Prudential PLC — Interim / Quarterly Report 2016

Aug 10, 2016

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RNS Number : 7327G Prudential PLC 10 August 2016 European Embedded Value (EEV) Basis Results Post-tax operating profit based on longer-term investment returns Results analysis by business area 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Note note (iii) note (iii) Asia operations New business 4 824 664 1,490 Business in force 5 391 408 831 Long-term business 1,215 1,072 2,321 Eastspring Investments 53 50 101 Total 1,268 1,122 2,422 US operations New business 4 311 371 809 Business in force 5 383 441 999 Long-term business 694 812 1,808 Broker-dealer and asset management (8) 8 7 Total 686 820 1,815 UK operationsnote (iv) New business:note (v) Excluding UK bulk annuities 125 80 201 UK bulk annuities - 75 117 4 125 155 318 Business in force 5 259 256 545 Long-term business 384 411 863 General insurance commission 15 14 22 Total UK insurance operations 399 425 885 M&G 181 203 358 Prudential Capital 11 6 18 Total 591 634 1,261 Other income and expenditurenote (i) (302) (275) (566) Solvency II and restructuring costsnote (ii) (17) (23) (51) Interest received from tax settlement 37 - - Operating profit based on longer-term investment returnsnote (iv) 2,263 2,278 4,881 Analysed as profit (loss) from: New business:note (v) Excluding UK bulk annuities 1,260 1,115 2,500 UK bulk annuities - 75 117 4 1,260 1,190 2,617 Business in force 5 1,033 1,105 2,375 Long-term business 2,293 2,295 4,992 Asset management and general insurance commission 252 281 506 Other results (282) (298) (617) Total 2,263 2,278 4,881 Notes (i) EEV basis other income and expenditure represents the post-tax IFRS basis result less the unwind of expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the covered business (as explained in note 13(a)(vii)) and an adjustment for the shareholders' share of the pension costs attributable to the with-profits business. (ii) Solvency II and restructuring costs comprise the net of tax charge recognised on an IFRS basis and the additional amount recognised on the EEV basis for the shareholders' share incurred by the PAC with-profits fund. (iii) The comparative results have been prepared using previously reported average exchange rates for the period. (iv) The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the amended European Embedded Value Principles dated April 2016, prepared by the CFO Forum of major European insurers. The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared to reflect the Solvency II regime. The half year and full year 2015 results for UK insurance operations were prepared reflecting the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods. There is no change to the basis of preparation for Asia and US operations. (v) Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately. Basic earnings per share 2016 2015 Half year Half year Full year Based on post-tax operating profit including longer-term investment returns (in pence) 88.5p 89.3p 191.2p Based on post-tax profit attributable to equity holders of the Company (in pence) 54.5p 82.9p 154.8p Average number of shares (millions) 2,558 2,552 2,553 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). POST-TAX SUMMARISED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT 2016 £m 2015 £m Note Half year Half year Full year Asia operations 1,268 1,122 2,422 US operations 686 820 1,815 UK operations 591 634 1,261 Other income and expenditure (302) (275) (566) Solvency II and restructuring costs (17) (23) (51) Interest received from tax settlement 37 - - Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 2,263 2,278 4,881 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns 6 489 (367) (1,208) Effect of changes in economic assumptions 7 (1,345) 80 57 Mark to market value movements on core borrowings (13) 124 221 Total non-operating loss (869) (163) (930) Profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company 1,394 2,115 3,951 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). MOVEMENT IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY 2016 £m 2015 £m Note Half year Half year Full year Profit for the period attributable to equity shareholders 1,394 2,115 3,951 Items taken directly to equity: Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges 2,663 (554) 244 Dividends (935) (659) (974) Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital 138 (8) (76) Other reserve movements (165) 19 53 Net increase in shareholders' equity 9 3,095 913 3,198 Shareholders' equity at beginning of period As previously reported 9 32,359 29,161 29,161 Effect of implementation of Solvency II on 1 January 2016 2 (473) - - 31,886 29,161 29,161 Shareholders' equity at end of period 9 34,981 30,074 32,359 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). 30 Jun 2016 £m 30 Jun 2015 £m 31 Dec 2015 £m Comprising: Long-term business operations Asset manage-ment and other operations Total Long-term business operations Asset manage- ment and other operations Total Long-term business operations Asset manage- ment and other operations Total note 9 Asia operations 16,578 352 16,930 12,838 284 13,122 13,876 306 14,182 US operations 10,150 201 10,351 8,457 165 8,622 9,487 182 9,669 UK insurance operations 10,075 37 10,112 8,708 33 8,741 9,647 22 9,669 M&G - 1,838 1,838 - 1,697 1,697 - 1,774 1,774 Prudential Capital - 31 31 - 26 26 - 70 70 Other operations - (4,281) (4,281) - (2,134) (2,134) - (3,005) (3,005) Shareholders' equity at end of period 36,803 (1,822) 34,981 30,003 71 30,074 33,010 (651) 32,359 Representing: Net assets excluding acquired goodwill and holding company net borrowings 36,545 270 36,815 29,772 1,635 31,407 32,777 866 33,643 Acquired goodwill 258 1,230 1,488 231 1,230 1,461 233 1,230 1,463 Holding company net borrowings at market valuenote 8 - (3,322) (3,322) - (2,794) (2,794) - (2,747) (2,747) 36,803 (1,822) 34,981 30,003 71 30,074 33,010 (651) 32,359 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). SUMMARY STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 2016 £m 2015 £m Note 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec Total assets less liabilities, before deduction for insurance funds 381,242 331,233 340,666 Less insurance funds: Policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurers' share) and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds (366,637) (319,129) (327,711) Less shareholders' accrued interest in the long-term business 9 20,376 17,970 19,404 (346,261) (301,159) (308,307) Total net assets 9 34,981 30,074 32,359 Share capital 128 128 128 Share premium 1,921 1,910 1,915 IFRS basis shareholders' reserves 12,556 10,066 10,912 Total IFRS basis shareholders' equity 9 14,605 12,104 12,955 Additional EEV basis retained profit 9 20,376 17,970 19,404 Total EEV basis shareholders' equity (excluding non-controlling interests) 9 34,981 30,074 32,359 * Including liabilities in respect of insurance products classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4. ** The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Net asset value per share 2016 2015 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec Based on EEV basis shareholders' equity of £34,981 million (half year 2015: £30,074 million, full year 2015: £32,359 million) (in pence) 1,356p 1,170p 1,258p Number of issued shares at period end (millions) 2,579 2,571 2,572 Annualised return on embedded value 14% 16% 17% * Annualised return on embedded value is based on EEV post-tax operating profit, as a percentage of opening EEV basis shareholders' equity. Half year profits are annualised by multiplying by two. ** The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). NOTES ON THE EEV BASIS RESULTS 1 Basis of preparation The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles dated April 2016, prepared by the European Insurance CFO Forum. There is no change to the EEV methodology and accounting presentation. The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime, as discussed in note 2 below. The half year and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations were prepared reflecting the Solvency I basis, being the regime applicable for those periods. There is no change to the basis of preparation for Asia and the US operations. Where appropriate, the EEV basis results include the effects of adoption of EU-endorsed IFRS. The directors are responsible for the preparation of the supplementary information in accordance with the EEV Principles. The EEV basis results of half year 2016 and half year 2015 are unaudited. The full year 2015 results have been derived from the EEV basis results supplement to the Company's statutory accounts for 2015. The supplement included an unqualified audit report from the auditors. A detailed description of the EEV methodology and accounting presentation is provided in note 13. 2  Effect of Solvency II implementation on EEV basis results on 1 January 2016 The Solvency II framework is effective from 1 January 2016. For our operations in Asia and the US there is no impact on the EEV results since Solvency II does not act as the local constraint on the ability to distribute profits to the Group. The embedded value for these businesses will continue to be driven by local regulatory and target capital requirements. For the UK insurance operations, Solvency II will impact the EEV results as it changes the local regulatory valuation of net worth and capital requirements, affecting the components of the EEV. The impact of Solvency II on EEV shareholders' equity at 1 January 2016 is shown below: Total EEV basis shareholders' equity £m As reported at 31 December 2015note 9 32,359 Opening adjustment at 1 January 2016 for long-term business operations Effect of implementation of Solvency II on net worthnote (a) 2,760 Effect of implementation of Solvency II on net value of in-force business (VIF)note (b) (3,233) (473) Group total shareholders' equity as at 1 January 2016note (c) 31,886 Notes (a) The Solvency II framework requires technical provisions to be valued on a best estimate basis and capital requirements to be risk-based. It also requires the establishment of a risk margin (which for business in-force at 31 December 2015 can be broadly offset by transitional measures). As a result of applying this framework the EEV net worth increased by £2,760 million reflecting the release of the prudent regulatory margins previously included under Solvency I, and also from the recognition within net worth of a portion of future shareholder transfers expected from the with-profits fund. The higher net worth incorporates increases in required capital reflecting the higher solvency capital requirements of the new regime. (b) The net value of in-force business (VIF) is correspondingly impacted as follows: - the release of prudent regulatory margins and recognition of a portion of future with-profits business shareholders' transfers within net worth leads to a corresponding reduction in the VIF; - the run-off of the risk margin, net of transitional measures, is now captured in VIF; and - the cost of capital deducted from the gross VIF increases as a result of the higher Solvency II capital requirements. The overall impact of these changes is to reduce the value of in-force by £(3,233) million. (c) At 1 January 2016 the effect of these changes was a net reduction in EEV shareholders' equity of £(473) million. The impact of Solvency II on the half year 2016 for UK insurance operations is estimated to have reduced operating profit by £(17) million. 3  Results analysis by business area The 2015 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The 2015 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2016 average exchange rates. Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE)note 15 Half year 2016 £m Half year 2015 £m % change Note AER CER AER CER Asia operations 1,655 1,366 1,404 21% 18% US operations 782 857 912 (9)% (14)% UK retail operations 593 393 393 51% 51% Group total excluding UK bulk annuities 3,030 2,616 2,709 16% 12% UK bulk annuities - 117 117 (100)% (100)% Group Total 4 3,030 2,733 2,826 11% 7% Post-tax operating profit Half year 2016 £m Half year 2015 £m % change Note AER CER AER CER Asia operations New business 4 824 664 688 24% 20% Business in force 5 391 408 418 (4)% (6)% Long-term business 1,215 1,072 1,106 13% 10% Eastspring Investments 53 50 52 6% 2% Total 1,268 1,122 1,158 13% 9% US operations New business 4 311 371 394 (16)% (21)% Business in force 5 383 441 469 (13)% (18)% Long-term business 694 812 863 (15)% (20)% Broker-dealer and asset management (8) 8 8 (200)% (200)% Total 686 820 871 (16)% (21)% UK operations New business UK retail operations 4 125 80 80 56% 56% UK bulk annuities - 75 75 (100)% (100)% 125 155 155 (19)% (19)% Business in force 5 259 256 256 1% 1% Long-term business 384 411 411 (7)% (7)% General insurance commission 15 14 14 7% 7% Total UK insurance operations 399 425 425 (6)% (6)% M&G 181 203 203 (11)% (11)% Prudential Capital 11 6 6 83% 83% Total 591 634 634 (7)% (7)% Other income and expenditure (302) (275) (275) (10)% (10)% Solvency II and restructuring costs (17) (23) (23) 26% 26% Interest received from tax settlement 37 - - 100% 100% Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 2,263 2,278 2,365 (1)% (4)% Analysed as profit (loss) from: New business:, Life operations excluding UK bulk annuities 4 1,260 1,115 1,162 13% 8% UK bulk annuities - 75 75 (100)% (100)% 1,260 1,190 1,237 6% 2% Business in force 5 1,033 1,105 1,143 (7)% (10)% Total long-term business 2,293 2,295 2,380 (0)% (4)% Asset management and general insurance commission 252 281 283 (10)% (11)% Other results (282) (298) (298) 5% 5% Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 2,263 2,278 2,365 (1)% (4)% Post-tax profit Half year 2016 £m Half year 2015 £m % change Note AER CER AER CER Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 2,263 2,278 2,365 (1)% (4)% Short-term fluctuations in investment Returns 6 489 (367) (389) 233% 226% Effect of changes in economic assumptions 7 (1,345) 80 88 (1781)% (1628)% Mark to market value movements on core borrowings (13) 124 124 (110)% (110)% Total non-operating profit (869) (163) (177) (433)% (391)% Profit for the period attributable to shareholders 1,394 2,115 2,188 (34)% (36)% Basic earnings per share (in pence) Half year 2016 Half year 2015 % change AER CER AER CER Based on post-tax operating profit including longer-term investment returns 88.5p 89.3p 92.7p (1)% (5)% Based on post-tax profit 54.5p 82.9p 85.7p (34)% (36)% * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). ** Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately. 