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Investec PLC Capital/Financing Update 2018

Aug 15, 2018

5231_rns_2018-08-15_840859c1-bfa3-4768-ac61-f466b297e273.pdf

Capital/Financing Update

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Notes issued pursuant to these Final Terms are securities to be listed under Listing Rule 19.

2 July 2018

Investec Bank plc

Issue of GBP Kick Out Notes with Capital at Risk under the £4,000,000,000 Zebra Capital Plans Retail Structured Products Programme

PART A – CONTRACTUAL TERMS

This document constitutes the Final Terms of the Notes described herein for the purposes of Article 5.4 of the Prospectus Directive and must be read in conjunction with the base prospectus in relation to the £4,000,000,000 Zebra Capital Plans Retail Structured Products Programme (the "Programme") dated 10 August 2017 which together with the supplemental prospectus dated 11 December 2017, the supplemental prospectus dated 29 June 2018 and the supplemental prospectus dated on or about 2 July 2018 constitutes a base prospectus (the "Base Prospectus") for the purposes of Article 5(4) of the Prospectus Directive (Directive 2003/71/EC as amended by Directive 2008/11/EC, Directive 2010/73/EU and Directive 2008/78/EU) (the "Prospectus Directive").

Terms used herein shall be deemed to be defined as such for the purposes of the terms and conditions set forth in the Base Prospectus.

Full information on the Issuer and the offer of the Notes is only available on the basis of the combination of these Final Terms and the Base Prospectus. The Base Prospectus is available for viewing at and copies may be obtained from www.investecstructuredproducts.com and during normal working hours from Investec Bank plc, 30 Gresham Street, London EC2V 7QP, and from Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, Winchester House, 1 Great Winchester Street, London EC2N 2DB. A summary of the offer of the Notes is annexed to these Final Terms.

1. Issuer: Investec Bank plc
2. (a) Series Number: ZCP2018-41
(b) Tranche Number: 1
3. Specified Currency or Currencies: Pounds Sterling ("GBP")
4. Aggregate Nominal Amount:
(a) Series: The aggregate nominal amount of the Notes issued
will be notified and published on or about the Issue
Date
(b) Tranche: The aggregate nominal amount of the Notes issued
will be notified and published on or about the Issue
Date
5. Issue Price: 100 per cent. of the Aggregate Nominal Amount
6. (a) Specified Denominations: GBP1.00
(b) Calculation Amount: GBP1.00
7. Issue Date: 16 August
2018
8. Maturity Date: 17 August
2026
9. Redemption/Payment Basis: Final Redemption Amount linked to value of
Preference Shares in accordance with Condition 5
(Redemption and Purchase)
10. (a) Security Status: Unsecured Notes
(b) Secured Portion: Not Applicable
(c) Date Board approval for
issuance of Notes obtained:
Not Applicable

PROVISIONS RELATING TO REDEMPTION

11. Issuer Call: Not Applicable
12. (a) Final Redemption Amount of
Final Redemption Amount linked to value of
Preference Shares in accordance with Condition 5
each Note:
(Redemption and Purchase)
(b) Classes of Preference Shares
to which this Series of Notes
are linked and their respective
Preference Share Weightings:
Class Preference Share
Weighting
Issue Price of
Preference
Share
Class ZCP2018-
41
100% of the Aggregate
Nominal Amount of the
Notes
GBP 1000
(c) Upside Notes with Capital at
Risk Terms
Not Applicable
(d) Upside Plus Notes with
Capital at Risk Terms
Not Applicable
(e) Kick Out Upside Plus Notes
with Capital at Risk Terms
Not Applicable
(f) Kick Out Notes with Capital at
Risk Terms
Applicable
Return Threshold: 92 per cent. of the Initial Index Level
Digital Return: 161.60 per cent.
Upside Return: Not Applicable
Cap: Not Applicable
Gearing: Not Applicable
(g) Terms N-Barrier (Accumulation)
Notes with Capital at Risk
Not Applicable
(h) Range Accrual
(Accumulation) Notes with
Capital at Risk Terms
Not Applicable
(i) Terms Dual Underlying Linked Kick
Out Notes with Capital at Risk
Not Applicable
(j) Risk Terms Dual Underlying Linked
Upside Notes with Capital at
Not Applicable
13. ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS
(a) Type of Preference Share Index Linked Preference Shares
(b) Type of Underlying Single Index
(c) Underlying
Index FTSE®
100
Index Sponsor: FTSE International Limited
Exchange: London Stock Exchange plc
Multi-Exchange
Index:
No
Non Multi-Exchange
Index:
Yes
(d) Additional Disruption Events: Hedging Disruption and Increased Cost of Hedging
(e) Disruption: Averaging Dates Market Modified Postponement
(f) Business Day: A day on which commercial banks and foreign
exchange markets settle payments and are open for
general business (including dealing in foreign
exchange and foreign currency deposits) in London
and the Cayman Islands.
(g) Valuation Time: The time at which the Index Sponsor publishes the
closing level of the Index.
(h) Strike Date: 16 August
2018
(i) Initial Index Level: The Level of the Index on the Strike Date
(j) Initial Averaging: Not Applicable

