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INVION LIMITED Proxy Solicitation & Information Statement 2023

Mar 6, 2023

65148_rns_2023-03-06_8098cc6a-0c37-4e97-ac3a-e80e0713570f.pdf

Proxy Solicitation & Information Statement

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7 March 2023

Dear Shareholder

Notice is hereby given that the General Meeting of Shareholders of Invion Limited (the “Company” or “Invion”) will be held virtually on Thursday, 6 April 2023 at 2.00pm (AEST) (“General Meeting” or “Meeting”).

Virtual General Meeting (GM)

The technology used to hold the Meeting virtually will provide IVX Shareholders with a reasonable opportunity to ask questions or make comments. Voting at the Meeting is occurring by way of a poll rather than a show of hands, each person entitled to vote is to be given the opportunity to vote in real time, and this notice of meeting includes information about how shareholders can participate in the Meeting. IVX Shareholders attending virtually will be taken for all purposes to be in attendance as if they were physically there.

Shareholders who wish to participate in the GM online may register in advance for the meeting:

https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_xPc7n3E0Q2ukwnC3DKgERw

When : Thursday, 6 April 2023 at 2.00pm (AEST)

Topic : Invion General Meeting

After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the Meeting. The Company strongly recommends its Shareholders to lodge a directed proxy as soon as possible in advance of the Meeting even if they are planning to attend the Meeting online. Further information and guidance on how to join the meeting will be available with the Notice of Meeting.

The Company is happy to accept and answer questions submitted prior to the Meeting by email to [email protected]. Where a written question is raised in respect of the key management personnel of the Company, the Resolutions to be considered at the Meeting, the Company will address the relevant question during the course of the Meeting or by written response after the Meeting (subject to the discretion of the Company not to respond to unreasonable and/or offensive questions).

Notice of Meeting

The Notice of Meeting is available online and has been emailed to shareholders who elected to receive their communications electronically on Thursday, 2 March 2023. We will not be mailing hard copies by post. This is following recent modifications brought to the Corporations Act 2001.

Meeting website

You will be able to download the Notice of Meeting as well as related information and guidance, from our website inviongroup.com/asx-announcements/. Our website and the Notice of Meeting will provide you with everything you need to attend the meeting.

Thank you for your continued support of IVX. I look forward to welcoming you to our General Meeting.

Yours sincerely,

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Thian Chew Chairman & Chief Executive Officer

Invion Limited ABN 76 094 730 417 Level 4, 96-100 Albert Road, South Melbourne, VIC, 3205, Australia P: +61 3 9692 7222 W: www.inviongroup.com

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INVION LIMITED ACN 094 730 417

Notice of General Meeting Explanatory Statement and Proxy Form

Date of Meeting: Thursday, 6 April 2023

Time of Meeting: 2.00pm AEST)

The meeting will be held in a virtual manner via a video-conferencing facility. If you are a Shareholder who wishes to attend and participate in the virtual meeting, please register in advance as per the instructions outlined in this Notice of Meeting. Shareholders are strongly encouraged to lodge their completed proxy forms in accordance with the instructions in this Notice of Meeting.

No hard copy of the Notice of Meeting and Explanatory Memorandum will be circulated. This Notice of Meeting has been given to those entitled to receive it by use of one or more technologies. This Notice of Meeting is also available on the Australian Securities Exchange Announcement Platform and on the Company’s website ( https://www.inviongroup.com/ ).

This Notice of Meeting includes an Independent Expert’s Report in relation to the Proposed Transaction (the subject of Resolution 1). The Independent Expert has concluded that the acquisition of the licence and distribution rights under the Proposed Transaction is [ fair and reasonable ] to non-associated Shareholders.

This Notice of Meeting including the Explanatory Statement and Independent Expert’s Report should be read in its entirety. If Shareholders are in doubt as to how they should vote, they should seek advice from their accountant, solicitor or other professional advisor without delay.

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ACN 094 730 417 Registered office: Level 4, 96-100 Albert Road, South Melbourne, VIC 3205

INVION LIMITED

Dear Shareholders

Notice is hereby given that the General Meeting of Shareholders of Invion Limited (the “Company” or “Invion”) will be held virtually on Thursday, 6 April 2023 at 2.00pm (AEST) (“Meeting”).

Proposed Transaction

As announced to the market on 8 February 2023, Invion entered into an agreement with RMW Cho Group Limited (“ RMW ”) to expand its existing arrangements for the development of the Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy technology (including Photosoft™) (“ NGPDT ”) for the treatment of infectious diseases (“ ID Indications ”), pursuant to which Invion:

  • will gain exclusive distribution rights in Hong Kong, United States of America and Canada[1] (“ Expanded Territory ”) for an amount of A$2.5 million as its contribution to prior development costs invested by RMW; and

  • may (at its discretion) elect to make a further contribution of A$1 million towards the development of the NGPDT in relation to atherosclerosis to the Expanded Territory and in which case Invion’s licence and distribution rights in respect of atherosclerosis will also expand to include the Expanded Territory (“ Contribution Election ”),

(together, the Proposed Transaction ).

The Proposed Transaction is subject to approval by Shareholders.

The purpose of Resolution 1 is to authorise the implementation of the Proposed Transaction.

Independent Expert’s Report

The Board has commissioned an Independent Expert’s Report prepared by PKF Melbourne Corporate Pty Ltd (“ Independent Expert ”) in connection with the Proposed Transaction. The Independent Expert has concluded that the acquisition of the licence and distribution rights to NGPDT under Resolution 1 is [ fair and reasonable ] to non-associated Shareholders. Shareholders should carefully consider the Independent Expert’s Report, a copy of which is set out in Schedule 1 to this Notice of Meeting.

Virtual Meeting

The technology used to hold the Meeting virtually will provide Shareholders with a reasonable opportunity to ask questions or make comments. Voting at the Meeting is occurring by way of poll rather than a show of hands, each person entitled to vote is to be given the opportunity to vote in real time, and this notice of meeting includes information about how shareholders can participate in the Meeting. Shareholders attending virtually will be taken for all purposes as if they were physically there.

Shareholders who wish to participate in the Meeting online may register in advance for the Meeting:

https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_xPc7n3E0Q2ukwnC3DKgERw When : Thursday, 6 April 2023 at 2.00pm (AEDT)

Topic : Invion General Meeting

After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the Meeting. The Company strongly recommends its Shareholders to lodge a directed proxy as soon as possible in advance of the Meeting even if they are planning to attend the Meeting online.

The Company is happy to accept and answer questions submitted prior to the Meeting by email to [email protected]. Where a written question is raised through the virtual platform during the Meeting, the Company will address the relevant question during the course of the Meeting or by written

1 If the Proposed Transaction is approved and implemented, the territory for ID Indications will include Hong Kong, United States of America, Canada in addition to the existing territory covering all Asia and Oceania countries (including Australia and New Zealand, but excluding China (other than Hong Kong), Taiwan, Macau, the Middle East and Russia).

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response after the Meeting (subject to the discretion of the Company not to respond to unreasonable and/or offensive questions).

Your sincerely

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Thian Chew Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

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INVION LIMITED

ACN 094 730 417

Registered office: Level 4, 96-100 Albert Road, South Melbourne, VIC 3205

AGENDA

The Explanatory Statement and Proxy Form, which accompany and form part of this Notice, include defined terms and describe in more detail the matters to be considered. Please consider this Notice, the Explanatory Statement and the Proxy Form in their entirety.

Resolution 1: Approval to expand the licence and distribution rights to Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy (NGPDT) from RMW Cho Group Limited

To consider and, if thought fit, to pass the following resolution as an ordinary resolution:

"That, for the purpose of ASX Listing Rule 10.1 and for all other purposes, approval be given for the Company to expand the licence and distribution rights to Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy ( NGPDT ) from RMW Cho Group Limited as detailed in the Explanatory Memorandum.”

Independent Expert’s Report : Shareholders should carefully consider the Independent Expert’s Report in Schedule 1 to this Notice of Meeting for the purpose of Listing Rule 10.1 before voting on Resolution 1. The Independent Expert’s Report comments on the fairness and reasonableness of the matters under this Resolution 1 to non-associated Shareholders. The Independent Expert has concluded that acquisition of licence and distribution rights under this Resolution 1 is fair and reasonable to non-associated Shareholders.

By the order of the Board

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Claire Newstead-Sinclair

Company Secretary

Dated: 7 March 2023

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Notes

1. Entire Notice : The details of the Resolution contained in the Explanatory Statement accompanying this Notice of Meeting should be read together with, and form part of, the Notice of Meeting.

2. Record Date: The Company has determined that for the purposes of the Meeting, Shares will be taken to be held by the persons who are registered as holding the Shares at 7.00pm (AEDT) on Tuesday, 4 April 2023. Only those persons will be entitled to vote at the General Meeting and transfers registered after that time will be disregarded in determining entitlements to attend and vote at the General Meeting.

3. Proxies

  • a. Votes at the General Meeting may be given personally or by proxy, attorney or representative.

  • b. Each Shareholder has a right to appoint one or two proxies.

  • c. A proxy need not be a Shareholder of the Company.

  • d. If a Shareholder is a company it must execute under its common seal or otherwise in accordance with its constitution or the Corporations Act.

  • e. Where a Shareholder is entitled to cast two or more votes, the Shareholder may appoint two proxies and may specify the proportion of number of votes each proxy is appointed to exercise.

