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Lara Exploration Ltd. — Audit Report / Information 2019
Apr 16, 2020
45580_rns_2020-04-16_a5335b94-62e1-474c-8cb8-1b15cc122a53.pdf
Audit Report / Information
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(An Exploration Stage Company)
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Years Ended December 31, 2019 AND 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT
To the Shareholders of Lara Exploration Ltd.
Opinion
We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Lara Exploration Ltd. (the "Company"), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and notes to the consolidated financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies.
In our opinion, these consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and its financial performance and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS").
Basis for Opinion
We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the consolidated financial statements in Canada, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our audits is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.
Other Information
Management is responsible for the other information. The other information obtained at the date of this auditor's report includes Management's Discussion and Analysis.
Our opinion on the consolidated financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.
In connection with our audit of the consolidated financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the consolidated financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated.
We obtained Management's Discussion and Analysis prior to the date of this auditor's report. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

Responsibilities of Management and Those Charged with Governance for the Consolidated Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.
Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Company's financial reporting process.
Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these consolidated financial statements.
As part of an audit in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:
- Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
- Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control.
- Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.
- Conclude on the appropriateness of management's use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor's report to the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor's report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.
- Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the consolidated financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the consolidated financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
- Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business activities within the Company to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and performance of the group audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion.
We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.
We also provide those charged with governance with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.
The engagement partner on the audit resulting in this independent auditor's report is Glenn Parchomchuk.
"DAVIDSON & COMPANY LLP"
Vancouver, Canada Chartered Professional Accountants
April 15, 2020
(An Exploration Stage Company) Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
| December 31, | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| December 31,2019 | 2018 | |||
| ASSETS | ||||
| Current assets | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents (Note 3) | $ | 2,070,758 | $780,247 | |
| Receivables (Note 4) | 56,558 | 16,623 | ||
| Prepaids and deposit (Note 5) | 63,096 | 57,743 | ||
| Total current assets | 2,190,412 | 854,613 | ||
| Non-current assets | ||||
| Restricted cash equivalents (Note 6) | 57,500 | 57,500 | ||
| Equipment (Note 7) | 46,307 | 52,212 | ||
| Exploration and evaluation assets (Note 8) | 93,640 | 194,672 | ||
| Investment in associated company and joint ventures (Note 10) | - | 131,243 | ||
| Long-term investments (Note 11) | 183,595 | 114,648 | ||
| Total non-current assets | 381,042 | 550,275 | ||
| TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 2,571,454 | $1,404,888 | |
| LIABILITIES | ||||
| Current liabilities | ||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Note 14) | $ | 144,732 | $322,766 | |
| Advances from joint venture partners (Note 8) | 409,261 | - | ||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES | 553,993 | 322,766 | ||
| EQUITY | ||||
| Share capital (Note 12) | 26,433,900 | 24,371,350 | ||
| Commitment to issue shares (Note 12) | 54,082 | 72,164 | ||
| Share-based payments reserve (Note 12) | 9,238,600 | 9,194,039 | ||
| Deficit | (33,709,121) | (32,555,431) | ||
| TOTAL EQUITY | 2,017,461 | 1,082,122 | ||
| TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | $ | 2,571,454 | $1,404,888 |
Nature of operations and ability to continue as a going concern (Note 1) Events after the reporting date (Note 19)
These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on April 15, 2020.
Approved by the Board of Directors
"Miles Thompson" , Director "Christopher Jones" , Director
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||
| EXPLORATION EXPENDITURES (Note 9) | $ | 416,241 | $ | 1,044,477 | |||
| GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES | |||||||
| Depreciation (Note 7) | 839 | 692 | |||||
| Management fees (Note 14) | 120,000 | 120,000 | |||||
| Office, rent and administrative services | 334,180 | 338,508 | |||||
| Professional fees | 92,069 | 104,277 | |||||
| Shareholder communication and investor relations | 43,557 | 73,470 | |||||
| Share-based payments (Notes 12 and 14) | 86,479 | 278,920 | |||||
| Transfer agent and regulatory fees | 63,878 | 53,507 | |||||
| Travel and related costs | 30,803 | 76,523 | |||||
| Total general and administrative expenses | 771,805 | 1,045,897 | |||||
| (1,188,046) | (2,090,374) | ||||||
| Change in fair value of FVTPL investments (Note 11) | 67,906 | (732,718) | |||||
| Equity loss on investment in associated company and | |||||||
| joint ventures (Note 10) | (77,651) | (264,281) | |||||
| Foreign exchange gain (loss) | (32,565) | 27,955 | |||||
| Loss on settlement of debt (Note 12) | (5,000) | - | |||||
| Other income and expense (Note 8) | 320,153 | 16,274 | |||||
| Write-off of exploration and evaluation assets (Note 8) | (101,032) | (36,052) | |||||
| Write-off of investment in associated company | (137,455) | - | |||||
| 34,356 | (988,822) | ||||||
| Net loss for the year | $ | (1,153,690) | $ | (3,079,196) | |||
| OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) | |||||||
| Realized loss on sale of FVTOCI investments | $ | - | $ | (213,756) | |||
| Change in fair value of FVTOCI investments Note (11) | - | (481,750) | |||||
| Comprehensive loss for the year | $ | (1,153,690) | $ | (3,774,702) | |||
| Loss per common share | |||||||
| Basic and diluted loss per common share | $ | (0.03) | $ | (0.09) | |||
| Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (basic and | |||||||
| diluted) | 37,660,073 | 34,377,337 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||
| OPERATING ACTIVITIES | ||||||
| Net loss for the year | $(1,153,690) | $ | (3,079,196) | |||
| Items not affecting cash: | ||||||
| Depreciation | 839 | 692 | ||||
| Depreciation included in exploration expenditures | 11,950 | 16,402 | ||||
| Equity loss on investment in associated company and joint ventures | 77,651 | 264,281 | ||||
| Change in fair value of FVTPL investments | (67,906) | 732,718 | ||||
| Loss on settlement of debt | 5,000 | - | ||||
| Unrealized foreign exchange gain | (33,469) | (55,553) | ||||
| Write-off of exploration and evaluation assets | 101,032 | 36,052 | ||||
| Write-off of investment in associated company | 137,455 | - | ||||
| Share-based payments | 86,479 | 278,920 | ||||
| Changes in non-cash working capital items: | ||||||
| Receivables | (39,935) | (94) | ||||
| Prepaids and deposits | (5,353) | (7,681) | ||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (128,034) | 223,922 | ||||
| Advances from joint venture partners | 409,261 | - | ||||
| (598,720) | (1,589,537) | |||||
| INVESTING ACTIVITIES | ||||||
| Short-term investments | - | 551,616 | ||||
| Acquisition of exploration and evaluation assets | - | (45,711) | ||||
| Investment in associated company and joint ventures | (83,863) | (88,789) | ||||
| Proceeds from the sale of long-term investments | - | 503,452 | ||||
| Long-term investments | (1,041) | (151,184) | ||||
| Purchase of equipment | (6,884) | (7,485) | ||||
| (91,788) | 761,899 | |||||
| FINANCING ACTIVITIES | ||||||
| Shares issued for private placement | 2,000,000 | - | ||||
| Share issuance costs | (52,450) | - | ||||
| Exercise of options | - | 20,000 | ||||
| 1,947,550 | 20,000 | |||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 33,469 | 55,553 | ||||
| Change in cash and cash equivalents | 1,290,511 | (752,085) | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 780,247 | 1,532,332 | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $2,070,758 | $ | 780,247 |
Supplementary cash flow information (Note 15)
(An Exploration Stage Company) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
| Numberof shares | Sharecapital | Commitmentto issueshares | Share-basedpaymentsreserve | Accumulatedothercomprehensiveincome (loss) | Deficit | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balance as at December 31, 2018 | 34,450,940 | $24,371,350 | $72,164 | $9,194,039 | $- | $(32,555,431) | $1,082,122 |
| Shares issued for private placement | 4,000,000 | 2,000,000 | - | - | - | - | 2,000,000 |
| Share issuance costs | - | (52,450) | - | - | - | - | (52,450) |
| Shares issued for debt | 100,000 | 55,000 | - | - | - | - | 55,000 |
| Share-based payments | - | - | 41,918 | 44,561 | - | - | 86,479 |
| Bonus shares issued | 83,334 | 60,000 | (60,000) | - | - | - | - |
| Net income for the year | - | - | - | - | - | (1,153,690) | (1,153,690) |
| Balance as at December 31, 2019 | 38,634,274 | $26,433,900 | $54,082 | $9,238,600 | $- | $(33,709,121) | $2,017,461 |
| Numberof shares | Sharecapital | Commitmentto issueshares | Share-basedpaymentsreserve | Accumulatedothercomprehensiveincome (loss) | Deficit | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balance as at December 31, 2017 | 34,287,608 | $24,283,887 | $- | $9,054,746 | $695,506 | $(29,689,991) | $4,344,148 |
| Exercise of stock options | 80,000 | 20,000 | - | - | - | - | 20,000 |
| Reclassification of share-based payments | |||||||
| reserve on exercise of stock options | - | 7,464 | - | (7,464) | - | - | - |
| Share-based payments | - | - | 132,163 | 146,757 | - | - | 278,920 |
| Bonus shares issued | 83,332 | 59,999 | (59,999) | - | - | - | - |
| Change in fair value of investments | - | - | - | - | (481,750) | - | (481,750) |
| Realizedgain on sale of FTOCI | |||||||
| investments | - | - | - | - | (213,756) | 213,756 | - |
| Net lossfor the year | - | - | - | - | - | (3,079,196) | (3,079,196) |
| Balance as at December31, 2018 | 34,450,940 | $24,371,350 | $72,164 | $9,194,039 | $- | $(32,555,431) | $1,082,122 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND ABILITY TO CONTINUE AS A GOING CONCERN
Lara Exploration Ltd. (the "Company" or "Lara") was incorporated under the British Columbia Business Corporations Act on March 31, 2003. The Company's principal business activities are the acquisition, exploration, and development of mineral propertiesin South America, currently with exploration and evaluation properties in Brazil and Peru. These consolidated financial statements of the Company as at and for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are comprised of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Company's common shares are listed on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol of "LRA". The Company's address is #501 – 543 Granville Street, Vancouver, BC.
