33.48
Exercise price (CAD)	$ 5.25	$ 5.25
Expected dividend yield	-	-
Risk free interest rate	2.72 %	2.90 %
Expected life	5.00	4.70
Expected volatility	115.20 %	118.86 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.70	0.73

Field: Page; Sequence: 146; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 21 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[e] March 28, 2025 Warrants

On March 28, 2025, the Company issued warrants attached to its convertible debenture (Note 14). The fair value of the warrant liability as at date of issuance was $ 1,218,875 (Note 15). The fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2025, was $ Nil as there were no warrants outstanding as of yearend. On June 24, 2025, 8,500 warrants were exercised at a price of $ 7.00 for total gross proceeds of $ 43,257 (C$ 59,500 ) (Note 15). During the year ended December 31, 2025, the remaining 175,420 warrants were exercised on a cashless basis into 137,927 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 15) on various dates between June 25, 2025, to July 31, 2025. The total fair value of the total warrants on the various dates of exercise was $ 3,565,586 , resulting in a change in fair value of $ 2,346,711 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The fair values were determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at:

	March 28, 2025	June 25, 2025 – July 31, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 11.08	$ 25.89 - $ 33.48
Exercise price (CAD)	$ 7.00	$ 7.00
Expected dividend yield	-	-
Risk free interest rate	2.61 %	2.90 % - 3.01 %
Expected life	5.00	4.67 - 4.77
Expected volatility	116.80 %	118.79 % - 118.86 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.70	0.72 - 0.74

Notes payable

As at December 31, 2025, the Company has total notes payable balance of $ 1,300,549 (December 31, 2024 - $ 619,029 ).

RH Capital Finance CO LLC (“RH Capital”)

The loans structured with RH Capital allows the two Australian-based subsidiaries of the Company, FSD Australia and Huge Biopharma, to access liquidity as part of the Australian tax rebate scheme structure to finance its research and developments activities in Australia.

Huge Biopharma Facility:

a. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Huge Biopharma issued a note payable of $ 328,525 (AUD $ 500,000 ) to RH Capital, with an interest rate of 17 % per annum and accrued interest of $ 38,067 (AUD $ 58,528 ) through its maturity in June 2025.

b. During the year ended December 31, 2025, Huge Biopharma issued a second note payable of $ 466,506 (AUD $ 710,000 ) to RH Capital with an interest rate of 17 % per annum and accrued interest of $ 27,667 (AUD $ 42,538 ) through its maturity in June 2025.

c. During the year ended December 31, 2025, Huge Biopharma was awarded a tax rebate refund of $ 1,002,661 (AUD $ 1,564,069 ) by the Australian Government. The rebate was initially disbursed from the Australian Government to RH capital, which applied that amount against the outstanding debt owed by Huge Biopharma of AUD $ 1,311,067 . The remaining balance of AUD $ 250,002 was subsequently transferred to Huge Biopharma. Consequently, as of December 31, 2025, all notes payable from Huge Biopharma to RH Capital were fully extinguished.

FSD Australia Facility:

a. During the year ended December 31, 2025, FSD Australia issued a note payable to RH Capital for $ 635,496 (AUD $ 960,000 ) with an interest rate of 16 % per annum and accrued interest of $ 42,942 (AUD $ 64,409 ) through its maturity on November 30, 2025.

b. During the year ended December 31, 2025, FSD Australia was awarded a tax rebate refund of $888,486 (AUD $1,364,385) by the Australian Government. The rebate was initially disbursed from the Australian Government to RH Capital, which applied that amount against the outstanding debt owed by FSD Australia of AUD $1,024,409. The remaining balance of AUD $339,000 was subsequently transferred to FSD Australia. Consequently, as of December 31, 2025, the note payable from FSD Australia to RH capital was fully extinguished.

Field: Page; Sequence: 147; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 22 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

BitGo

On June 4, 2025, the Company obtained a $ 1,000,000 loan from its primary crypto assets custodian, BitGo Prime, LLC., secured by 14.87584 Bitcoin units pledged as collateral. As at December 31, 2025, the total Bitcoin units pledged were 18.32 , valued at $ 1,601,865 . The entire Bitcoin pledged collateral is subject to trading restrictions while securing the loan facility. However, the Company retains the contractual right to recall the collateral at its sole discretion, upon which the Bitcoin units would be immediately released from trading restrictions and available for corporate use. The loan carries an annual interest rate of 9 %, payable monthly, and has an open-ended duration, allowing the Company to terminate the loan at its discretion. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company is required to maintain collateral with a fair value of at least 150 % of the outstanding loan balance. An origination fee of $ 5,000 was incurred at initiation of the transaction.

Prismic

The remaining note payable balance of $ 300,549 was assumed on the acquisition of Prismic and is due on demand.

Convertible debentures

December 2024 Debentures

In December 2024, the Company issued a total of 1,000 convertible debenture units of the Company (the “2024 Debenture Units”) at a price of C$ 1,000 per 2024 Debenture Unit for total gross proceeds of $ 702,700 (C$ 1,000,000 ) (“Tranche 1 and 2”). The December 2024 Debenture Units were issued to an entity, which is owned by a family member of an executive officer of the Company. Each 2024 Debenture Unit consists of (i) one convertible debenture having a face value of C$ 1,000 (each a “December 2024 Debenture”); and (ii) 80 class B Subordinate Voting Share purchase warrants (each a “December 2024 Warrant”) exercisable for 80 Class B subordinate voting shares in the Company (each, a “Subordinate Voting Share”). The Debentures mature 36 months from the date of issuance (the “December 2024 Debenture Maturity Date”) and bear interest at a rate of 1.25 % per month, beginning on the date of issuance and payable in cash on the last day of each calendar quarter. If the holder (“2024 Denture Holder”) of the December 2024 Debenture elects, in its sole and absolute discretion, interest may be paid in Shares at the Conversion Price in effect on the date of payment. The principal sum of the Debentures, or any portion thereof, and any accrued but unpaid interest, may be converted into class B Shares at a conversion price of C$ 6.25 per Share subject to adjustment (“Conversion Price”). Each December 2024 Warrant entitles the holder to acquire one a “December 2024 Warrant Share” at a price of C$ 7.00 per December 2024 Warrant Share, for a period of five years from the date of issuance. If the entire amount owing on the December 2024 Debenture is converted within 6 months of the issuance date, the Holder is entitled to receive a cash amount equal to half the sum of all payments of interest on the December 2024 Debenture that would be due through to the December 2024 Debenture Maturity Date, which the holder may convert all of any part into Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at the Conversion Price.

The Company may redeem the December 2024 Debentures at any time prior to maturity, in whole or in part, upon fifteen days’ notice and payment of certain penalties as applicable. The December 2024 Debenture was determined to be a financial instrument comprising a host debt component, a conversion feature and a warrant component which are both considered to be embedded derivatives due to variable consideration payable upon conversion caused by foreign exchange. On initial recognition, the fair value of the embedded derivatives is calculated first, with the residual value being assigned to the host financial liability. The initial fair value of the warrants is $ 245,147 (Note 12).

The fair value of the conversion feature is determined by using with-and-without method (“with-and-without method’) that considers change in expected cash flows due to the conversion. The model includes all terms of the December 2024 Debenture described above as well as the probability of conversion, the impact of default barrier and the implied credit spread of the Company. The fair value of the conversion feature as at December 13, 2024, the date of issuance was $ 320,000 . The fair value of the conversion feature as at December 31, 2025, was $ Nil (December 31, 2024 - $ 280,000 ) as the entire amount of the December 2024 Debenture was converted during the year ended December 31, 2025.

On May 5, 2025, the December 2024 Holder converted a partial amount of the December 2024 Debenture into an aggregate of 103,534 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 15). On May 23, 2025, the December 2024 Holder converted the remaining amount of the December 2024 Debenture into an aggregate amount of 105,840 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 15). Thus, the total amount of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares converted under the December 2024 Debenture was 209,374 .

Field: Page; Sequence: 148; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 23 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The fair value of the conversion feature as at dates of conversion on May 5, 2025, and May 23, 2025, was $ 1,088,190 , and $ 739,260 , respectively, resulting in a total loss on change in fair value of $ 1,003,355 for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024 - $ Nil ). Where the original terms of the December 2024 Debentures permit the December 2024 Holder to convert at any time before maturity, and the note is subsequently converted early at the holder’s option, the conversion date is deemed to be the instrument’s maturity date.