  • f. If a Shareholder appoints two proxies, and the appointment does not specify the proportion or number of the Shareholder’s votes, each proxy may exercise half of the votes. If a Shareholder appoints two proxies, neither proxy may vote on a show of hands.

  • g. A proxy must be signed by the Shareholder or his or her attorney who has not received any notice of revocation of the authority. Proxies given by corporations must be signed in accordance with that corporation’s constitution and the Corporations Act.

  • h. To be effective, Proxy Forms must be received by the Company no later than 48 hours before the commencement of the General Meeting, this is no later than 2.00pm (AEST) Melbourne time on Tuesday, 4 April 2023. Any proxy received after that time will not be valid for the scheduled Meeting.

4. Corporate Representative

A Shareholder who is a body corporate and who is entitled to attend and vote at the Meeting, or a proxy who is a body corporate and who is appointed by a Shareholder entitled to attend and vote at the meeting, may appoint a person to act as its representative at the meeting by providing that person with:

  • a. a letter or certificate, executed in accordance with the body corporate's constitution, authorising the person as the representative; or

  • b. a copy of the resolution, certified by the secretary or a director of the body corporate, appointing the representative.

5. How the Chair will vote Undirected Proxies

Subject to the restrictions set out in Note 6 below, the Chair of the meeting will vote undirected proxies in favour of all of the proposed Resolution.

6. Voting Exclusion Statement

Resolution 1

The Company will disregard any votes cast in favour of Resolution 1 by or on behalf of:

  • the person disposing the substantial asset to, or acquiring the substantial asset from, the Company and any other person who will obtain a material benefit as a result of the transaction (except a benefit solely by reason of being a hold of ordinary securities in the entity); or

  • an associate of that person or those persons.

However, this does not apply to a vote cast in favour of a resolution by:

  • a person as a proxy or attorney for a person who is entitled to vote on the Resolution, in accordance with directions given to the proxy or attorney to vote on the resolution in that way; or

  • the Chair of the meeting as proxy or attorney for a person who is entitled to vote on the Resolution, in accordance with a direction given to the Chair to vote on the Resolution as the Chair decides; or

  • a holder acting solely in a nominee, trustee, custodial or other fiduciary capacity on behalf of a beneficiary provided the following conditions are met:

  • the beneficiary provides written confirmation to the holder that the beneficiary is not excluded from voting, and is not an associate of a person excluded from voting, on the Resolutions; and

  • the holder votes on the Resolution in accordance with directions given by the beneficiary to the holder to vote in that way.

7. Enquiries

Shareholders are invited to contact the Company Secretary on (03) 9692 7222 if they have any queries in respect of the matters set out in these documents.

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EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

Purpose of Information

This Explanatory Statement accompanies and forms part of the Company’s Notice of Meeting for the General Meeting, which will be held as a virtual meeting via a webinar conferencing facility at 2.00pm (AEST) on Thursday, 6 April 2023.

The Notice incorporates, and should be read together, with this Explanatory Statement.

Resolution 1: Approval to expand licence and distribution rights to Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy (NGPDT) from RMW Cho Group Limited

Background of the Proposed Transaction

The purpose of Resolution 1 is for Shareholders to approve, pursuant to Listing Rule 10.1, the expansion of certain licence and distribution rights in relation to Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy (NGPDT) for the ID Indications in the Expanded Territory pursuant to the Deed of Amendment and Restatement, which amends and restates the existing Co-development Agreement and the Exclusive Distribution and Licensing Agreement – AID.

The Proposed Transaction will be funded by existing cash reserves of the Company.

Summary of the NGPDT technology

PDT, referred to as Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy and also known as Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy Technology and/or Photosoft[TM] technology (“ NGPDT ”).

NGPDT is built on medical research on Photodynamic Therapy (“ PDT ”) that is targeted to treat a variety of indications including cancers non-invasively. NGPDT is a chlorophyll-based PDT photosensitiser. Specifically, it is a complex of chlorin, chlorophyllin and zinc which activates at two light wage sensitivity ranges – 400-410 nm, 650-660 nm.

PDT is a treatment application that involves three key components: a drug, called photosensitiser or photosensitizing agent (“ PDT agent ”), a light source with a particular type of light and tissue oxygen. The combination of these three components is thought to lead to the chemical destruction of tissues which have either selectively taken up the PDT agent or have been locally exposed to light.

In addition to targeting cancer cells, PDT is hypothesised to affect tumours in other ways, including potentially damaged blood vessels in the tumour thereby preventing the cancer from receiving necessary nutrients and/or activating an immune response that attacks tumour cells.

The Company believes there are a number of theoretical advantages to treating cancer and other indications with PDT:

  • PDT can be targeted very precisely, thereby avoiding the usual side effects of systemic treatment;

  • PDT can be used to de-bulk difficult-to-reach tumours prior to surgery;

  • PDT is minimally invasive, in that the light source used can often be applied externally;

  • PDT is reputable, unlike many radiation therapies;

  • PDT is low cost; and

  • PDT can be performed quickly on an outpatient basis.

Summary of the Proposed Transaction

On 7 February 2023, Invion and RMW Cho Group Limited ( RMW ) entered into the Deed of Amendment and Restatement, which amends and restates the existing Co-development Agreement and Exclusive Licence and Distribution Agreement – AID, on the following key material terms:

  • Invion and RMW will expand the territory for co-development and distribution rights of the Photosoft™ technology, an improved next generation Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), to include the Expanded Territory in relation to ID Indications.

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  • Invion will pay RMW an amount of A$2.5M as its contribution to prior development costs invested by RMW of the Photosoft™ technology in relation to the ID Indications for the Expanded Territory. Any future non-clinical work will be funded by Invion 25% and RMW 75%, and future clinical work will be funded by Invion 75% and RMW 25%. The proportions are consistent with those for AID Indications in AID Territories as previously disclosed to ASX. The contributions in relation to Cancer Indications in a Cancer Territory have also been updated to reflect the same proportions, as the parties have determined that they better reflect the expected benefits to be derived by each party.[2]

  • RMW may at its election cancel the distribution rights granted to Invion over the territory of Hong Kong for the ID Indications subject to paying fair compensation to Invion.

  • Invion may (at its discretion) elect to make a further contribution of A$1 million towards the development of the NGPDT in relation to atherosclerosis to the Expanded Territory and in which case Invion’s licence and distribution rights will also expand to include the Expanded Territory.

  • The Co-development Agreement and Exclusive Licence and Distribution Agreement – AID may be terminated for breach of any material term and the breach is not capable of remedy, or otherwise is not remedied within 30 business days after receipt of a notice from the other party, or otherwise may also be terminated if any insolvency event occurs in respect to the other party.

The performance of the Deed of Amendment and Restatement is subject to and conditional upon:

  • (a) an independent expert’s report being obtained by Invion which concludes that the Proposed Transaction is fair and reasonable to non-associated Shareholders;

  • (b) approval by Shareholders of the Proposed Transaction for the purposes of ASX Listing Rule 10.1 and for all other purposes; and

  • (c) ASX having issued or provided all consents, approvals or waivers as are necessary to implement the Proposed Transaction,

(together, the “ Conditions Precedent ").

The Conditions Precedent may not be waived by either party.

Either party may terminate the Deed of Amendment and Restatement immediately by written notice to the other party if the Conditions Precedent become incapable of being satisfied, or is not satisfied by 30 April 2023. Upon termination, neither party shall have any further rights against, nor obligations to, the other party under the Deed of Amendment and Restatement.

At the date of this Notice, the Directors are not aware of any circumstances which may cause the Conditions Precedent to not be satisfied.

Except as disclosed above, there are no material changes to the Co-Development Agreement and the Exclusive Distribution and Licensing Agreement – AID, which terms have been previously disclosed to ASX.

There are no material changes to the funding arrangements between RMW and its affiliates and Invion under the existing Research and Development Services Agreement executed on 31 August 2017 and RMW continues to fund research in cancer indications in Australia and New Zealand under that agreement.

As noted above, the Proposed Transaction is subject to and conditional upon approval by Shareholders as to the matters being sought under Resolution 1. Shareholders should be aware that the Proposed Transaction will not proceed if Resolution 1 is not passed as an ordinary resolution.

Important Dates

An indicative timetable for completion of the Proposed Transaction is outlined below:

Event Indicative Date
Date of General Meeting Thursday, 6 April 2023

2 Shareholders should note that the Co-development Agreement contains an obligation on the parties negotiate in good faith (or failing agreement, to be determined by a qualified expert) and, if required, to adjust, the contributions to ensure they remain commensurate to the expected benefits derived by each party.

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Payment of A$2.5M to RMW (if Resolution 1 is Within 5 Business Days, i.e. by Monday, 17 April approved) 2023

Approval pursuant to Listing Rule 10.1

Listing Rule 10.1 provides that an entity (or any of its subsidiaries) must not acquire a “substantial asset” from, or dispose of a substantial asset to, any of the following persons without the approval of the entity’s security holders:

  • (a) a related party;

  • (b) a subsidiary;

  • (c) a “substantial holder”, if the person and the person’s associates have a relevant interest, or had a relevant interest at any time in the 6 months before the transaction, in at least 10% of the total votes attached to the voting securities;

  • (d) an associate of a person referred to in (a) to (c) above; or

  • (e) a person whose relationship to the entity is such that, in ASX’s opinion, the transaction should be approved by security holders.