The Company is in the process of exploring its exploration and evaluation assets and has not yet determined whether they contain reserves that are economically recoverable. The recoverability of amounts shown for exploration and evaluation assets is dependent upon the discovery of economically recoverable reserves, the ability of the Company to obtain the necessary financing to complete their exploration and development, confirmation of the Company's interest in the underlying claims and leases, ability to obtain the necessary permits to mine, and future profitable production or proceeds from the disposition of these assets.
These consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to meet its obligations and continue its operations for its next fiscal year. Realization values may be substantially different from the carrying values shown and these consolidated financial statements do not give effect to adjustments that would be necessary to the carrying values and classification of assets and liabilities should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. The Company's continuing operations and the ability of the Company to meet mineral property and other commitments are dependent upon the ability of the Company to continue to raise additional equity or debt financing and to seek joint venture partners. At the date of these consolidated financial statements, the Company has not identified a known body of commercial-grade mineral on any of its properties. The Company has not achieved profitable operations and has accumulated losses since inception. The Company may need to raise additional capital resources to fund its exploration programs and administrative expenses beyond the next twelve months.
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus COVID-19 a global pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued to spread, and any related adverse public health developments, has adversely affected workforces, economies, and financial markets globally, potentially leading to an economic downturn. It is not possible for the Company to predict the duration or magnitude of the adverse results of the outbreak and its effects on the Company's business or ability to raise funds. Therefore, there is uncertainty that may cast doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.
2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Statement of Compliance
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") and interpretations of the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee ("IFRIC").
Basis of Presentation
These annual consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for longterm investments, which are classified as fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL") or fair value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI"), and which are stated at their fair value. In addition, these consolidated
financial statements have been prepared using the accrual basis of accounting except for cash flow information. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates, and assumptions that affect the application of the policies and reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements.
Basis of Consolidation
These consolidated financial statements comprise the accounts of the parent company, and its subsidiaries, after the elimination of all material intercompany balances and transactions.
Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Company has the power to govern the financial and operating policies generally accompanying a shareholding of more than one-half of the voting rights. The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Company controls another entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company until the date on which control ceases. The Company's principal operating subsidiaries and associated companies are as follows:
| Name | Principal Activity | Place of incorporation | Ownership % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maxy Gold Corp. | Exploration company | British Columbia, Canada | 100% |
| Maxy Gold Peru S.A.C. | Exploration company | Peru | 100% |
| Lara Peru S.A.C. | Exploration company | Peru | 100% |
| Lara do Brasil Mineracao Ltda. | Exploration company | Brazil | 100% |
| Planalto Mineracao Ltda. | Exploration company | Brazil | 100% |
| Andean Coal (BVI) Ltd. * | Holding company | British Virgin Islands | 50% |
| Kiwanda Alliance (BVI) Inc. * | Holding company | British Virgin Islands | 50% |
| Kiwanda Chile SA * | Exploration company | Chile | 50% |
| Minas Dixon S.A. * | Exploration company | Peru | 45% |
* These entities are jointly controlled, referred to as joint ventures, and accounted for using the equity method of accounting (Note 10).
Business Combinations
Acquisitions of businesses are accounted for using the purchase method. The cost of the business combination is measured as the aggregate of the fair values (at the date of exchange) of assets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity investments issued by the Company in exchange for control of the acquiree. The acquiree's identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities that meet the conditions for recognition under IFRS 3 Business Combinations are recognized at their fair values at the acquisition date, except for non-current assets (or disposal groups) that are classified as held-for-sale in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, which are recognized and measured at the lower of cost and fair value less costs to sell. The interest of non-controlling shareholders in the acquiree is initially measured at the noncontrolling shareholders' proportion of the net fair value of the assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities recognized.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION (continued)
Foreign Currencies
The functional and presentation currency of the Company is the Canadian dollar. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of transactions. At each financial position reporting date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the period-end exchange rate. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated. The Company has determined that the functional currency of its foreign subsidiaries is the Canadian dollar. Exchange differences arising from the translation of the net investment in its subsidiaries are recorded as a gain or loss on foreign currency translation in profit or loss.
Change of Accounting Policy and Future Pronouncements
The Company adopted IFRS 16 - Leases effective January 1, 2019. This new standard provides a single lessee accounting model, requiring lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases unless the lease term is 12 months or less or the underlying asset has a low value. The Company did not have any leases with a term of more than 12 months. Under this new standard, any leases with a term of 12 months or less did not have to be capitalized as a right of use asset and a corresponding lease liability. Therefore, this new accounting policy did not have any effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Future changes in accounting policies
Certain new accounting standards and interpretations have been published that are not mandatory for the December 31, 2019 reporting period. These standards have been assessed by the Company and are not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Financial Instruments
Financial assets
All financial assets are initially recorded at fair value and designated upon inception into one of the following three categories: amortized cost, FVTPL, and FVTOCI.
The Company's cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and accounts receivables are recorded at amortized cost.
Financial assets classified as FVTOCI are measured at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). The Company's long-term investments in equities acquired in 2017 and prior years are classified as FVTOCI, and long-term investments in options are classified as FVTPL. The Valor options which were exercised into shares in the year ended December 31, 2018, were designated as FVTPL.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION (continued)
Financial liabilities
All financial liabilities are initially recorded at fair value and designated upon inception as fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL") or amortized cost. Financial liabilities recorded at amortized cost are initially recognized at fair value less directly attributable transaction costs. The Company's accounts payable and accrued liabilities and advances from joint venture partners are recorded at amortized cost. The Company does not currently have any FVTPL financial liabilities.