(k) Automatic Early Redemption: Applicable

• Automatic Early

Redemption Event:

Automatic
Early
Redemptio
n Valuation
Date
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Date
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Amount
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Threshold
17 August
2020
The date
which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
115.40 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 February
2021
The date
which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
119.25 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 August
2021
The date
which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
123.10 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 February
2022
The date
which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
126.95 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 August
2022
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
130.80 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
16 February
2023
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
134.65 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 August
2023
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
138.50 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 February
2024
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
142.35 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 August
2024
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
146.20 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
17 February
2025
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
150.05 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
18 August
2025
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
153.90 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
16 February
2026
The
date
which
is
2
Business
Days
immediately
following the
relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date
157.75 per
cent. of Issue
Price
92 per cent.
of
Initial
Index Level
(l) Automatic Early Redemption
Averaging:

Not Applicable

(m) Trigger Event: Applicable
Barrier Type European
Barrier Threshold: 60
per cent. of Initial Index Level
Barrier Valuation Date The Final Redemption Valuation Date
Barrier Observation
Period:
Not Applicable
(n) Barrier Averaging: Not Applicable
(o) Final Redemption Date: 17 August
2026
(p) Final Index Level The Level on the Final Redemption Valuation Date
Final Redemption
Valuation Date:
17 August
2026
(q) Final Averaging: Not Applicable
14. Details relating to Instalment Notes: Not Applicable

15. CREDIT LINKED PROVISIONS Not Applicable

GENERAL PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THE NOTES

16. Form of Notes: Bearer Notes; Temporary Global Note exchangeable for a
Permanent Global Note which is exchangeable for Definitive
Notes only upon an Exchange Event.
17. Additional Financial
Centre(s):
Not Applicable

DISTRIBUTION

18. (a) If syndicated, names
of Managers:
Not Applicable
(b) Date of Subscription
Agreement:
Not Applicable
19. address If non-syndicated, name and
of relevant Dealer:
Investec Bank plc, 30
Gresham Street, London EC2V 7QP
20. U.S. Selling Restrictions: Reg. S Compliance Category: 2;
TEFRA D
21. Prohibition of Sales to EEA
Retail Investors:
Not Applicable
TAXATION
22. Taxation: Condition 7A (Taxation -
No Gross up) applies
SECURITY PROVISIONS
  1. Security Provisions: Not Applicable

PART B – OTHER INFORMATION

1. LISTING

  • (i) Listing: Official List of the FCA
  • (ii) Admission to trading: Application is expected to be made by the Issuer (or on its behalf) for the Notes to be admitted to trading on the Regulated Market of the London Stock Exchange plc with effect on or around the Issue Date.

2. RATINGS

Ratings: The Notes to be issued have not been rated.

3. INTERESTS OF NATURAL AND LEGAL PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE ISSUE/OFFER

Save as discussed in the "Subscription and Sale" section of the Base Prospectus, relating to the Issuer's agreement to reimburse the Dealers to certain of their expenses in connection with the update of the Programme and the issue of Notes under the Programme and to indemnify the Dealers against certain liabilities incurred by them in connection therewith, so far as the Issuer is aware, no person involved in the offer of the Notes has an interest material to the offer.

4. REASONS FOR THE OFFER, ESTIMATED NET PROCEEDS AND TOTAL EXPENSES

  • (i) Reasons for the offer: Information not required
  • (ii) Estimated net proceeds: Information not required
  • (iii) Estimated total expenses: Information not required

5. PERFORMANCE AND VOLATILITY OF THE UNDERLYING AND OTHER INFORMATION CONCERNING THE UNDERLYING

Information about the past and the further performance of the underlying and its volatility can be found on Bloomberg.