4 Analysis of new business contribution (i) Group summary Half year 2016 Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE) Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) New business contribution New business margin APE PVNBP £m £m £m % % note 15 note 15 Asia operationsnote (ii) 1,655 8,955 824 50 9.2 US operations 782 7,816 311 40 4.0 UK insurance operations 593 5,267 125 21 2.4 Total 3,030 22,038 1,260 42 5.7 Half year 2015 Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE) Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) New business contribution New business margin APE PVNBP £m £m £m % % note 15 note 15 Asia operationsnote (ii) 1,366 7,340 664 49 9.0 US operations 857 8,574 371 43 4.3 UK retail operations*, 393 3,355 80 20 2.4 Total excluding UK bulk annuities 2,616 19,269 1,115 43 5.8 UK bulk annuities 117 1,169 75 64 6.4 Total 2,733 20,438 1,190 44 5.8 Full year 2015 Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE) Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) New business contribution New business margin APE PVNBP £m £m £m % % note 15 note 15 Asia operationsnote (ii) 2,853 15,208 1,490 52 9.8 US operations 1,729 17,286 809 47 4.7 UK retail operations, 874 7,561 201 23 2.7 Total excluding UK bulk annuities 5,456 40,055 2,500 46 6.2 UK bulk annuities 151 1,508 117 77 7.8 Total 5,607 41,563 2,617 47 6.3 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). ** Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately. Note The increase in new business contribution of £145 million from £1,115 million for half year 2015 (excluding the contribution from UK bulk annuities) to £1,260 million for half year 2016 comprises an increase on a CER basis of £98 million and an increase of £47 million for foreign exchange effects. The increase of £98 million on the CER basis comprises a contribution of £138 million for higher retail sales volumes in half year 2016, a £(88) million effect of lower long-term interest rates, generated by the active basis of setting economic assumptions (analysed as Asia £(46) million, US £(38) million and UK £(4) million), and a £48 million impact of pricing, product and other actions. (ii) Asia operations - new business contribution by territory 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year AER Half year CER Half year AER Full year China 22 20 20 30 Hong Kong 539 322 342 835 India 10 9 9 18 Indonesia 87 127 131 229 Korea 3 4 4 8 Taiwan 9 13 13 28 Other 154 169 169 342 Total Asia operations 824 664 688 1,490 5 Operating profit from business in force (i) Group summary Half year 2016 £m Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total note (ii) note (iii) note (iv) note Unwind of discount and other expected returns 384 209 205 798 Effect of changes in operating assumptions 2 - - 2 Experience variances and other items 5 174 54 233 Total 391 383 259 1,033 Half year 2015 £m Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total note (ii) note (iii) note (iv) note Unwind of discount and other expected returns 411 236 245 892 Effect of changes in operating assumptions 1 - - 1 Experience variances and other items (4) 205 11 212 Total 408 441 256 1,105 Full year 2015 £m Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total note (ii) note (iii) note (iv) Unwind of discount and other expected returns 749 472 488 1,709 Effect of changes in operating assumptions 12 115 55 182 Experience variances and other items 70 412 2 484 Total 831 999 545 2,375 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Note The movement in operating profit from business in force of £(72) million from £1,105 million for half year 2015 to £1,033 million for half year 2016 comprises: Half year 2016 £m Movement in unwind of discount and other expected returns: Effects of changes in: Interest rates (161) Foreign exchange 23 Growth in opening value and other items 44 (94) Movement in effect of changes in operating assumptions, experience variances and other items (including foreign exchange of £15 million) 22 Net movement in operating profit from business in force (72) (ii) Asia operations 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a) 384 411 749 Effect of changes in operating assumptions: Mortality and morbidity - - 63 Persistency and withdrawals 3 4 (46) Expense - (4) (1) Other (1) 1 (4) 2 1 12 Experience variances and other items: Mortality and morbiditynote (b) 28 30 58 Persistency and withdrawalsnote (c) (24) (31) 20 Expensenote (d) (8) (12) (32) Other 9 9 24 5 (4) 70 Total Asia operations 391 408 831 Notes (a) The decrease in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £(27) million from £411 million for half year 2015 to £384 million for half year 2016 comprises a £(75) million decrease from the decline in long-term interest rates across most territories, partially offset by a positive £8 million foreign exchange effect and a positive £40 million effect for the growth in the opening in-force value and other items. (b) The positive mortality and morbidity experience variance in half year 2016 of £28 million (half year 2015: £30 million; full year 2015: £58 million) mainly reflected better than expected experience in a number of territories, particularly Hong Kong. (c) The negative £(24) million for persistency and withdrawals experience in half year 2016 comprises positive and negative contributions from various operations, with positive persistency experience on health and protection products which was more than offset by negative experience on unit-linked products. (d) The expense experience variance in half year 2016 of negative £(8) million (half year 2015: £(12) million; full year 2015: £(32) million), is driven by operations which are currently sub-scale (China, Malaysia Takaful and Taiwan) and from short-term overruns in India. (iii) US operations 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a) 209 236 472 Effect of changes in operating assumptions: Persistency - - 139 Other - - (24) - - 115 Experience variances and other items: Spread experience variancenote (b) 60 70 149 Amortisation of interest-related realised gains and lossesnote (c) 39 39 70 Othernote (d) 75 96 193 174 205 412 Total US operations 383 441 999 Notes (a) The decrease in unwind of discount and other expected returns of £(27) million from £236 million for half year 2015 to £209 million for half year 2016 comprises a £(53) million impact of the 90 basis points decrease in US 10-year treasury rates since 30 June 2015, partially offset by a positive £15 million foreign currency translation effect and a positive £11 million effect for the underlying growth in the in-force book and other items. (b) The spread assumption for Jackson is determined on a longer-term basis, net of provision for defaults (see note 14 (ii)). The spread experience variance in half year 2016 of £60 million (half year 2015: £70 million; full year 2015: £149 million) includes the positive effect of transactions previously undertaken to more closely match the overall asset and liability duration. The reduction compared to the prior period reflects the effects of declining yields in the portfolio caused by the prolonged low interest rate environment. (c) The amortisation of interest-related gains and losses reflects the fact that when bonds that are neither impaired nor deteriorating are sold and reinvested there will be a consequent change in the investment yield. The realised gain or loss is amortised into the result over the year when the bonds would have otherwise matured to better reflect the long-term returns included in operating profits. (d) Other experience variances of £75 million in half year 2016 (half year 2015: £96 million; full year 2015: £193 million) include the effects of positive persistency experience and other variances. The full year 2015 result also benefited from higher levels of tax relief from prior period adjustments. (iv) UK insurance operations 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (a) 205 245 488 Reduction in corporate tax ratenote (b) - - 55 Other itemsnote (c) 54 11 2 Total UK insurance operations 259 256 545 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Notes (a) The decrease in unwind of discount and expected returns of £(40) million from half year 2015 of £245 million to £205 million for half year 2016 comprises a £(33) million effect driven by the 100 basis points decrease in 15-year gilt yields since 30 June 2015, a positive £7 million effect for the underlying growth in the in-force book and other items and a negative £(14) million representing the net effect on the UK unwind of adopting the Solvency II regime. (b) The full year 2015 credit of £55 million for the reduction in UK corporate tax rate reflected the beneficial effect of applying lower corporation tax rates (see note 14) to future life profits from in-force business in the UK. (c) Other items comprise the following: 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Longevity reinsurance (10) (46) (134) Impact of specific management actions to improve solvency positionnote (d) 41 - 75 Other itemsnote (e) 23 57 61 54 11 2 (d) The £41 million (half year 2015: nil; full year 2015: £75 million) benefit arises from the specific management actions to improve solvency, including the effect of repositioning the fixed income asset portfolio. (e) The half year 2016 credit of £23 million (half year 2015: £57 million; full year 2015: £61 million) comprises assumption updates and experience variances for mortality, expense, persistency and other items. 6 Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Short-term fluctuations in investment returns included in profit for the period arise as follows: (i) Group summary 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Asia operationsnote (ii) 383 (79) (206) US operationsnote (iii) (237) (271) (753) UK insurance operationsnote (iv) 506 (32) (194) Other operationsnote (v) (163) 15 (55) Total 489 (367) (1,208) (ii) Asia operations The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for Asia operations comprise: 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Hong Kong 237 (24) (144) Indonesia 22 (27) (53) Singapore 26 (46) (104) Taiwan 47 (5) 44 Other 51 23 51 Total Asia operationsnote 383 (79) (206) Note For half year 2016, the credit of £383 million principally arises from unrealised gains on bonds backing surplus assets driven by decreases in long-term interest rates (as shown in note14(i)). (iii) US operations The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for US operations comprise: 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Investment return related experience on fixed income securitiesnote (a) (64) (25) (17) Investment return related impact due to changed expectation of profits on in-force variable annuity business in future periods based on current period separate account return, net of related hedging activity and other itemsnote (b) (173) (246) (736) Total US operations (237) (271) (753) Notes (a) The charge relating to fixed income securities comprises the following elements: - the impact on portfolio yields of changes in the asset portfolio in the period; - the excess of actual realised gains and losses over the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses recorded in the profit and loss account; and - credit experience (versus the longer-term assumption). (b) This item reflects the net impact of: - changes in projected future fees and future benefit costs arising from the difference between the actual growth in separate account asset values in the current period and that assumed at the start of the period; and - related hedging activity arising from realised and unrealised gains and losses on equity-related hedges and interest rate options, and other items. (iv) UK insurance operations The short-term fluctuations in investment returns for UK insurance operations comprise: 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Shareholder-backed annuity businessnote (a) 335 (90) (88) With-profits and othernote (b) 171 58 (106) Total UK insurance operations 506 (32) (194) * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Notes (a) Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for shareholder-backed annuity business comprise: - gains (losses) on surplus assets compared to the expected long-term rate of return reflecting reductions (increases) in corporate bond and gilt yields; and - the difference between actual and expected default experience. (b) The £171 million fluctuation in half year 2016 for with-profits, unit-linked and other business represents the impact of achieving a 5.3 per cent pre-tax return on the with-profits fund (including unallocated surplus) compared to the assumed rate of return of 2.3 per cent (half year 2015: total return of 3.0 per cent compared to assumed rate of 2.95 per cent; full year 2015: total return of 3.1 per cent compared to assumed rate of 5.4 per cent), and a beneficial effect of an increase in future unit-linked fee income arising from market movements. The fluctuations for with-profits and other business also includes the effect of a partial hedge of future shareholder transfers expected to emerge from the UK's with-profits sub-fund entered into to protect future shareholder with-profit transfers from declines in the UK equity market. (v) Other operations Short-term fluctuations in investment returns for other operations of negative £(163) million (half year 2015: positive £15 million; full year 2015: negative £(55) million) include unrealised value movements on investments held outside of the main life operations and exchange movements. 7 Effect of changes in economic assumptions The effects of changes in economic assumptions for in-force business included in the profit for the period arise as follows: (i) Group summary 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Asia operationsnote (ii) (586) 14 (148) US operationsnote (iii) (542) 36 109 UK insurance operationsnote (iv) (217) 30 96 Total (1,345) 80 57 (ii) Asia operations The effect of changes in economic assumptions for Asia operations comprises: 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Hong Kong (483) 103 100 Indonesia 89 (36) (15) Malaysia 9 (19) (30) Singapore (20) (24) (50) Taiwan (78) 2 (97) Other (103) (12) (56) Total Asia operationsnote (586) 14 (148) Note The negative effect for half year 2016 of £(586) million arises across most territories principally reflecting a decrease in fund earned rates driven by the decline in long-term interest rates. There are partial offsetting impacts arising in Indonesia and Malaysia reflecting the positive impact of valuing future health and protection profits at lower discount rates, driven by the decrease in long-term interest rates (see note 14(i)). (iii) US operations The effect of changes in economic assumptions for US operations comprises: 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Variable annuity business (709) 81 104 Fixed annuity and other general account business 167 (45) 5 Totalnote (542) 36 109 Note For half year 2016, the charge of £(542) million mainly reflects the decrease in the assumed separate account return and reinvestment rates for variable annuity business, following the 80 basis points decrease in the US 10-year treasury rate (half year 2015: 20 basis points increase; full year 2015: 10 basis points increase), resulting in lower projected fee income and an increase in projected benefit costs. (iv) UK insurance operations The effect of changes in economic assumptions for UK insurance operations comprises: 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Shareholder-backed annuity businessnote (a) (24) (113) (56) With-profits and other businessnote (b) (193) 143 152 Total UK insurance operations (217) 30 96 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Notes (a) For shareholder-backed annuity business the overall negative effect of £(24) million for half year 2016 (half year 2015: £(113) million; full year 2015: £(56) million) reflects an increase in the cost of capital, driven by the lower interest rates, offset by the change in the present value of projected spread income arising mainly from the adoption of lower risk discount rates as shown in note 14(iii). (b) The change of £(193) million for half year 2016 (half year 2015: £143 million; full year 2015: £152 million) reflects the net effect of lower expected future fund earned rates (as shown in note 14(iii)), driven by the 90 basis points decrease in 15-year gilt rates (half year 2015: 30 basis points increase; full year 2015: 20 basis points increase). 8 Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations 2016 £m 2015 £m 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec IFRS basis Mark to market value adjustment EEV basis at market value IFRS basis Mark to market value adjustment EEV basis at market value IFRS basis Mark to market value adjustment EEV basis at market value Holding company cash and short-term investments (2,546) - (2,546) (2,094) - (2,094) (2,173) - (2,173) Central fundsnote Subordinated debt 4,956 192 5,148 3,897 295 4,192 4,018 211 4,229 Senior debt 549 171 720 549 147 696 549 142 691 5,505 363 5,868 4,446 442 4,888 4,567 353 4,920 Holding company net borrowings 2,959 363 3,322 2,352 442 2,794 2,394 353 2,747 Prudential Capital bank loan 275 - 275 275 - 275 275 - 275 Jackson Surplus Notes 186 63 249 159 51 210 169 55 224 Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed operations 3,420 426 3,846 2,786 493 3,279 2,838 408 3,246 * Including central finance subsidiaries. Note In June 2016, the Company issued core structural borrowings of $1,000 million 5.25 per cent subordinated notes due 2055. The proceeds, net of costs, were £681 million (£738 million carrying value on IFRS basis, net of costs, translated at 30 June 2016 closing rate). The movement in IFRS basis core structural borrowings from full year 2015 to half year 2016 also includes foreign exchange effects. 