The fair values were determined using the assumptions below:

	December 13, 2024	December 31, 2024	May 5, 2025	May 23, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 5.85	$ 5.20	$ 11.86	$ 15.89
Conversion price (CAD)	$ 6.25	$ 6.25	$ 6.25	$ 6.25
Expected Volatility	98.04 %	100.68 %	109.68 %	111.59 %
Risk free interest rate	2.78 %	2.70 %	2.83 %	2.83 %
Expected life	3.00	2.95	2.64	2.60
Credit Spread	12.25 %	12.25 %	25 %	25 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.7025	0.6952	0.7240	0.7270

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following December 2024 Debenture balance outstanding:

Proceeds	$
Value of conversion option	( 320,000	)
Value of warrants (Note 12 [b])	( 245,147	)
Initial recognition of debt	$ 137,553
Accretion expense	14,560
Balance, December 31, 2024	$ 152,113
Accretion expense	7,426
Balance, date of conversion, May 5, 2025	$ 159,539
Amount converted	( 81,079	)
Balance, May 5, 2025	$ 78,460
Accretion expense	2,630
Balance, date of conversion, May 23, 2025	$ 81,090
Amount converted	( 81,090	)
Balance, December 31, 2025	$ -

January 2025 Debentures

On January 20, 2025 , the Company closed the third tranche of the December 2024 Offering (“Tranche 3”) and issued 1,480 December 2024 Debenture Units for aggregate gross process of $ 1,032,744 (C$ 1,480,000 ). The Tranche 3 December 2024 Debenture Units were issued to an entity, which is owned by a family member of an executive officer of the Company. Tranche 3 was completed under amended terms, including a reduced conversion price of C$ 4.85 per share, an increased warrant ratio of 103.093 December 2024 Warrants per December 2024 Debenture Unit, and a reduced exercise price of C$ 5.25 per December 2024 Warrant Share.

On February 7, 2025, the debt holder converted a partial amount of the December 2024 Debenture into an aggregate of 152,577 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 15). On February 26, 2025, the debt holder converted the remaining amount of the December 2024 Debenture into an aggregate amount of 221,237 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 15). Thus, the total amount of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares converted under the December 2024 Debenture was 373,814 .

Field: Page; Sequence: 149; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 24 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The fair value of the conversion feature as at dates of conversion on February 7 and February 26, 2025, was $ 2,912,862 , and $ 656,513 , respectively, resulting in a total loss on change in fair value of $ 1,513,174 for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024 - $ Nil ). Where the original terms of the debentures permit the holder to convert at any time before maturity, and the note is subsequently converted early at the holder’s option, the conversion date is deemed to be the instrument’s maturity date.

The fair values were determined using the assumptions below:

	January 20, 2025	February 7, 2025	February 26, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 4.90	$ 16.16	$ 8.27
Conversion price (CAD)	$ 4.85	$ 4.85	$ 4.85
Expected Volatility	93.66 %	105.28 %	104.91 %
Risk free interest rate	2.99 %	2.63 %	2.70 %
Expected life	3.00	2.95	2.90
Credit Spread	25 %	25 %	25 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.6978	0.6994	0.6974

The carrying amount of the host liability, at amortized cost, updated to the date of conversion, together with carrying amount of the derivative liability, which is remeasured to fair value immediately before conversion, is transferred to equity such that no gain or loss is recognized on settlement. The Company also incurred a total of $ 210,872 interest penalties for early conversion of the debentures. This amount was transferred to share capital.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following January 2025 Debenture balance outstanding:

Proceeds	$
Value of conversion option	( 599,770	)
Value of warrants (Note 12 [c])	( 405,656	)
Initial recognition of debt – January 20, 2025	$ 27,318
Accretion expense	14,186
Balance, date of conversion – February 7, 2025	$ 41,504
Amount converted	( 27,845	)
Balance, February 7, 2025	$ 13,659
Accretion expense	7,519
Balance, date of conversion, February 26, 2025	$ 21,178
Amount converted	( 21,178	)
Balance, December 31, 2025	$ -

March 6, 2025 Debentures

On March 6, 2025, the Company closed the fourth tranche of the December 2024 Offering (“Tranche 4”) and issued 100 December 2024 Debenture Units for aggregate gross process of $ 69,890 (C$ 100,000 ). Tranche 4 was completed under the same terms as the amended December 2024 Debentures, including a conversion price of C$ 4.85 per share, an increased warrant ratio of 103.093 December 2024 Warrants per December 2024 Debenture Unit, and an exercise price of C$ 5.25 per December 2024 Warrant share.

On March 25, 2025, the debt holder converted the December 2024 Debenture into an aggregate of 25,257 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 15). The fair value of the conversion feature as at date of conversion on March 25, 2025, did not change from the value on the date of issuance.

Field: Page; Sequence: 150; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 25 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The fair value was determined using the assumptions below:

	March 6, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 6.44
Conversion price (CAD)	$ 4.85
Expected Volatility	106.09 %
Risk free interest rate	2.72 %
Expected life	3.00
Credit Spread	25 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.6989

The carrying amount of the host liability, at amortized cost, updated to the date of conversion, together with carrying amount of the derivative liability, which is remeasured to fair value immediately before conversion, is transferred to equity such that no gain or loss is recognized on settlement. There was no change in accretion amount from date of issuance to date of conversion.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following March 6, 2025, Debenture balance outstanding:

Proceeds	$
Value of conversion option	( 30,000	)
Value of warrants (Note 12 [d])	( 38,702	)
Initial recognition of debt - March 6, 2025 and date of conversion, March 25, 2025	$ 1,188
Amount converted	( 1,188	)
Balance, December 31, 2025	$ -

March 28, 2025 Debentures

On March 28, 2025, the Company closed the final tranche of the December 4, 2024 Offering (“Tranche 5”) and issued 2,420 December 2024 Debenture Units for aggregate gross proceeds of $ 1,683,352 (C$ 2,420,000 ). Tranche 5 was completed under amended terms, including an increased conversion price of C$ 6.60 per share, a reduced warrant ratio of 76 December 2024 Warrants per December 2024 Debenture Unit, and an increased exercise price of C$ 7.00 per December 2024 Warrant Share.

On initial recognition, the fair value of the embedded derivatives is calculated first, with the residual value being assigned to the host financial liability. The initial fair value of the warrants is $ 1,218,875 (Note 12). The fair value of the conversion feature is determined by using with-and-without method. The fair value of the conversion feature as at March 28, 2025, the date of issuance was $ 1,954,755 . As the fair value of warrants and conversion feature are higher than the principal debt amount on the date of issuance, there was a loss on issuance of convertible debt of $ 1,490,278 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Of the 2,420 December 2024 Debenture Units issued, 330 December 2024 Debenture Units were issued to a related party of the Company, which is an entity controlled by a director of the Company, 330 December 2024 Debenture Units were issued to an entity, which is controlled by a family member of a director of the Company, and 1,060 December 2024 Debenture Units were issued to an entity, which is owned by a family member of an executive officer of the Company. Of the total loss on issuance of convertible debt of $ 1,490,278 , $ 1,059,206 was allocated to related parties, therefore disclosed as part of the share-based compensation balance in the key management disclosure in Note 22.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, debt holders converted partial amounts of the December 2024 Debentures into Class B Subordinate Voting Shares on various dates, resulting in a total loss on change in fair value of $ 2,185,313 for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024 - $ Nil ). As of December 31, 2025, the entire December 2024 Debenture was converted, and a total of 376,347 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were issued.

Where the original terms of the debentures permit the holder to convert at any time before maturity, and the note is subsequently converted early at the holder’s option, the conversion date is deemed to be the instrument’s maturity date. The fair values of the conversion feature and assumptions used to determine such values, on the date of issuance and conversions are as follows:

	March 28, 2025	April 10, 2025	April 23, 2025	May 12, 2025	May 21, 2025	June 5, 2025
Share price (CAD)	$ 11.08	$ 9.38	$ 9.53	$ 12.77	$ 17.03	$ 18.78
Conversion price (CAD)	$ 6.60	$ 6.60	$ 6.60	$ 6.60	$ 6.60	$ 6.60
Expected Volatility	108.64 %	107.93 %	108.27 %	106.62 %	107.09 %	107.90 %
Risk free interest rate	2.61 %	2.81 %	2.84 %	2.80 %	2.97 %	2.86 %
Expected life	3.00	3.00	2.98	2.93	2.9	2.86
Credit Spread	25 %	25 %	25 %	25 %	25 %	25 %
Foreign exchange rate	0.6952	0.7135	0.7209	0.7144	0.7221	0.7321
Conversion value	$ 1,954,755	$ 2,029,678	$ 2,001,723	$ 2,612,294	$ 3,404,094	$ 3,740,737

Field: Page; Sequence: 151; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 26 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following March 28, 2025 Debenture balance outstanding

Proceeds	$
Value of conversion option	( 1,954,755	)
Value of warrants (Note 12 [e])	( 1,218,875	)
Loss on issuance of convertible	1,490,278
Initial recognition of debt - March 28, 2025	$ -

The Company has a derivative liabilities and convertible debentures balance of $ Nil as of December 31, 2025.

Convertible Debentures issued by Unbuzzd

As of December 31, 2025, the convertible debentures of $ 472,497 remaining on the consolidated statements of financial position are related to Unbuzzd.