The Issuer does not intend to provide post-issuance information.

6. OPERATIONAL INFORMATION

  • (i) ISIN Code: XS1848872237
  • (ii) SEDOL Code: Not Applicable
  • (iii) Common Code: 184887223
  • (iv) Any clearing system(s) other than Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg and the Not Applicable

relevant identification number(s):

  • (v) Delivery: Delivery free of payment
  • (vi) Additional Paying Agent(s) (if any): Not Applicable
  • (vii) Common Depositary: Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch
  • (viii) Calculation Agent: Investec Bank plc
  • is Calculation Agent to make calculations? Yes
  • if not, identify calculation agent: Not Applicable

7. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE OFFER

(i) Offer Price: Issue Price
(ii) Offer Period: An offer of the Notes will be made by the Plan Manager (as
defined in Part B, paragraph 7(v) hereof) other than pursuant to
Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive during the period from
9.00 a.m. (GMT) on 3 July 2018
until 5.00 p.m. (GMT) on 8
August 2018.
(iii) Conditions to which
the offer is subject:
The Notes will be offered to retail investors in the United
Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man (the "Public
Offer Jurisdictions") and will be available only through an
investment in the Investec/Lowes 8:8 Plan 4
(the "Plan"),
details of which are available from an intermediary.
(iv) Description
of
the
application process:
Prospective investors should complete and sign an application
form obtainable from their intermediary and send it to their
intermediary who will send it to Investec Administration. Duly
completed applications together with cheques for the full
amount of the investor's subscription must be received by
Investec Administration no later than:
5:00 p.m. (GMT) on 8 August 2018
(other than in
(a)
respect of ISA transfers); or
5:00 p.m. (GMT) on 18 July 2018
in respect of ISA
(b)
transfers.

Investec Administration will send investors written acknowledgement by the end of the next working day following receipt of the completed application form. After the Issue Date, investors will be sent an opening statement showing each investor's holdings in the Notes.

  • (v) Description of possibility to reduce subscriptions and manner for refunding excess amount paid by applicants: Investec Bank plc as plan manager (the "Plan Manager") in relation to the Plan may accept duly completed applications subject to the Terms and Conditions set out in the brochure relating to the Plan (the "Plan Brochure"). The Plan Manager reserves the right to reject an application for any reason, in which case the subscription monies will be returned. Further details of the cancellation rights and the application process are set out in the Plan Brochure.
  • (vi) Details of the minimum and/or maximum amount of application: Minimum of GBP3,000 to a maximum of GBP1,000,000
  • (vii) Details of the method and time limits for paying up and delivering the Notes: Cheques for the full amount of the investor's subscription must be received no later than 8 August 2018 (or 18 July 2018 in respect of ISA transfers).

Prospective Noteholders will be notified by the Plan Manager of their allocation of Notes. The Notes will be collectively held for investors in an account with Investec Wealth and Investment Limited, except to the extent that alternative delivery and settlement arrangements have been agreed between individual investors and the Plan Manager, as described more fully in the Plan Brochure.

  • (viii) Manner in and date on which results of the offer are to be The final size will be known at the end of the Offer Period. A copy of these Final Terms will be filed with the Financial
  • made public: Conduct Authority in the UK (the "FCA"). On or before the Issue Date, a notice pursuant to UK Prospectus Rule 2.3.2(2) of the final aggregate principal amount of the Notes will be (i) filed with the FCA and (ii) published in accordance with the method of publication set out in Prospectus Rule 3.2.4(2).
  • (ix) Procedure for exercise of any right of pre-emption, negotiability of subscription rights and treatment of subscription rights not exercised: Not Applicable

whether dealing may

(x) Process for notification to applicants of the amount allotted and the indication At the end of the Offer Period, the Plan Manager will proceed to notify the prospective Noteholders as to the amount of their allotment of the Notes

begin before notification is made:

  • (xi) Amount of any expenses and taxes specifically charged to the subscriber or purchaser: None.
  • (xii) Name(s) and address(es), to the extent known to the Issuer, of the placers in the various countries where the offer takes place: Investec Bank plc, 30 Gresham Street, London EC2V 7QP

ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS NOT REQUIRED BY THE SECURITIES NOTE RELATING TO THE UNDERLYING

Statements regarding the Reference Entity: Not Applicable

Index Disclaimers (for Preference Shares linked to an Index or Basket of Indices): Applicable

The Preference Shares are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by the Index or the Index Sponsor and the Index Sponsor has made no representation whatsoever, whether express or implied, either as to the results to be obtained from the use of the Index and/or the levels at which the Index stands at any particular time on any particular date or otherwise. The Index Sponsor shall not be liable (whether in negligence or otherwise) to any person for any error in the Index and the Index Sponsor is under no obligation to advise any person of any error therein. The Index Sponsor has made no representation whatsoever, whether express or implied, as to the advisability of purchasing or assuming any risk in connection with the Preference Shares. Neither the Company nor the Preference Share Calculation Agent shall have any liability to any person for any act or failure to act by the Index Sponsor in connection with the calculation, adjustment or maintenance of the Index. Neither the Company nor the Preference Share Calculation Agent has any affiliation with or control over the Index or the Index Sponsor or any control over the computation, composition or dissemination of the Index. Although the Company and the Preference Share Calculation Agent will obtain information concerning the Index from publicly available sources they believe to be reliable, they will not independently verify this information.

Statements regarding the FTSE® 100 Index: Applicable

The Preference Shares are not sponsored, endorsed or promoted by the FTSE ("FTSE") or by The London Stock Exchange plc (the "Exchange") or by The Financial Times Limited ("FT") and neither FTSE or Exchange or FT makes any warranty or representation whatsoever, expressly or impliedly, either as to the results to be obtained from the use of the FTSE® 100 Index (the "Index") and/or the figure at which the said Index stands at any particular time on any particular day or otherwise. The Index is compiled and calculated solely by FTSE. However, neither FTSE or Exchange or FT shall be liable (whether in negligence or otherwise) to any person for any error in the Index and neither FTSE or Exchange or FT shall be under any obligation to advise any person of any error therein.

"FTSE®" and "Footsie®" are trade marks of The London Stock Exchange plc and The Financial Times Limited and are used by FTSE International Limited under licence.

(Source: The Financial Times Limited)

Statements regarding the S&P 500 Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the Euro Stoxx Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the MSCI Emerging
Market Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the HSCEI Emerging
Market Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the DAX Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the S&P ASX 200 (AS51)
Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the CAC 40 Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the Nikkei Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the JSE Top40 Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the Finvex Sustainable
Efficient Europe 30 Price Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the Finvex Sustainable
Efficient World 30 Price Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the BNP Paribas SLI Not Applicable
Enhanced Absolute Return Index:
Statements regarding the NASDAQ Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the Dow Jones Industrial
Average Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the IBEX 35 Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the FTSE MIB Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the AEX Index: Not Applicable
Statements
regarding
the
OMX
STKH30
Index:
Not Applicable
Statements regarding the SMI Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the NIFTY Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the KOSPI 200 Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the EVEN 30™Index: Not Applicable
Statements regarding the EURO 70™ Low
Volatility Index:
Not Applicable

ANNEX

SUMMARY

Summaries are made up of disclosure requirements known as "Elements". These elements are numbered in Sections A – E (A.1 – E.7).

This summary contains all the Elements required to be included in a summary for this type of securities and issuer. Because some Elements are not required to be addressed, there may be gaps in the numbering sequence of the Elements.

Even though an Element may be required to be inserted in the summary because of the type of securities and issuer, it is possible that no relevant information can be given regarding the Element. In this case, a short description of the Element is included in the summary with the mention of "Not Applicable".