9 Reconciliation of movement in shareholders' equity Half year 2016 £m Long-term business operations Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total long-term business operations Asset management and UK general insurance commission Other operations Group Total note (i) note (i) Operating profit (based on longer-term investment returns) Long-term business: New businessnote 4 824 311 125 1,260 - - 1,260 Business in forcenote 5 391 383 259 1,033 - - 1,033 1,215 694 384 2,293 - - 2,293 Asset management and general insurance commission - - - - 252 - 252 Other results - - (11) (11) - (271) (282) Operating profit based on longer-term investment returns 1,215 694 373 2,282 252 (271) 2,263 Total non-operating (loss) profit (203) (786) 289 (700) (61) (108) (869) Profit for the period 1,012 (92) 662 1,582 191 (379) 1,394 Other items taken directly to equity Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges 1,881 944 - 2,825 55 (217) 2,663 Intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) and investment in operationsnote (ii) (282) (314) 20 (576) (189) 765 - External dividends - - - - - (935) (935) Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital - 138 - 138 - - 138 Other movementsnote (iii) - (13) (60) (73) 48 (140) (165) Net increase in shareholders' equity 2,611 663 622 3,896 105 (906) 3,095 Shareholders' equity at beginning of period: As previously reported 13,643 9,487 9,647 32,777 2,354 (2,772) 32,359 Effect of implementation of Solvency IInote 2 - - (473) (473) - - (473) Other opening adjustmentsnote (v) 66 - 279 345 - (345) - 13,709 9,487 9,453 32,649 2,354 (3,117) 31,886 Shareholders' equity at end of period 16,320 10,150 10,075 36,545 2,459 (4,023) 34,981 Representing: Statutory IFRS basis shareholders' equity: Net assets (liabilities) 4,615 5,056 6,126 15,797 1,229 (3,909) 13,117 Goodwill - - - - 1,230 258 1,488 Total IFRS basis shareholders' equity 4,615 5,056 6,126 15,797 2,459 (3,651) 14,605 Additional retained profit (loss) on an EEV basisnote (iv) 11,705 5,094 3,949 20,748 - (372) 20,376 EEV basis shareholders' equity 16,320 10,150 10,075 36,545 2,459 (4,023) 34,981 Balance at beginning of period: Statutory IFRS basis shareholders' equity: Net assets (liabilities) 3,789 4,154 5,397 13,340 1,124 (2,972) 11,492 Goodwill - - - - 1,230 233 1,463 Total IFRS basis shareholders' equity 3,789 4,154 5,397 13,340 2,354 (2,739) 12,955 Additional retained profit (loss) on an EEV basisnote (iv) 9,920 5,333 4,056 19,309 - (378) 18,931 EEV basis shareholders' equity 13,709 9,487 9,453 32,649 2,354 (3,117) 31,886 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The balance at beginning of period has been presented after the adjustments for the impact of Solvency II for UK insurance operations at 1 January 2016 (see note 2 for details), together with the effect of a classification change (see note (v) below). Notes (i) Other operations of £(4,023) million represents the shareholders' equity of £(4,281) million for other operations as shown in the movement in shareholders' equity and includes goodwill of £258 million (half year 2015: £231 million; full year 2015: £233 million) related to Asia long-term operations. (ii) Intra-group dividends (including statutory transfers) represents dividends that have been declared in the period and investments in operations reflect increases in share capital. The amounts included in note 11 for these items are as per the holding company cash flow at transaction rates. The difference primarily relates to intra-group loans, foreign exchange and other non-cash items. (iii) Other movements include reserve movements in respect of share capital subscribed, share-based payments and treasury shares. (iv) The additional retained loss on an EEV basis for Other operations primarily represents the mark to market value adjustment for holding company net borrowings of a charge of £(363) million (half year 2015: £(442) million; full year 2015: £(353) million), as shown in note 8. (v) Other opening adjustments represents the effect of a classification change of £345 million from Other operations to UK insurance operations of £279 million and to Asia insurance operations of £66 million in order to align with Solvency II segmental reporting, which has no overall effect on the Group's EEV. 10 Reconciliation of movement in net worth and value of in-force for long-term business Half year 2016 £m Total Value of long-term Free Required Total net in-force business surplus capital worth business operations note 11 note (i) Group Shareholders' equity at beginning of period: As previously reported 5,642 4,705 10,347 22,430 32,777 Opening adjustments (1,473) 4,578 3,105 (3,233) (128) 4,169 9,283 13,452 19,197 32,649 New business contribution (502) 347 (155) 1,415 1,260 Existing business - transfer to net worth 1,437 (361) 1,076 (1,076) - Expected return on existing businessnote 5 48 108 156 642 798 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5 385 (115) 270 (35) 235 Solvency II and restructuring costs (11) - (11) - (11) Post-tax operating profit 1,357 (21) 1,336 946 2,282 Non-operating items (812) 583 (229) (471) (700) Profit after tax from long-term business 545 562 1,107 475 1,582 Exchange movements on foreign operations and net investment hedges 329 382 711 2,114 2,825 Intra-group dividends and investment in operations (576) - (576) - (576) Other movements 67 (1) 66 (1) 65 Shareholders' equity at end of period 4,534 10,226 14,760 21,785 36,545 Asia operations New business contribution (237) 67 (170) 994 824 Existing business - transfer to net worth 559 (69) 490 (490) - Expected return on existing businessnote 5 15 24 39 345 384 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5 29 48 77 (70) 7 Post-tax operating profit 366 70 436 779 1,215 Non-operating items (29) 167 138 (341) (203) Profit after tax from long-term business 337 237 574 438 1,012 US operations New business contribution (209) 189 (20) 331 311 Existing business - transfer to net worth 555 (97) 458 (458) - Expected return on existing businessnote 5 22 24 46 163 209 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5 124 (3) 121 53 174 Post-tax operating profit 492 113 605 89 694 Non-operating items (242) (132) (374) (412) (786) Profit after tax from long-term business 250 (19) 231 (323) (92) UK insurance operations New business contribution (56) 91 35 90 125 Existing business - transfer to net worth 323 (195) 128 (128) - Expected return on existing businessnote 5 11 60 71 134 205 Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 5 232 (160) 72 (18) 54 Solvency II and restructuring costs (11) - (11) - (11) Post-tax operating profit 499 (204) 295 78 373 Non-operating items (541) 548 7 282 289 Profit after tax from long-term business (42) 344 302 360 662 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. Opening adjustments represent the impact of Solvency II for UK insurance operations at 1 January 2016 (as explained in note 2), together with the effect of a classification change, as discussed in note 9(v). Notes (i) The value of in-force business comprises the value of future margins from current in-force business less the cost of holding required capital as shown below: 30 Jun 2016 £m Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total long-term business operations Value of in-force business before deduction of cost of capital and time value of guarantees 13,442 8,225 3,405 25,072 Cost of capital (605) (191) (716) (1,512) Cost of time value of guaranteesnote (ii) (168) (1,607) - (1,775) Net value of in-force business 12,669 6,427 2,689 21,785 Total net worth 3,651 3,723 7,386 14,760 Total embedded value 16,320 10,150 10,075 36,545 31 Dec 2015 £m Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total long-term business operations Value of in-force business before deduction of cost of capital and time value of guarantees 11,279 7,355 3,043 21,677 Cost of capital (438) (229) (713) (1,380) Cost of time value of guaranteesnote (ii) (88) (1,012) - (1,100) Net value of in-force business 10,753 6,114 2,330 19,197 Total net worth 2,956 3,373 7,123 13,452 Total embedded value 13,709 9,487 9,453 32,649 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The full year 2015 comparative results in the table above are presented after the adjustments for the impact of Solvency II for UK insurance operations at 1 January 2016 (see note 2 for details), together with the effect of a classification change, as discussed in note 9(v). (ii) The increase in the cost of time value of guarantees for US operations from £(1,012) million at 31 December 2015 to £(1,607) million at 30 June 2016 primarily relates to variable annuity business, mainly arising from the decrease in the expected long-term separate account rate of return following the 80 basis points decline in the US 10-year treasury bond yield and the level of equity market performance. 11 Analysis of movement in free surplus For EEV covered business, free surplus is the excess of the regulatory basis net assets for EEV reporting purposes (net worth) over the capital required to support the covered business. Where appropriate, adjustments are made to the net worth so that backing assets are included at fair value rather than cost so as to comply with the EEV Principles. Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity, net of goodwill. Free surplus for other operations is taken to be EEV basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity for central operations net of goodwill, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under Solvency II. Free surplus for insurance and asset management operations and total free surplus, including other operations, are shown in the tables below. (i) Underlying free surplus generated - insurance and asset management operations The 2015 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The 2015 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2016 average exchange rates. Half year 2016 £m Half year 2015 £m % change AER CER AER CER Asia operations Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 603 519 529 16% 14% Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (237) (213) (217) (11)% (9)% Long-term business 366 306 312 20% 17% Eastspring Investmentsnote (iii)(b) 53 50 52 6% 2% Total 419 356 364 18% 15% US operations Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 701 700 746 0% (6)% Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (209) (164) (175) (27)% (19)% Long-term business 492 536 571 (8)% (14)% Broker-dealer and asset managementnote (iii)(b) (8) 8 8 (200)% (200)% Total 484 544 579 (11)% (16)% UK insurance operations Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 555 352 352 58% 58% Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (56) (57) (57) 2% 2% Long-term business 499 295 295 69% 69% General insurance commissionnote (iii)(b) 15 14 14 7% 7% Total 514 309 309 66% 66% M&Gnote (iii)(b) 181 203 203 (11)% (11)% Prudential Capitalnote (iii)(b) 11 6 6 83% 83% Underlying free surplus generated from insurance and asset management operations 1,609 1,418 1,461 13% 10% Representing: Long-term business: Expected in-force cash flows (including expected return on net assets) 1,485 1,418 1,465 5% 1% Effects of changes in operating assumptions, operating experience variances and other operating items 374 153 162 144% 131% Underlying free surplus generated from in-force life business 1,859 1,571 1,627 18% 14% Investment in new businessnote (iii)(a) (502) (434) (449) (16)% (12)% Total long-term business 1,357 1,137 1,178 19% 15% Asset management and general insurance commissionnote (iii)(b) 252 281 283 (10)% (11)% 1,609 1,418 1,461 13% 10% * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). (ii) Underlying free surplus generated - total Group Half year 2016 £m Half year 2015 £m % change AER CER AER CER Underlying free surplus generated from insurance and asset management operationsnote (iii)(b) 1,609 1,418 1,461 13% 10% Other income and expenditure net of restructuring and Solvency II costsnote (iii) (b) (308) (285) (285) (8)% (8)% Interest received from tax settlement 37 - - 100% 100% Total underlying free surplus generated, including other operations 1,338 1,133 1,176 18% 14% (iii) Movement in free surplus Half year 2016 £m Long-term business and asset management operations Long-term business Asset management and UK general insurance commission Total insurance and asset management operations Central and other operations Group total note 10 note (b) note (b) Underlying free surplus generated 1,357 252 1,609 (271) 1,338 Other non-operating itemsnote (c) (812) (61) (873) (129) (1,002) 545 191 736 (400) 336 Net cash flows to parent companynote (d) (830) (288) (1,118) 1,118 - External dividends - - - (935) (935) Exchange movements, timing differences and other itemsnote (e) 650 202 852 205 1,057 Net movement in free surplus 365 105 470 (12) 458 Balance at 1 January 2016: Balance at beginning of period 5,642 1,124 6,766 1,224 7,990 Opening adjustments (1,473) - (1,473) (345) (1,818) 4,169 1,124 5,293 879 6,172 Balance at end of period 4,534 1,229 5,763 867 6,630 Representing: Asia operations 2,120 - 2,120 US operations 1,937 - 1,937 UK operations 1,706 - 1,706 Other operationsnote (b) - 867 867 5,763 867 6,630 Balance at 1 January 2016: Asia operations 1,814 - 1,814 US operations 1,733 - 1,733 UK operations 1,746 - 1,746 Other operationsnote (b) - 879 879 5,293 879 6,172 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). ** Opening adjustments represent the impact of adopting Solvency II at 1 January 2016 (as explained in note 2), together with the effect of a reclassification between long-term business and other operations, as discussed in note 9(v). Half year 2015 £m Long-term business and asset management operations Long-term business Asset management and UK general insurance commission Total insurance and asset management operations Central and other operations Group total note (b) note (b) Underlying free surplus generated 1,137 281 1,418 (285) 1,133 Disposal of Japan Life business 23 - 23 - 23 Other non-operating itemsnote (c) (141) (4) (145) 37 (108) 1,019 277 1,296 (248) 1,048 Net cash flows to parent companynote (d) (910) (158) (1,068) 1,068 - External dividends - - - (659) (659) Exchange movements, timing differences and other itemsnote (e) 27 (10) 17 456 473 Net movement in free surplus 136 109 245 617 862 Balance at beginning of period 4,193 866 5,059 1,439 6,498 Balance at end of period 4,329 975 5,304 2,056 7,360 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Full year 2015 £m Long-term business and asset management operations Long-term business Asset management and UK general insurance commission Total insurance and asset management operations Central and other operations Group total note (b) note (b) Underlying free surplus generated 2,544 506 3,050 (588) 2,462 Disposal of Japan Life business 23 - 23 - 23 Other non-operating itemsnote (c) (407) (53) (460) 29 (431) 2,160 453 2,613 (559) 2,054 Net cash flows to parent companynote (d) (1,271) (354) (1,625) 1,625 - External dividends - - - (974) (974) Exchange movements, timing differences and other itemsnote (e) 560 159 719 (307) 412 Net movement in free surplus 1,449 258 1,707 (215) 1,492 Balance at beginning of period 4,193 866 5,059 1,439 6,498 Balance at end of period 5,642 1,124 6,766 1,224 7,990 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been reported on a basis that reflects the Solvency regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Notes (a) Free surplus invested in new business represents amounts set aside for required capital and acquisition costs. (b) Free surplus for asset management operations and the UK general insurance commission is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity, net of goodwill. Free surplus for other operations is taken to be EEV basis post post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity net of goodwill, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under Solvency II. (c) Non-operating items are principally short-term fluctuations in investment returns and the effect of changes in economic assumptions for long-term business operations. (d) Net cash flows to parent company for long-term business operations reflect the flows as included in the holding company cash flow at transaction rates. (e) Exchange movements, timing differences and other items represent: Half year 2016 £m Long-term business Asset management and UK general insurance commission Total insurance and asset management operations