Impairment of financial assets
IFRS 9 introduces a new three-stage expected credit loss model for calculating impairment for financial assets. IFRS 9 no longer requires a triggering event to have occurred before credit losses are recognized. An entity is required to recognize expected credit losses when financial instruments are initially recognized and to update the amount of expected credit losses recognized at each reporting date to reflect changes in the credit risk of the financial instruments. In addition, IFRS 9 requires additional disclosure requirements about expected credit losses and credit risk. There was no adjustment relating to the implementation of the expected credit loss model for the Company's trade or settlement receivables.
Impairment losses on financial assets carried at amortized cost are reversed in subsequent periods if the amount of the loss decreases and the decrease can be objectively related to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated statements of financial position is comprised of cash at banks and on-hand, broker balances, and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less or are readily convertible into a known amount of cash.
Equipment
Equipment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation, and accumulated impairment losses. The cost of an item of equipment consists of the purchase price, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for its intended use, and an initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located. Depreciation is provided at rates calculated to write-off the cost of equipment, less their estimated residual values, using the straight-line method at the following rates: office equipment – 10%; vehicles – 20%; and computer equipment – 33 1/3 % per annum. An item of equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal of an asset, determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, is recognized in profit or loss in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss.
Exploration and Evaluation Assets and Expenditures
Acquisition costs for exploration and evaluation assets, net of recoveries, are capitalized on a property-byproperty basis. Acquisition costs include cash consideration and the value of common shares, based on recent issue prices, issued for mineral properties pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Exploration expenditures, net of recoveries, are recorded in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss as incurred.
After an exploration and evaluation asset is determined by management to be commercially viable and technically feasible, exploration and evaluation expenditures on the property will first be assessed for impairment before being capitalized.
Option payments to acquire an exploration and evaluation asset, made at the sole discretion of the Company under an option agreement, are capitalized at the time of payment. Option payments received are treated as a reduction of the carrying value of the related acquisition cost for the mineral property until the payments are in excess of acquisition costs, at which time they are then credited to profit or loss. Option payments are at the discretion of the optionee and, accordingly, are accounted for when receipt is reasonably assured.
Capitalized acquisition costs are assessed for impairment if facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. When there is little prospect of further work being carried out by the Company or its partners on a property, when a property is abandoned or when the capitalized costs are no longer considered recoverable, the related property costs are written down to management's estimate of their net recoverable amount. The recoverability of the carrying amount of mineral properties is dependent on the successful development and commercial exploitation or the sale of the respective areas of interest.
Investments in Joint Arrangements
The Company accounts for its investment in a joint venture using the equity method and accounts for investments in joint operations by recognizing the Company's direct rights to assets, obligations for liabilities, revenues, and expenses. Under the equity method, the interest in the joint venture is carried on the consolidated statement of financial position at cost plus changes in the Company's share of its net assets, less distributions received and less any impairment in the value of individual investments.
Equity Investment
The Company accounts for its long-term investments in affiliated companies over which it has significant influence and investments in joint ventures using the equity method of accounting, whereby the investment is initially recorded at cost, adjusted to recognize the Company's share of earnings or losses and reduced by dividends received.
The Company assesses its equity investments for impairment if there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the equity investment and that the event or events have an impact on the estimated future cash flow of the investment that can be reliably estimated. Objective evidence of impairment of equity investments includes:
• significant financial difficulty of the associated companies;
- becoming probable that the associated companies will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization; and
- national or local economic conditions that correlate with defaults of the associated companies.
Impairment
At each reporting date, the carrying amounts of the Company's assets are reviewed to determine whether there is any indication that those assets are impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment, if any. The recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell ("FVLCS") and value in use ("VIU"). FVLCS is determined as the amount that would be obtained from the sale of the asset in an arm's length transaction between knowledgeable and willing parties. In assessing VIU, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. If the recoverable amount of an asset is established to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount, and the impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss for the period.
For the purposes of impairment testing, mineral properties are allocated to cash-generating units to which the exploration activity relates. For an asset that does not generate largely independent cash inflows, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.
Valuation of Equity Units Issued in Private Placements
The Company has adopted the residual value method with respect to the measurement of shares and warrants issued as private placement units. The residual value method first allocates value to the more easily measurable component based on fair value and then the residual value, if any, to the less easily measurable component. The fair value of the common shares issued in private placements was determined to be the more easily measurable component and they were valued at their fair value, as determined by the closing quoted bid price on the day prior to the announcement date. The balance, if any, was allocated to the attached warrants. Any fair value attributed to the warrants is recorded as other reserve.
Share-based Payment Transactions
The stock option plan (Note 12) allows Company employees and consultants to acquire shares of the Company. Share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the instruments issued and are amortized over the vesting period. Share-based payments to non-employees are measured at the fair value of the goods or services received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, if it is determined the fair value of the goods or services cannot be reliably measured and are recorded at the date the goods or services are received. The amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of awards expected to vest.
The offset to the recorded cost is to share-based payment reserve. An individual is classified as an employee when the individual is an employee for legal or tax purposes (direct employee) or provides services similar to those performed by a direct employee.
The fair value is measured at the grant date, and each tranche is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period the options vest. The fair value of the options granted is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options were granted. At each reporting date, the amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the actual number of stock options that are expected to vest.
The Company's bonus share plan allows it to grant bonus shares as long-term incentive compensation. Bonus shares granted entitle the holder to receive common shares of the Company at the completion date of the vesting period. Share-based payment expense is recognized over the vesting period based on the quoted market value of the common shares on the grant date.
Income Taxes
Income tax on the profit or loss for the periods presented comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in equity. Current tax expense is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at period-end, adjusted for amendments to tax payable regarding previous years.
Deferred tax is provided using the asset and liability method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.
The following temporary differences are not provided for: the initial recognition of assets or liabilities that affect neither accounting or taxable profit; nor differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that they will probably not reverse in the foreseeable future. The amount of deferred tax provided is based on the expected manner of realization or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the statement of financial position date. A deferred tax asset is recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the asset can be utilized.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to the offset of current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.
Restoration, Rehabilitation and Environmental Obligations
An obligation to incur restoration, rehabilitation, and environmental costs arise when an environmental disturbance is caused by the exploration, development, or ongoing production of a mineral property interest. Such costs arising from the decommissioning of plant and other site preparation work discounted to their net present value, are provided for and capitalized at the start of each project to the carrying amount of the asset, as soon as the obligation to incur such costs arises. Discount rates using a pre-tax rate that reflect the time value of money are used to calculate the net present value. These costs are charged against profit or loss over the economic life of the related asset, through amortization using either the unit-of-production or the straightline method. The related liability is adjusted each period for the unwinding of the discount rate and for changes to the current market-based discount rate, amount or timing of the underlying cash flows needed to settle the
obligation. Costs for the restoration of subsequent site damage, which is created on an ongoing basis during production, are provided for at their net present values and charged against profits as extraction progresses.
The Company has no material restoration, rehabilitation, and environmental costs as the disturbance to date is minimal.
Earnings (Loss) per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share ("EPS") is calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted loss per share is calculated by adjusting the loss attributable to equity shareholders, and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the effects of all potentially dilutive instruments. The calculation of diluted loss per share assumes that the proceeds to be received on the exercise of dilutive share options and warrants are used to repurchase common shares at the average market price during the year. In years where a loss is reported, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share because the effects of potentially dilutive common shares would be anti-dilutive.
Segment Reporting
The Company operates in a single reportable operating segment – the acquisition, exploration, and development of mineral properties in South America.
Significant Accounting Judgments and Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformance with IFRS requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Critical accounting estimates are estimates and assumptions made by management that may result in a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities within the next financial year and include, but are not limited to, the following:
Estimated useful lives of equipment
The estimated useful lives of equipment, which is included in the consolidated statements of financial position, will impact the amount and timing of the related depreciation included in profit or loss.