Under Listing Rule 10.2, an asset is “substantial” if its value, or the value of the consideration for it is, or in ASX’s opinion is, 5% or more of the equity interests of the entity as set out in the latest accounts given to ASX under the Listing Rules.

The acquisition of rights by Invion from RMW in relation to the NGPDT technology is considered as an acquisition of a “substantial asset” as the value of the consideration will be more than 5% of the equity interests of Invion.

Approval under Listing Rule 10.1 is required because the Company understands that RMW is controlled by Mr Honsue Cho. Based on the change in substantial holding notice dated 8 December 2021 lodged by Mr Cho and his associates, they together hold a relevant interest in Invion of 22.89% of fully paid Shares as at that date.

Resolution 1 seeks the required shareholder approval to the issue under and for the purposes of Listing Rule 10.1.

Independent Expert’s Report

Listing Rule 10.5.10 requires that a notice of meeting seeking shareholder approval under Listing Rule 10.1 must contain a report from an independent expert stating whether the transaction is fair and reasonable to holders of the entity’s ordinary securities whose votes are not to be disregarded.

Accordingly, for the purposes of Resolution 1, the Directors have appointed the Independent Expert and commissioned it to prepare a report as to whether or not, in their opinion, the Proposed Transaction is fair and reasonable to non-associated Shareholders.

What is fair and reasonable must be judged by the Independent Expert in all the circumstances of the proposal. This requires taking into account the likely advantages to non-associated Shareholders if the proposal is approved and comparing them with the disadvantages to them if the proposal is not approved.

The Independent Expert has concluded that the Proposed Transaction is [ fair and reasonable ] to the nonassociated Shareholders.

The Company strongly recommends that you read the Independent Expert's Report in full, a copy of which is attached as Schedule 1.

Chapter 2E of the Corporations Act

For a public company, or an entity that the public company controls, to give a financial benefit to a related party of the public company, the public company or entity must:

  • (a) obtain the approval of the public company’s members in the manner set out in sections 217 to 227 of the Corporations Act; and

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  • (b) give the benefit within 15 months following such approval,

unless the giving of the financial benefit falls within an exception set out in sections 210 to 216 of the Corporations Act.

The Directors (with Mr Chew abstaining) have not sought approval for the purposes of Chapter 2E of the Corporations Act on the basis that Directors (with Mr Chew abstaining) consider the Proposed Transaction to fall within the exception in section 210 of the Corporations Act on the basis that the Proposed Transaction is reasonable in the circumstances and Invion and RMW were dealing at arms’ length.

Directors’ recommendations in relation to Proposed Transaction

The Directors (other than Mr Thian Chew, given his association with Mr Honsue Cho and RMW) do not have any material interest in the outcome of the voting on Resolution 1 at the Meeting other than as a result of their interest arising solely in the capacity of Shareholders of the Company.

The Directors (with Mr Chew abstaining) have unanimously approved the proposal to put the resolutions to Shareholders.

Based on the information available (including, as described in this Explanatory Memorandum) each of the Directors (with Mr Chew abstaining) consider that the Proposed Transaction is in the best interest of the Company and unanimously recommend that Shareholders vote in favour of Resolution 1 at the Meeting.

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GLOSSARY

The following terms have the following meanings in this Explanatory Statement:

$ ” means Australian Dollars;

AID ” means atherosclerosis and infectious diseases (including viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic);

ASX ” means ASX Limited ABN 98 008 624 691 or the Australian Securities Exchange, as the context requires;

AEDT ” means Australian Eastern Daylight Time;

AID Indications ” means atherosclerosis and the ID Indications;

AID Territory ” has the meaning given in the Co-Development Agreement;

Board ” means the Directors acting as the board of Directors of the Company or a committee appointed by such board of Directors;

" Cancer Indications ” means cancer and related diseases;

Cancer Territory ” has the meaning given in the Co-Development Agreement;

Chairman” means the person appointed to chair the Meeting of the Company convened by the Notice;

" Contribution Election ” has the meaning given in the Notice of Meeting;

Deed of Amendment and Restatement ” means the second deed of amendment and restatement dated 7 February 2023, entered into between Invion and RMW;

Co-development Agreement ” means the second amended and restated co-development agreement to be entered into between Invion and RMW if the Proposed Transaction is approved by Shareholders;

Company or Invion ” means Invion Limited ACN 094 730 417;

Constitution ” means the constitution of the Company as at the date of the Meeting;

Corporations Act ” means the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth);

Director ” means a Director of the Company;

Exclusive Distribution and Licence Agreement – AID ” means the amended and restated exclusive distribution and licence agreement to be entered into between Invion and RMW if the Proposed Transaction is approved by Shareholders;

Explanatory Statement ” means the explanatory statement which forms part of this Notice;

“ID Indications” means infectious diseases (including viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) and for avoidance of doubt includes dental and periodontal applications;

“Independent Expert” means PKF Melbourne Corporate Pty Ltd;

“Listing Rule(s)” means a rule issued by the ASX as amended from time to time;

NGPDT ” means Next Generation Photodynamic Therapy and also known as Next Generation PDT Technology and/or Photosoft[TM] technology;

Notice ” or “ Notice of Meeting ” means this Notice of General Meeting including the Explanatory Statement;

Proposed Transaction ” has the meaning given to that term in the Notice of Meeting;

Proxy Form ” means the proxy form attached to the Notice;

Resolution ” means a resolution referred to in the Notice;

RMW ” means RMW Cho Group Limited;

Shareholder ” means shareholder of the Company; and

Share Registry ” means Link Market Services (ABN 54 083 214 537).

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Schedule 1: Independent Expert's Report

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22 February 2023

The Directors PKF Melbourne Corporate Pty Ltd Level 12, 440 Collins Street Melbourne, VIC 3000

Dear Directors

Independent Valuation Report - Invion Limited

Extension of Territories for Atherosclerosis and Infectious Disease

We have pleasure in presenting our valuation report for a proposed transaction between Invion Limited (“ Invion ” or “ Company ”) and RMW Cho Group Limited (“ RMWCG ”) for inclusion in a Notice of Meeting to Shareholders of Invion. The report has been prepared at the request of PKF Melbourne Corporate Pty Ltd (“ PKF Corporate ”) to assist it in forming an opinion as to whether the proposed transaction between Invion and related company, RMWCG is in the interests of the Invion shareholders. Invion has agreed to acquire an extension to the current Intellectual Property and Distribution Rights as they pertain to Photosoft™ Photo Dynamic Therapy (“ PDT ”) and licensed from RMWCG. The extended territories, as proposed under an Amended and Restated Exclusive Distribution and Licence Agreement (“ Proposed Amendment ”), will provide Invion with rights to Infectious Disease (“ ID ”) and atherosclerosis (combined “ AID ”) products in the New Territories of the United States of America (“ USA ”), Canada and Hong Kong, with an option for RMWCG to buy back the Hong Kong territory for AID at fair market value. Associated with the Proposed Amendment is an agreement to research collaboratively, through a Second Amended and Restated Co-development Agreement (“ Amended R&D Agreement ”).

It is intended that Invion will pay RMWCG a one-time amount of A$2.5 million as its contribution to development costs of the Photosoft™ technology in relation to ID indications and $1.0 million for atherosclerosis in the new territories. RMWCG will, as it has previously, continue funding Invion’s research activities under the Amended R&D Agreement, to the tune of 75% of non-clinical activities and 25% of clinical activities.

Invion is a Melbourne-based, Australian Securities Exchange (“ ASX ”)-listed company conducting research into the use of PDT as a therapeutic modality for treating cancer and other medical conditions. RMWCG owns certain knowhow and has developed proprietary technologies such as PDT reagents, equipment, techniques and protocols with respect to PDT, which it refers to as Photosoft™. Existing agreements between the two companies relate specifically to the development of Photosoft™ for cancer and AID treatments with distribution rights to Australia, New Zealand and the Asia Pacific Region.

Invion shareholders will be required to approve the transaction by voting on the Proposed Amendment, amongst other matters, in accordance with ASX listing rule 10.1. PKF Corporate has been retained by Invion to prepare an Independent Expert’s Report (“ IER ”) for the benefit of Invion shareholders commenting on the fairness and reasonableness of the Proposed Amendment to existing shareholders. PKF Corporate has, in turn, sought guidance from Acuity Technology Management Pty Ltd (“ Acuity ”) on the fair valuations of the Distribution Rights in the new Territory. Both PKF and Acuity provided reports for inclusion in Notices of Meeting in relation to earlier transactions between the two companies.

The following report presents deliberations and opinions by Acuity on the Proposed Amendment, and a valuation as may exist in an open market between arm’s length and unstressed vendor and acquirer. The valuation is largely premised on the future potential of the products deriving from the respective uses of the IP in the relevant territories using a risk adjusted discounted cash flow approach.

ABN 68 005 777 417

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Acuity’s valuation of the Proposed Amendment has been determined on the basis that it provides Invion with rights to IP, patents and other relevant information along with, on successful completion of product development and marketing approval, the right to distribution of the AID products in New Territories. As In-process R&D (“ IPR&D ”) products have not been demonstrated as safe and effective to a level adequate to support marketing approvals in any country to which Invion has rights and, consequently, there are risks that future revenues may not be realised. The risks and development timelines are incorporated into our risk adjusted net present value valuation methodology. Acuity also sought comparable companies and transactions as a basis for a Market Based valuation.