SECTION A –
INTRODUCTION AND WARNINGS
A.1 Introduction: This summary should be read as an introduction to this Base Prospectus
and any decision to invest in the Notes
should be based on a
consideration of this Base Prospectus as a whole by the investor.
Where a claim relating to the information contained in this Base
Prospectus is brought before a court, the plaintiff investor might, under
the national legislation of the Member State, have to bear the costs of
translating the Base Prospectus before the legal proceedings are
initiated.
Civil liability attaches only to those persons who have tabled the
summary including any translation thereof, but only if the summary is
misleading, inaccurate or inconsistent when read together with the
other parts of this Base Prospectus or it does not provide, when read
together with the other parts of this Base Prospectus, key information
in order to aid investors
when considering whether to invest in the
Notes.
A.2 Consent: The Issuer gives its express consent, either as a "general consent" or as
a "specific consent" as described below, to the use of the prospectus by
a financial intermediary that satisfies the Conditions applicable to the
"general consent" or "specific consent", and accepts the responsibility
for the content of the Base Prospectus, with respect to the subsequent
resale or final placement of securities by any such financial
intermediary to retail investors in the United Kingdom, Jersey,
Guernsey and the Isle of
Man (the "Public Offer Jurisdictions") in
circumstances where there is no exemption from the obligation under
the Prospectus Directive to publish a prospectus (any such offer being
a "Public Offer").
General consent: Subject to the "Common conditions to consent" set
out below, the Issuer hereby grants its consent to the use of this Base
Prospectus for the entire term of the Base Prospectus in connection with
a Public Offer of any Tranche of Notes by any financial intermediary
in the Public Offer Jurisdictions which is authorised to make such
offers under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended,
or other applicable legislation implementing Directive 2004/39/EC (the
"Markets in Financial Instruments Directive") and publishes on its
website the following statement (with the information in square
brackets being completed with the relevant information):
"We, [insert legal name of financial intermediary], refer to the
base prospectus (the "Base Prospectus") relating to notes
issued under the £4,000,000,000 Zebra Capital Plans Retail
Structured Products Programme (the "Notes") by Investec
Bank plc (the "Issuer"). We agree to use the Base Prospectus
in connection with the offer of the Notes in the United
Kingdom, Jersey and the Isle of Man and Guernsey in
accordance with the consent of the Issuer in the Base
Prospectus and subject to
the conditions to such consent
specified in the Base Prospectus as being the "Common
conditions to consent"."
Any new information with respect to any financial intermediary or
intermediaries unknown at the time of the approval of this Base
Prospectus or after the filing of the applicable Final Terms will be
published
on
the
Issuer's
website
(www.investecstructuredproducts.com).
Common conditions to consent: The conditions to the Issuer's consent
are that such consent (a) is only valid in respect of the relevant Tranche
of Notes; (b) is only valid during the Offer Period specified in the
relevant Final Terms; and (c) only extends to the use of this Base
Prospectus to make Public Offers of the relevant Tranche of Notes in
the United Kingdom, Jersey and the Isle of Man and Guernsey.
In the event of an offer of Notes being made by a financial
intermediary, the financial intermediary will provide to investors
the terms and conditions of the offer at the time the offer is made.
SECTION B –
ISSUER
B.1 Legal and
commerci
al name of
the
Issuer:
The legal name of the issuer is Investec Bank plc (the "Issuer").
B.2 Domicile
and legal
form of
the
Issuer:
The Issuer is a public limited company registered in England and Wales
under registration number 00489604. The liability of its members is limited.
The Issuer was incorporated as a private limited company with limited
liability on 20 December 1950 under the Companies Act 1948 and registered
in England and Wales under registered number 00489604 with the name
Edward Bates & Sons Limited. Since then it has undergone changes of name,
eventually re-registering under the Companies Act 1985 on 23 January 2009
as a public limited company and is now incorporated under the name
Investec Bank plc.
The Issuer is subject to primary and secondary legislation relating to
financial services and banking regulation in the United Kingdom, including,
inter alia, the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, for
the purposes of
which the Issuer is an authorised person carrying on the business of financial
services provision. In addition, as a public limited company, the Issuer is
subject to the UK Companies Act
2006.
B.4b Trends: The Issuer, in its audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended
31 March 2018, reported operating profit before goodwill and acquired
intangibles and after non-controlling interests of £136.3 million (2017:
£161.1 million). The Specialist Bank continued to see good growth in loan
portfolios and client activity which supported solid growth in net interest