Central and other operations Group total Exchange movementsnote 10 329 55 384 50 434 Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capitalnote 9 138 - 138 - 138 Other itemsnote (f) 183 147 330 155 485 650 202 852 205 1,057 Half year 2015 £m Long-term business Asset management and UK general insurance commission Total insurance and asset management operations Central and other operations Group total Exchange movements (64) (7) (71) (16) (87) Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital (8) - (8) - (8) Other itemsnote (f) 99 (3) 96 472 568 27 (10) 17 456 473 Full year 2015 £m Long-term business Asset management and UK general insurance commission Total insurance and asset management operations Central and other operations Group total Exchange movements 67 3 70 10 80 Mark to market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital (76) - (76) - (76) Other itemsnote (f) 569 156 725 (317) 408 560 159 719 (307) 412 (f) Other items include the effect of intra-group loans and non-cash items, together with movements in subordinated debt for Other operations. Full year 2015 also included the effect of a classification change of £702 million from Other operations to UK insurance operations in order to align with Solvency II segmental reporting, with no overall effect on the Group's EEV. 12 Sensitivity of results to alternative assumptions (a) Sensitivity analysis - economic assumptions The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 30 June 2016 and 31 December 2015 and the new business contribution after the effect of required capital for half year 2016 and full year 2015 to: - 1 per cent increase in the discount rates; - 1 per cent increase in interest rates, including all consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates); - 0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates (1 per cent decrease for full year 2015), including all consequential changes (assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets, risk discount rates); - 1 per cent rise in equity and property yields; - 10 per cent fall in market value of equity and property assets (embedded value only); - The statutory minimum capital level (by contrast to EEV basis required capital), (for embedded value only); and - 5 basis points increase in UK long-term expected defaults. * To reflect the current level of low interest rates, the sensitivity of new business and embedded value to a 0.5 per cent reduction in interest rates is shown for half year 2016. In each sensitivity calculation, all other assumptions remain unchanged except where they are directly affected by the revised economic conditions. New business contribution Half year 2016 £m Full year 2015 £m Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total long-term business operations Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total long-term business operations New business contributionnote 4 824 311 125 1,260 1,490 809 318 2,617 Discount rates - 1% increase (160) (16) (14) (190) (260) (38) (40) (338) Interest rates - 1% increase 58 41 5 104 28 80 7 115 Interest rates - 1% decrease - - - - (78) (127) (9) (214) Interest rates - 0.5% decrease (87) (31) (7) (125) - - - - Equity/property yields - 1% rise 43 47 3 93 73 95 20 188 Long-term expected defaults - 5 bps increase - - (1) (1) - - (8) (8) Embedded value of long-term business operations 30 Jun 2016 £m 31 Dec 2015 £m Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total long-term business operations Asia operations US operations UK insurance operations Total long-term business operations Shareholders' equitynote 9 16,320 10,150 10,075 36,545 13,643 9,487 9,647 32,777 Discount rates - 1% increase (1,733) (266) (762) (2,761) (1,448) (271) (586) (2,305) Interest rates - 1% increase (276) (145) (252) (673) (380) (46) (328) (754) Interest rates - 1% decrease - - - - 132 (93) 426 465 Interest rates - 0.5% decrease (238) (53) 126 (165) - - - - Equity/property yields - 1% rise 601 676 206 1,483 506 514 271 1,291 Equity/property market values - 10% fall (328) (69) (483) (880) (246) (411) (373) (1,030) Statutory minimum capital 203 123 - 326 148 162 4 314 Long-term expected defaults - 5 bps increase - - (135) (135) - - (141) (141) * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). The sensitivities shown above are for the impact of instantaneous changes on the embedded value of long-term business operations and include the combined effect on the value of in-force business and net assets at the balance sheet dates indicated. If the change in assumption shown in the sensitivities were to occur, then the effect shown above would be recorded within two components of the profit analysis for the following year. These are for the effect of economic assumption changes and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In addition to the sensitivity effects shown above, the other components of the profit for the following year would be calculated by reference to the altered assumptions, for example new business contribution and unwind of discount, together with the effect of other changes such as altered corporate bond spreads. In addition for changes in interest rates, the effect shown above for Jackson would also be recorded within the fair value movements on assets backing surplus and required capital which are taken directly to shareholders' equity. (b) Effect of change in future UK corporate tax rate announced in March 2016 The Finance Bill announced on 24 March 2016, includes a reduction in the UK corporate tax rate from 18 per cent to 17 per cent effective from 1 April 2020 (see note 14). The impact of this change has not been factored in the EEV results or shareholders' equity at 30 June 2016 as it has not been substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Had the half year 2016 EEV results been prepared on the basis of this new tax rate, the net of tax value of in-force business of UK insurance operations at 30 June 2016 would have been higher by around £25 million. 13 Methodology and accounting presentation (a) Methodology Overview The embedded value is the present value of the shareholders' interest in the earnings distributable from assets allocated to covered business after sufficient allowance has been made for the aggregate risks in that business. The shareholders' interest in the Group's long-term business comprises: - the present value of future shareholder cash flows from in-force covered business (value of in-force business), less deductions for: - the cost of locked-in required capital; and - the time value of cost of options and guarantees; - locked-in required capital; and - the shareholders' net worth in excess of required capital (free surplus). The value of future new business is excluded from the embedded value. Notwithstanding the basis of presentation of results (as explained in note 13(b)(iii)) no smoothing of market or account balance values, unrealised gains or investment return is applied in determining the embedded value or profit. Separately, the analysis of profit is delineated between operating profit based on longer-term investment returns and other constituent items (as explained in note 13(b)(i)). (i) Covered business The EEV results for the Group are prepared for 'covered business', as defined by the EEV Principles. Covered business represents the Group's long-term insurance business, including the Group's investments in joint venture insurance operations, for which the value of new and in-force contracts is attributable to shareholders. The post-tax EEV basis results for the Group's covered business are then combined with the post-tax IFRS basis results of the Group's other operations. Under the EEV Principles, the results for covered business incorporate the projected margins of attaching internal asset management, as described in note 13(a)(vii). The definition of long-term business operations comprises those contracts falling under the definition for regulatory purposes together with, for US operations, contracts that are in substance the same as guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) but do not fall within the technical definition. Covered business comprises the Group's long-term business operations, with two exceptions: - the closed Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF) which is excluded from covered business. SAIF is a ring-fenced sub-fund of the Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) long-term fund, established by a Court approved Scheme of Arrangement in October 1997. SAIF is closed to new business and the assets and liabilities of the fund are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund. - the presentational treatment of the Group's principal defined benefit pension scheme, the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). The partial recognition of the surplus for PSPS is recognised in 'Other' operations. A small amount of UK group pensions business is also not modelled for EEV reporting purposes. (ii)  Valuation of in-force and new business The embedded value results are prepared incorporating best estimate assumptions about all relevant factors including levels of future investment returns, expenses, persistency, mortality and morbidity (as described in note 14). These assumptions are used to project future cash flows. The present value of the future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate which reflects both the time value of money and the non-diversifiable risks associated with the cash flows that are not otherwise allowed for. New business In determining the EEV basis value of new business, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting. New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts classified as investment products for IFRS basis reporting. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option. The post-tax contribution from new business represents profits determined by applying operating assumptions as at the end of the period. For UK immediate annuity business and single premium Universal Life products in Asia, primarily in Singapore, the new business contribution is determined by applying economic assumptions reflecting point-of-sale market conditions. This is consistent with how the business is priced as crediting rates are linked to yields on specific assets and the yield is locked in when the assets are purchased at the point of sale of the policy. For other business within the Group, end-of-period economic assumptions are used. New business profitability is a key metric for the Group's management of the development of the business. In addition, post-tax new business margins are shown by reference to annual premium equivalents (APE) and the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP). These margins are calculated as the percentage of the value of new business profit to APE and PVNBP. APE is calculated as the aggregate of regular new business amounts and one-tenth of single new business amounts. PVNBP is calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of new regular premium business, allowing for lapses and other assumptions made in determining the EEV new business contribution. Valuation movements on investments With the exception of debt securities held by Jackson, investment gains and losses during the period (to the extent that changes in capital values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included directly in the profit for the period and shareholders' equity as they arise. The results for any covered business conceptually reflect the aggregate of the IFRS results and the movements on the additional shareholders' interest recognised on the EEV basis. Thus the start point for the calculation of the EEV results for Jackson, as for other businesses, reflects the market value movements recognised on the IFRS basis. However, in determining the movements on the additional shareholders' interest, the basis for calculating the Jackson EEV result acknowledges that, for debt securities backing liabilities, the aggregate EEV results reflect the fact that the value of in-force business instead incorporates the discounted value of future spread earnings. This value is not affected generally by short-term market movements on securities that, broadly speaking, are held for the longer term. Fixed income securities backing the free surplus and required capital for Jackson are accounted for at fair value. However, consistent with the treatment applied under IFRS for Jackson securities classified as available-for-sale, movements in unrealised appreciation (depreciation) on these securities are accounted for in equity rather than in the income statement, as shown in the movement in shareholders' equity. (iii)  Cost of capital A charge is deducted from the embedded value for the cost of capital supporting the Group's long-term business. This capital is referred to as required capital. The cost is the difference between the nominal value of the capital and the discounted value of the projected releases of this capital allowing for investment earnings (post-tax) on the capital. The annual result is affected by the movement in this cost from year to year which comprises a charge against new business profit and generally a release in respect of the reduction in capital requirements for business in force as this runs off. Where required capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets in the fund is already discounted to reflect its release over time and no further adjustment is necessary in respect of required capital. (iv)  Financial options and guarantees Nature of financial options and guarantees in Prudential's long-term business Asia operations Subject to local market circumstances and regulatory requirements, the guarantee features described below in respect of UK business broadly apply to similar types of participating contracts principally written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Participating products have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements. There are also various non-participating long-term products with guarantees. The principal guarantees are those for whole-of-life contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with market conditions. US operations (Jackson) The principal financial options and guarantees in Jackson are associated with the fixed annuity and variable annuity (VA) lines of business. Fixed annuities provide that, at Jackson's discretion, it may reset the interest rate credited to policyholders' accounts, subject to a guaranteed minimum. The guaranteed minimum return varies from 1.0 per cent to 5.5 per cent for all periods, depending on the particular product, jurisdiction where issued, and date of issue. For half year 2016, 87 per cent (half year 2015: 86 per cent; full year 2015: 87 per cent) of the account values on fixed annuities are for policies with guarantees of 3 per cent or less. The average guarantee rate is 2.6 per cent (half year 2015: 2.7 per cent; full year 2015: 2.6 per cent). Fixed annuities also present a risk that policyholders will exercise their option to surrender their contracts in periods of rapidly rising interest rates, possibly requiring Jackson to liquidate assets at an inopportune time. Jackson issues VA contracts where it contractually guarantees to the contract holder either: a) return of no less than total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals; b) total deposits made to the contract adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return; or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date adjusted for any withdrawals following the specified contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable upon depletion of funds (Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB)), as death benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB)) or as income benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits (GMIB)). These guarantees generally protect the policyholder's value in the event of poor equity market performance. Jackson hedges the GMDB and GMWB guarantees through the use of equity options and futures contracts, and fully reinsures the GMIB guarantees. Jackson also issues fixed index annuities that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return while providing a guaranteed minimum return. The guaranteed minimum returns are of a similar nature