Share-based payments (stock options) and FVTPL investments
The fair value of stock options issued and options or warrants classified as FVTPL investments are subject to the limitations of the Black-Scholes option pricing model that incorporates market data and involves uncertainty in estimates used by management in the assumptions. Because the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the volatility of share prices, changes in subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION (continued)
Recovery of deferred tax assets
The Company estimates the expected manner and timing of the realization or settlement of the carrying value of its assets and liabilities and applies the tax rates that are enacted or substantively enacted on the estimated dates of realization or settlement.
Critical Accounting Judgments
Information about critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
Functional currency
The Company applied judgment in determining its functional currency and the functional currency of its subsidiaries. The functional currency was determined based on the currency in which funds are sourced and the degree of dependence on the Company for financial support.
Equity investments
The Company has a minority position on the Board of Minas Dixon S.A. ("Minas") and has a joint control position on the Boards of Andean Coal (BVI) Ltd. ("Andean Coal") and Kiwanda Alliance (BVI) Ltd. ("Kiwanda"). The Company has determined that it has significant influence in its associated company and has joint control over operational decisions in its joint ventures; therefore, the Company accounts for these investments using equity accounting.
Exploration and evaluation assets
Management is required to make judgments on the status of each mineral property and the future plans with respect to finding commercial resources. The nature of exploration and evaluation activity is such that only a few projects are ultimately successful, and some assets are likely to become impaired in future periods.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash-on-hand and short-term deposits earning interest at both fixed and floating rates based on daily bank deposit rates:
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash and cash equivalents | $2,070,758 | $ | 780,247 |
At December 31, 2019, and 2018, the Company's cash was held in interest-bearing deposit accounts with its Canadian bank.
4. RECEIVABLES
The Company's receivables generally arise from goods and services tax ("GST") receivable from government taxation authorities, and recovery of exploration expenditures from joint venture partners.
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accounts receivableGST receivable | $31,61424,944 | $ | 11,8414,782 | |
| Receivables | $56,558 | $ | 16,623 |
5. PREPAIDS AND DEPOSIT
The Company's prepaids include the unamortized portion of insurance policies, expense advances to consultants, and costs incurred to apply for mineral claims. The deposit is with Seabord Services Corp., a company which provides management services.
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prepaid expenses and expense advancesDeposit | $53,09610,000 | $ | 47,74310,000 | ||
| Prepaids and deposit | $63,096 | $ | 57,743 |
6. RESTRICTED CASH EQUIVALENTS
At December 31, 2019, the Company classified $57,500 (December 31, 2018 - $57,500) as restricted cash equivalents. This amount is held as collateral for the Company's corporate credit cards and is invested in GICs at a rate of 1.25%.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
7. EQUIPMENT
| Office equipment | Computer | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicles | equipment | Total | ||
| Costs | ||||
| December 31, 2017 | $58,518 | $92,427 | $41,968 | $192,913 |
| Additions | - | 2,976 | 4,509 | 7,485 |
| Disposals | - | - | - | - |
| December 31, 2018 | 58,518 | 95,403 | 46,477 | 200,398 |
| Additions | - | 484 | 6,400 | 6,884 |
| Disposals | - | - | - | - |
| December 31, 2019 | 58,518 | 95,887 | 52,877 | 207,282 |
| Accumulated | ||||
| depreciation | ||||
| December 31, 2017 | 5,863 | 83,729 | 41,500 | 131,092 |
| Additions | 11,704 | 3,538 | 1,852 | 17,094 |
| Disposals | - | - | - | - |
| December 31, 2018 | 17,567 | 87,267 | 43,352 | 148,186 |
| Additions | 8,778 | 1,787 | 2,224 | 12,789 |
| Disposals | - | - | - | - |
| December 31, 2019 | $26,345 | 89,054 | $45,576 | 160,975 |
| Net book value | ||||
| December 31, 2018 | $40,951 | $8,136 | $3,125 | $52,212 |
| December 31, 2019 | $32,173 | $6,833 | $7,301 | $46,307 |
Of the $12,789 (2018 -$17,094) of depreciation expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019, $11,950 (2018 - $16,402) was included as exploration expenditures and $839 (2018 - $692) was recorded as depreciation on the statements of comprehensive loss.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS
| December 31, | December 31, | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Additions | Recoveries | Write down | 2018 | |||
| Brazil | |||||||
| Planalto Copper | $55,449 | $72,037 | $ | (127,486) | $ | - | $- |
| Azul Tin | 21,638 | - | - | - | 21,638 | ||
| Damolandia | 19,358 | 18,975 | - | - | 38,333 | ||
| Peru | |||||||
| Antamaray | 27,511 | 718 | - | - | 28,229 | ||
| Puituco | 40,971 | - | (14,731) | - | 26,240 | ||
| Buenos Aires | 20,086 | 4,144 | - | - | 24,230 | ||
| Huacamaya | - | 36,052 | - | (36,052) | - | ||
| Rafa | - | 31,628 | - | - | 31,628 | ||
| Other | - | 24,374 | - | - | 24,374 | ||
| Total | $185,013 | $187,928 | $ | (142,217) | $ | (36,052) | $194,672 |
| December 31, | December 31, | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Additions | Recoveries | Write down | 2019 | |
| Brazil | |||||
| Azul Tin | $21,638 | $- | $- | $(21,638) | $- |
| Damolândia | 38,333 | - | - | (38,333) | - |
| Peru | |||||
| Antamaray | 28,229 | - | - | (28,229) | - |
| Puituco | 26,240 | - | - | 26,240 | |
| - | |||||
| Buenos Aires | 24,230 | - | - | - | 24,230 |
| Rafa | 31,628 | - | - | - | 31,628 |
| Other | 24,374 | - | - | (12,832) | 11,542 |
| Total | $194,672 | $- | $- | $(101,032) | $93,640 |
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS (continued)
Brazil
Celesta Copper Project (formerly Curionópolis Copper-Gold Project)
In October 2013, the Company signed an option agreement with Tessarema Resources Inc. ("Tessarema"), whereby Tessarema could earn a 100% interest in the Curionópolis Copper Project. Tessarema could complete its acquisition of 100% of the project by making a final payment of US$750,000 to Lara and placing the project into commercial production at a minimum rate of 500 tonnes per day, thereafter, paying a 2% net smelter return ("NSR") royalty to Lara. Tessarema was not able to reach commercial production on the property in 2017 by the contractual deadline Lara and Tessarema agreed to revise the terms of the agreement. In June 2017, Lara completed the sale of the Curionópolis Copper Project to Tessarema and received $983,250 (US$750,000), a 5% carried interest in the project company, Mineração Maravaia Ltda., and a 2% NSR royalty on the Maravaia project and the other mineral rights covered by the original Curionópolis Option Agreement with Tessarema. The Maravaia Mine did not reach commercial production by November 26, 2018, according to the revised terms of the agreement, and Tessarema now is obliged to make an additional US$1,000,000 payment to Lara.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into an amended joint venture agreement ("the JV Agreement") with Tessarema, and a new local partner North Extração de Minério Ltda. ("North"), to consolidate ownership of the processing plant and surface rights access agreements (held by North). The Curionópolis mineral rights (held by Lara) and all other rights to the Maravaia Copper Project held by Tessarema, were consolidated into a new venture denominated Celesta Mineração S.A. ("Celesta") in order to move the project into production as soon as possible. As part of a previously agreed life-of-mine concentrates Offtake Agreement, Ocean Partners UK Ltd. ("Ocean Partners"), agreed to lend Celesta US$2.6m to fund upgrades to the plant, pre-stripping, mine infrastructure, and working capital.
Tessarema was in default under the terms of its original option agreement with Lara because it failed to achieve commercial production in November of 2018 and recognised that it owed Lara a US$1,000,000 late penalty fee. As part of the amended JV Agreement it was agreed that Celesta will assume and pay the penalty fee to Lara in ten monthly payments of US$100,000 the first of which was paid on November 28, 2019. Lara also owns 5% of the shares of Celesta, which have a fair value of $Nil, without the obligation to contribute to the start-up costs. Lara continues to hold a 2% Net Smelter Returns Royalty on any production, with a new, more detailed royalty agreement completed as a schedule of the JV Agreement.