Tranche 1

In April 2025, Unbuzzd issued a total of 172 unsecured convertible debenture units of Unbuzzd (each an ‘Unbuzzd Debenture’) at a price of US$ 1,000 per Unbuzzd Debenture for gross proceeds of $ 177,416 . Each Unbuzzd Debenture includes an interest rate at 8 % per annum, accruing annually and is added to the principal of the Unbuzzd Debenture when accrued, payable upon the earlier of April 15, 2027 (the “Unbuzzd Maturity Date”) or date of conversion. If Unbuzzd has not completed a Liquidity Event (defined below) on or before April 15, 2026, an additional 10 % per annum (for an aggregate of 18 %) will begin to accrue monthly starting April 16, 2026.

The Unbuzzd Debenture holder has the right, from time to time and at any time while any portion of the principal amount or any accrued and unpaid interest on the Unbuzzd Debenture is outstanding, to convert all or any portion of the outstanding principal amount and interest into units of Unbuzzd (each, a “Unbuzzd Unit”) at the Unbuzzd Conversion Price (defined below).

Each Unbuzzd Unit consists of one (1) common share in the capital of Unbuzzd (each, a “Unbuzzd Common Share”) and (ii) one half of a one (1/2) Unbuzzd Common Share purchase warrant (each whole warrant, a “Unbuzzd Warrant”). Each Unbuzzd Warrant entitles the holder to acquire one additional Unbuzzd Common Share on or before April 15, 2027 for 115% of the Unbuzzd Liquidity Event Price.

The conversion price (“Unbuzzd Conversion Price”) is equal to:

i) US$0.15 per Unbuzzd Unit;

ii) In the event of an Unbuzzd Qualified Financing, then 0.80 multiplied by the Unbuzzd Qualified Financing Price; or

iii) In the event of an Unbuzzd Liquidity Event, then 0.80 multiplied by the Unbuzzd Liquidity Event Price:

Following the completion of an Unbuzzd Qualified Financing or immediately prior to an Unbuzzd Liquidity Event, Unbuzzd shall have the option to force a conversion of the principal amount of each Unbuzzd Debenture, and if Unbuzzd elects, the accrued but unpaid Interest, into Unbuzzd Units at the Unbuzzd Conversion Price. Unbuzzd Qualified Financing means the completion of an equity financing by Unbuzzd, including but not limited to a Series A financing, after the date hereof for aggregate gross proceeds of not less than US$ 2,000,000 . Unbuzzd Liquidity Event means a takeover transaction or going public transaction.

Tranche 2

On July 7, 2025, Unbuzzd issued a total of 50 unsecured convertible debenture units at a price of US$ 1,000 per Debenture for gross proceeds $ 50,000 with the same terms as Tranche 1.

Field: Page; Sequence: 152; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 27 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Tranche 3

In August and September 2025, Unbuzzd issued a total of 92.50 unsecured convertible debenture units (each, an ‘Unbuzzd Debenture’) at a price of US$ 1,000 per Debenture for gross proceeds of $ 92,500 with the same terms as Tranche 1.

Tranche 4

In October and November 2025, Unbuzzd issued a total of 35 unsecured convertible debenture units of Unbuzzd (each an ‘Unbuzzd Debenture’) at a price of US$ 1,000 per Unbuzzd Debenture for gross proceeds of $ 35,000 . Each Unbuzzd Debenture includes an interest rate at 8 % per annum, accruing annually and is added to the principal of the Unbuzzd Debenture when accrued, payable upon the earlier of December 31, 2027 (the “Unbuzzd Maturity Date”) or date of conversion.

Each Unbuzzd Unit consists of one (1) common share in the capital of Unbuzzd (each, a “Unbuzzd Common Share”) and (ii) one half of a one (1/2) Unbuzzd Common Share purchase warrant (each whole warrant, a “Unbuzzd Warrant”). Each Unbuzzd Warrant entitles the holder to acquire one additional Unbuzzd Common Share on or before December 31, 2027 for 115% of the Unbuzzd Liquidity Event Price.

The conversion price (“Unbuzzd Conversion Price”) is equal to:

i) US$0.15 per Unbuzzd Unit;

ii) In the event of an Unbuzzd Qualified Financing, then 0.80 multiplied by the Unbuzzd Qualified Financing Price; or

iii) In the event of an Unbuzzd Liquidity Event, then 0.80 multiplied by the Unbuzzd Liquidity Event Price:

Following the completion of an Unbuzzd Qualified Financing or immediately prior to an Unbuzzd Liquidity Event, Unbuzzd shall have the option to force a conversion of the principal amount of each Unbuzzd Debenture, and if Unbuzzd elects, the accrued but unpaid Interest, into Unbuzzd Units at the Unbuzzd Conversion Price. Unbuzzd Qualified Financing means the completion of an equity financing by Unbuzzd, including but not limited to a Series A financing, after the date hereof for aggregate gross proceeds of not less than US$ 5,000,000 . Unbuzzd Liquidity Event means a takeover transaction or going public transaction.

The convertible debenture was determined to be financial instruments comprising a host debt component, a conversion feature and a warrant component which are both considered to be embedded derivatives due to variable consideration payable upon conversion caused by foreign exchange as well as failing the fixed-to-fixed clause for classifying as equity. On initial recognition, the fair value of the embedded derivatives is calculated first, with the residual value being assigned to the host financial liability.

Conversion feature

The fair value of the conversion feature is determined by using with-and-without method that considers the change in expected cash flows due to the conversion. The model includes all terms of the convertible debenture described above as well as the probability of conversion and the implied credit spread of Unbuzzd. Expected volatility was estimated by using historical volatility of Quantum as Unbuzzd considers it comparable for its own volatility history. The share price of $ 0.00017 (C$ 0.00025 ) was deemed reasonable by management based on Unbuzzd’s latest financing price with arms-length parties. The fair value of the conversion feature as at April 15, 2025, July 7, 2025, August/September 2025, and October/November 2025, the dates of issuances were $ Nil . The fair value of the conversion feature as at December 31, 2025, was also $ Nil , resulting in no change in fair value during the year for all tranches. The fair values were determined using the assumptions below:

	April 15, 2025	July 7, 2025	August/ September 2025	October/ November 2025	December 31, 2025
Share price (USD)	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017
Conversion price (USD)	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000
Expected Volatility	119.78 %	132.95 %	136.82 %- 141.83 %	124.06 %- 127.63 %	135.29 %
Risk free interest rate	2.54 %	2.69 %	2.50 %- 2.69 %	2.46 %- 2.47 %	2.55 %
Expected life (years)	2.00	1.77	1.59 - 1.71	2.16 - 2.28	1.31 - 2.00
Credit Spread	25 %	25 %	25 %	25 %	25 %
Foreign exchange rate	1.39	1.37	1.38	1.40	1.37

Field: Page; Sequence: 153; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 28 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Secured debentures

On July 25, 2025, Unbuzzd issued a total of 110 secured convertible debenture units (each an “Unbuzzd Secured Debenture”) at a subscription price of US$ 1,000 per Debenture. Each Debenture Unit consists of (i) a USD$ 1,111.11 principal amount secured convertible debenture and (ii) such number of common share purchase Unbuzzd Warrants for gross proceeds of $ 122,222 . The Unbuzzd Secured Debentures will mature (the “Unbuzzd Secured Debenture Maturity Date”) on the earlier of (i) July 25, 2026, or (ii) the date that is one month following the closing of a Qualified Financing, as defined below.

Each unit consists of one (1) Unbuzzd Common Share and (ii) one Unbuzzd Warrant. Each Unbuzzd Warrant entitles the holder to acquire one additional Unbuzzd Common Share on or before July 25, 2027, for 115% of the Liquidity Event Price.

The conversion price (“Unbuzzd Secured Debenture Conversion Price”) is equal to:

i) US$0.05 per Unbuzzd Unit;

ii) In the event of a Qualified Financing, then 0.80 multiplied by the Qualified Financing Price; or

iii) In the event of a Liquidity Event, then 0.80 multiplied by the Liquidity Event Price:

Following the completion of a Qualified Financing or immediately prior to a Liquidity Event, Unbuzzd shall have the option to force a conversion of the principal amount of each Unbuzzd Secure Debenture, and if Unbuzzd elects, the accrued but unpaid Interest, into Units at the Conversion Price.

Qualified Financing means the completion of an equity financing by Unbuzzd, including but not limited to a Series A financing, after the date hereof for aggregate gross proceeds of not less than US$ 500,000 . Liquidity Event means a takeover transaction or going public transaction.

The Unbuzzd Secured Debenture is collateralized by a priority security interest in substantially all assets of Unbuzzd pursuant to the terms of a general security agreement.