It is Acuity’s opinion, as presented in the attached report, that the current value of the IPR&D and distribution rights under the Proposed Amendment is approximately $6.0 million with a range of values from $4.2 million to $7.8 million. Due to the early nature and limited evidence in support of Photosoft for treating atherosclerosis, its inclusion in the New Territories represent only about $800,000 of our estimated valuation.

Acuity specialises in the appraisal and valuation of intellectual property and knowledge-based intangible assets. The company has experience in valuing technologies, projects and businesses in a diversity of industries including medical and life sciences, chemistry, process engineering, automotive, mining, environmental, water and wastewater treatment, internet, software, electronics and telecommunications. Details of our qualifications and experience are summarised in Section 7 of the valuation opinion. Further details can be found at www.acuitytechnology.com.au. The attached report, summarizing our analysis and valuations, was prepared solely by the undersigned, Dr David Randerson, as Managing Director of Acuity.

Should you have any questions regarding the contents of this report or our conclusion, please don’t hesitate to contact the undersigned.

Yours sincerely

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D H RANDERSON. PhD Managing Director

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Independent Valuation Report - Invion Limited Extension of Territories for Atherosclerosis and Infectious Disease

Executive Summary

Acuity Technology Management Pty Ltd (“ Acuity ”) has examined the Intellectual Property (“ IP ”) owned by the RMW Cho Group Limited (“ RMWCG ”), which underpins the Photosoft™ technology and its applications, and the markets for products in the territories of USA, Canada and Hong Kong. The purpose of the analyses is to support an Independent Expert Report (“ IER ”) being prepared by PKF Melbourne Corporate Pty Ltd (“ PKF Corporate ”) to be included in a Notice of Meeting to shareholders of Invion Limited (“ Invion ”) for their consideration in relation to proposed amendments to licences available to Invion from RMWCG.

Invion has agreed to acquire an extension to its current IP and distribution rights as they pertain to Photosoft™ Photo Dynamic Therapy (“ PDT ”) and licensed from RMWCG. The extended territories, as proposed under an Amended and Restated Exclusive Distribution and Licence Agreement (“ Proposed Amendment ”), will provide Invion with rights to Infectious Disease (“ ID ”) and atherosclerosis (combined “ AID ”) products in the New Territories of the United States of America (“ USA ”), Canada and Hong Kong, with an option for RMWCG to buy back the Hong Kong territory for AID at fair market value. Associated with the Proposed Amendment is an agreement to research collaboratively, through a Second Amended and Restated Co-development Agreement (“ Amended R&D Agreement ”).

This report presents Acuity’s deliberations and valuations for the proposed IP licence and distribution rights in the New Territories as will be made available to Invion by RMWCG under the Proposed Amendment if accepted by Invion shareholders.

The following table summarizes our assessed valuations of the assets:

Table 1: Valuation of IP in New Territories ($’mil)

Preferred Low High
Infectious Disease 5.1 3.5 6.7
Atherosclerosis 0.8 0.6 1.1
Totals* 6.0 4.2 7.8
  • Numbers may not add due to rounding.

The Proposed Amendment provides Invion with a right for further development of Photosoft™ for AID. We have analysed these markets in the New Territories using Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (“ PTCA ”) as a surrogate for estimating market size for atherosclerosis and, as examples of potentially treatable ID, hepatitis C (based on incidence), tuberculosis (“ TB ”) (based on hospitalisations), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (“ MRSA ”) and pneumonia (based on in-hospital deaths). We largely relied on US data as being the most reliable for hospitalisations and deaths with extrapolation to Canada and Hong Kong based on population.

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Although a number of techniques suitable for valuing intangible assets, and specifically IP, were considered, the principal method used is based on a Net Present Value (“ NPV ”) of free cash flows using revenue forecasts and expenses developed by Acuity. The method is considered the most suitable for intangible assets and In-process Research and Development (“ IPR&D ”) in the medical and pharmaceuticals fields where developmental research may be incomplete and products have yet to be launched or establish a market presence.[1] The Invion financial models are based on cash flow projections that may be achieved following further R&D and commercialisation of the IP with probability and discount rate adjustments based on an examination of risks to the successful completion and market introduction of the products.[2] The risk adjusted NPV (“ rNPV ”) approach is the most commonly used method for IPR&D within the pharmaceutical sector.

Invion has conducted in vitro studies using various Photosoft™ active compounds, referred to as photosensitisers, against several viruses, including Dengue, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19), Zika and the bacteria, MRSA and Escherichia coli and the fungus Candida albicans , and shown improved efficacy relative to other anti-viral and anti-microbial agents. A suitable agent, or agents, has yet to be nominated as preferred candidate for either atherosclerosis or ID. The Company has yet to undertake any research demonstrating efficacy of any of its photosensitisers in treating atherosclerosis and is relying on reports by other investigators showing the effectiveness of PDT in the indication.

The financial modelling of the proposed AID products’ prospective cash flows, as undertaken by Acuity, starts with the incidence of current treatments for atherosclerosis, such as angioplasty, and treatment of severe infection in which other interventions may have been ineffective. Once the addressable market has been determined, an estimate of Average Selling Price (“ ASP ”), obtained by benchmarking price against the cost or other treatments, provides an estimate of potential revenues. A market share is established from consideration of existing or emerging competition. Development timings and costs draw on knowledge of the drug development process and, once a product is marketed, comparable company Costs of Goods Sold (“ COGS ”) and Sales, General and Administrative (“ SG&A ”) using industry averages from an analysis of pharmaceutical and biotechnology annual reports.

Cash flows are risk adjusted using published transitional probabilities for cardiovascular and ID drugs with adjustment, where appropriate, by Acuity for the specific circumstance of the PDT drug-device combination.[3] As specific compounds for treating AID have yet to be identified and, even then, require further pre-clinical development prior to a Phase 1 study, our estimated Likelihood of Approval (“ LOA ”) for an atherosclerosis treatment is 2.2% and for an infectious diseases product, 7.9%.

There are many areas for potential error in predicting future cash flows for such early-stage treatments. These relate to reasonable definition of patients likely to benefit from PDT treatments and, hence, the size of the end user populations, selling prices, estimates of relative efficacy and the quality and extent of competition, market introduction timings and penetration rates or market shares. These all impact on the valuations and are difficult to estimate with accuracy at this stage. In our rNPV estimates, a premium has been included in the discount rate to, in part, compensate for these unknowns while a sensitivity analysis investigates the effects of key input variables where a range of assumptions may be applied. The inputs with greatest impact on the valuation are:

  • Delays or advancement of clinical development and regulatory approval times;

  • Discount rate;

  • Addressable market, penetration and ASP;

  • COGS and SG&A costs.

We consider that the proposed range for the valuations cover reasonable variances to the inputs. Of lessor relevance are development and clinical trial costs. As a consequence, we have proposed a range of $4.2 million to $7.8 million, with a preferred valuation of $6.0 million. A product for atherosclerosis is valued at $0.8 million and for ID, $5.1 million.

1 Aaron AV, Bitton VR (co-chairs), et al . Assets Acquired in a Business Combination to be used in Research and Development Activities. AICPA, New York, 2013.

2 Bogdan B & Villager R. Valuation in Life Sciences: A Practical Guide. Springer Verlag (Berlin), 2007.

3 Thomas DW, et al . Clinical Development Success Rates and Contributing Factors 2011-2020. BIO/PharmaIntelligence/QLS February 2021.

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This report summarises our investigations and findings in the following sections:

1. Background ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Invion & Photosoft™ ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Intellectual Property ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 This Report ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2. The Commercial Opportunity .................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Atherosclerosis ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Infectious Diseases .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 PDT Markets and Competition ........................................................................................................ 7
2.4 Advantages & Risks Relevant the Valuations of AID in the New Territories ................................. 7
3. Valuation Methodologies ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.1 Cost Based Methods ........................................................................................................................ 9
3.2 Market Based Methods .................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Methods Based on Future Prospects .............................................................................................. 10
4. Valuation Opinion ................................................................................................................................. 10
4.1 Revenue Based Analysis ............................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Sensitivity Analyses ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.3 Crosscheck – Comparable Company Analysis .............................................................................. 13
4.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 14
5. Sources of Information .......................................................................................................................... 14
6. Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................................. 14
7. Experience and Qualifications ............................................................................................................... 15

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Glossary

Acuity Acuity Technology Management Pty Ltd Invion Invion Limited New Territories USA, Canada and Hong Kong PKF Corporate PKF Melbourne Corporate Pty Ltd Proposed Amendment Amended and Restated Exclusive Distribution and Licence Agreement RMWCG RMW Cho Group Limited

AID Atherosclerosis and Infectious Disease
API Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
ASP Average Selling Price
ASX Australian Securities Exchange
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
CAPM Capital Assets Pricing Model
CMO Contract Manufacturing Organisation
COGS Cost of Goods Sold
CRO Contract Research Organization
DCF Discounted Cash Flow
EV Enterprise Value
FDA Food and Drug Administration
IER Independent Expert’s Report
IND Investigational New Drug
IP Intellectual Property
IPO Initial Public Offering
IPR&D In-process Research and Development
ID Infectious Disease
IV Intravenous
LOA Likelihood of Approval
MRSA Multi-drug resistant_Staphylococcus aureus_
NGPDT Next Generation Photo Dynamic Therapy
NME New Molecular Entity
NPV Net Present Value
NSCLC Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty
PDT Photo Dynamic Therapy
PTA Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
PTCA Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
R&D Research and Development
rNPV Risk Adjusted Net Present Value
SG&A Sales, General and Administrative costs
TB Tuberculosis
US or USA United States of America
WACC Weighted Average Cost of Capital
WHO World Health Organization

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1. Background

1.1 Invion & Photosoft™

Invion, listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (“ ASX ”) (ASX:IVX), is developing a medical treatment technology known as Photosoft™. Photosoft™ is a form of PDT whereby Invion and its partner RMWCG are developing novel photoreactive agents or photosensitizers. The Company’s most advanced proprietary photosensitizer is INV-043 which is under evaluation for cancer treatment. This report concerns itself with the potential for Photosoft™ to be developed for treatment of atherosclerosis and ID as these are the fields of relevance to the Proposed Amendment and the New Territories defined therein.