Planalto Copper Project
In February 2013 (amended in June 2016 and June 2019), the Company entered into an option agreement to acquire a 100% interest in the Planalto Copper Project by paying US$500,000 (US$200,000 paid to date) in cash and a 2% NSR royalty. Lara has the right to acquire 50% of the NSR for US$2,000,000. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company made an option payment of $29,672 (US$25,000), which was capitalized to exploration and evaluation assets. In June 2018, the Company made a US$50,000 ($72,037) option payment, which was capitalized to exploration and evaluation assets. On October 30, 2018, Capstone Mining Corp. ("Capstone") signed a letter of intent with Lara to option the Planalto Copper Project and made a payment of US$150,000 ($197,854) to Lara. The option payment was first applied against the capitalized value of the Planalto Copper Project in the amount of $127,486, with the balance of $70,368 being recorded as a recovery of exploration expenses.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS (continued)
On February 4, 2019, the Company announced that it had signed a definitive agreement ("the Agreement") granting Capstone, an exclusive option to earn up to a 70% interest in the Company's Planalto Copper Project[NTD: I don't think we should define Project here since the word is used thoughout the FS]. Capstone has paid Lara a further US$200,000 following receipt of a drill permit for the Project and assumed the costs of the underlying agreement. Capstone can earn an initial 49% interest by investing US$5 million by the third anniversary of the Agreement and can then elect to purchase an additional 2% interest in the Planalto Copper Project by paying Lara US$400,000 and committing to fund a Feasibility Study by the fifth anniversary, to reach a 61% interest. The third and final phase will comprise Capstone electing to finance, build and operate a commercial mining operation to the benefit of Lara 30% and Capstone 70%, with Lara repaying its pro-rata share of the financing out of cash flow. Lara will hold certain buy back rights to reacquire a majority interest in the Project should Capstone decide to discontinue investing.
Lara elected to accelerate the drill program at the Planalto Copper Project and, on May 28, 2019, filed a "Final Exploration Report" ("RFP") with the National Agency of Mining ("ANM") in Brazil. On June 20, 2019, Lara and Capstone amended their Agreement such that the initial three-year earn-in period for Capstone to acquire a 49% interest in the Planalto Copper Project, now starts from the date of approval of the RFP and the 2019 drill program as fulfilling Capstone's first year work commitment. Capstone transferred US$500,000 to Lara upon signing of the amendment to cover the payment to Lara due upon receipt of the permit to drill, the payment due to the underlying vendor and a partial reimbursement of Lara's costs. The RFP was approved on October 31, 2019, and Capstone has reimbursed Lara the additional costs of US$600,000. The remaining conditions of the agreement are unchanged, and exploration work resumed in November 2019. Capstone advanced a further US$400,000 to Lara in November 2019 to fund ongoing project expenditures.
The total funds received from Capstone of $1,976,072 (US$1,500,000) were allocated as follows: exploration expense recovery - $1,419,462; other income - $147,349; and advances from JV partners - $409,261.
Damolândia Nickel Project
In February 2016, the Company entered into an agreement with BCV Consultoria e Projetos Ltda. ("BCV"), to acquire the Damolândia Nickel Project in central Brazil. Lara has agreed to make staged cash payments totalling US$580,000. BCV will also be entitled to a 1% NSR royalty on any production from the project, but Lara retains the right to purchase this royalty for a cash payment of US$2,000,000. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company made its first option payment in the amount of $19,358 (US$15,000), which was capitalized to exploration and evaluation assets. Lara made another US$15,000 ($18,975) option payment in the first quarter of 2018, which was capitalized to exploration and evaluation assets. On January 23, 2018, the agreement was amended, and Lara now has until February 16, 2020 to make the first of three US$50,000 payments. Originally that payment was due in 2019. The other terms of the agreement remain as before the amendment. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, Lara decided to terminate the agreement and the Company wrote off the book value of the property of $38,333 in 2019.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS (continued)
Liberdade Copper Project
Work on the project is currently suspended, pending the renewal of the exploration license by the Brazilian Department of Mines ("DNPM"). The DNPM has delayed analysis of the renewal, as Vale S.A. ("Vale") has claimed to have a license dating back to 1986 that is still valid. Codelco do Brasil Mineração Ltda. has filed a lawsuit with the Federal Courts in Brasilia, against both the DNPM and Vale to nullify Vale's old license and safeguard its rights under the Liberdade exploration license.
Cumaru Manganese Royalty
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company signed a definitive agreement transferring all its rights and obligations for the Cumaru Manganese Project in northern Brazil, to local mining company Seven Mineração Limitada, in exchange for BRL 250,000 in cash (equivalent to approximately US$60,975) and a royalty of US$2/ton of ore taken from the property. The Company has received the first BRL 125,000 payment and expects to receive the second payment in the first quarter of 2020.
The Cumaru Manganese Project comprises two exploration licenses totalling 8,915 hectares in area, located near the town of Cumaru do Norte in Pará State, northern Brazil.
Azul Tin Project
Lara's option on the property expired unexercised in December 2018, and the Company has elected to relinquish the property back to the underlying owner and wrote off the capitalized costs of $21,638.
Peru
Ancash Gold Royalties
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company signed a definitive agreement transferring all its rights and obligations to the Pampas 1, Pampas 2 and Tayacoto gold exploration licenses, located in the Ancash Department of northern Peru, to Estrella Gold S.A.C. ("Estrella") in exchange for a 1% NSR royalty on future production. As part of this transaction, Lara acquired 5% of the shares of Estrella for $1,041.
The capitalized costs totaling $8,854 for these three licenses have been written off in the year ended December 31, 2019.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS (continued)
Antamaray, Puituco and Buenos Aires Properties
As at December 31, 2017, the Company had incurred or accrued filing and land fees to acquire exploration licenses for Antamaray ($27,511), Puituco ($40,971), and Buenos Aires ($20,086). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company received a cash refund of $14,731 for the Puituco property pertaining to filing fees paid to the Ministry of Energy and Mines due to Lara not being successful in acquiring certain of the land for which it had previously applied.
Huacamaya, Rafa and Other Properties
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company acquired the Huacamaya, Rafa, Emilia, Racquia, Pampas, Tayacoto, and Pacollo exploration licenses in Peru by incurring staking costs and paying filing fees totaling $92,054 (2017 - $Nil). These properties are in the early stage of exploration and not subject to any third-party agreements. After acquiring the Huacamaya property, the Company decided not to proceed with the license due to access issues and wrote off total capitalized costs of $36,052 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company wrote off $3,978 of capitalized costs for Racquia during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Corina Gold Project
In July 2014, the Company signed a definitive agreement with Compañía Minera Ares S.A.C. ("Ares"), a subsidiary of London-listed Hochschild Mining plc. who operates mines nearby, granting an option to purchase its Corina Gold Project in southern Peru. Upon the signing of the agreement, Lara received US$150,000. Under the proposed terms, Ares can acquire the Corina property from Lara for staged cash payments totalling US$4,150,000, carrying out US$2,000,000 in exploration and paying a 2% NSR royalty on any future production. In October 2016, Ares signed a community agreement in support of their application to conduct drilling on the property and made a cash payment of US$150,000 to Lara. Ares has 36 months from the date of the community agreement to complete the acquisition. Ares completed surface fieldwork, as well as baseline environmental and archeological surveys, and acquired a drill permit. Ares completed its first pass drill program during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Grace Gold Project
In November 2013, Lara signed an option agreement with Apumayo S.A.C. ("Apumayo"), a subsidiary of Peruvian gold miner Aruntani S.A.C., for Apumayo to acquire 100% of the Company's Grace Gold Project in southern Peru for a total of US$2,000,000. Lara would also be entitled to an NSR royalty of between 0.75% and 1% on gold and gold equivalent production in excess of 200,000 troy ounces. Apumayo secured a drill permit and completed some drilling in 2017. However, the option agreement with Apumayo expired in December 2017, and Lara now holds a 100% interest in the property. During the year, the Company decided not to renew these licenses.