Conversion feature

The fair value of the conversion feature is determined by using with-and-without method that considers the change in expected cash flows due to the conversion. The model includes all terms of the convertible debenture described above as well as the probability of conversion and the implied credit spread of Unbuzzd. Expected volatility was estimated by using historical volatility of Quantum as Unbuzzd considers it comparable for its own trading and volatility history. The share price of $ 0.00017 (C$ 0.00025 ) was deemed reasonable by management based on Unbuzzd’s latest financing price with arms-length parties. The fair value of the conversion feature as at the date of issuance and December 31, 2025, was $ Nil . The fair values were determined using the assumptions below:

	July 25, 2025	December 31, 2025
Share price (USD)	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017
Conversion price (USD)	$ 0.05000	$ 0.05000
Expected Volatility	168.20 %	146.51 %
Risk free interest rate	2.77 %	2.55 %
Expected life (years)	1.00	0.56
Credit Spread	25 %	25 %
Foreign exchange rate	1.37	1.37

Field: Page; Sequence: 154; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 29 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had the following total debentures balance outstanding for the secured and unsecured tranches:

	Unsecured	Secured	Total
Proceeds	$ 334,955	$ 122,222	$ 457,177
Initial recognition of debt	$ 334,955	$ 122,222	$ 457,177
Accretion expense	14,833	487	15,320
Balance, December 31, 2025	$ 349,788	$ 122,709	$ 472,497

Warrant liability

During the year ended December 31, 2025, Unbuzzd issued warrants attached to its convertible debentures.

Unbuzzd determined that these warrants were exchangeable into a variable number of shares due to foreign exchange, and as such, the warrants were classified as financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”). Unbuzzd uses the Black-Scholes pricing model to estimate fair value. Expected volatility was estimated by using historical volatility of other companies that the Unbuzzd considers comparable that have trading and volatility history. The risk-free interest rate for the life of the warrants was based on the yields available on government benchmark bonds with a term approximating the remaining term of the warrants. The life of the warrants is based on the contractual term. The fair value of the warrant liability on dates of issuance for both secured and unsecured convertible debentures issued was $Nil. The fair value of these warrants as of December 31, 2025, was also $ Nil .

The fair value of the unsecured debenture warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at:

	April 15, 2025	July 7, 2025	August/ September 2025	October/ November 2025	December 31, 2025
Share price (USD)	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017
Exercise price (USD)	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000
Expected dividend yield	-	-	-	-	-
Risk free interest rate	2.54 %	2.69 %	2.49 %- 2.69 %	2.46 %- 2.47 %	2.55 %
Expected life (years)	2.00	1.77	1.57 - 1.69	2.13 - 2.25	2.00
Expected volatility	119.78 %	132.95 %	136.82 -% 141.83 %	124.06 %- 127.63 %	135.29 %
Foreign exchange rate	1.39	1.37	1.38	1.40	2.00

The fair value of the secured debenture warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions as at:

	July 25, 2025	December 31, 2025
Share price (USD)	$ 0.00017	$ 0.00017
Exercise price (USD)	$ 0.15000	$ 0.15000
Expected dividend yield	—	—
Risk free interest rate	2.77 %	2.55 %
Expected life (years)	2.00	1.56
Expected volatility	168.20 %	146.51 %
Foreign exchange rate	1.37	1.37

Field: Page; Sequence: 155; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 30 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Share capital

[a] Authorized

The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of class A multiple voting shares (“Class A Multiple Voting Shares”) and an unlimited number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, all without par value. All shares are ranked equally regarding the Company’s residual assets.

The Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are “restricted securities” within the meaning of such term under applicable Canadian securities laws, as these securities do not carry equal voting rights as compared with the Class A Multiple Voting Shares.

The holders of Class A Multiple Voting Shares are entitled to 276,660 votes per Class A Multiple Voting Share held. Class A Multiple Voting Shares are held by the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), President, Executive Co-Chairman of the Board and the Director and Executive Co-Chairman of the Board. The holders of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares are entitled to one ( 1 ) vote per share held.

[b] Issued and outstanding

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company consolidated its Class A and Class B shares on a 65:1 basis, and the effect was applied retroactively for all comparative years presented.

Reconciliation of the Company’s share capital is as follows, adjusted for the share consolidation:

#	$	#		$		#		$
Balance, December 31, 2022	2	151,588	592,372		143,258,972		99,725		2,142,400
Plan of arrangement [a]	—	34	1		—		—		—
Shares repurchase [b]	—	—	( 29,303	)	( 7,165,356	)	—		—
Warrants issued [c]	—	—	—		—		61,154		1,372,763
PSU converted to shares [d]	—	—	41,848		1,464,000		—		—
Share options exercised [e]	—	—	323		33,247		—		—
Share-based payments [f]	—	—	555		36,000		—		—
Warrants expired [g]	—	—	—		—		( 2,047	)	( 791,807	)
Balance, December 31, 2023	2	151,622	605,796		137,626,863		158,832		2,723,356
Shares issued [h]	10	79	1,384,783		10,670,539		—		—
Shares for debt [i]	—	—	301,423		1,990,213		—		—
Warrants expired [j]	—	—	—		—		( 20,770	)	( 286,189	)
Warrants cancelled [k]	—	—	—		—		( 7,692	)	( 439,408	)
RSUs converted to shares [l]	—	—	7,500		31,009		—		—
Warrants issued [m]	—	—	—		—		80,000		—
Balance, December 31, 2024	12	151,701	2,299,502		150,318,624		210,370		1,997,759
Shares issued - convertible debentures [n]	—	—	984,792		8,192,245		—		—
Exercise of options [o]	—	—	37,192		232,444		—		—
Warrants issued [p]	—	—	—		—		346,806		—
Warrants expired [q]	—	—	—		—		( 130,338	)	( 1,987,750	)
Exercise of warrants [r]	—	—	354,730		9,126,182		( 426,806	)	—
Exercise of RSUs [s]	—	—	92,690		515,625		—		—
Shares issued for debt [t]	—	—	73,744		775,087		—		—
Shares issued [u],[v]	30	546	45,079		390,837		—		—
Balance, December 31, 2025	42	152,247	3,887,729		169,551,044		32		10,009

Field: Page; Sequence: 156; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 31 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Activity during the year ended December 31, 2023

[a] In November 2023, the Company completed the Plan of Arrangement reorganization. The Company cancelled all 2 Class A Shares of the Company and reissued 1 new Class B shares and 2 new Class A Shares. The Company cancelled all 605,795 Class B shares outstanding and reissued 605,795 new Class B shares. There was 1 previously issued Class B share that was removed due to an administrative adjustment. The Company also cancelled and reissued 94,473 FSD Pharma New Distribution Warrants. Each holder of the Company’s Class A shares, Class B shares and the FSD Pharma New Distribution Warrants was distributed a share of Unbuzzd from the Company for each Class A share, Class B share and New Distribution Warrant held. As a result, the Company issued 703,270 shares of Unbuzzd which was recognized as a deemed dividend of $8,673 with a corresponding adjustment to NCI.

[b] The Company repurchased and canceled 29,303 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at prevailing market prices as part of its share repurchase program.

[c] The Company issued 61,154 warrants for consulting services with a fair value of $ 1,384,970 . The Company recognized $ 1,372,763 as expense during the year ended December 31, 2023, with the remaining $ 12,206 to be recognized over the vesting period of certain warrants. The Company determined the fair value of the services received could not be measured reliably and determined the fair value using the Black-Scholes model.

[d] The Company converted 41,848 PSUs to Class B Subordinate Voting Shares following the completion of the vesting condition on January 6, 2023, the filing of the MS Phase 1 IND.

[e] 323 share options were exercised with an exercise price of C$ 84.50 in exchange for 323 Class B Common shares.

[f] The Company issued 555 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares for services received during the year with a fair value of $ 36,000 .

[g] 2,047 warrants expired unexercised.

Activity during the year ended December 31, 2024:

[h] The Company entered into an at-the-market offering agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) to sell Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, having an aggregate offering price up to $ 11,154,232 . During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 1,384,783 common shares for gross proceeds of $ 11,146,731 . A cash commission of $ 334,403 based on 3.0 % of the aggregate gross proceeds, plus other trading expenses of $ 141,789 , resulted in total share issuance costs of $ 476,192 . The net proceeds were $ 10,670,539 .

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 10 Class A Multiple Voting Shares of the Company for total gross proceeds of approximately $ 79 (C$ 108 ).

[i] During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued a total of 53,263 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to settle debts owing to arm’s length creditors at various prices for total fair value of $ 972,757 . The number of shares issued include 846 RSU that were issued and converted into shares for debt. The decrease in the payable for these creditors was based on the total fair value of the shares issued.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued a total of 248,160 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in lieu of a cash bonus granted to executives of the Company. The total fair value of the shares issued was $ 1,017,456 . The fair value of the bonus was recognized under payroll expenses.

[j] 20,770 warrants expired unexercised.