PDT is a process whereby an otherwise innocuous substance is administered to a patient either topically or Intravenously (“ IV ”). When activated by light of a specific wavelength, the molecule releases a reactive oxygen species that in turn effects a desired outcome, such as killing tumour cells or infective organism. The cytotoxic effect has application to various malignancies, such as ophthalmological and cardiovascular conditions, as well as for treating infections by bacteria and viruses. The strategy has been well known for a long time with a few products approved for clinical use, for example in treating eye disease. Over the past three or four decades, many companies have sought to bring PDT-based products to market and many have failed, largely due to delivery or absorption problems, side effects or lack of specificity and/or efficacy of the photosensitiser.

RMWCG developed a class of photosensitizing drugs that they believe overcomes the earlier limitations in that they are preferentially taken up by cancer cells, hence much safer and more effective than earlier agents. The compounds are patented derivatives of the chemical chlorin e4 sodium which is obtained from plants. Specifically, Photosoft™ is a complex of chlorin, chlorophyllin and zinc which activates at three light wave sensitivity ranges - 430 nm, 630-650 nm and the near-infrared wavelength range of 750-850 nm. The active compounds are water soluble and the product’s bioavailability is described as so good it can be administered sublingually rather than intravenously as needed, allowing for greater patient convenience.

In November 2017, Invion acquired the exclusive commercialisation and distribution rights in Australia and New Zealand to the RMWCG PDT technology, in a transaction that included the issuance of shares to the Guangzhoubased company. At the time, IVX-P02 was the compound of choice and cancer was the acknowledged market. In December 2018, the two companies entered into a formal Exclusive Distribution and Licensing Agreement and an R&D Services Agreement by which Invion would conduct pre-clinical and clinical development of Photosoft™ in cancer applications and, once approved, a marketing and distribution right in Australia and New Zealand, with device and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (“ API ”) supply from RMWCG. These agreements acknowledge the Licensor’s right and ownership of trademarks, patents and other IP with improvements made by Invion as a consequence of the use of licensed-IP to be owned by RMWCG.

Subsequent to these arrangements, Invion reported that it had developed a new compound (INV-043) and filed a patent application. Following proof-of-concept studies conducted at the Hudson Institute in Melbourne, the Company has reported promising results in cellular studies across a range of cancers and INV-043 has become its preferred candidate for cancer treatment. While the original PDT drug (IVX-P02) has been administered to patients in China, the Company has yet to initiate first-in-human studies with INV-043.

In 2021 Invion acquired a licence and distribution right to Photosoft™ for potential treatment of atherosclerosis and infectious diseases (including viral, bacterial and parasitic) in the Asia Pacific region.

The currently Proposed Amendment will extend the territories for AID to the USA, Canada and Hong Kong.

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1.2 Intellectual Property

RMWCG has developed or acquired, along with the novel photosensitisers, considerable expertise in the administration of the drugs, their manufacturing, and light sources for drug activation.

The compounds are covered by a patent application published as WO2014/091241, Chlorin derivative useful in photodynamic therapy and diagnosis , which was filed in December 2013. It has been granted in Australia, China and Canada but remains under examination in the US. The patent includes claims covering the chemical chlorin e4 sodium and a method of preparation. It also claims use in PDT to treat, amongst other conditions atherosclerosis; a fungal, viral, chlamydial, bacterial or parasitic infectious disease; and various cancers. The patent has a 20-year validity, i.e. to 2033, in countries in which it is granted with the possibility for extensions in many jurisdictions.

A second PCT application, Photodynamic therapy and diagnosis , was filed by RMWCG on 26 November 2021 and has been published as WO2022/112537. This application, which has yet to be examined, claims the use of an additional class of novel compounds and their use in cancer, atherosclerosis and fungal, bacterial and viral infections as well as a number of other medical conditions.

Invion has considerable safety and efficacy data obtained in animal models for a number of cancer types for the photo-active agent, IVX-PO3, which it deemed adequate to progress to Phase 1 (safety) clinical studies. More recently, however, the Company identified a new chemical, designated INV-043, which they report as 50 times more potent that IVX-P03 and 600 times more potent than an approved photosensitiser, talaporfin sodium (approved in Japan (in 2004) for PDT of lung cancer and marketed as Laserphyrin®). Pre-clinical evaluation as a cancer treatment and in vitro studies evaluating INV-043 against various cancer types are continuing.

The Company has conducted in vitro studies using various Photosoft™ compounds against several viruses, including Dengue, SARS-CoV-2, Zika and the bacteria, MRSA and Escherichia coli , and the fungus Candida albicans . These have shown improved efficacy relative to other anti-viral and anti-microbial agents. We understand that studies aiming to demonstrate Photosoft™ effectiveness against infectious agents used chemicals that fall within the composition claims of the above two patents.

1.3 This Report

This valuation report has been prepared at the request of PKF Corporate and is to be relied upon by PKF Corporate in the preparation of its IER relating to the acquisition of rights to New Territories as defined in the Proposed Amendment.

This report summarises our valuation of potential products being marketed for the treatment of AID in the New Territories. We have assessed the markets for atherosclerosis using PTCA as surrogate for estimating market size and considered Photosoft™ in ID using hospitalization and death rates for four potential targets, hepatitis C, TB, severe pneumonia and MRSA. We have taken hospitalizations and death as indicative of the worst of these infections, where other interventions have failed, and the likely situation where PDT may find application.

The primary methodology for the valuations is the recognition that the right to future income is encompassed by the current valuation of the IPR&D, the outcomes on which sales revenue is dependent, and restricted to the geographic markets designated as New Territories. The likelihood of realizing income under the distribution agreements is equivalent to the LOA of the products themselves. Our valuation approach employs a rNPV of future free cash flows. The basis for estimating future cash flows is the incidence of the targeted diseases, as defined in the preceding paragraph, using published clinical data, coupled with an estimated selling price determined by benchmarking against established and emerging therapies for the conditions and knowledge of competition in determining a reasonable market penetration such that a realistic revenue stream may be established.

The valuations, therefore, rely on future revenue projections with no assurances in the way of precedent or forward contracts and from this perspective cash flows must be viewed as conjectural. Considerable due diligence and research have been undertaken to substantiate assumptions used in financial models and the chosen methodology is one accepted by pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms and their analysts worldwide.

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2. The Commercial Opportunity

2.1 Atherosclerosis

Is a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to build-up of plaque (fats and cholesterol) in the artery wall. Medications, such as cholesterol lowering agents, are usually the first choice for treatment. On occasion, however, more aggressive treatment options are required. Narrowed arteries can often be reopened using one of two procedures: angioplasty or stenting.

Angioplasty, also known as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (“ PTA ”) or where it relates to a heart vessel, PTCA, is performed to open blocked arteries and restore arterial blood flow to the peripheral and heart tissue. A special catheter (long hollow tube) is inserted into the coronary artery to be treated. Using small balloons that are delivered over a wire the doctor will proceed to open the blockages and allow blood to flow through adequately.

Cells known as macrophages play crucial roles in the development of atherosclerosis. In the artery, macrophages take up lipid and fats forming foam cells that are presented at initial stages in the development of atherosclerosis. Photoactivation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis because it reduces activated macrophages and thus stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques. There are published reports supporting PDT in the treatment of atherosclerosis although Invion has not conducted any studies with its photosensitisers.

In the US there are around 400,000 percutaneous coronary interventions each year.[4]

2.2 Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person, transmitted by insects or other animals, ingested from contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment. While many infections are minor, like the common cold, or treatable by antibiotics, some organisms cause serious disease, often with prolonged consequences and death. Symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection. Mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization. Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines and the vaccine toolbox is dramatically changing.

The list of serious infections without suitable cures is high particularly in developing countries where some remain endemic. Serious bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which work by disrupting the bacterium’s metabolic processes, although antibiotic-resistant strains are starting to emerge, for example multi-drug resistant TB, Staphylococcus (MRSA) and Enterococcus . Antibiotics are useless against viral infections. Antiviral drugs are currently only effective against a few viral diseases, such as influenza, herpes, hepatitis B and C and HIV, and more recently SARS-CoV-2. However, the availability and costs of some of these agents in developing countries remains a severe limitation on their use.