Antamaray
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company decided not to renew the Antamaray licenses and wrote off the capitalized cost of $28,229.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
8. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION ASSETS (continued)
Strategic Alliances - Kiwanda Alliances
In October 2014, Lara and Kiwanda agreed to sell all the rights and options held under their Phosphate Alliance and Coal Alliance, to Bifox Limited ("Bifox") formerly Phillips River Mining Limited. In November 2016, Bifox signed definitive option agreements with the underlying owners of the phosphate rock mine and processing facilities at Bahia Inglesa in northern Chile and has assumed control and management of the day to day operations. Subsequent to year end, Bifox settled an outstanding legal dispute inherited from the original vendors, lifting the embargo on mining and processing. Bifox will seek to reactivate the mine and list its shares on the Australian Securities Exchange ("ASX") in 2020. Lara currently owns approximately 14% of Bifox ,and upon relisting of the shares will receive a reimbursement of US$570,000 of project expenses. Lara also holds a 2% production royalty that is triggered once the production rate exceeds 20,000 tonnes per annum.
Other Income and Expense
The Company reported the following items as other income and expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |
|---|---|---|
| Capstone payments in excess of exploration expenses | $147,349 | $- |
| Tessarema penalty payment | 140,370 | - |
| Cumaru Manganese sale | 42,089 | - |
| Interest and other income | 3,326 | 16,274 |
| Other costs | (12,981) | - |
| $320,153 | $16,274 |
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
9. EXPLORATION EXPENDITURES
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company incurred the following exploration expenditures, which were expensed as incurred:
| Planalto | Damolândia | Generaland other | Antamaray | Buenos Aires | Puituco | Rafa | Generaland other | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Brazil | Brazil | Peru | Peru | Peru | Peru | Peru | Total | |
| Administrative | $135,031 | $(2,514) | $46,443 | $23,502 | $4,805 | $374 | $460 | $46,814 | $254,915 |
| Assays | 65,843 | - | 9,797 | 1,222 | 8,593 | - | - | - | 85,455 |
| Drilling | 573,958 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 573,958 |
| Field costs | 79,285 | - | 19,915 | - | 93 | - | - | 2,075 | 101,368 |
| Property maintenance | 213,141 | 7,761 | 38,831 | 29,228 | 6,503 | 2,210 | 7,521 | 21,054 | 326,249 |
| Salaries and consultants | 312,267 | (92,028) | 126,568 | - | 8,515 | 2,865 | - | 80,213 | 438,400 |
| Telecommunications | 517 | - | 1,387 | - | - | - | - | - | 1,904 |
| Travel and related costs | 39,420 | - | 5,017 | - | 6,957 | 39 | 129 | 1,892 | 53,454 |
| Total expenditures | 1,419,462 | (86,781) | 247,958 | 53,952 | 35,466 | 5,488 | 8,110 | 152,048 | 1,835,703 |
| Recoveries | (1,419,462) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (1,419,462) |
| Net expenditures | $- | $(86,781) | $247,958 | $53,952 | $35,466 | $5,488 | $8,110 | $152,048 | $416,241 |
During the year ended December 31, 2019, Lara received a payment of $1,976,072 (US$1,500,000) for the Planalto Copper Property from Capstone and $43,338 (BRL 125,000) from Seven Mineração Ltda. for the sale of two mineral exploration licenses. The amount received from Seven Mineração Ltda. was recorded as other income. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company reduced accrued consulting fees on the Damolândia project that related to 2018 activity. This resulted in a net credit balance for the project.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
9. EXPLORATION EXPENDITURES (continued)
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred the following exploration expenditures, which were expensed as incurred:
| Planalto | Damolândia | Generaland other | Antamaray | Buenos Aires | Puituco | Rafa | Generaland other | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Brazil | Brazil | Peru | Peru | Peru | Peru | Peru | Total | |
| Administrative | $91,740 | $51,761 | $31,632 | $2,288 | $1,832 | $1,979 | $781 | $37,175 | $219,188 |
| Assays | 46,618 | 2,311 | 6,137 | 474 | 172 | 2,875 | 545 | 368 | 59,500 |
| Drilling | 141,504 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 141,504 |
| Field costs | 54,614 | 2,328 | 11,299 | - | - | - | 206 | 4,658 | 73,105 |
| Property maintenance | 13,685 | 1,147 | 51,319 | 23,058 | 19,053 | 1,172 | 3,169 | 11,813 | 124,416 |
| Salaries and consultants | 107,486 | 144,793 | 41,241 | 3,731 | 3,732 | 20,128 | 17,418 | 130,297 | 468,826 |
| Telecommunications | 3,408 | 230 | 83 | - | - | - | - | 1,462 | 5,183 |
| Travel and related costs | 17,111 | - | 564 | 130 | 209 | - | 2,628 | 2,481 | 23,123 |
| Total expenditures | 476,166 | 202,570 | 142,275 | 29,681 | 24,998 | 26,154 | 24,747 | 188,254 | 1,114,845 |
| Recoveries | (70,368) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (70,368) |
| Net expenditures | $405,798 | $202,570 | $142,275 | $29,681 | $24,998 | $26,154 | $24,747 | $188,254 | $1,044,477 |
Expenditures incurred on general and other projects in Brazil and Peru are for activity where Lara does not hold title and for properties held by Lara but for which the expenditures were nominal.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company received an option payment of US$150,000 ($197,854) from Capstone for the Planalto Copper Project. The payment was credited against capitalized property costs (Note 8) and exploration expenses.
LARA EXPLORATION LTD. (An Exploration Stage Company)
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
10. INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATED COMPANY AND JOINT VENTURES
Kiwanda Coal Alliance
The Company owns a 50% interest in Andean Coal. The Company had a net investment in Andean Coal of $131,243 at December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company made an additional investment of $1,278. The Company's share of the net income for the year ended December 31, 2019, was $4,934, which increased its net investment in Andean Coal to $137,455. The Company reviewed this investment for impairment at December 31, 2019, and wrote down the carrying value to $Nil.
Kiwanda Phosphate Alliance
The Company owns a 50% interest in Kiwanda. At December 31, 2018, the Company's net investment in Kiwanda was $nil and there were accumulated unrecognized losses of $494,404. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company made an additional investment of $1,172. The Company's share of the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019, was $133,038. Lara recognized a loss of $1,172, resulting in accumulated unrecognized losses of $626,270 and a net investment in Kiwanda of $Nil at December 31, 2019.
Minas Dixon S.A.
The Company owns a 45% interest in Minas. At December 31, 2018, Lara had accumulated unrecognized losses of $37,578 in Minas with a net investment of $nil. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company made an additional investment of $81,413. The Company's share of the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019, was $93,108, which resulted in a recognized loss of $81,413 and unrecognized losses of $11,695. At December 31, 2019, the Company's net investment in Minas was $Nil, and the accumulated unrecognized losses were $49,273.