[k] On September 6, 2024, the Company cancelled an aggregate of 7,692 warrants with an exercise price of C$ 97.50 to purchase Class B Subordinate Voting Shares, which were previously granted to a board member.

Field: Page; Sequence: 157; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 32 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

[l] On September 6, 2024, the Company granted 7,500 RSUs to an arm’s length party with a price of $ 4.13 per unit for a total value of $ 31,009 based on the share price at the date of issuance. The total amount was recognized as share-based compensation expense as the RSUs vested immediately upon issuance and 7,500 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were issued for the same value.

[m] On December 13, 2024, 80,000 warrants of the Company were issued as part of the issuance of Debentures (Note 14).

Activity during the year ended December 31, 2025

[n] On February 7, 2025, a partial amount of the December 2024 Debentures (Tranche 3) was converted into an aggregate of 152,577 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 14). On February 26, 2025, the remaining amount was converted into an aggregate of 221,237 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 14). Thus, the total number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issued upon conversion of the December 2024 Debentures (Tranche 3) was 373,814 with a total value of $ 2,372,839 transferred to share capital.

On March 25, 2025, the full amount of the March 6, 2025 Debenture (Tranche 4) of $ 100,000 was converted into an aggregate of 25,257 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares with a value of $ 31,188 (Note 14).

On May 5, 2025, a partial amount of the December 2024 Debentures (Tranches 1 and 2) was converted into an aggregate of 103,534 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 14). On May 23, 2025, the remaining amount was converted into an aggregate of 105,840 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares (Note 14). Thus, the total number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares issued upon conversion of the entire December 2024 Debentures was 209,374 with a total value of $ 1,603,513 transferred to share capital.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the full amount of the March 28, 2025 Debenture (Tranche 5) was converted into an aggregate of 376,347 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares on various dates (Note 14), with a total value of $ 4,184,705 transferred to share capital.

[o] During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 37,192 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares upon the exercise of 37,192 share options with exercise price ranging from C$ 5.25 to C$ 6.60 for total gross proceeds of $ 148,086 . Total amount of $ 232,444 was transferred to share capital. The market prices on the dates of option exercise ranged between C$ 18 to C$ 38 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share.

[p] During the year ended December 31, 2025, 152,577 warrants of the Company were issued as part of the issuance of January 20, 2025 Debentures (Tranche 3) (Note 14).

During the year ended December 31, 2025, 10,309 warrants of the Company were issued as part of the issuance of March 6, 2025 Debentures (Tranche 4) (Note 14).

During the year ended December 31, 2025, 183,920 warrants of the Company were issued as part of the issuance of March 28, 2025 (Tranche 5) (Note 14).

[q] During the year ended December 31, 2025, 130,338 warrants expired unexercised.

[r] During the year ended December 31, 2025, 8,500 warrants were exercised into 8,500 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares for cash proceeds of $ 43,257 . Total amount transferred to share capital is $ 99,588 , which includes the reversal of warrant liability of $ 56,331 . The warrants were issued as part of the issuance of March 28, 2025 Debentures (Note 12). A total of 418,306 warrants issued in connection with the convertible debentures for Tranches 1 to 5 were exercised on a cashless basis into 346,230 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

[s] During the year ended December 31, 2025, 32,690 RSUs were exercised into 32,690 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Total of $ 137,625 was transferred to share capital. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 60,000 RSUs were exercised with a price of $ 6.30 in exchange for 60,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares. Total of $ 378,000 was transferred to share capital.

[t] During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company settled an aggregate of $ 775,087 of amounts owing to various arm’s length creditors through the issuance of 73,744 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares at prices ranging between $ 7.21 to $ 29.99 per Class B Subordinate Voting Share. The Company incurred a net gain on settlement of debt of $ 43,336 during the year ended December 31, 2025. This net gain resulted from a significant gain on the settlement of one debt obligation, which fully offset losses recognized on other debt settlements during the year.

[u] During the year ended December 31, 2025, pursuant to the ATM agreement, the Company issued 45,079 common shares for a total increase in share capital of $ 402,320 , of which gross proceeds of $ 347,615 were received and $ 54,705 was included in subscription receivables as of December 31, 2025. A total cash commission of $ 10,058 based on 2.50 % of the aggregate gross proceeds, plus other trading expenses of $ 1,425 resulted in total share issuance costs of $ 11,483 . Share issuance costs of $ 1,653 related to other receivables have not been paid as of December 31, 2025. The net proceeds received were $ 337,785 during the year ended December 31, 2025.

[v] During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company received total proceeds of $ 546 (C$ 750 ) for 30 Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$ 25 per share, which were issued as of December 31, 2025.

Field: Page; Sequence: 158; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 33 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The changes in the number of warrants outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023:

#		C$
Outstanding as at December 31, 2022	99,725		355.95
Issued	61,154		295.75
Expired	( 2,047	)	260.65
Outstanding as at December 31, 2023	158,832		328.30
Issued	80,000		7.00
Cancelled	( 7,692	)	97.50
Expired	( 20,770	)	305.41
Outstanding as at December 31, 2024	210,370		250.33
Issued	346,806		6.18
Expired	( 130,338	)	216.54
Exercised	( 426,806	)	6.33
Outstanding as at December 31, 2025	32		1,737.65

Measurement of fair values

During the year ended December 31, 2025, a total of 346,806 warrants of the Company were issued in connection with the issuance of the December 2024 Debentures, March 6, 2025 Debentures, and March 28, 2025 Debentures (Note 14). These warrants are classified as derivative liabilities (Note 12 b-e). As of December 31, 2025, the total amount of warrants of 426,806 issued in connection with all tranches of the convertible debentures were fully exercised. As of December 31, 2025, there were no warrants outstanding classified as derivative liabilities.

There were no warrants issued during the year ended December 31, 2025, under equity.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s warrants outstanding as at December 31, 2025:

	Exercise price	Number outstanding
Expiry Date	C$	#
January 16, 2026	1,737.65	26
January 20, 2026	1,737.65	6
	1,737.65	32

(i) Warrants were issued in US$

Share-based compensation

The Company has established a share option plan (the “Option Plan”) for directors, officers, employees and consultants of the Company. The Company’s Board determines, among other things, the eligibility of individuals to participate in the Option Plan, the term and vesting periods, and the exercise price of options granted to individuals under the Option Plan.

Each share option is converted into one Class B Subordinate Voting Share on exercise. No amounts are paid or payable by the individual on receipt of the option. The options carry neither rights to dividends nor voting rights. Options may be exercised at any time from the date of vesting to the date of their expiry.

[i] Share-based payment arrangements

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company granted a total of 155,692 (2024 – 54,308 and 2023 – 38,277 ) share options.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, an aggregate of Nil (2024 – 904 and 2023 – 4,637 ) share options expired.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, an aggregate of 37,192 (2024 – Nil and 2023 - 323 ) share options were exercised for total gross proceeds of $ 148,086 . The total contributed surplus of $ 84,358 was transferred share capital.

Field: Page; Sequence: 159; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 34 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company cancelled an aggregate of Nil options (2024 – 48,804 and 2023 – Nil ), which were previously granted to board members, advisory board members, employees, advisors and consultants of the Company.

The changes in the number of share options outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2025, are as follows:

#		C$
Outstanding as at December 31, 2024	42,456		6.97
Granted	155,692		18.60
Exercised	( 37,192	)	5.53
Outstanding as at December 31, 2025	160,956		18.87
Exercisable as at December 31, 2025	160,956		18.87

The changes in the number of share options outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2024, are as follows:

#		C$
Outstanding as at December 31, 2023	37,856		101.59
Granted	54,308		26.24
Cancelled	( 48,804	)	95.68
Expired	( 904	)	352.83
Outstanding as at December 31, 2024	42,456		6.97
Exercisable as at December 31, 2024	34,123		7.30

The changes in the number of share options outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2023 are as follows:

#		C$
Outstanding as at December 31, 2022	6,439		241.47
Granted	38,277		99.05
Forfeited	( 1,900	)	135.64
Exercised	( 323	)	84.50
Expired	( 4,637	)	262.12
Outstanding as at December 31, 2023	37,856		101.59
Exercisable as at December 31, 2023	36,875		100.01

Measurement of fair values

The fair value of share options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, were estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following inputs:

	2025	2024	2023
Grant date share price	C$ 6.64 - C$ 22.75	C$ 5.20 - C$ 72.15	C$ 83.20 - $C 161.20
Exercise price	C$ 6.60 - C$ 24.50	C$ 5.25 - C$ 97.50	C$ 84.50 - $C 159.25
Expected dividend yield	—	—	—
Risk free interest rate	2.60 % - 2.77 %	2.91 % - 4.20 %	2.88 % - 3.99 %
Expected life	2 - 5 years	2.00 years	2.91 – 5.00 years
Expected volatility	119 % - 136 %	66 % - 103 %	95 % - 110 %