TB is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization (“ WHO ”) estimates that 1.8 billion people, close to one quarter of the world’s population, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the bacteria that causes TB. There are almost 4,000 hospitalization a year in the US for TB.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the US is approximately 2.4 million persons. The infection creates significant disease burden due to long term complications (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma).

Pneumonia is an infection of the air sacs in one or both lungs and is characterized by severe cough, fever, chills and difficulty in breathing. It is relatively common with more than 600,000 cases per year in America and 17,000 deaths. Severe pneumonia often requires respiratory support such as oxygen therapy. Causes of severe pneumonia include various types of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus and Legionella pneumophila tend to cause the most severe forms of pneumonia.

4 US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality HCUPnet (https://datatools.ahrq.gov/hcupnet-dua. Accessed February 2023)

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2.3 PDT Markets and Competition

PDT for the treatment of disease, and particularly cancer and eye diseases, has been clinically evaluated in a number of settings and, in one form or another, has been commercially available for several decades. Nonetheless, the treatment has not become mainstream because of issues related to the photosensitising agent and achieving adequate energy exposure within the target tissue, especially solid tumours. Success has been better with eye diseases, with products such as verteporfin (Visudyne®, Bausch & Lomb) for macular degeneration and pathologic myopia, and extracorporeally for T cell lymphoma, with methoxsalen (Uvadex®, Therakos, Inc). One company, Steba Biotech with padeliporfin (Tookad®), has achieved licensure in Israel and Mexico for low-risk prostate cancer while currently conducting a Phase 3 trial in upper tract urothelial cancer for which it has been given orphan drug status and fast track designation by the US Food and Drug Administration (“ FDA ”).

The clinical potential of PDT was established with the photosensitiser porfimer sodium (Photofrin®, Pinnacle Biologics, Inc) which was approved for relieving symptoms or treating oesophageal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (“ NSCLC ”). Subsequently, various groups have worked on developing more effective and better-tolerated photosensitising agents. Early haematoporphyrin photosensitising agents, of which porfimer is one, tended to stay in the patient’s body for too long and didn’t respond to the longer wavelengths of light necessary for tissue penetration. Second generation photosensitisers mostly based on chlorophyll allowed the use of the longer wavelengths. Third generation photosensitisers are now being developed by various academic groups designed to better target the active agent to tumour tissue.

According to the research by Persistence Market Research, the global PDT market was estimated to have reached US$1,202 million in 2019.[5] The analyst projects the market to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (“ CAGR ”) of 6.2% during the period 2019 to 2029. The growing prevalence and incidence of skin cancers and dermatology disorders, such as psoriasis, actinic keratosis, and rosacea, is boosting the demand for PDT. As reported in this analysis, the photosensitiser drugs segment is a leading revenue segment by product type in the market and was expected to account for a revenue share of 78.3% in 2019. North America was expected to account for a revenue share of 34.5%.

Transparency Market Research reports that the global photodynamic therapy market was valued at US$4.2 billion in 2021, growing at a CAGR of 13.5% to reach US$15.1 billion by the end of 2031.[6] A considerable fraction of the growth is due to cosmetic and dermatological applications, such as acne, but cancer treatment is growing and there is significant growth in the number of hospitals offering PDT for cancer therapy. North America is and will continue to be, the largest market.

The current pipeline of photodynamic therapies includes close to 130 candidates. Of these, more than ten therapies, including ASP-1929 (Rakuten Medical), Visudyne® (Novartis), Metvix® (Galderma), Photofrin® (Advanz Pharma), Ameluz® (Biofrontera) and Levulan® Kerastick™ (Sun Pharma) have already been marketed.[7]

There are no approved PDT products for atherosclerosis or ID and, hence, no established market data. There are several clinical studies, predominantly sponsored by hospitals and universities, investigating treatment of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, including pneumonia, TB, SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus .

2.4 Advantages & Risks Relevant the Valuations of AID in the New Territories

Photosoft™, as a clinically acceptable cancer treatment modality, is still in the development phase but its attributes include: patents covering the photosensitisers and their use in the relevant conditions. The compounds have the advantages of being water soluble and suitable for delivery orally or IV to patients, with in vitro data supporting their use against infective organisms, and literature supporting the use of PDT in atherosclerosis.

5 Synergy of Drugs and Devices in Phototherapy Treatment to Drive Photodynamic Therapy Market: Persistence Market Research June 10,

  1. Reported by Cision PR Newswire (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/photodynamic-therapy-market-is-likely-to-grow-at-acagr-of-6-2-during-the-period-2019-2029--persistence-market-research-300864383.html, accessed 9 Feb 2023).

6 Photodynamic Therapy Market. Transparency Market Research. Report ID TMRGL69615, July 2022 (abstract at: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/photodynamic-therapy-market.html, accessed 9 Feb 2023).

7 Light Activated Therapies Market: Focus on Photodynamic Therapies, Photoimmunotherapies and Phototherma Therapies. Roots Analysis, Sept 2021 (abstract at: https://www.rootsanalysis.com/reports/light-activated-therapies-market.html, accessed 9 Feb 2023).

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It is important to note that the Proposed Amendment, as with earlier agreements, requires RMWCG to cover 75% of non-clinical and 25% of clinical related costs for AID applications.

Generally speaking, the development of pharmaceuticals, although following a well understood pathway, remains highly risky. Many hurdles cannot be resolved simply by better science or smarter thinking because the failures relate to poorly elucidated biochemical and immunological processes, disease pathways, potential toxicities of reagents and off-target interactions, some of which are only obvious once the drug enters human clinical trials. There are many companies that have failed in their endeavours to develop PTD.

Some of the commercial risks commonly encountered by biotech companies and which are relevant to Invion are:

  • Patent protection is paramount to success in biotechnology and is the key attribute supporting valuations and the motive driving acquisitions in the field. The initial patent has been granted in some countries, but not the major relevant market of the USA. The recently applied for patent provides for a longer period of protection and a broader range of compounds to evaluate in AID, but it has yet to be granted.

  • While PDT development has traditionally been left to small or start-up biotechnology companies, cardiovascular and anti-infective drug development is the realm of large pharmaceutical companies and well financed biotechs. With substantially greater capital and other resources they are able to expend more funds and effort than Invion/RMWCH on R&D and promotion and expedite drug development. Competitors may develop more effective, more affordable or more convenient treatments.

  • Time to market is critical with any new technology, particularly in the medical technology fields. Adequate capital, competent skills, and partnerships with market leaders are essential to expediting development and commercialization

  • Invion is a new entrant in the PDT and will need to recruit skilled staff to progress the product’s development. It will compete with other biotech companies to secure suitable staff.

  • There may be a reliance on partners and collaborators to conduct studies, including Contract Research Organization (“ CRO ”s) for clinical trials and Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“ CMO ”s). Poor performance, bad advice or failure of these collaborators will have a devastating impact on costs and progress.

Additionally, Invion has not demonstrated in vivo efficacy of PDT with its agents in atherosclerosis or ID. At the time of preparation of this report, the Company has not chosen drug candidates to progress through pre-clinical evaluation or prepared development plans and commissioned research. The early nature of the development programs and the deficiency of demonstrable efficacy by other investigators, suggests that valuations are modest and difficult to quantify with any precision.

We have considered these strengths and risks in preparing our valuations.

3. Valuation Methodologies

For the purpose of our valuation opinion, current market value is defined as the amount at which the IP assets could be expected to change hands in a hypothetical transaction between a knowledgeable willing, but not anxious, buyer and a knowledgeable willing, but not anxious, seller acting at arm’s length.

In valuing a mature business entity, the analyst tends to follow a methodology that draws heavily on the company’s historical income, either by performing a discounted cash flow (“ DCF ”) of expected future earnings, the confidence in which derives from past activity, or capitalisation of maintainable earnings. Another technique considers the orderly realisation of assets. The assets currently under consideration, specifically the PDT programs relate to IPR&D and the outcomes of further development are restricted by field and territory. There are no historical cash flows available for extrapolation and no current product sales, and there is considerable uncertainty that product development will be completed successfully. Similarly, there are no companies with comparable drug development activity with the same field and territory constraints, particularly early-stage developments by companies with publicly available financial information.

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Techniques used for valuing intangible assets, including IPR&D, generally fall into three main categories:

  1. Cost Based; 2. Market Based; and 3. Revenue Based.

We examined several approaches, many of which were considered not applicable to the business activities and developmental status of Invion. These are briefly discussed in the following sections. The preferred valuation method, that relying on a risk adjusted NPV of projected net benefit, is presented in further detail in Section 4.1.

3.1 Cost Based Methods

There are several cost approach valuation methods, the most common being the reproduction cost and the replacement cost methods. Often these may be based on the historical costs incurred by the original developer or they may be estimated from labour and materials necessary to replicate the technology. Expeditated time to market realised through an asset’s acquisition as opposed to its direct reproduction is also a factor in determining purchase price. Generally, however, patents provide a market monopoly for the originator’s inventions and it would, in most cases, be very difficult for a third party to create similar technology with equivalent utility, specificity and activity without infringing those patents.

Although drug development is extremely costly, future benefits are considered to be worthy of the investment and deals to acquire promising R&D-stage programs are often an order of magnitude higher than the past expenditure. Patents, research results and regulatory approvals are the key asset underpinning inter-industry acquisitions and represent more than a cost-to-replicate the technology.