| Minas | Kiwanda | Andean Coal | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Investment in associated company andjoint ventures | ||||
| Net investment at December 31, 2017 | $- | $- | $306,735 | $306,735 |
| Additional investment for the year ended | ||||
| December 31, 2018 | 86,424 | 1,131 | 1,234 | 88,789 |
| Share of net loss | (72,672) | (1,131) | (176,726) | (250,529) |
| Previous losses recognized | (13,752) | - | - | (13,752) |
| Net investment at December 31, 2018 | - | - | 131,243 | 131,243 |
| Additional investment for the year ended | ||||
| December 31, 2019 | 81,413 | 1,172 | 1,278 | 83,863 |
| Share of net income (loss) | (81,413) | (1,172) | 4,934 | (77,651) |
| Write-off of investment | - | - | (137,455) | (137,455) |
| Net investment at December 31, 2019 | $- | $- | $- | $- |
The continuity of investment in associated company and joint ventures is as follows:
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
10. INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATED COMPANY AND JOINT VENTURES (continued)
As at December 31, 2019, the associated company and joint ventures' aggregate assets, aggregate liabilities and net losses are as follows:
| Minas | Kiwanda | Andean Coal | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current assets | $36,131 | $10,627 | $- |
| Non-current assets | 309 | 1,325,660 | - |
| Current liabilities | (110,627) | (4,732) | - |
| Income (loss) for the year | (206,907) | (266,076) | 9,868 |
| The Company's ownership percentage | 45% | 50% | 50% |
| The Company's share of income (loss) for | |||
| the year | (93,108) | (133,038) | 4,934 |
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
11. LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company sold all of its shares in: Aguia Resources Ltd., Mt. Ridley Mines Inc., Redzone Resources Ltd., Reservoir Capital Corp, and Valor Resources Limited ("Valor") for proceeds of $503,452 and recognized a change in fair value of these assets of $481,750 in the statement of comprehensive income. Lara exercised its options in Valor and designated the shares received as FVTPL financial assets, as the options were exercised with the intention of selling the Valor shares received in order to generate more working capital. The Company recognized a reduction in fair value of $696,182 upon the exercise of the Valor options and a recognized a further reduction in fair value of $36,536 on the FVTPL Valor shares. The total reduction in fair value recognized on FVTPL investments for the year ended December 31, 2018, was $732,718.
| Fair valueDecember 31, 2017 | Additions | Disposals | Change in fair value | Fair valueDecember 31, 2018 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FVTOCIinvestments | |||||
| Aguia Resources Ltd. | $111,044 | $- | $(49,498) | $(61,546) | $- |
| Mt. Ridley Mines Inc. | 27,429 | - | (5,234) | (22,195) | - |
| Redzone Resources Ltd. | 22,100 | - | (17,657) | (4,443) | - |
| Reservoir Capital Corp. | 1,799 | - | (1,059) | (740) | - |
| Valor Resources Limited | 822,830 | - | (430,004) | (392,826) | - |
| 985,202 | - | (503,452) | (481,750) | - | |
| FVTPL investments | |||||
| Valor Resources Limited-options | 696,182 | - | - | (696,182) | - |
| Valor Resources Limited-shares | - | 151,184 | - | (36,536) | 114,648 |
| 696,182 | 151,184 | - | (732,718) | 114,648 | |
| Total | $1,681,384 | $151,184 | $(503,452) | $(1,214,468) | $114,648 |
(Expressed in Canadian dollars)
11. LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS (continued)
The Company has an investment in the common shares of Valor that trade on the Australia Securities Exchange ("ASX"). In the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company signed an agreement with Estrella (Note 8 – Ancash Royalties) and received 5% of the shares of Estrella for $1,041. Estrella is a private exploration company. The common shares of these two companies have been classified as FVTPL financial assets and are valued at their fair market value as at December 31, 2019.
| Fair valueDecember 31, 2018 | Additions | Change in fairvalue | Fair valueDecember 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FVTPL investmentsValor Resources LimitedEstrella Gold SAC | $ 114,648- | $-1,041 | $67,906- | $ 182,5541,041 |
| Total | $ 114,648 | $1,041 | $67,906 | $ 183,595 |
12. EQUITY
Authorized
As at December 31, 2019, the authorized share capital of the Company was an unlimited number of common shares without par value.
Share Issuances
Private Placement
On March 26, 2019, the Company completed a private placement, raising $2,000,000 by issuing 4,000,000 units at $0.50 per unit. Each unit consisted of one common share and half of one non-transferable, common share purchase warrant. Each full warrant will entitle the holder to purchase an additional common share at $0.70 for two years. If, after four months from closing, the closing price of the Company's shares on the TSX Venture Exchange is $1.00 or greater for any period of 10 consecutive trading days, the Company may, by news release issued within five trading days thereof, accelerate the expiry of the warrants to the 21st trading day after such news release. The Company paid finder's fees of $27,500 in respect of subscriptions from investors introduced by the finders and paid $24,950 for other expenses.
Bonus Shares
On March 22, 2019, the Company issued 83,334 bonus shares with a grant date value of $60,000 to senior management. The Company has accrued $41,918 of share-based payment expense for the vesting of bonus shares in the year ended December 31, 2019.
Debt Settlement
In March 2019, the Company issued 100,000 common shares with a fair value of $55,000 to the CEO & President and the Vice-President Corporate Development to settle consulting fees owed to them in the amount of $50,000. The Company recorded a loss on settlement of $5,000.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
12. EQUITY (continued)
Stock Options
The changes in stock options outstanding are as follows:
| Weighted | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number | Average | |
| of Options | Exercise Price | |
| Balance as at December 31, 2017 | 2,865,000 | 0.60 |
| Granted | 350,000 | 0.72 |
| Exercised | (80,000) | (0.25) |
| Cancelled/expired | (30,000) | (0.76) |
| Balance as at December 31, 2018 | 3,105,000 | $0.62 |
| Granted | 200,000 | 0.50 |
| Expired / cancelled | (50,000) | (0.86) |
| Balance as at December 31, 2019 | 3,255,000 | $0.61 |
The following table summarizes the stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2019:
| Exercise | Number | Number | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date Granted | Expiry Date | Price | Outstanding | Exercisable |
| July 24, 2015 | July 24, 2020 | $0.25 | 910,000 | 910,000 |
| May 27, 2016 | May 27, 2021 | $0.86 | 100,000 | 100,000 |
| November 18, 2016 | November 18, 2021 | $1.02 | 80,000 | 80,000 |
| November 21, 2017 | November 21, 2022 | $0.76 | 1,615,000 | 1,615,000 |
| March 14, 2018 | March 14, 2023 | $0.72 | 350,000 | 350,000 |
| November 13, 2019 | November 13, 2024 | $0.50 | 200,000 | 200,000 |
| Total | 3,255,000 | 3,255,000 |
At December 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining life of the outstanding stock options was 2.33 years (December 31, 2018 – 3.11 years). During the year ended December 31, 2019, 50,000 options with an exercise price of $0.86 expired, unexercised.
Share Purchase Warrants
On March 26, 2019, the Company completed a private placement and issued 2,000,000 warrants. Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase an additional common share at $0.70 for two years.
The Company issued 1,203,125 common share purchase warrants with an exercise price of $1.85 per warrant pursuant to its private placement in August 2016. These warrants expired unexercised in the year ending December 31, 2018.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
12. EQUITY (continued)
The changes in share purchase warrants outstanding were as follows:
| Number | WeightedAverage | |
|---|---|---|
| of Warrants | Exercise Price | |
| Balance as at December 31, 2017 | 1,203,125 | $1.85 |
| Expired | (1,203,125) | (1.85) |
| Balance as at December 31, 2018 | - | - |
| Issued | 2,000,000 | 0.70 |
| Balance as at December 31, 2019 | 2,000,000 | $0.70 |
Share-based Payments
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company granted 250,000 bonus shares to senior management, and 83,332 of these were issued on March 22, 2018, with a fair market value of $59,999. The Company recorded an increase in share capital of $59,999 and accrued $72,164 of share-based payments for the vesting bonus shares. These shares vest as follows: one-third on the grant date; one-third on the first anniversary of the grant date; and one-third on the second anniversary of the grant date.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company granted 200,000 (2018 – 350,000) stock options to senior management and a director at an option price of $0.50 (2018 - $0.72) that were fully vested on the grant date. The Company recorded $44,561 (2018 - $146,757) of stock-based compensation expense. The options were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the following assumptions:
| Year endedDecember 31, 2019 | Year endedDecember 31, 2018 | |
|---|---|---|
| Grant date fair valueRisk free interest rate | $0.221.54% | $0.421.99% |
| Expected life | 5 years | 5 years |
| Expected volatility | 63% | 69% |
| Dividend yield | 0% | 0% |
| Forfeiture rate | 0% | 0% |
13. SEGMENTED INFORMATION
The Company operates in one reportable operating segment, being the exploration and development of exploration and evaluation assets. Except for exploration and evaluation assets, equipment, and exploration expenditures, substantially all of the Company's assets and expenditures are located and incurred in Canada. Exploration and evaluation assets are located in Brazil and Peru, equipment is mainly located in Brazil, and all exploration expenditures are incurred in Brazil and Peru.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES
The aggregate value of transactions and outstanding balances relating to key management personnel are as follows:
| Year ended | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| December 31, | December 31, | ||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||
| Management feesShare-based payments | $ | 343,96686,479 | $353,313278,915 |
| $ | 430,445 | $632,228 |
Amounts due to related parties are included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and, as at December 31, 2019 and 2018, were as follows:
| December 31, | December 31, | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Related party assets and liabilities | Service or items | 2019 | 2018 |
| Amounts due to: | |||
| Chief Executive Officer | Fees and expenses | $11,117 | $80,000 |
| Vice President, Corporate Development | Fees and expenses | 11,250 | 33,600 |
| Vice President, Exploration | Fees and expenses | 28,578 | 93,683 |
15. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE WITH RESPECT TO CASH FLOWS
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded the following non-cash transactions:
- share-based payments of $86,479;
- shares issued for debt of $50,000;
- a write-off of investment in associated company of $137,455 and
- a write-off of exploration and evaluation assets of $101,032.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded the following non-cash transactions:
- share-based payments of $278,920; and
- a write-off of exploration and evaluation assets of $36,052.