Field: Page; Sequence: 160; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 35 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Expected volatility was estimated by using the annualized historical volatility of the Company. The expected option life represents the period that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free interest rate is based on Canadian government bonds with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s share options outstanding as at December 31, 2025:

Exercise price	Number outstanding	Weighted average remaining contractual life [years]	Exercise price	Number exercisable
C$	#	#	C$	#
154.39	228	0.16	154.39	228
156.55	228	0.23	156.55	228
5.60	12,500	0.68	5.60	12,500
9.90	50,000	1.23	9.90	50,000
24.50	98,000	4.74	24.50	98,000
18.87	160,956	3.32	18.87	160,956

The following table is a summary of the Company’s share options outstanding as at December 31, 2024:

Exercise price	Options outstanding — Number outstanding	Weighted average remaining contractual life [years]	Options exercisable — Exercise price	Number exercisable
C$	#	#	C$	#
154.39	228	1.16	154.39	228
156.55	228	1.23	156.55	228
5.60	12,500	1.68	5.60	4,167
5.25	29,500	1.74	5.25	29,500
6.97	42,456	1.72	7.30	34,123

The following table is a summary of the Company’s share options outstanding as at December 31, 2023:

Exercise price	Options outstanding — Number outstanding	Weighted average remaining contractual life [years]	Options exercisable — Exercise price	Number exercisable
C$	#	#	C$	#
84.50	30,769	4.07	84.50	30,769
110.50	1,046	1.87	110.50	1,046
146.25	769	0.42	146.25	769
150.15	231	2.16	150.15	231
150.15	231	2.23	150.15	231
159.25	4,523	2.15	159.25	3,562
189.15	79	2.00	189.15	79
243.75	77	0.21	243.75	77
250.90	77	2.86	250.90	58
3,266.25	54	0.28	3,266.25	53
101.59	37,856	3.66	100.01	36,875

[ii] Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) and Restrictive Share Units (“RSUs”)

In May 2022, the Company established a performance share unit plan (“PSU Plan”) and a restrictive unit plan (“RSU Plan”), for directors, offers, employees and consultants of the Company. The Company’s Board determines the eligibility of individuals to participate in the PSU Plan and RSU Plan to align their interests with those of the Company’s shareholders.

No amounts are paid or payable by the individual on receipt of the PSUs and RSUs. Each PSU and RSU convert into one Class B Subordinate Voting Share at $Nil exercise price. The Company’s PSU Plan and RSU Plan provides that the number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares reserved for issuance may not exceed 10% of the aggregate number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares that are outstanding unless the Board has increased such limit by a Board resolution.

Field: Page; Sequence: 161; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 36 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

PSUs

There were no PSUs issued during the year ended December 31, 2025. As at December 31, 2025, there were no PSUs outstanding (December 31, 2024 – Nil and December 31, 2024 - Nil ).

RSUs

On February 23, 2024, the Company granted 846 RSUs pursuant to the shares for debt transactions. The RSUs vested immediately upon grant and 846 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were issued with a total fair value of $ 49,665 , which was determined based on the share price of the Company on the date of the grant.

On August 23, 2024, the Company granted an aggregate of 32,690 RSUs at a price of $ 4.21 per unit for a total value of $ 137,625 based on the share price at the date of issuance. Each RSU granted vests the earlier of: (i) one year; and (ii) the successful implementation of the MS MAD study conducted by Ingenu of Australia, subject to acceleration in the event of a takeover bid or change of control. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized $ 88,568 (2024 - $ 49,057 ) as share-based compensation expense and contributed surplus. On April 3, 2025, the total amount of 32,690 RSUs were exercised and converted into 32,690 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares.

On September 6, 2024, the Company granted 7,500 RSUs at a price of $ 4.13 per unit for a total value of $ 31,009 based on the Class B Subordinate Voting Share price at the date of issuance, which was recognized as share-based compensation expense. The RSUs vested immediately upon issuance and 7,500 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares were issued for the same value.

On April 15, 2025, the Company granted 60,000 RSUs at a price of $ 6.30 per unit for a total value of $ 378,000 , which was recognized as share-based compensation expense. The RSUs vested immediately upon issuance and were exercised and converted into 60,000 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares for the same value during the year ended December 31, 2025.

On August 15, 2025, the Company granted a total of 1,600 RSUs to two individuals for 800 RSUs each, with the following vesting conditions:

First Vesting Tranche of 500 RSUs: i. The filing of an investigational new drug (“IND”) application with the U.S. FDA, or an equivalent regulatory filing in another country for the start of a clinical trial for Lucid-MS. This condition must be met within one year of the date of this resolution. If not achieved within one year, no RSUs vest under this tranche.

Second Vesting Tranche of 300 RSUs: i. Receipt of a no-objection letter or an equivalent regulatory approval from the U.S. FDA or other regulatory institution permitting the commencement of the clinical trial associated with the IND filing in the First Vesting Tranche.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized $ 13,581 as share-based compensation expense related to the portion vested using a price of $ 22.45 on the date of issuance.

On September 26, 2025, the Company granted 96,000 RSUs at a price of $ 16.32 per unit with a maturity of March 31, 2026. The Company recognized a value of $ 825,661 as share-based compensation expense related to the vested portion during the year ended December 31, 2025.

The change in the number of RSUs during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 is as follows:


#
Outstanding as at December 31, 2024	32,690
Granted	157,600
Converted to common shares	( 92,690	)
Outstanding as at December 31, 2025	97,600

Field: Page; Sequence: 162; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 37 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023


#
Outstanding as at December 31, 2023	—
Granted	41,036
Converted to common shares	( 8,346	)
Outstanding as at December 31, 2024	32,690

The Company recognized share-based compensation as follows for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023:

$	$	$
Share options (i)	1,639,691	72,149	1,951,757
RSUs	1,305,811	80,065	—
PSUs	—	—	458,253
Shares for services	—	—	36,000
Warrants for services	—	—	1,372,763
Other (ii)	—	—	16,702
	2,945,502	152,214	3,835,475

(i) Includes $ 44,305 share-based compensation from Unbuzzd for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(ii) Share-based compensation related to share options and restricted share units issued by Unbuzzd and convertible into common shares of Unbuzzd.

Non-controlling interests

Through the License Agreement, Quantum acquired 34.66 % of Unbuzzd on July 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has a 19.84 % (December 31, 2024 – 22.95 %) ownership interest in Unbuzzd through Unbuzzd Common Shares. The non-controlling interest represents the Unbuzzd Common Shares not attributable to the Company.

Reconciliation of non-controlling interest is as follows:

Balance, December 31, 2023	( 327,501	)
Net loss for the year	( 712,805	)
Balance, December 31, 2024	( 1,040,306	)
Net loss for the year	( 781,554	)
Balance, December 31, 2025	( 1,821,860	)

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the assets and liabilities of Unbuzzd as of December 31, 2025.

Loss per share

Net loss per Class B Subordinate Voting Share represents net loss attributable to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of Class B Subordinate Voting Shares outstanding during the year.

For all the years presented, diluted loss per share equals basic loss per share due to the anti-dilutive effect of warrants, share options, PSUs and RSUs. The outstanding number and type of securities that could potentially dilute basic net loss per share in the future but would have decreased the loss per share (anti-dilutive) for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 are as follows:

#	#	#
Warrants	32	210,370	210,370
Share Options	160,956	42,456	42,456
RSUs	97,600	32,690	32,690
	258,588	285,516	285,516

Field: Page; Sequence: 163; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 38 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

General and administrative

Components of general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

$		$	$
Professional fees	3,278,735		3,074,130	3,248,233
Investor relations	1,896,573		1,748,242	665,915
Salaries, wages and benefits (Note 15[i])	2,204,319		2,658,364	1,855,087
Consulting fees	793,753		797,863	1,305,434
Office and general administrative	889,573		879,272	2,294,476
Foreign exchange loss (gain)	( 15,035	)	252,226	( 336,421	)
	9,047,918		9,410,097	9,032,724

Segment information

Reportable segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker, with appropriate aggregation. The chief operating decision maker is the CEO who is responsible for allocating resources, assessing the performance of the reportable segment and making key strategic decisions. The Company operated in two segments: Biopharmaceutical and Strategic Investments.

The Company’s Biopharmaceutical segment is focused on furthering the research and development of the Company’s drug candidates and the development of a treatment for alcohol misuse for application in hospitals and other medical practices.

The Company’s Strategic Investments segment was focused on generating returns and cash flow through the issuance of loans secured by residential property, with FSD Strategic Investments having a first or second collateral mortgage on the secured property.