We consider that cost based methods are not applicable to the IPR&D.

3.2 Market Based Methods

Market based methods estimate an entity’s fair market value by considering the exchange price for transactions in its shares or the fair market value of comparable companies. Market based methods include:

  • Capitalisation of maintainable earnings;

  • Analysis of an entity’s recent share trading history;

  • Industry specific methods; and

  • Comparable companies or transactions.

The most recent trading history of shares in the subject company provides evidence of the fair market value of the entity where they are publicly traded in an informed and liquid market.

The capitalisation of maintainable earnings method estimates value based on an entity’s future sustainable earnings and an appropriate earnings multiple. An earnings multiple may derive from market transactions involving comparable companies. The capitalisation of maintainable earnings method is appropriate where the entity’s earnings are relatively stable.

Techniques based on analysis of transactions between companies, equity valuations or capitalisations of comparable companies have considerable merit in the pharmaceuticals and medtech sectors. There is no shortage of transactions taking place in the industry every year where one company licenses IP from another or enters into a collaborative venture. There are also many fund raisings, both private placements and initial public offerings, which may be used as analogies.

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Comparison is possible only where a transaction relates to an identifiable unit of IP or platform technology that is reasonably analogous or, in the case of the value placed on a company, where that company is virtually single purpose and technically equivalent to the subject company or IP. Such criteria are often difficult to meet and comparable analyses are usually used only to support the values derived with other methodologies or to provide a “ball park” estimate. In the current case of a licence valuations, the restriction of product sales to certain countries also limits the use of comparable company analyses.

As stated above, searches for companies with similar early-stage assets, being developed solely for the New Territories, were not identified. However, we have used such an approach as a crosscheck on the rNPV approach (see Section 4.4).

3.3 Methods Based on Future Prospects

A technique suitable for valuing a business or a project, such as IPR&D, with strong and relatively predictable future prospects is based on a DCF analysis. To assume any level of credibility, the cash flow projections must be developed with justifiable assumptions regarding sales estimates, expenses and revenue timings. These are then valued to present day using a discount rate, often following probability adjustment, that recognises the time value of money and risks involved in achieving the forecast cash flows.

In the circumstance where the projections are not founded on firm contracts or supported by historical performance, and even where they are, it is appropriate to include some form of adjustments covering development risk and achieving market penetration, as well as generalized industry or market risks. It is recognised that probability adjustments based on published stage transitional likelihoods provides an acceptable approach to valuing pharmaceuticals.

Probability adjusted cash flows are then discounted to provide an NPV at an appropriate discount. The usual discount rate is a company’s Weighted Average Cost of Capital (“ WACC ”) which reduces to the Capital Assets Pricing Model (“ CAPM ”) in the absence of debt. Acuity’s preferred discount rate for early stage IPR&D in the current environment is 14% which includes a premium of around 5% to 6% above an estimated CAPM for Invion. This rate is applied following probability adjustment of cash flows to account for the technical likelihood of success. A range of discount rates is considered in the sensitivity analysis.

4. Valuation Opinion

4.1 Revenue Based Analysis

The primary methodology used by Acuity for determining a valuation of AID in the New Territories is the rNPV of projected future cash flows. The horizon for the cash flow estimates is 18 years being the date of expiry of the last to expire patent (WO2022/112537). The risk of this second patent being granted has been incorporated into the probability adjustment.

COGS and SG&A as fractions of sales revenue have been based on an analysis of pharmaceutical company metrics as obtained from annual reports.

The transitional probabilities, applied at the relevant stages of clinical development, and LOA is as determined by Thomas, et al .[8] for cardiovascular and infectious diseases. We have included a pre-clinical likelihood of 45% for the atherosclerosis model based on the fact that a suitable photosensitiser for the indication has yet to be identified and efficacy in animal models demonstrated, and 60% for ID because efficacy has been demonstrated in cellular assays for some photosensitisers.

8 Thomas DW, et al . Clinical Development Success Rates and Contributing Factors 2011-2020. Bio / PharmaIntelligence / QLS. February 2021.

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In determining market potential for the products, we have made the following assumptions concerning the target populations (see Table 2):

  • Atherosclerosis is an IV product with usage estimated from data for PTCA. We have obtained US data[9] on the number of in-patient procedures undertaken (hospital discharges) and adjusted the rates for Canada and Hong Kong on a population basis. Population data for individual countries is from Worldometer[10] ;

  • In estimating a suitable market for ID product(s), again an IV product, we have obtained US data on Hepatitis C infection prevalence[11] and assumed that 10% of patients require intervention, TB hospitalizations and inhospital deaths due to pneumonia[12] , and MRSA deaths[13] (using death rate as surrogate for those with severe disease requiring PDT intervention) and adjusted for population in the other countries;

  • As we have taken the severe end of the spectrum for all of the clinical applications, we have applied reasonably high utilisation or penetration rates of 20% in the US and Canada and 15% in Hong Kong; and

  • In estimating the pricing of drugs and use of equipment per course of treatment with Photosoft™ we have considered the fee charged for eye procedures. Thus, we use a pricing for atherosclerosis of US$3,000 in USA, and US$2,500 in Canada and Hong Kong, with the same pricing for ID. It is noted that the cost of IV verteporfin (a generic product) for macular degeneration in the US is around US$1,800 with an additional procedure fee for PDT.

Table 2: Assumptions used in Valuation Models for AID in New Territories

Atherosclerosis Infectious Disease
Country Hong Kong
USA
Canada
Hong Kong
USA
Canada
Addressable Pop’n (thou) 4,500
265,000
23,000
6,300
280,000
32,600
Development Time (years) 8
8
8
6
6
6

Regulatory Assessment (years)
2
1
1
2
1
1

Launch Year
2033
2032
2032
2031
2030
2030
Peak Market Penetration 15%
20%
20%
1%
20%
20%
ASP (US$’mil) $2,500
$3,000
$2,500
$2,500
$3,000
$2,500
Est. Peak Sales (US$’mil) 1.8
190
14
2.7
186
18
COGS 29% 29%
SG&A 28% 28%
Preclinical Likelihood 45% 60%
LOA – Clinical Trials & Regulatory 4.8% 13.2%
Discount Rate 14% 14%
Company Tax Rate 30% 30%
Valuation (USD’mil) 0.57 3.60

(AUD’mil)
0.81 5.15

The cost for an atherosclerosis product, which is a once-off treatment (compared to cancer which may require multiple courses of treatment) is further benchmarked against the hardware costs for balloon or stent angioplasty.

9 US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (https://datatools.ahrq.gov/hcupnet) using CCSR Code CAR004.

10 Countries in the world by population (2021) (https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country).

11 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (http://www.healthdata.org).

12 TBFACTS.ORG (https://tbfacts.org/tb-statistics) and HCUPnet.

13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (https://www.cdc. gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6809e1.htm).

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There are limited data on the effectiveness of PDT in treating atherosclerosis, although there is considerable literature supporting such a use, and Invion has not demonstrated effectiveness of its drugs for this application in vitro or in animal models. Therefore, we have taken a preclinical probability of 45% (also incorporating a risk that the new patent application may not be granted).

Costs of pre-clinical development of the non-cancer products are 25% funded by Invion and 75% of clinical costs. The models assume that Invion is responsible for the costs of obtaining marketing approvals in the New Territories.

We have utilised the Australian corporate tax rate of 30% as combined revenues will exceed the $50 million threshold for the lower small business tax rate with losses carried forward to profitability. The valuation in USD is converted to AUD at the rate of US$0.70 equals A$1.00.

Our analysis supports an after-tax valuation for AID in the New Territories of $6.0 million. The US is the most significant market, representing almost 90% of sales value.

4.2 Sensitivity Analyses

The valuations of AID in the New Territories presented in the previous sections employs a probability weighted DCF which relies on estimation of many inputs or assumptions to the financial projections. As many of these assumptions are, at best, estimates and may change with time and as development advances, we subjected these to a sensitivity analysis using variance ranges that we consider reasonable. These include:

Table 3: Effect of Varying Input Variables on the Valuation ($’mil)

Input Variable Reduce by: Valuation
(Variation)
Increase by:
Valuation
(Variation)
6.0 6.0
Addressable Market,
Penetration or ASP
15% 4.3
(-28.5%)
15%
7.6
(+28.4%)
Development Cost 20% 6.9
(+14.0%
20%
5.2
(-14.3%)
LOA (Probability 10% 5.4
(-10.9%)
10%
6.7
(+10.9%)
COGS 10% 6.8
(+14.0%)
10%
5.2
(-14.1%)
SG&A 10% 6.8
(+13.6%)
10%
5.2
(-13.7%)
Tax Rate 10% 6.4
(+6.4%)
10%
5.6
(-6.4%)
Discount Rate 10% 7.7
(+28.8%)
10%
4.6
(-23.5%)
Exchange Rate
(USD/AUD)
10% 6.7
(+11.1%)
10%
5.5
(-9.1%)
Year of Launch 1 year earlier 7.3
(+21.3%)
1 year later
4.6
(-23.5%)

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The most significant of these is discount rate with a variance of 10% (actual range 12.6% to 15.4%) resulting in approximately 24% to 28% change to the valuation and development time with 12 months delay reducing the valuation by 31% and speeding up development by 12 months increasing it by 24%. Possibly the most difficult inputs to estimate with any certainty are the sizes of markets, particularly for ID as the likely infectious agents has yet to be determined, uptake or penetration, and ASP. A 15% variance to any one of these estimates changes the valuation by plus or minus 28%.