to those described above for fixed annuities. UK insurance operations For covered business the only significant financial options and guarantees in the UK insurance operations arise in the with-profits fund. With-profits products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are smoothed. There are two types of bonuses - annual and final. Annual bonuses are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular product. Unlike annual bonuses, final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration. The PAC with-profits fund also held a provision on the Solvency II basis of £54 million at 30 June 2016 (Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 30 June 2015: £50 million; Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 31 December 2015: £47 million) to honour guarantees on a small number of guaranteed annuity option products. The Group's main exposure to guaranteed annuity options in the UK is through the non-covered business of SAIF. A provision on the Solvency II basis of £575 million was held in SAIF at 30 June 2016 (Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 30 June 2015: £471 million; Pillar I Peak 2 basis at 31 December 2015: £412 million) to honour the guarantees. As described in note 13(a)(i), the assets and liabilities are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund. Therefore the movement in the provision has no direct impact on shareholders. Time value The value of financial options and guarantees comprises two parts. One is given by a deterministic valuation on best estimate assumptions (the intrinsic value). The other part arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future (the time value). Where appropriate, a full stochastic valuation has been undertaken to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees. The economic assumptions used for the stochastic calculations are consistent with those used for the deterministic calculations. Assumptions specific to the stochastic calculations reflect local market conditions and are based on a combination of actual market data, historic market data and an assessment of long-term economic conditions. Common principles have been adopted across the Group for the stochastic asset models, for example, separate modelling of individual asset classes but with an allowance for correlation between the various asset classes. Details of the key characteristics of each model are given in notes 14(iv), (v) and (vi). In deriving the time value of financial options and guarantees, management actions in response to emerging investment and fund solvency conditions have been modelled. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to investment allocation decisions, levels of reversionary and terminal bonuses and credited rates. Bonus rates are projected from current levels and varied in accordance with assumed management actions applying in the emerging investment and fund solvency conditions. In all instances, the modelled actions are in accordance with approved local practice and therefore reflect the options actually available to management. For the PAC with-profits fund, the actions assumed are consistent with those set out in the Principles and Practices of Financial Management which explains how regular and final bonus rates within the discretionary framework are determined, subject to the general legislative requirements applicable. (v) Level of required capital In adopting the EEV Principles, Prudential has based required capital on its internal targets subject to it being at least the local statutory minimum requirements. For with-profits business written in a segregated life fund, as is the case in Asia and the UK, the capital available in the fund is sufficient to meet the required capital requirements. Following the implementation of Solvency II which became effective on 1 January 2016, a portion of future shareholder transfers expected from the with-profits fund is recognised within net worth, together with the associated capital requirements. For shareholder-backed business the following capital requirements apply: - Asia operations: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to the higher of local statutory requirements and the internal target; - US operations: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL); and - UK insurance operations: the capital requirements are set at the Solvency II Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) for shareholder-backed business of UK insurance operations as a whole; for half year and full year 2015 the capital requirements were set to an amount at least equal to the higher of Solvency I Pillar I and Pillar II requirements for shareholder-backed business of UK insurance operations as a whole. (vi) With-profits business and the treatment of the estate The proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the PAC with-profits fund has been based on the present level of 10 per cent. The value attributed to the shareholders' interest in the estate is derived by increasing final bonus rates (and related shareholder transfers) so as to exhaust the estate over the lifetime of the in-force with-profits business. In any scenarios where the total assets of the life fund are insufficient to meet policyholder claims in full, the excess cost is fully attributed to shareholders. Similar principles apply, where appropriate, for other with-profits funds of the Group's Asia operations. (vii) Internal asset management The new business and in-force results from long-term business include the projected value of profits or losses from asset management and service companies that support the Group's covered insurance businesses. The results of the Group's asset management operations include the current period profits from the management of both internal and external funds. EEV basis shareholders' other income and expenditure is adjusted to deduct the unwind of the expected internal asset management profit margin for the period. The deduction is on a basis consistent with that used for projecting the results for covered insurance business. Group operating profit accordingly includes the variance between actual and expected profit in respect of management of the covered business assets. (viii) Allowance for risk and risk discount rates Overview Under the EEV Principles, discount rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows are set by reference to risk-free rates plus a risk margin. For Asia and US operations, the risk-free rate is based on a 10-year local government bond yields. For UK insurance operations, following the implementation of Solvency II on 1 January 2016, the EEV risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates, ie a yield curve, rather than using a flat 15-year gilt rate (as for half year and full year 2015). This yield curve is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period. The risk margin should reflect any non-diversifiable risk associated with the emergence of distributable earnings that is not allowed for elsewhere in the valuation. Prudential has selected a granular approach to better reflect differences in market risk inherent in each product group. The risk discount rate so derived does not reflect an overall Group market beta but instead reflects the expected volatility associated with the cash flows for each product category in the embedded value model. Since financial options and guarantees are explicitly valued under the EEV methodology, discount rates under EEV are set excluding the effect of these product features. The risk margin represents the aggregate of the allowance for market risk, additional allowance for credit risk where appropriate, and allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risk. No allowance is required for non-market risks where these are assumed to be fully diversifiable. Market risk allowance The allowance for market risk represents the beta multiplied by an equity risk premium. Except for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as explained below) such an approach has been used for the Group's businesses. The beta of a portfolio or product measures its relative market risk. The risk discount rates reflect the market risk inherent in each product group and hence the volatility of product cash flows. These are determined by considering how the profits from each product are affected by changes in expected returns on various asset classes. By converting this into a relative rate of return it is possible to derive a product-specific beta. Product level betas reflect the most recent product mix to produce appropriate betas and risk discount rates for each major product grouping. Additional credit risk allowance The Group's methodology is to allow appropriately for credit risk. The allowance for total credit risk is to cover: - expected long-term defaults; - credit risk premium (to reflect the volatility in downgrade and default levels); and - short-term downgrades and defaults. These allowances are initially reflected in determining best estimate returns and through the market risk allowance described above. However, for those businesses largely backed by holdings of debt securities these allowances in the projected returns and market risk allowances may not be sufficient and an additional allowance may be appropriate. The practical application of the allowance for credit risk varies depending upon the type of business as described below: Asia operations For Asia operations, the allowance for credit risk incorporated in the projected rates of return and the market risk allowance are sufficient. Accordingly, no additional allowance for credit risk is required. The projected rates of return for holdings of corporate bonds comprise the risk-free rate plus an assessment of long-term spread over the risk-free rate. US operations (Jackson) For Jackson business, the allowance for long-term defaults is reflected in the risk margin reserve (RMR) charge which is deducted in determining the projected spread margin between the earned rate on the investments and the policyholder crediting rate. The risk discount rate incorporates an additional allowance for credit risk premium and short-term downgrades and defaults as shown in note 14(ii). In determining this allowance a number of factors have been considered. These factors, in particular, include: - How much of the credit spread on debt securities represents an increased credit risk not reflected in the RMR long-term default assumptions, and how much is liquidity premium (which is the premium required by investors to compensate for the risk of longer-term investments which cannot be easily converted into cash, and converted at the fair market value). In assessing this effect, consideration has been given to a number of approaches to estimating the liquidity premium by considering recent statistical data; and - Policyholder benefits for Jackson fixed annuity business are not fixed. It is possible in adverse economic scenarios to pass on a component of credit losses to policyholders (subject to guarantee features) through lower investment return rates credited to policyholders. Consequently, it is only necessary to allow for the balance of the credit risk in the risk discount rate. The level of the additional allowance is assessed at each reporting period to take account of prevailing credit conditions and as the business in force alters over time. The additional allowance for variable annuity business has been set at one-fifth of the non-variable annuity business to reflect the proportion of the allocated holdings of general account debt securities. The level of allowance differs from that for UK annuity business for investment portfolio differences and to take account of the management actions available in adverse economic scenarios to reduce crediting rates to policyholders, subject to guarantee features of the products. UK operations (1) Shareholder-backed annuity business For Prudential's UK shareholder-backed annuity business, Prudential has used a market consistent embedded value (MCEV) approach to derive an implied risk discount rate which is then applied to the projected best estimate cash flows. In the annuity MCEV calculations, as the assets are generally held to maturity to match liabilities, the future cash flows are discounted using the swap yield curve plus an allowance for liquidity premium based on the Solvency II allowance for credit risk. The Solvency II allowance is set by EIOPA using a prudent assumption that all future downgrades will be replaced annually, and allowing for the credit spread floor. For the purposes of presentation in the EEV results, the results on this basis are reconfigured. Under this approach the projected earned rate of return on the debt securities held is determined after allowing for a best estimate credit risk allowance. The remaining elements of prudence within the Solvency II allowance are incorporated into the risk margin included in the discount rate, shown in note 14(iii). In half year and full year 2015, the allowance for liquidity premium was based on Prudential's assessment of the expected return on the assets backing the annuity liabilities after allowing for: - expected long-term defaults, derived as a percentage of historical default experience based on Moody's data for the period 1970 to 2009, and the definition of the credit rating assigned to each asset held is the second highest credit rating published by Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch; - a credit risk premium, derived as the excess over the expected long-term defaults, of the 95th percentile of historical cumulative defaults based on Moody's data for the period 1970 to 2009, and subject to a minimum margin over expected long-term defaults of 50 per cent; - an allowance for a 1-notch downgrade of the asset portfolio subject to credit risk; and - an allowance for short-term downgrades and defaults. (2) With-profits fund non-profit annuity business For UK non-profit annuity business including that attributable to the PAC with-profits fund, the basis for determining the aggregate allowance for credit risk is consistent with that applied for UK shareholder-backed annuity business (as described above). The allowance for credit risk for this business is taken into account in determining the projected cash flows to the with-profits fund, which are in turn discounted at the risk discount rate applicable to all of the projected cash flows of the fund. (3) With-profits fund holdings of debt securities The UK with-profits fund holds debt securities as part of its investment portfolio backing policyholder liabilities and unallocated surplus. The assumed earned rate for with-profit holdings of corporate bonds is defined as the risk-free rate plus an assessment of the long-term spread over gilts, net of expected long-term defaults. This approach is similar to that applied for equities and properties for which the projected earned rate is defined as the risk-free rate plus a long-term risk premium. Allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks The majority of non-market and non-credit risks are considered to be diversifiable. Finance theory cannot be used to determine the appropriate component of beta for non-diversifiable non-market risks since there is no observable risk premium associated with it that is akin to the equity risk premium. Recognising this, a pragmatic approach has been applied. A base level allowance of 50 basis points is applied to cover the non-diversifiable non-market risks associated with the Group's businesses. For the Group's Asia operations in China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, additional allowances are applied for emerging market risk ranging from 100 to 250 basis points. For the Group's US business and UK business, no additional allowance is necessary. For UK shareholder-backed annuity business for half year and full year 2015, a further allowance of 50 basis points was used to reflect the longevity risk, which is covered by the solvency capital requirements following the implementation of Solvency II from 1 January 2016. (ix) Foreign currency translation Foreign currency profits and losses have been translated at average exchange rates for the period. Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at period-end rates of exchange. The principal exchange rates are shown in note A1 of the IFRS statements. (x) Taxation In determining the post-tax profit for the period for covered business, the overall tax rate includes the impact of tax effects determined on a local regulatory basis. Tax payments and receipts included in the projected cash flows to determine the value of in-force business are calculated using rates that have been announced and substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. (xi) Inter-company arrangements The EEV results for covered business incorporate annuities established in the PAC non-profit sub-fund from vesting pension polices in SAIF (which is not covered business). The EEV results also incorporate the effect of the reinsurance arrangement of non-profit immediate pension annuity liabilities of SAIF to PRIL. In addition, the EEV results are calculated after taking account of the impact of contingent loan arrangements between Group companies. (b) Accounting presentation (i) Analysis of post-tax profit To the extent applicable, the presentation of the EEV post-tax profit for the period is consistent in the classification between operating and non-operating results with the basis that the Group applies for the analysis of IFRS basis results. Operating results reflect underlying results including longer-term investment returns (which are determined as described in note 13(b)(ii) below) and incorporate the following: - new business contribution, as defined in note 13(a)(ii); - unwind of discount on the value of in-force business and other expected returns, as described in note 13(b)(iii) below; - the impact of routine changes of estimates relating to non-economic assumptions, as described in note 13(b)(iv) below; and - non-economic experience variances, as described in note 13(b)(v) below. Non-operating results comprise the recurrent items of: - short-term fluctuations in investment returns; - the mark to market value movements on core borrowings; and - the effect of changes in economic assumptions. Total profit attributable to shareholders and basic earnings per share include these items, together with actual investment returns. The Group believes that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance. (ii) Investment returns included in operating profit For the investment element of the assets covering the net worth of long-term insurance business, investment returns are recognised in operating results at the expected long-term rate of return. These expected returns are calculated by reference to the asset mix of the portfolio. For the purpose of calculating the longer-term investment return to be included in the operating result of the PAC with-profits fund of UK operations, where assets backing the liabilities and unallocated surplus are subject to market volatility, asset values at the beginning of the reporting period are adjusted to remove the effects of short-term market movements as explained in note 13(b)(iii) below. For the purpose of determining the long-term returns for debt securities of US operations for fixed annuity and other general account business, a risk margin charge is included which reflects the expected long-term rate of default based on the credit quality of the portfolio. For Jackson, interest-related realised gains and losses are amortised to the operating results over the maturity period of the sold bonds and for equity-related investments, a long-term rate of return is assumed, which reflects the aggregation of end-of-period risk-free rates and equity risk premium. For US variable annuity separate account business, operating profit includes the unwind of discount on the opening value of in-force adjusted to reflect end-of-period projected rates of return with the excess or deficit of the actual return recognised within non-operating profit, together with the related hedging activity. For UK annuity business, rebalancing of the asset portfolio backing the liabilities to policyholders may, from time to time, take place to align it more closely with the internal benchmark of credit quality that management applies. Such rebalancing will result in a change in the projected yield on the asset portfolio and the allowance for default risk. The net effect of these changes is included in the result for the period. (iii) Unwind of discount and other expected returns The unwind of discount and other expected returns is determined by reference to: - the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period (adjusted for the effect of current period economic and operating assumption changes); and - required capital and surplus assets. UK operations In applying this general approach, the unwind of discount included in operating profit is determined by reference to the following: - The unwind is determined by reference to an implied single risk discount rate for half year 2016. Following the implementation of Solvency II the EEV risk-free rate is based on a yield curve (as set out in note 13a(viii) above). This yield curve is used to derive a single implied discount rate which, if this rate had been used, would reproduce the same embedded value as that calculated by reference to the yield curve. The difference between the operating profit determined using the single implied discount rate and that derived using the yield curve is included within non-operating profit. - For with-profits business, the opening value of in-force, is adjusted for the effects of short-term investment volatility due to market movements (ie smoothed). In the summary statement of financial position and for total profit reporting, asset values and investment returns are not smoothed. At 30 June 2016 the shareholders' interest in the smoothed surplus assets used for this purpose only, were £21 million lower (30 June 2015: £104 million lower; 31 December 2015: £58 million lower) than the surplus assets carried in the statement of financial position. (iv) Effect of changes in operating assumptions Operating profit includes the effect of changes to non-economic assumptions on the value of in-force at the end of the period. For presentational purposes the effect of change is delineated to show the effect on the opening value of in-force as operating assumption changes, with the experience variance subsequently being determined by reference to the end-of-period assumptions (see note 13(b)(v) below). (v) Operating experience variances Operating profit includes the effect of experience variances on non-economic assumptions, such as persistency, mortality and morbidity, expenses and other factors, which are calculated with reference to the end-of-period assumptions. (vi) Effect of changes in economic assumptions Movements in the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period caused by changes in economic assumptions, net of the related change in the time value of cost of options and guarantees, are recorded in non-operating results. For UK insurance operations, the effect is after allowing for the recalculation of transitional measures on technical provisions. 14 Assumptions Principal economic assumptions The EEV basis results for the Group's operations have been determined using economic assumptions where the long-term expected rates of return on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to period-end risk-free rates of return (defined below for each of the Group's insurance operations). Expected returns on equity and property asset classes and corporate bonds are derived by adding a risk premium, based on the Group's long-term view, to the risk-free rate. The total profit that emerges over the lifetime of an individual contract as calculated using the embedded value basis is the same as that calculated under the IFRS basis. Since the embedded value basis reflects discounted future cash flows, under this methodology the profit emergence is advanced, thus more closely aligning the timing of the recognition of profit with the efforts and risks of current management actions, particularly with regard to business sold during the period. (i) Asia operationsnotes (b), (c) The risk-free rates of return for Asia operations are defined as 10-year government bond yields at the end of the period. Risk discount rate % New business In-force business 2016 2015 2016 2015 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec China 9.4 10.2 9.4 9.4 10.2 9.4 Hong Kongnotes (b), (d) 3.0 3.9 3.7 2.9 3.9 3.7 Indonesia 11.5 12.5 12.8 11.5 12.5 12.8 Korea 5.9 6.4 6.1 4.0 5.8 5.7 Malaysianote (d) 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.6 6.7 Philippines 10.5 11.2 11.3 10.5 11.2 11.3 Singaporenote (d) 3.6 4.5 4.3 4.5 5.3 5.1 Taiwan 3.8 4.2 4.0 3.3 4.2 3.9 Thailand 8.7 9.7 9.3 8.7 9.7 9.3 Vietnam 13.7 13.6 13.8 13.7 13.6 13.8 Total weighted risk discount ratenote (a) 4.7 6.5 5.9 5.7 6.6 6.4 10-year government bond yield % Expected long-term Inflation % 2016 2015 2016 2015 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec China 2.9 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.5 Hong Kongnotes (b), (d) 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Indonesia 7.6 8.5 8.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 Korea 1.5 2.5 2.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 Malaysianote (d) 3.8 4.0 4.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 Philippines 3.7 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 Singaporenote (d) 1.9 2.7 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 Taiwan 0.8 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Thailand 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 Vietnam 6.9 6.8 7.1 5.5 5.5 5.5 Notes (a) The weighted risk discount rates for Asia operations shown above have been determined by weighting each country's risk discount rates by reference to the post-tax EEV basis new business result and the closing value of in-force business. The changes in the risk discount rates for individual Asia territories reflect the movements in government bond yields, together with the effects of movements in the allowance for market risk and changes in product mix. (b) For Hong Kong the assumptions shown are for US dollar denominated business. For other territories, the assumptions are for local currency denominated business. (c) Equity risk premiums in Asia range from 3.5 per cent to 8.7 per cent (half year 2015: 3.5 per cent to 8.7 per cent; full year 2015: from 3.5 per cent to 8.6 per cent). (d) The mean equity return assumptions for the most significant equity holdings of the Asia operations are: 2016 % 2015 % 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec Hong Kong 5.5 6.4 6.3 Malaysia 9.8 10.0 10.2 Singapore 7.9 8.7 8.6 (ii) US operations The risk-free rates of return for US operations are defined as 10-year treasury bond yields at the end of the period. 2016 % 2015 % 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec Assumed new business spread margins: Fixed annuity business: January to June issues 1.25 1.25 1.25 July to December issues n/a n/a 1.50 Fixed index annuity business: January to June issues 1.50 1.50 1.50 July to December issues n/a n/a 1.75 Institutional business 0.50 0.70 0.70 Allowance for long-term defaults included in projected spreadnote 13(a)(viii) 0.21 0.24 0.24 Risk discount rate: Variable annuity: Risk discount rate 6.0 7.0 6.8 Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 13(a)(viii) 0.2 0.2 0.2 Non-variable annuity: Risk discount rate 3.1 4.1 3.9 Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 13(a)(viii) 1.0 1.0 1.0 Weighted average total: New business 5.7 6.9 6.7 In-force business 5.4 6.4 6.2 US 10-year treasury bond rate at end of period 1.5 2.4 2.3 Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for US equities 5.5 6.4 6.3 Expected long-term rate of inflation 2.7 2.9 2.8 Equity risk premium 4.0 4.0 4.0 S&P equity return volatilitynote (v) 18.0 18.0 18.0 * including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account and fixed index annuity business, the assumed spread margin grades up linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years. ** including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account. (iii) UK insurance operations Effective from 1 January 2016, following the implementation of Solvency II, the EEV risk-free rate is based on the full term structure of interest rates, ie a yield curve, which is used to determine the embedded value at the end of the reporting period. For half year 2016, these yield curves are used to derive pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return and discount rates. For the purpose of determining the unwind of discount in the analysis of operating profit, these yield curves are used to derive a single risk discount rate, as explained in note 13(a)(viii). For half year and full year 2015, risk-free rates of return and discount were based on a flat 15-year gilt rate at the end of the period. The key economic assumptions are shown below for all periods, for half year 2016 the single risk discount rate is shown, along with the 15-year nominal rate of return based on the yield curve. For half and full year 2015 the long-term nominal rates of return are shown. 2016 % 2015 % 30 Jun 30 Jun 31 Dec Shareholder-backed annuity business: Risk discount rate:note (a) New business 4.5 6.4 5.7 In-force business 4.2 7.1 7.4 Pre-tax expected 15-year / long-term nominal rates of investment return:note (b) New business 3.4 3.4 3.5 In-force business 2.9 3.7 3.5 With-profits and other business: Risk discount rate: New business 4.6 5.9 5.6 In-force business 4.6 6.1 5.7 Pre-tax expected 15-year / long-term nominal rates of investment return:note (b) Overseas equities 5.5 to 8.8 6.4 to 8.9 6.3 to 9.4 Property 4.3 5.3 5.2 15-year gilt rate 1.5 2.5 2.4 Corporate bonds 3.2 4.1 4.1 Expected 15-year / long-term rate of inflation 3.1 3.3 3.1 Equity risk premium 4.0 4.0 4.0 * The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). Note (a) For shareholder-backed annuity business, the movements in the pre-tax long-term nominal rates of return and risk discount rates for new and in-force businesses reflect the effect of changes in asset yields (based on average yields for new business). (b) The table below shows the pattern of the UK risk-free Solvency II spot yield curve at the end of 30 June 2016: 30 Jun 2016 % Year 1 5 10 15 20 Risk-free rate 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.1 Stochastic assumptions Details are given below of the key characteristics of the models used to determine the time value of the financial options and guarantees as referred to in note 13(a)(iv). (iv) Asia operations - The stochastic cost of guarantees is primarily of significance for the Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan operations. - The principal asset classes are government and corporate bonds. - The asset return models are similar to the models as described for UK insurance operations below. - The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 35 per cent, and the volatility of government bond yields ranges from 0.9 per cent to 2.3 per cent for all periods shown. (v) US operations (Jackson) - Interest rates and equity returns are projected using a log-normal generator reflecting historical market data. - Corporate bond returns are based on treasury yields plus a spread that reflects current market conditions. - The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 27 per cent for all periods shown, and the standard deviation of interest rates ranges from 2.3 per cent to 2.6 per cent (half year and full year 2015: from 2.2 per cent to 2.5 per cent). (vi) UK insurance operations - Interest rates are projected using a stochastic interest rate model calibrated to the current market yields. - Equity returns are assumed to follow a log-normal distribution. - The corporate bond return is calculated based on a risk-free return plus a mean-reverting spread. - Property returns are also modelled on a risk-free return plus a risk premium with a stochastic process reflecting total property returns. - The standard deviation of equities and property ranges from 15 per cent to 20 per cent for all periods shown. Operating assumptions Best estimate assumptions Best estimate assumptions are used for the cash flow projections, where best estimate is defined as the mean of the distribution of future possible outcomes. The assumptions are reviewed actively and