The following tables summarize the Company’s total current and non-current assets and current and non-current liabilities as of December 31, 2025, and 2024 on a segmented basis:

Biopharmaceutical	Strategic Investments	Total
$	$	$
Current assets	6,478,353	—	6,478,353
Non-current assets	4,682,556	—	4,682,556
Current liabilities	6,058,294	—	6,058,294

Biopharmaceutical	Strategic Investments	Total
$	$	$
Current assets	8,620,407	3,432,340	12,052,747
Non-current assets	5,066,477	—	5,066,477
Current liabilities	6,678,992	—	6,678,992

Field: Page; Sequence: 164; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 39 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The following tables summarize the Company’s interest income, total operating expenses, and net loss for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 on a segmented basis:

Biopharmaceutical		Strategic Investments		Total
$		$		$
Interest expense (income)	1,219		( 237,303	)	( 236,084	)
Total operating expenses	15,301,638		736		15,302,374
Net (loss) income	( 27,193,407	)	236,567		( 26,956,840	)

Biopharmaceutical		Strategic Investments		Total
	$		$		$
Interest expense (income)	( 14,695	)	( 558,196	)	( 572,891	)
Total operating expenses	16,135,899		361		16,136,260
Net (loss) income	( 15,473,364	)	557,835		( 14,915,529	)

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments

Lucid-MS Agreement

The Company has entered into a license agreement that governs the Lucid-MS compound. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company shall pay a yearly license maintenance fee of C$ 50,000 until the first commercial sale of a product is made.

Under the agreement the Company is committed to minimum milestone payments of $ Nil and maximum milestone payments of C$ 9,375,000 if all product development and regulatory milestones are met. Furthermore, the Company is also responsible for paying revenue milestone payments and royalties if revenue milestones from commercial sales are achieved. Milestones can be extended by mutual agreement. No payments have been made to date related to these milestones.

Contingencies

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company is named as a party to claims or involved in proceedings, including legal, regulatory and tax related, in the ordinary course of its business. While the outcome of these matters may not be estimated at the reporting date, the Company makes provisions, where possible, for the estimated outcome of such claims or proceedings. Should a loss result from the resolution of any claims or proceedings that differs from these estimates, the difference will be accounted for as a charge to the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss in that year.

GBB Drink Lab, Inc. (“GBB”)

Field: Page; Sequence: 165; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 40 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

On January 22, 2024, the Company filed a third-party complaint against Joseph Romano (a former director of the Company) and a counterclaim against GBB. The Company alleged that Mr. Romano breached his fiduciary duty by providing or fabricating confidential information to GBB, and that GBB aided and abetted this breach. On October 9, 2024, Judge Melissa Damian denied Mr. Romano’s motion to dismiss, finding that the Company plausibly alleged Romano breached fiduciary duties, including his duties of loyalty, confidentiality, and to act in the Company’s best interests. GBB and Romano then denied the allegations in their respective answers.

Discovery concluded in July 2025, and on July 21, 2025, the parties filed various pre-trial motions, including summary judgment motions. On October 9, 2025, the Court granted the motion for the Company’s current counsel, Given Pursley LLP, to appear, officially appointing them and relieving prior counsel, Blank Rome LLP. A status conference was held on December 16, 2025, where the Court ruled on several pending motions. The Court granted Mr. Romano’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing all claims against him. The Court reserved ruling on the Company’s motion for summary judgment, ordering supplemental briefing on the issue of whether GBB has been standing to pursue its claims after selling its assets to a third party. The trial, previously set for January 2026, has been continued.

Raza Bokhari

On May 21, 2025, the Company entered into a comprehensive settlement agreement with Dr. Raza Bokhari, its former CEO, resolving all outstanding litigation in Canada and the U.S. This concludes disputes originating from Dr. Bokhari’s 2021 termination and subsequent legal actions, including:

● A wrongful dismissal arbitration (initially claiming $ 30.2 million), dismissed in 2022 with costs awarded to the Company.

● Multiple court proceedings related to share cancellations, indemnification claims, and U.S. enforcement of arbitration awards.

The Company received a one-time payment of $ 2,350,000 , recorded as other income during the year ended December 31, 2025. All outstanding cost awards and claims were mutually waived.

This settlement eliminated all future legal uncertainties and associated costs, which confirmed a $ 2.35 million payment from Dr. Bokhari to fully resolve all outstanding claims in Canada and the United States.

Deferred Income

On December 24, 2024, the Company entered into a Prepaid Forward Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Sports Coat LLC (“Buyer”). Under the terms of the agreement, the Buyer agreed to provide financing of US$1,000,000 to the Company in exchange for the right to receive a portion of the proceeds from certain ongoing litigations.

These litigations include, but are not limited to, claims relating to either:

● Alleged market manipulation involving FSD Pharma Inc., Quantum BioPharma Ltd., or any other related entity; or

● Matters involving Dr. Raza Bokhari.

The financing provided under the Purchase Agreement is non-recourse, which stipulates that the Company is not obligated to repay the $1,000,000 if no proceeds are realized from the litigations. The Buyer assumes the risk of loss in the event of non-collection of litigation proceeds. The agreement does not include a predefined repayment schedule, a specified due date, or a general pledge of the Company’s assets as collateral for repayment.

Field: Page; Sequence: 166; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 41 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

The Purchase Agreement specifies events of default, including failure to pay amounts due, breach of material terms, termination of legal representation without cause, misrepresentation, misappropriation of litigation proceeds, insolvency, or challenges to the agreement’s validity. In such cases, the Buyer may declare the full amount immediately due and enforce its security interest.

The Company received the full $ 1,000,000 , which has been recorded as deferred income as at December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company received $ 2,350,000 in litigation proceeds as part of a settlement related to the Raza Bokhari Claims. In accordance with the agreement with the Buyer, the Company paid $ 1,420,000 to the Buyer, representing the full repayment of the principal and the additional return calculated under the Purchase Agreement. The $ 1,000,000 initially recorded as deferred income was recognized as other income during the year ended December 31, 2025. The remaining settlement proceeds of $ 930,000 were also recognized as other income.

Lawsuit against CIBC World Markets, RBC Dominion Securities, and John Does 1-10

The complaint alleges that between January 1, 2020, and August 15, 2024, the defendants engaged in “spoofing,” an unlawful trading practice, to manipulate the market price of Quantum’s shares. The complaint details that the defendants placed thousands of spoofing orders to sell, creating the illusion that Quantum’s share price was declining. This practice allegedly “tricked” other investors into selling their shares at lower prices, driving the company’s share price downward. The defendants then purchased shares at artificially depressed prices, positioning themselves to profit when the market price rebounded. The Company claims to have suffered significant damage and seeks to recover more than USD $ 700 million. It alleges that it sold approximately 90 million shares of its stock on U.S. and Canadian exchanges during the relevant period at artificially depressed prices due to the defendants’ spoofing activities. The complaint names CIBC World Markets, Inc., RBC Dominion Securities Inc., and John Does 1 through 10 as defendants. It asserts three claims for relief: violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5(a) and (c), violation of Section 9(a)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and New York Common Law Fraud.

The defendants filed a motion to dismiss on June 16, 2025, and the Company is awaiting the decision from the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Related party transactions

Related parties and related party transactions impacting the consolidated financial statements are summarized below and include transactions with the following individuals or entities:

Key management personnel

Related parties include directors, officers, close family members, certain consultants and enterprises that are controlled by these individuals as well as certain individuals performing similar functions.

Key management personnel are those individuals who have authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Company directly or indirectly, including any directors (executive and non-executive) of the Company.

Transactions with key management and directors comprise the following:

a) Director’s compensation for the year ended December 31, 2025, was $ 121,713 (2024 - $ 161,048 and 2023 – $ 175,140 ).

b) During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company granted 120,692 options to officers and employees of the Company, each with exercise prices ranging from C$ 6.60 to C$ 24.50 and expiring 2-5 years from the date of issuance.

c) During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into a secured loan agreement with the CEO for C$ 1,200,000 , with monthly payments of C$ 6,000 based on an annual interest rate of 6 %. The loan had a maturity date of April 26, 2025, and was part of FSD Strategic Investments’ portfolio of finance receivables. During the year ended December 31, 2024, a payment of C$ 400,000 was made by the CEO, and monthly payments were subsequently reduced to C$ 4,000 . During the year ended December 31, 2025, the CEO made a payment of C$ 800,000 towards the loan, thereby settling the total debt outstanding owed to FSD Strategic Investments.