As the modelling has been done in US currency an increase in the US dollar relative to the Australian dollar increases the valuation more or less proportionally.

COGS and SG&A costs, and LOA are also significant but, with current knowledge, there is no basis for assuming they could deviate significantly from the averages for other companies and drug development programs.

Development costs, generally likely to drift from expected amounts, are of lesser significance due to the high rewards expected from successful launch of products.

We have selected a range of valuations that is plus or minus 30% of the preferred valuation, $4.2 to $7.8. As an early-stage program with a considerable number of highly risky stages of development and ill-defined markets, a wide variation in valuations is expected.

4.3 Crosscheck – Comparable Company Analysis

The identification of companies that may be considered as comparable to Invion is difficult as there are no listed, pre-clinical PDT development companies that we could find, especially ones that have an IV therapeutic focus. The facts that markets are AID only, and constrained to defined territories further limits the availability of analogous entities.

Two, largely developmental, listed entities that provide some guidance are:

  • Ondine Biomedical Inc (Vancouver) – investigating the treatment of infectious diseases with PDT with one product for surgical site disinfection marketed (€2.6 million in revenues in 2021) has an EV of €28.9 million ($44.9 million);[14] and

  • Theralase Technologies Inc (Toronto) – has an EV of CAD81.4 million ($87.9 million) is in clinical trials, with the most advanced in Phase 2 studies for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The company is also evaluating it technology with SARS-CoV-2 (preclinical).

Both companies, of course, are targeting global markets and both are more advanced than Invion.

We identified three pre-clinical drug development companies listed on the ASX which have valuations (EVs) between $9.1 million and $50 million with a median of $23.4 million, and four foreign listings (listed pre-clinical companies being something of a rarity) with a median valuation of US$101 million and a range from negative EV to US$534 million. The non-ASX companies have significant collaborations with major pharma which underpin their high valuations.

Given the valuations of Ondine and Theralase, and the Australian pre-clinical biotech valuations, we consider the estimated valuation of $6 million for the field and territories as reasonable.

14 Data from Yahoo Finance (https://au.finance.yahoo.com, accessed 7 Feb 2023).

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4.4 Conclusions

Acuity’s rNPV approach estimated a valuation for the Photosoft™ AID rights in the New Territories of $6.0 million with a broad range of $4.2 million to $7.8 million. As development of Photosoft™ for both atherosclerosis and ID are at early stages, with lack of evidence of efficacy in animal models and no human clinical data, a firm valuation is not possible. The Company, however, does have evidence of the safety of its photosensitisers and has rights to patents filed by RMWCG.

Other companies are in clinical trials with PDT for infectious disease (for example Theralase Technologies, Ondine Biomedical and Photodynamic Inc) and there is scientific literature supporting the use of PDT in atherosclerosis. Invion’s interest in these fields is justified.

The limited availability of comparable companies and relevant acquisitions do not enable a more reliable valuation while suggesting $6.0 million is not unreasonable.

The majority of the valuation is a consequence of distribution rights in the USA. America is an important market for healthcare products, generally commanding 45% or more of global pharmaceutical sales, and the Proposed Amendment will give Invion access to this market.

5. Sources of Information

We have prepared our valuation using publicly accessible information and a number of confidential documents provided by Invion. Most of the assumptions on the timings and costs for the development of the proposed products are our own although we did discuss these with the Company, and the market shares, COGS and other expenses were also developed by Acuity.

We communicated with Thian Chew, Chairman and CEO, on a number of matters during the preparation of this report and were provided with documents pertaining to patents and cellular studies with infectious agents.

We conducted independent searches of the scientific and medical literature, such as the US National Institutes of Health’s PubMed[15] and Google Scholar[16] , and patent databases through the World Intellectual Property Organization[17] , The European Patent Office[18] and the US Patent and Trademark Office[19] .

6. Disclaimer

The valuations make certain assumptions in relation to the revenue prospects. In preparing this report we have relied on information provided by Invion, complemented by our own experience in drug and medical technology development and independent searches of the literature. We can provide no assurance that material provided by the Company was complete and accurate although we have no reason to suspect that this was not the case. We have exercised all due care in verifying the information provided and found no reason to doubt its reliability.

A draft of this report was supplied to Invion to confirm factual accuracy and some changes were made to reflect their comments.

The valuation is based on forward estimates of revenues and expenses and relies on estimated development times. Acuity does not guarantee that the outcomes described in this report will actually occur because of possible changes in the markets and the Company’s own actions, which are beyond our ability to forecast.

15 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed 16 https://scholar.google.com.au/ 17 https://patentscope.wipo.int. 18 https://worldwide.espacenet.com. 19

https://www.uspto.gov.

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Acuity has acted independently in preparing this report and neither its Director nor staff have any pecuniary or other interest in Invion and RMWCG, their related entities or associates that could reasonably be regarded as affecting its ability to give an unbiased opinion. Acuity will receive normal professional fees for the preparation of this report and, with the exception of these fees, will not receive any other direct or indirect benefits.

The cash flow models used in the valuation makes the assumption that Invion will, or will have, sufficient funds to support further development and maintenance of the IP. Without adequate funds, the value of the IP may not be realised. Additionally, delays in research and/or in securing collaborations could impact severely on the valuation.

Acuity does not hold an Australia Financial Services Licence and provides no opinions or recommendations relating to the suitability of Invion as an investment, acquisition or for any other purpose, and provides no advice concerning the proposed transaction.

In preparing this report we have had regard to the Regulatory Guide RG 112, Independence of experts , issued by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission and AASB 13, Fair Value Measurement , issued by the Australian Accounting Standards Board.

7. Experience and Qualifications

Acuity provides management consulting to technology-based companies. The company is skilled in the development of business plans and the technical, commercial and financial analyses of engineering and science-based projects. An area of special interest is the provision of advice to investors and financial institutions on the funding of high technology R&D and the exploitation of outcomes, and to managers of start-up companies to assist in product development plans and strategies.

The current valuation was undertaken by Acuity’s Managing Director, David Randerson. Dr Randerson specializes in the valuation of intangible assets, and business entities whose main assets are intangibles, with particular expertise in IP and IPR&D. Valuations have been performed for purposes of licensing, capital raising and investment, sale, depreciation and amortization, impairment, purchase price allocation, consolidation, mergers, acquisitions, stock options and goodwill.

Dr Randerson has experience with valuing pharmaceuticals, stem cells, medical devices, diagnostics, agriculture, biochemical and cell culture technologies and environmental products. In the fields of physical and applied sciences, he has valued software, internet, electronics, telecommunications, mining and petrochemical projects, process engineering, production engineering and automotive technologies. New product research is of particular interest to Dr Randerson.

Dr Randerson has a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Monash University), Master of Science in Applied Science (UNSW) and a Doctorate of Philosophy in Biomedical Engineering (UNSW). He is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors and a member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. He has worked in academia at the University of Munich and University of Queensland, and in industry with Conzinc Rioiinto Australia, Union Carbide and Johnson & Johnson. He was founder and managing director of one of Australia’s first publicly listed biotechnology companies, specializing in the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins.

An understanding of physical and life sciences, research and development, project management, probability and statistics, discounted cash flow methodologies, real options analysis, life cycle forecasting, engineering depreciation and functional obsolescence analysis, are amongst the important tools in which Dr Randerson has competence.

As principal of Acuity for 30 years, Dr Randerson has undertaken in excess of 350 detailed valuations in biomedical sciences and 120 in applied sciences.

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Invion Limited ABN 76 094 730 417

LODGE YOUR VOTE ONLINEhttps://investorcentre.linkgroup.com BY MAIL  Invion Limited C/- Link Market Services Limited Locked Bag A14 Sydney South NSW 1235 Australia  BY FAX +61 2 9287 0309  BY HAND Link Market Services Limited Parramatta Square, Level 22, Tower 6, 10 Darcy Street, Parramatta NSW 2150  ALL ENQUIRIES TO Telephone: 1300 554 474 Overseas: +61 1300 554 474

X99999999999

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Individual: where the holding is in one name, the holder must sign.

Joint Holding: where the holding is in more than one name, either shareholder may sign.

Power of Attorney: to sign under Power of Attorney, you must lodge the Power of Attorney with the registry. If you have not previously lodged this document for notation, please attach a certified photocopy of the Power of Attorney to this form when you return it.

Companies: where the company has a Sole Director who is also the Sole Company Secretary, this form must be signed by that person. If the company (pursuant to section 204A of the Corporations Act 2001 ) does not have a Company Secretary, a Sole Director can also sign alone. Otherwise this form must be signed by a Director jointly with either another Director or a Company Secretary. Please indicate the office held by signing in the appropriate place.

CORPORATE REPRESENTATIVES

If a representative of the corporation is to attend the Meeting virtually the appropriate “Certificate of Appointment of Corporate Representative” must be received at [email protected] prior to admission in accordance with the Notice of General Meeting. A form of the certificate may be obtained from the Company’s share registry or online at www. linkmarketservices.com.au.