16. FINANCIAL AND CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Financial Risk Management
The Company's financial instruments are exposed to certain financial risks, which include credit risk, currency risk, market risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk.
16. FINANCIAL AND CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued)
Credit Risk
The Company's cash and cash equivalents are mainly held through large Canadian or US financial institutions and, as at December 31, 2019, are mainly held in interest-bearing accounts; accordingly, credit risk is minimized. The Company assesses the collectability of amounts owing from joint venture partners on their mineral properties and on its loans receivable, and records allowances for non-collection based on management's assessment of specific accounts.
Currency Risk
The Company is exposed to financial risk related to the fluctuation of foreign exchange rates. The Company operates in Canada, Brazil, and Peru. The Company funds cash calls to its subsidiary companies outside of Canada in Canadian and US dollars, and a portion of its expenditures are also incurred in the local currencies. The risk is that there could be a significant change in the exchange rate of the Canadian dollar relative to the US dollar, the Brazilian real, and the Peruvian sol. A significant change in these rates could have an adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. The Company has not hedged its exposure to currency fluctuations.
| US | Brazilian | Peruvian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dollars | reals | sols | Total | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,179,675 | 868,356 | 13,633 | |
| ReceivablesAccounts payable and | 17,818 | - | 38,777 | |
| accrued liabilities | (6,098) | (1,197,618) | (6,012 | |
| Net exposure | 1,191,395 | (329,262) | 46,398 | |
| Canadian dollar equivalent | $1,550,706 | ($106,516) | $17,921 | $1,462,111 |
As at December 31, 2019, the Company is exposed to currency risk through the following assets and liabilities denominated in US dollars, Brazilian reals, and Peruvian sols:
Based on the above net exposures as at December 31, 2019 and assuming all other variables remain constant, a 10% change in the value of the Canadian dollar against the above foreign currencies would result in an increase / decrease of approximately $146,000 (2018 - $65,000) to the net profit or loss.
Market and Interest Rate Risk
Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of financial instruments will fluctuate due to changes in values because of volatility of quoted market prices. Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value of cash flows from a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates. The Company holds FVTPL investments which have market risk, and which have mostly declined in value since acquisition, due to the weak equity markets for exploration companies. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are held mainly in interest-bearing bank accounts.
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
16. FINANCIAL AND CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued)
Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. All of the Company's financial liabilities have contractual maturities of less than 30 days and are subject to normal trade terms. The Company manages liquidity risk through the management of its capital resources as outlined below.
Management of Capital
The Company's objective when managing capital is to safeguard the Company's ability to continue as a going concern in order to pursue the development of its mineral properties. The Company relies mainly on equity issuances to raise new capital and on entering into joint venture agreements on certain properties, which enables it to conserve capital and to reduce risk. Lara can liquidate long-term investments in order to raise additional cash resources. In the management of capital, the Company includes the components of shareholders' equity as well as cash and cash equivalents. The Company prepares annual estimates of exploration and administrative expenditures and monitors actual expenditures compared to the estimates to ensure that there is sufficient capital on-hand to meet ongoing obligations. The Company's investment policy is to invest its cash in savings accounts or highly liquid short-term deposits with terms of one year or less and which can be liquidated after 30 days without penalty. Management believes that the Company may have to raise additional capital to fund its operations beyond the next twelve months.
17. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
| The Company classified its financial instruments as follows: | |
|---|---|
| -------------------------------------------------------------- | -- |
| December 31, 2019 | FVTPL | Amortized Cost | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash and cash equivalents | $- | $ | 2,070,758 | $2,070,758 |
| Restricted cash equivalents | - | 57,500 | 57,500 | |
| Receivables | - | 56,558 | 56,558 | |
| Long-term investments | 183,595 | - | 183,595 | |
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | - | (144,732) | (144,732) | |
| Advances from joint venture partners | - | (409,261) | (409,261) | |
| $183,595 | $ | 1,630,823 | $1,814,418 | |
| December 31, 2018 | FVTPL | Amortized Cost | Total | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $- | $ | 780,247 | $780,247 |
| Restricted cash equivalents | - | 57,500 | 57,500 | |
| Receivables | - | 16,623 | 16,623 | |
| Long-term investments | 114,648 | - | 114,648 | |
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | - | (322,766) | (322,766) | |
| $114,648 | $ | 531,604 | $646,252 |
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
17. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (continued)
Fair Value
Financial instruments measured at fair value on the consolidated statement of financial position are summarized into the following fair value hierarchy levels:
- a) Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
- b) Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).
- c) Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).
The carrying value of receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximated their fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Financial instruments measured at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial position are summarized in levels of fair value hierarchy as follows:
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| December 31, 2019 | ||||||||
| Long-term investments | $ | 183,595 | $- | $ | - | $ | 183,595 | |
| December 31, 2018 | ||||||||
| Long-term investments | $ | 114,648 | $- | $ | - | $ | 114,648 |
18. INCOME TAXES
The significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
| December 31 | December 31 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2018 | |
| Mineral properties | (26,402) | (39,737) |
| Property and equipment | (3,723) | - |
| Non-capital losses | 30,125 | 39,737 |
| Net deferred income tax liability | $- | $- |
(An Exploration Stage Company) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (Expressed in Canadian dollars)
18. INCOME TAXES (continued)
As at December 31, 2019 and 2018, no deferred tax assets are recognized on the following temporary differences as it is not probable that sufficient future taxable profit will be available to realize such assets:
| December 312019 | December 312018 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral propertiesTax loss carry-forwardsOther | $3,404,9143,655,737597,536 | $3,222,6423,624,948598,990 | ||
| Unrecognized deferred tax assets | $7,658,187 | $7,446,580 |
The Company has non-capital losses of approximately $12.6 million (2018 - $11.7 million) and $0.9 million (2018 - $1.5 million) to reduce future income tax in Canada and Peru, respectively. The losses in Canada expire between 2025 and 2039 and, in Peru, between 2020 and 2024.
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount calculated using the Canadian federal and provincial statutory income tax rate of 27.0% (2018 – 27.0%) as follows:
| December 31 | December 31 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2018 | |
| Pre-tax loss for the year | $(1,153,690) | $(3,079,196) |
| Expected income tax recovery | (311,496) | (831,383) |
| Non-deductible items | 99,890 | 1,474,159 |
| Deferred income tax assets not recognized | 211,606 | (642,776) |
| Income tax recovery | $- | $- |
Tax attributes are subject to review, and potential adjustments, by tax authorities.
19. EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING DATE
Subsequent to December 31, 2019, the Company received a second payment of US$100,000 from Celesta against the US$1,000,000 penalty due to Lara (Note 8).