Field: Page; Sequence: 167; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 42 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

d) During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company accrued management bonuses of $ 645,570 .

e) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted 23,000 options to officers and employees of the Company each with exercise prices ranging from C$ 5.25 to C$ 5.60 and expiring two years from date of issuance.

f) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company cancelled 30,768 options held by officers and employees of the company. They issued RSU of 30,768 in replacement of the cancelled options.

g) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted the Co-Chairman of the board, the CEO and the current CFO total shares of 248,160 with a fair value of $ 1,017,456 as bonus for the year.

h) On August 15, 2024, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 4 Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$18 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for aggregate gross proceeds of C$72 to two non-arm’s length parties, with each entity receiving 2 Class A Multiple Voting Shares. On September 13, 2024, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 6 Class A Multiple Voting Shares at a price of $6 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for gross proceeds of C$36 to the same two non-arm’s length parties, with each entity receiving 3 Class A Multiple Voting Shares.

i) On December 10, 2025, the Company closed a non-brokered private placement and issued 30 Class A multiple Voting Shares at a price of C$25 per Class A Multiple Voting Share for aggregate gross proceeds of C$750 to two non-arm’s length parties, with each receiving 15 Class A Multiple Voting Shares.

j) During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company, through its subsidiary FSD Strategic Investments, sold its entire portfolio of loan receivables to a corporation owned by the CFO of the Company (Note 6).

k) During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company entered into a lease agreement with Peak Corp, an entity in which a director is a family member of a senior officer of the Company. This lease arrangement resulted in the right-of-use asset recognized as at December 31, 2025, of $ 102,320 . The lease term ends June 30, 2027.

Key management personnel compensation during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 is comprised of:

$	$	$
Salaries, benefits, bonuses and consulting fees	1,501,380	908,052	1,395,096
Share-based payments	1,994,558	1,085,669	1,980,732
	3,495,938	1,993,721	3,375,828

As at December 31, 2025, the Company has $ 645,570 owing to related parties related to bonus accruals included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities (December 31, 2024 - $ Nil ).

Capital Management

The Company defines capital as the aggregate of its capital stock and borrowings and convertible debentures.

As at December 31, 2025, the Company’s share capital was $ 169,703,291 (December 31, 2024 – $ 150,470,325 ). The Company does not have any long-term debt.

The Company manages its capital structure in accordance with changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust its capital structure, the Company may elect to issue or repay financial liabilities, issue shares, repurchase shares or undertake any other activities as deemed appropriate under specific circumstances. The Company is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements. There were no changes in capital management during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024.

Field: Page; Sequence: 168; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 43 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Financial Instruments and Risk Management

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations and arises principally from deposits with banks and outstanding other receivables and finance receivables. The Company trades only with recognized, creditworthy third parties.

The Company does not hold any collateral as security for its outstanding finance receivables but mitigates this risk by dealing only with what management believes to be financially sound counterparties and, accordingly, does not anticipate significant loss for non-performance. The loans are secured by real estate properties, and the Company is granted a first or second collateral charge mortgage on the properties for a sum equal to the interest payments plus the principal amount. The Company performs assessments on factors such as timing of payments, loan to value, communications with the borrower and external macro factors such as interest rates and economic conditions to mitigate risks.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they come due. The Company’s exposure to liquidity risk is dependent on the Company’s ability to raise additional financing to meet its commitments and sustain operations. The Company mitigates liquidity risk by management of working capital, cash flows, the issuance of share capital and if desired, the issuance of debt. The Company’s trade and other payables and notes payables are all due within twelve months from the date of these financial statements.

If unanticipated events occur that impact the Company’s ability to carry out the planned clinical trials, the Company may need to take additional measures to increase its liquidity and capital resources, including issuing debt or additional equity financing or strategically altering the business forecast and plan. In this case, there is no guarantee that the Company will obtain satisfactory financing terms or adequate financing. Failure to obtain adequate financing on satisfactory terms could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: foreign currency risk, interest rate risk and other price risk.

● Foreign currency risk

Foreign currency risk arises with financial instruments that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency in which they are measured. The Company’s primary exposure with respect to foreign currencies is from Canadian dollar denominated cash, investments and trade and other payables. A 1% change in the foreign exchange rates would not result in any significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

● Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company does not have any material long-term borrowings outstanding subject to variable interest rates. Therefore, the Company is not exposed to interest rate risk as at December 31, 2025.

● Other price risk

Other price risk is the risk the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices (other than those arising from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instrument or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. The Company is not exposed to other price risks as at December 31, 2025.

Field: Page; Sequence: 169; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 44 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Fair values

The carrying values of cash, other receivables (excluding sales tax recoverable), trade and other payables and notes payable approximate fair values due to the short-term nature of these items, or they are being carried at fair value or, for notes payable, interest payables and convertible debentures are close to the current market rates. The risk of material change in fair value is not considered to be significant. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments to manage this risk.

Financial instruments recorded at fair value on the consolidated statement of financial position are classified using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs used in making the measurements. The Company categorizes its fair value measurements according to a three-level hierarchy. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used by the Company’s valuation techniques. A level is assigned to each fair value measurement based on the lowest-level input significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows:

● Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices as at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

● Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

● Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market inputs whenever such inputs exist. A financial instrument is classified to the lowest level of the hierarchy for which a significant input has been considered in measuring fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2025, there were no transfers of amounts between levels.

Income taxes

The reconciliation of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 consists of the following:

$		$		$
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes	( 26,956,840	)	( 14,915,529	)	( 18,230,588	)
Statutory federal and provincial tax rate	26.50	%	26.50	%	26.50	%
Income tax recovery at the statutory tax rate	( 7,143,560	)	( 3,952,615	)	( 4,831,106	)
Non-deductible and other expenses	4,429,550		—		—
Permanent differences	—		( 118,813	)	2,557,822
Book to filing adjustments	176,680		—		( 119,668	)
Share issuance cost booked directly to equity	—		( 126,188	)	—
Impact of tax rate changes	—		( 197,652	)	( 42,277	)
Foreign exchange	—		2,250,728		( 582,404	)
Change in tax benefits not recognized	2,537,330		2,144,540		3,017,633
	—		—		—

Deferred Tax

The following table summarizes the components of deferred tax:


$
Deferred tax assets
Capital lease obligation	27,340
Operating tax losses carried forward	1,214,700
Subtotal of assets	1,242,040
Deferred tax liabilities
Intangible assets	( 1,189,740	)
Right of use assets	( 27,120	)
Investments	( 25,180	)
Subtotal of liabilities	( 1,242,040	)
Net deferred tax liability	-

Deferred tax assets and liabilities have been offset where they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company has the legal right and intent to offset.

Field: Page; Sequence: 170; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 45 Field: /Sequence

Table of Contents

Field: /Page

QUANTUM BIOPHARMA LTD. (FORMERLY, FSD PHARMA INC.)

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

[expressed in United States dollars]

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023

Unrecognized Deferred Tax Assets

Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following temporary differences as at December 31, 2025 and 2024:

$	$	$
Non-capital losses - Canada	106,969,370	96,555,590	88,880,329
Net-operating loss - US	5,073,170	5,073,167	5,073,156
Share-issuance costs	299,950	631,807	1,046,314
Capital losses carried forward	3,411,920	3,248,902	3,534,651
Other investments	—	2,320,154	2,528,002
IFRS 16	—	294	5,814
Digital assets	913,630	—	—
Property, plant and equipment	855,630	1,249,717	849,854
Total	117,523,670	109,079,631	101,918,120

The Company’s Canadian non-capital income tax losses expire as follows:

2038	2,526,050
2039	11,506,050
2040	20,471,120
2041	18,965,290
2042	19,965,190
2043	10,886,680
2044	12,658,210
2045	9,990,770
$	106,969,360

The Company has cumulative US federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 5.07 million which will start to expire in 2026. Utilization of net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to limitations in the event of a change in ownership pursuant to United States Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) § 382, and similar state provisions. As a result of the acquisition of Prismic on June 28, 2019, the preacquisition net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $4.93 million could be subject to IRC § 382 limitation as the acquisition could constitute a change of ownership.

Subsequent events

● Subsequent to December 31, 2025, the Company successfully sold an aggregate of $ 5,350,781 in proceeds under its at-the-market offering agreement with Rodman and Renshaw LLC, as sales agent.

● On March 11, 2026, the Company issued 44,415 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares to executives and employees of the Company upon the exercise of RSUs.

● On March 20, 2026, the Company announced that it had closed its first tranche of a private placement offering, initially announced on March 10 and 11, 2026, and issued 3,750 debenture units for aggregate gross proceeds of C$ 3,750,000 . One director of the Company participated in the private placement offering and subscribed for 300 debenture units, representing aggregate gross proceeds of C$ 300,000 .

● On March 20, 2026, the Company also announced the completion of debt settlements by issuing an aggregate of 370,457 Class B Subordinate Voting Shares in the Company to settle approximately C$ 1,117,727 of debt owed to certain arm’s length creditors and insiders of the Company.

Field: Page; Sequence: 171; Options: Last

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 46 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

AI assistant

Quantum Biopharma Ltd. Annual Report 2025

34475_10-k_2026-03-26_f269e35a-6399-437e-8719-64269fb7cc74.zip

AI assistant

Quantum Biopharma Ltd. — Annual Report 2025

34475_10-k_2026-03-26_f269e35a-6399-437e-8719-64269fb7cc74.zip

More from Quantum Biopharma Ltd.

Quantum Biopharma Ltd. Annual Report 2025