changes are made when evidence exists that material changes in future experience are reasonably certain. Assumptions required in the calculation of the value of options and guarantees, for example relating to volatilities and correlations, or dynamic algorithms linking liabilities to assets, have been set equal to the best estimates and, wherever material and practical, reflect any dynamic relationships between the assumptions and the stochastic variables. Demographic assumptions Persistency, mortality and morbidity assumptions are based on an analysis of recent experience, but also reflect expected future experience. Where relevant, when calculating the time value of financial options and guarantees, policyholder withdrawal rates vary in line with the emerging investment conditions according to management's expectations. Expense assumptions Expense levels, including those of service companies that support the Group's long-term business operations, are based on internal expense analysis investigations and are appropriately allocated to acquisition of new business and renewal of in-force business. Exceptional expenses are identified and reported separately. For mature business, it is Prudential's policy not to take credit for future cost reduction programmes until the savings have been delivered. For businesses which are currently sub-scale (China, Malaysia Takaful and Taiwan), expense overruns are reported where these are expected to be short-lived. For Asia operations, the expenses comprise costs borne directly and recharged costs from the Asia regional head office, that are attributable to covered business. The assumed future expenses for these operations also include projections of these future recharges. Development expenses are charged as incurred. Corporate expenditure, which is included in other income and expenditure, comprises: - expenditure for Group head office, to the extent not allocated to the PAC with-profits funds, together with Solvency II implementation and restructuring costs, which are charged to the EEV basis results as incurred; and - expenditure of the Asia regional head office that is not allocated to the covered business or asset management operations which is charged as incurred. These costs are primarily for corporate related activities and are included within corporate expenditure. Tax rates The assumed long-term effective tax rates for operations reflect the incidence of taxable profits and losses in the projected cash flows as explained in note 13(a)(x). The local standard corporate tax rates applicable for the most significant operations for 2015 and half year 2016 are as follows: Standard corporate tax rates % Asia operations: Hong Kong 16.5 per cent on 5 per cent of premium income Indonesia 25.0 Malaysia 2015: 25.0; from 2016: 24.0 Singapore 17.0 US operations 35.0 UK operations 2015: 20.0; from 2017: 19.0; from 2020: 18.0 * The sensitivity of the embedded value as at 30 June 2016 to the effect of the future reduction in the UK corporate tax rate announced in March 2016 is shown in note 12(b). 15 Total insurance and investment products new businessnote (i) Single Regular Annual premium and contribution equivalents (APE) Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) note 13(a)(ii) note 13(a)(ii) 2016 £m 2015 £m 2016 £m 2015 £m 2016 £m 2015 £m 2016 £m 2015 £m Half year Half year Full year Half year Half year Full year Half year Half year Full year Half year Half year Full year Insurance operations Asia 1,045 1,241 2,120 1,551 1,242 2,641 1,655 1,366 2,853 8,955 7,340 15,208 US 7,816 8,574 17,286 - - - 782 857 1,729 7,816 8,574 17,286 UK retail 4,936 3,022 6,955 99 91 179 593 393 874 5,267 3,355 7,561 Group total excluding bulk annuities 13,797 12,837 26,361 1,650 1,333 2,820 3,030 2,616 5,456 22,038 19,269 40,055 UK bulk annuities - 1,169 1,508 - - - - 117 151 - 1,169 1,508 Group Total 13,797 14,006 27,869 1,650 1,333 2,820 3,030 2,733 5,607 22,038 20,438 41,563 Asia insurance operations Cambodia - - - 6 3 8 6 3 8 30 17 38 Hong Kong 506 242 546 817 495 1,158 868 519 1,213 5,045 3,015 7,007 Indonesia 84 147 230 117 168 303 125 183 326 486 762 1,224 Malaysia 52 53 100 104 100 201 109 105 211 630 630 1,208 Philippines 36 79 146 26 21 44 30 29 59 118 146 287 Singapore 174 276 454 125 125 264 142 153 309 1,063 1,097 2,230 Thailand 36 34 69 39 45 88 43 48 95 197 207 422 Vietnam 3 3 6 44 34 82 44 34 83 182 140 343 SE Asia operations including Hong Kong 891 834 1,551 1,278 991 2,148 1,367 1,074 2,304 7,751 6,014 12,759 Chinanote (ii) 74 259 308 102 63 111 109 89 142 452 487 739 Korea 42 102 182 46 64 123 50 74 141 276 398 780 Taiwan 14 27 45 55 58 127 56 61 131 205 209 442 Indianote (iii) 24 19 34 70 66 132 73 68 135 271 232 488 Total Asia insurance operations 1,045 1,241 2,120 1,551 1,242 2,641 1,655 1,366 2,853 8,955 7,340 15,208 US insurance operations Variable annuities 4,995 6,065 11,977 - - - 500 606 1,198 4,995 6,065 11,977 Elite Access (variable annuity) 990 1,656 3,144 - - - 99 166 314 990 1,656 3,144 Fixed annuities 285 233 477 - - - 28 23 48 285 233 477 Fixed index annuities 277 210 458 - - - 28 21 46 277 210 458 Wholesale 1,269 410 1,230 - - - 127 41 123 1,269 410 1,230 Total US insurance operations 7,816 8,574 17,286 - - - 782 857 1,729 7,816 8,574 17,286 UK and Europe insurance operations Individual annuities 327 279 565 - - - 33 28 57 327 279 565 Bonds 1,956 1,558 3,327 - - - 196 156 333 1,957 1,559 3,328 Corporate pensions 60 51 175 68 71 135 74 76 152 258 300 600 Individual pensions 1,137 480 1,185 21 14 32 134 62 150 1,212 536 1,295 Income drawdown 808 386 1,024 - - - 81 39 102 808 386 1,024 Other products 648 268 679 10 6 12 75 32 80 705 295 749 Total Retail 4,936 3,022 6,955 99 91 179 593 393 874 5,267 3,355 7,561 Bulk annuities - 1,169 1,508 - - - - 117 151 - 1,169 1,508 Total UK and Europe insurance operations 4,936 4,191 8,463 99 91 179 593 510 1,025 5,267 4,524 9,069 Group Total 13,797 14,006 27,869 1,650 1,333 2,820 3,030 2,733 5,607 22,038 20,438 41,563 Group total excluding UK bulk annuities 13,797 12,837 26,361 1,650 1,333 2,820 3,030 2,616 5,456 22,038 19,269 40,055 * For half year 2016, the risk discount rates used to calculate PVNBP for UK insurance operations are on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective on 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods (see note 2 for details). ** Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately. Investment products - funds under managementnotes (iv), (v), (vi) Half year 2016 £m 1 January 2016 Market gross inflows Redemptions Market exchange translation and other movements 30 Jun 2016 Eastspring Investments 30,281 6,163 (6,575) 2,859 32,728 M&G 126,405 9,731 (16,697) 10,217 129,656 Group Total 156,686 15,894 (23,272) 13,076 162,384 Half year 2015 £m 1 January 2015 Market gross inflows Redemptions Market exchange translation and other movements 30 Jun 2015 Eastspring Investments 25,333 11,653 (7,092) 194 30,088 M&G 137,047 20,425 (22,800) (1,272) 133,400 Group Total 162,380 32,078 (29,892) (1,078) 163,488 Notes (i) The tables shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profits for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the IFRS income statement. The format of the tables shown above is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in Part II of schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under PRA regulations. The details shown above for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK insurance operations and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US operations. (ii) New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation. (iii) New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation. (iv) Investment products referred to in the tables for fund under management above are unit trust, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as 'investment contracts' under IFRS 4, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business. (v) Investment flows for the half year exclude Eastspring Money Market Funds gross inflows of £62,302 million (half year 2015: inflows of £45,072 million) and net inflows of £656 million (half year 2015: net inflows of £609 million). (vi) New business and market gross inflows and redemptions have been translated at an average exchange rate for the period applicable. Funds under management at points in time are translated at the exchange rate applicable to those dates. Additional EEV financial information A New Business BASIS OF PREPARATION The format of the schedules is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous financial reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for regulatory reporting purposes, ie falling within one of the classes of insurance specified in part II of Schedule 1 to the Regulated Activities Order under Prudential Regulation Authority regulations. The details shown for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4 'Insurance Contracts' as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in UK Insurance Operations, and Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in US Operations. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis. Internal vesting business is classified as new business where the contracts include an open market option. New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts designed as investment products for IFRS reporting. Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business. Post-tax New Business Profit has been determined using the European Embedded Value (EEV) methodology set out in our EEV basis results supplement. The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods. In determining the EEV basis value of new business written in the period policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for statutory basis reporting. Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales are subject to rounding. Notes to Schedules A(i) to A(v) (1) Prudential plc reports its results using both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) so as to eliminate the impact of exchange translation. Local currency: £ Half year 2016 Half year 2015 Half year 2016 vs half year 2015 appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against GBP China Average Rate 9.37 9.48 1% Closing Rate 8.88 9.75 9% Hong Kong Average Rate 11.13 11.81 6% Closing Rate 10.37 12.19 15% India Average Rate 96.30 95.76 (1)% Closing Rate 90.23 100.15 10% Indonesia Average Rate 19,222.95 19,760.02 3% Closing Rate 17,662.47 20,968.02 16% Malaysia Average Rate 5.87 5.55 (6)% Closing Rate 5.39 5.93 9% Singapore Average Rate 1.98 2.06 4% Closing Rate 1.80 2.12 15% Thailand Average Rate 50.81 50.21 (1)% Closing Rate 46.98 53.12 12% US Average Rate 1.43 1.52 6% Closing Rate 1.34 1.57 15% Vietnam Average Rate 31,996.45 32,832.81 3% Closing Rate 29,815.99 34,345.42 13% ** Average rate is for the 6 month period to 30 June. * The additional financial information is not covered by the KPMG independent review opinion Local currency: £ Half year 2016* Full year 2015 Half year 2016 vs Full year 2015 appreciation (depreciation) of local currency against GBP China Average Rate 9.37 9.61 2% Closing Rate 8.88 9.57 7% Hong Kong Average Rate 11.13 11.85 6% Closing Rate 10.37 11.42 9% India Average Rate 96.30 98.08 2% Closing Rate 90.23 97.51 7% Indonesia Average Rate 19,222.95 20,476.93 6% Closing Rate 17,662.47 20,317.71 13% Malaysia Average Rate 5.87 5.97 2% Closing Rate 5.39 6.33 15% Singapore Average Rate 1.98 2.10 6% Closing Rate 1.80 2.09 14% Thailand Average Rate 50.81 52.38 3% Closing Rate 46.98 53.04 11% US Average Rate 1.43 1.53 6% Closing Rate 1.34 1.47 9% Vietnam Average Rate 31,996.45 33,509.21 5% Closing Rate 29,815.99 33,140.64 10% ** Average rate is for the 6 month period to 30 June. (1a) Insurance new business for overseas operations are converted using the year-to-date average exchange rate applicable at the time (AER). The sterling results for the individual second half period in 2015 represent the difference between the year-to-date reported sterling results at the 2015 year end and the results for the first half year of 2015. The second half 2015 results therefore include foreign exchange movements from the first half period. (1b) Insurance new business for overseas operations for 2015 has been calculated using constant exchange rates (CER). (2) Annual Equivalents, calculated as regular new business contributions plus 10 per cent of single new business contributions, are subject to rounding. Present value of new business premiums (PVNBPs) are calculated as equalling single premiums plus the present value of expected premiums of new regular premium business. In determining the present value, allowance is made for lapses and other assumptions applied in determining the EEV new business profit. For half year 2016, the risk discount rates used to calculate PVNBP for UK insurance operations are on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective on 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods. (3) Balance includes segregated and pooled pension funds, private finance assets and other institutional clients. Other movements reflect the net flows arising from the cash component of a tactical asset allocation fund managed by PPM South Africa. (4) New business in India is included at Prudential's 26 per cent interest in the India life operation. (5) Balance Sheet figures have been calculated at the closing exchange rate. (6) New business in China is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the China life operation. (7) Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) product sales in Hong Kong are included at Prudential's 36 per cent interest in Hong Kong MPF operation. (8) Investment flows for the period exclude year-to-date Eastspring Money Market Funds (MMF) gross inflows of £62,302 million (half year 2015: £45,072 million; full year 2015: £89,553 million) and net inflows of £656 million (half year 2015: net inflows £609 million; full year 2015: net inflows £1,066 million). (9) Total Group Investment Operations funds under management exclude MMF funds under management of £7,421 million at 30 June 2016 (30 June 2015: £5,428 million; 31 December 2015: £6,006 million). (10) The half year 2016 results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 and full year 2015 comparative results for UK insurance operations reflect the Solvency I basis being the regime applicable for those periods. (11) Following Prudential's withdrawal from the UK bulk annuity market, the 2015 comparative results for UK bulk annuities new business have been presented separately. Schedule A(i) - New Business Insurance Operations (Actual Exchange Rates) Single Regular Annual Equivalents(2) PVNBP(2) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Half year Half year +/- (%) Half year Half year +/- (%) Half year Half year +/- (%) Half year Half year +/- (%) £m £m £m £m £m £m £m £m Group Insurance Operations Asia (1a) 1,045 1,241 (16)% 1,551 1,242 25% 1,655 1,366 21% 8,955 7,340 22% US(1a) 7,816 8,574 (9)% - - N/A 782 857 (9)% 7,816 8,574 (9)% UK retail(11) 4,936 3,022 63% 99 91 9% 593 393 51% 5,267 3,355 57% Group total excluding UK bulk annuities 13,797 12,837 7% 1,650 1,333 24% 3,030 2,616 16% 22,038 19,269 14% UK bulk annuities(11) - 1,169 N/A - - N/A - 117 N/A - 1,169 N/A Group Total 13,797 14,006 (1)% 1,650 1,333 24% 3,030 2,733 11% 22,038 20,438 8% Asia Insurance Operations(1a) Cambodia - - N/A 6 3 100% 6 3 100% 30 17 76% Hong Kong 506 242 109% 817 495 65% 868 519 67% 5,045 3,015 67% Indonesia 84 147 (43)% 117 168 (30)% 125 183 (32)% 486 762 (36)% Malaysia 52 53 (2)% 104 100 4% 109 105 4% 630 630 - Philippines 36 79 (54)% 26 21 24% 30 29 3% 118 146 (19)% Singapore 174 276 (37)% 125 125 - 142 153 (7)% 1,063 1,097 (3)% Thailand 36 34 6% 39 45 (13)% 43 48 (10)% 197 207 (5)% Vietnam 3 3 - 44 34 29% 44 34 29% 182 140 30% SE Asia Operations 891 834 7% 1,278 991 29% 1,367 1,074 27% 7,751 6,014 29% inc. Hong Kong China(6) 74 259 (71)% 102 63 62% 109 89 22% 452 487 (7)% Korea 42 102 (59)% 46 64 (28)% 50 74 (32)% 276 398 (31)% Taiwan 14 27 (48)% 55 58 (5)% 56 61 (8)% 205 209 (2)% India(4) 24 19 26% 70 66 6% 73 68 7% 271 232 17% Total Asia Insurance Operations 1,045 1,241 (16)% 1,551 1,242 25% 1,655 1,366 21% 8,955 7,340 22% US Insurance Operations(1a) Variable annuities 4,995 6,065 (18)% - - N/A 500 606 (17)% 4,995 6,065 (18)% Elite Access (variable annuity) 990 1,656 (40)% - - N/A 99 166 (40)% 990 1,656 (40)% Fixed annuities 285 233 22% - - N/A 28 23 22% 285 233 22% Fixed index annuities 277 210 32% - - N/A 28 21 33% 277 210 32% Wholesale 1,269 410 210% - - N/A 127 41 210% 1,269 410 210% Total US Insurance Operations 7,816 8,574 (9)% - - N/A 782 857 (9)% 7,816 8,574 (9)% UK & Europe Insurance Operations Individual annuities 327 279 17% - - N/A 33 28 18% 327 279 17% Bonds 1,956 1,558 26% - - N/A 196 156 26% 1,957 1,559 26% Corporate pensions 60 51 18% 68 71 (4%) 74 76 (3)% 258 300 (14)% Individual pensions 1,137 480 137% 21 14 50% 134 62 116% 1,212 536 126% Income drawdown 808 386 109% - - N/A 81 39 108% 808 386 109% Other products 648 268 142% 10 6 67% 75 32 134% 705 295 139% Total UK Retail 4,936 3,022 63% 99 91 9% 593 393 51% 5,267 3,355 57% UK bulk annuities - 1,169 N/A - - N/A - 117 N/A - 1,169 N/A Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations 4,936 4,191 18% 99 91 9% 593 510 16% 5,267 4,524 16% Group Total 13,797 14,006 (1)% 1,650 1,333 24% 3,030 2,733 11% 22,038 20,438 8% Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11) 13,797 12,837 7% 1,650 1,333 24% 3,030 2,616 16% 22,038 19,269 14% Schedule A(ii) - New Business Insurance Operations (Constant Exchange Rates) Note: In schedule A(ii) constant exchange rates have been used to calculate insurance new business for overseas operations for 2015. Single Regular Annual Equivalents(2) PVNBP(2) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Half year Half year +/- (%) Half year Half year +/- (%) Half year Half year +/- (%) Half year Half year +/- (%) £m £m £m £m £m £m £m £m Group Insurance Operations Asia (1a) (1b) 1,045 1,270 (18)% 1,551 1,277 21% 1,655 1,404 18% 8,955 7,560 18% US(1a) (1b) 7,816 9,117 (14)% - - N/A 782 912 (14)% 7,816 9,117 (14)% UK retail(11) 4,936 3,022 63% 99 91 9% 593 393 51% 5,267 3,355 57% Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11) 13,797 13,409 3% 1,650 1,368 21% 3,030 2,709 12% 22,038 20,032 10% UK bulk annuities - 1,169 N/A - - N/A - 117 N/A - 1,169 N/A Group Total 13,797 14,578 (5)% 1,650 1,368 21% 3,030 2,826 7% 22,038 21,201 4% Asia Insurance Operations(1a) (1b) Cambodia - - N/A 6 4 50% 6 3 100% 30 18 67% Hong Kong 506 256 98% 817 524 56% 868 550 58% 5,045 3,200 58% Indonesia 84 151 (44)% 117 172 (32)% 125 187 (33)% 486 783 (38)% Malaysia 52 50 4% 104 94 11% 109 99 10% 630 595 6% Philippines 36 80 (55)% 26 21 24% 30 29 3% 118 147 (20)% Singapore 174 288 (40)% 125 130 (4)% 142 159 (11)% 1,063 1,140 (7)% Thailand 36 33 9% 39 45 (13)% 43 49 (12)% 197 205 (4)% Vietnam 3 3 0% 44 35 26% 44 35 26% 182 144 26% SE Asia Operations 891 861 3% 1,278 1,025 25% 1,367 1,111 23% 7,751 6,232 24% inc. Hong Kong China(6) 74 262 (72)% 102 64 59% 109 90 21% 452 493 (8)% Korea 42 101 (58)% 46 63 (27)% 50 73 (32)% 276 394 (30)% Taiwan 14 27 (48)% 55 59 (7)% 56 62 (10)% 205 211 (3)% India(4) 24 19 26% 70 66 6% 73 68 7% 271 230 18% Total Asia Insurance Operations 1,045 1,270 (18)% 1,551 1,277 21% 1,655 1,404 18% 8,955 7,560 18% US Insurance Operations(1a) (1b) Variable annuities 4,995 6,449 (23)% - - N/A 500 645 (22)% 4,995 6,449 (23)% Elite Access (variable annuity) 990 1,761 (44)% - - N/A 99 176 (44)% 990 1,761 (44)% Fixed annuities 285 248 15% - - N/A 28 25 12% 285 248 15% Fixed index annuities 277 223 24% - - N/A 28 22 27% 277 223 24% Wholesale 1,269 436 191% - - N/A 127 44 189% 1,269 436 191% Total US Insurance Operations 7,816 9,117 (14)% - - N/A 782 912 (14)% 7,816 9,117 (14)% UK & Europe Insurance Operations Individual annuities 327 279 17% - - N/A 33 28 18% 327 279 17% Bonds 1,956 1,558 26% - - N/A 196 156 26% 1,957 1,559 26% Corporate pensions 60 51 18% 68 71 (4)% 74 76 (3)% 258 300 (14)% Individual pensions 1,137 480 137% 21 14 50% 134 62 116% 1,212 536 126% Income drawdown 808 386 109% - - N/A 81 39 108% 808 386 109% Other products 648 268 142% 10 6 67% 75 32 134% 705 295 139% Total UK Retail 4,936 3,022 63% 99 91 9% 593 393 51% 5,267 3,355 57% UK bulk annuities - 1,169 N/A - - N/A - 117 N/A - 1,169 N/A Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations 4,936 4,191 18% 99 91 9% 593 510 16% 5,267 4,524 16% Group Total 13,797 14,578 (5)% 1,650 1,368 21% 3,030 2,826 7% 22,038 21,201 4% Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11) 13,797 13,409 3% 1,650 1,368 21% 3,030 2,709 12% 22,038 20,032 10% Schedule A(iii) - Total Insurance New Business APE (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates) Note: In schedule A(iii) amounts for the first half (H1) and second half (H2) of 2015 are presented on both actual exchange rate and constant exchange rate. The half year 2016 amounts are presented on actual exchange rate. 2015 2016 Actual exchange rates Constant exchange rates Actual exchange rates H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 £m £m £m £m £m Group Insurance Operations Asia (1a) 1,366 1,487 1,404 1,594 1,655 US(1a) 857 872 912 932 782 UK retail(11) 393 481 393 481 593 Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11) 2,616 2,840 2,709 3,007 3,030 UK bulk annuities 117 34 117 34 - Group Total 2,733 2,874 2,826 3,041 3,030 Asia Insurance Operations(1a) Cambodia 3 5 3 4 6 Hong Kong 519 694 550 741 868 Indonesia 183 143 187 161 125 Malaysia 105 106 99 116 109 Philippines 29 30 29 32 30 Singapore 153 156 159 169 142 Thailand 48 47 49 49 43 Vietnam 34 49 35 52 44 SE Asia Operations inc. Hong Kong 1,074 1,230 1,111 1,324 1,367 China(6) 89 53 90 56 109 Korea 74 67 73 71 50 Taiwan 61 70 62 74 56 India(4) 68 67 68 69 73 Total Asia Insurance Operations 1,366 1,487 1,404 1,594 1,655 US Insurance Operations(1a) Variable annuities 606 592 645 632 500 Elite Access (variable annuity) 166 148 176 159 99 Fixed annuities 23 25 25 26 28 Fixed index annuities 21 25 22 27 28 Wholesale 41 82 44 88 127 Total US Insurance Operations 857 872 912 932 782 UK & Europe Insurance Operations Individual annuities 28 29 28 29 33 Bonds 156 177 156 177 196 Corporate pensions 76 76 76 76 74 Individual pensions 62 88 62 88 134 Income drawdown 39 63 39 63 81 Other products 32 48 32 48 75 Total UK Retail 393 481 393 481 593 UK bulk annuities 117 34 117 34 - Total UK & Europe Insurance Operations 510 515 510 515 593 Group Total 2,733 2,874 2,826 3,041 3,030 Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11) 2,616 2,840 2,709 3,007 3,030 Schedule A(iv) - Investment Operations (Actual Exchange Rates) 2015 2016 H1 H2 H1 £m £m £m Group Investment Operations Opening FUM 162,380 163,488 156,686 Net Flows:(8) 2,186 (3,223) (7,378) - Gross Inflows 32,078 22,392 15,894 - Redemptions (29,892) (25,615) (23,272) Other Movements (1,078) (3,579) 13,076 Total Group Investment Operations(10) 163,488 156,686 162,384 M&G Retail Opening FUM 74,289 69,158 60,801 Net Flows: (3,418) (7,440) (6,122) - Gross Inflows 14,264 6,836 6,160 - Redemptions (17,682) (14,276) (12,282) Other Movements (1,713) (917) 4,538 Closing FUM 69,158 60,801 59,217 Comprising amounts for: UK 38,701 35,738 34,308 Europe (excluding UK) 28,726 23,524 23,020 South Africa 1,731 1,539 1,889 69,158 60,801 59,217 Institutional(3) Opening FUM 62,758 64,242 65,604 Net Flows: 1,043 2,807 (844) - Gross Inflows 6,161 6,365 3,571 - Redemptions (5,118) (3,558) (4,415) Other Movements 441 (1,445) 5,679 Closing FUM 64,242 65,604 70,439 Total M&G Investment Operations 133,400 126,405 129,656 PPM South Africa FUM included in Total M&G 5,108 4,365 5,354 Eastspring - excluding MMF(8) Third Party Retail(7) Opening FUM 21,893 26,017 25,541 Net Flows: 4,235 616 (787) - Gross Inflows 11,089 8,165 5,650 - Redemptions (6,854) (7,549) (6,437) Other Movements (111) (1,092) 2,401 Closing FUM(5) 26,017 25,541 27,155 Third Party Institutional Mandates Opening FUM 3,440 4,071 4,740 Net Flows: 326 794 375 - Gross Inflows 564 1,026 513 - Redemptions (238) (232) (138) Other Movements 305 (125) 458 Closing FUM(5) 4,071 4,740 5,573 Total Eastspring Investment Operations 30,088 30,281 32,728 US Curian - FUM(5) (9) 8,078 1,891 - Schedule A(v) - Total Insurance New Business Profit (Actual and Constant Exchange Rates) Note: In schedule A(v) amounts for half year (HY) and full year (FY) 2015 are presented on both actual exchange rates and constant exchange rates basis. The half year 2016 amounts are presented on actual exchange rates. 2015 2016 Actual exchange rates Constant exchange rates Actual exchange rates HY FY HY FY HY £m £m £m £m £m New Business Profit(1a) (b) Total Asia Insurance Operations 664 1,490 688 1,576 824 Total US Insurance Operations 371 809 394 863 311 Total UK retail(10) (11) 80 201 80 201 125 Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11) 1,115 2,500 1,162 2,640 1,260 UK bulk annuities 75 117 75 117 - Group Total 1,190 2,617 1,237 2,757 1,260 Annual Equivalent(1a) (b) (2) Total Asia Insurance Operations 1,366 2,853 1,404 2,998 1,655 Total US Insurance Operations 857 1,729 912 1,844 782 Total UK retail(11) 393 874 393 874 593 Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(11) 2,616 5,456 2,709 5,716 3,030 UK bulk annuities 117 151 117 151 - Group Total 2,733 5,607 2,826 5,867 3,030 New Business Margin (NBP as % of APE) Total Asia Insurance Operations 49% 52% 49% 53% 50% Total US Insurance Operations 43% 47% 43% 47% 40% Total UK retail(10) (11) 20% 23% 20% 23% 21% Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11) 43% 46% 43% 46% 42% UK bulk annuities 64% 77% 64% 77% - Group Total 44% 47% 44% 47% 42% PVNBP(1a) (b) (2) Total Asia Insurance Operations 7,340 15,208 7,560 16,002 8,955 Total US Insurance Operations 8,574 17,286 9,117 18,437 7,816 Total UK retail(10) (11) 3,355 7,561 3,355 7,561 5,267 Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11) 19,269 40,055 20,032 42,000 22,038 UK bulk annuities 1,169 1,508 1,169 1,508 - Group Total 20,438 41,563 21,201 43,508 22,038 New Business Margin (NBP as % of PVNBP) Total Asia Insurance Operations 9.0% 9.8% 9.1% 9.8% 9.2% Total US Insurance Operations 4.3% 4.7% 4.3% 4.7% 4.0% Total UK retail(10) (11) 2.4% 2.7% 2.4% 2.7% 2.4% Group total excluding UK bulk annuities(10) (11) 5.8% 6.2% 5.8% 6.3% 5.7% UK bulk annuities 6.4% 7.8% 6.4% 7.8% - Group Total 5.8% 6.3% 5.8% 6.3% 5.7% B Foreign currency source of key metrics The tables below show the Group's key free surplus, IFRS and EEV metrics analysis by contribution by currency group: Free surplus and IFRS half year 2016 results Underlying free surplus generated for total insurance and asset management operations Pre-tax operating profit Shareholders' funds % % % note (2) notes (2),(3),(4) notes (2),(3),(4) US$ linkednote(1) 15 19 18 Other Asia currencies 11 17 18 Total Asia 26 36 36 UK sterlingnotes (3),(4) 44 21 42 US$ note (4) 30 43 22 Total 100 100 100 EEV half year 2016 results Post-tax new business profits Post-tax operating profit Shareholders' funds % % % notes (2),(3),(4) notes (2),(3),(4) US$ linkednote (1) 54 42 34 Other Asia currencies 11 14 14 Total Asia 65 56 48 UK sterlingnotes (3),(4) 10 14 22 US$note (4) 25 30 30 Total 100 100 100 Notes (1) US$ linked comprising the Hong Kong and Vietnam operations where the currencies are pegged to the US dollar and the Malaysia and Singapore operations where the currencies are managed against a basket of currencies including the US dollar. (2) Includes long-term, asset management business and other businesses. (3) For operating profit and shareholders' funds, UK sterling includes amounts in respect of central operations as well as UK insurance operations and M&G. (4) For shareholders' funds, the US$ grouping includes US$ denominated core structural borrowings. Sterling operating profits include all interest payable as sterling denominated, reflecting interest rate currency swaps in place. C Reconciliation between IFRS and EEV shareholders' funds The table below shows the reconciliation of EEV shareholders' funds and IFRS shareholders' funds at the end of the period: 2016 £m 2015 £m 30 June 30 June 31 Dec EEV shareholders' funds 34,981 30,074 32,359 Less: Value of in-force business of long-term businessnote (a) (21,785) (21,003) (22,431) Deferred acquisition costs assigned zero value for EEV purposes 8,068 6,003 7,010 Othernote (b), (c) (6,659) (2,970) (3,983) IFRS shareholders' funds 14,605 12,104 12,955 Notes (a) The EEV shareholders' funds comprises the present value of the shareholders' interest in the value in-force business, net worth of long-term business operations and IFRS shareholders' funds of asset management and other operations. The value of in-force business reflects the present value of future shareholder cash flows from long-term in-force business which are not captured as shareholders' interest on an IFRS basis. Net worth represents the net assets for EEV reporting purposes that reflect the regulatory basis position, sometimes with adjustments to achieve consistency with the IFRS treatment of certain items. (b) Other adjustments represent asset and liability valuation differences between IFRS and the local regulatory reporting basis used to value net worth for long-term insurance operations. It also includes the mark to market of the Group's core borrowings which are fair valued under EEV but not IFRS. The most significant valuation differences relate to changes in the valuation of insurance liabilities. For example, in Jackson where IFRS liabilities are higher than the local regulatory basis as they are principally based on policyholder account balances (with a deferred acquisition costs recognised as an asset) whereas the local regulatory basis used for EEV is based on future cash flows due to the policyholder on a prudent basis with consideration of an expense allowance as applicable, but with no separate deferred acquisition cost asset. (c) The half year 2016 EEV results for UK insurance operations have been prepared on a basis that reflects the Solvency II regime, effective from 1 January 2016. The half year 2015 EEV results for UK insurance operations were prepared on a basis reflecting the Solvency I regime. As noted in (b) above, "other adjustments" represent asset and liability valuation differences between IFRS and the local regulatory basis used to value net worth for long-term insurance operations. At 30 June 2016 for the UK this would be the difference between IFRS and Solvency II, and at 30 June 2015 and 31 December 2015 the difference between IFRS and Solvency I. D Reconciliation of APE new business sales to earned premiums The Group reports annual premium equivalent (APE) new business sales as a measure of the new policies sold in the period. This differs to the IFRS measure of premiums earned as shown below: 2016 £m 2015 £m 30 June 30 June 31 Dec Annual premium equivalents (APE) as published 3,030 2,733 5,607 Adjustment to include 100% of single premiums on new business sold in the periodnote (a) 12,417 12,606 25,082 Premiums from in-force business and other adjustmentsnote (b) 2,891 3,067 5,974 Gross premiums earned 18,338 18,406 36,663 Outward reinsurance premiums (944) (522) (1,157) Earned premiums, net of reinsurance as shown in the IFRS financial statements 17,394 17,884 35,506 Notes (a) APE new business sales only include one tenth of single premiums, recorded on policies sold in the period. Gross premiums earned include 100 per cent of such premiums. (b) Other adjustments principally include amounts in respect of the following: - Gross premiums earned includes premiums from existing in-force business as well as new business. The most significant amount is recorded in Asia, where a significant portion of regular premium business is written. Asia in-force premiums form the vast majority of the other adjustment amount; - APE includes new policies written in the period which are classified as investment contracts without discretionary participation features under IFRS 4, arising mainly in Jackson for guaranteed investment contracts and in the UK for certain unit-linked savings and similar contracts. These are excluded from gross premiums earned and recorded as deposits; - APE new business sales are annualised while gross premiums earned are recorded only when revenues are due; - For the purpose of reporting APE new business sales, we include the Group's share of amounts sold by the Group's insurance joint ventures. Under IFRS, joint ventures are equity accounted and so no amounts are included within gross premiums earned. This information is provided by RNS The company news service from the London Stock Exchange END IR EAPPNESKKEFF