income. This was partially offset by lower investment and trading income,
following particularly strong investment banking and client flow activity
levels in the prior year. The Wealth & Investment business benefited from
higher average funds under management and positive net inflows. Growth
in costs primarily reflects planned investment in growing the client franchise
businesses, notably for
the continued build out of the private client offerings.
Impairments on the legacy loan portfolio increased in anticipation of
accelerated exits of certain assets in line with the strategy of managing down
this portfolio.
The balance sheet remains strong, supported by sound capital and liquidity
ratios. At 31 March 2018, the Issuer had £5.6 billion of cash and near cash
to support its activities, representing 46.8% of its customer deposits.
Customer deposits have increased by 6.0% since 31 March 2017 to £12.0
billion at 31 March 2018. The Issuer's loan to deposit ratio was 80.7% as at
31 March 2018 (31 March 2017: 76.2%). At 31 March 2018, the Issuer's
total capital adequacy ratio was 16.5%, common equity tier 1 (CET1) ratio
was 11.8% and its leverage ratio was 8.5%. These disclosures incorporate
the deduction of foreseeable charges and dividends as required by the Capital
Requirements Regulation and European Banking Authority technical
standards. Excluding this deduction, the CET1 ratio would be 0.13% higher.
The credit loss charge as a percentage of average gross core loans and
advances was 1.14% (2017: 0.90%). The Issuer's gearing ratio remains low
with total assets to equity at 9.1 times at 31 March 2018.
B.5 The
group:
The Issuer is the main banking subsidiary of Investec plc, which is part of
an international banking group with operations in three principal markets:
the United Kingdom and Europe, Asia/Australia and South Africa. The
Issuer also holds certain of the Investec group's UK and Australia based
assets and businesses.
B.10 Audit
Report
Qualificat
ions:
Not applicable. There are no qualifications in the audit reports on the
audited, consolidated financial statements of the Issuer and its subsidiary
undertakings for the financial years ended 31
March 2017 or 31 March 2018.
B.12 Key
Financial
Informati
on:
The selected financial information set out below has been extracted without
material adjustment from the audited consolidated financial statements of
the Issuer for the years ended 31 March 2017 and 31 March 2018.
Financial features Year Ended
31 March 2018 31 March 2017
Operating profit before amortisation of acquired
intangibles, non-operating items, taxation and
after non-controlling interests (£'000)
136,347 161,057
Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders
(£'000)
97,841 117,793
Costs to income ratio 76.8% 75.9%
Total capital resources (including subordinated
liabilities) (£'000)
2,788,840 2,559,287
Total shareholders' equity (£'000) 2,209,167 1,979,931
Total assets (£'000) 20,097,225 18,381,414
Net core loans and advances (£'000) 9,663,172 8,598,639
Customer accounts (deposits) (£'000) 11,969,625 11,289,177
Cash and near cash balances (£'000) 5,598,418 4,852,710
Funds under management (£'000) 37,276,000 35,900,000
Capital adequacy ratio 16.5% 16.6%
Common equity tier 1 ratio 11.8% 12.2%
There has been no significant change in the financial or trading position of
the Issuer and its consolidated subsidiaries since 31 March 2018, being the
end of the most recent financial period for which it has published financial
statements.
There has been no material adverse change in the prospects of the Issuer
since the financial year ended 31 March 2018, the most recent financial year
for which it has published audited financial statements.
B.13 Recent
Events:
Not Applicable. There have been no recent events particular to the Issuer
which are to a material extent relevant to the evaluation of its solvency.
B.14 Dependen
ce upon
other
The Issuer's immediate parent undertaking is Investec 1 Limited. The
Issuer's ultimate parent undertaking and controlling party is Investec plc.
entities
within the
Group:
The Issuer and its subsidiaries form a UK-based group (the "Group"). The
Issuer conducts part of its business through its subsidiaries and is
accordingly dependent upon those members of the Group. The Issuer is not
dependent on Investec plc.
B.15 The
Issuer's
Principal
Activities:
The principal business of the Issuer consists of Wealth & Investment and
Specialist Banking.
The Issuer is an international, specialist banking group and asset manager
whose principal business involves provision of a diverse range of financial
services and products to a select client base in the United Kingdom and
Europe and Australia/Asia and certain other countries. As part of its
business, the Issuer provides investment management services to private
clients, charities, intermediaries, pension schemes and trusts as well as
specialist banking services focusing on corporate advisory and investment
activities, corporate and institutional banking activities and private banking
activities.
B.16 Controllin
g Persons:
The whole of the issued share capital of the Issuer is owned directly by
Investec 1 Limited, the ultimate parent undertaking and controlling party of
which is Investec plc.
B.17 Credit
Ratings:
The long-term senior debt of the Issuer has a rating of BBB+
as rated by
Fitch. This means that Fitch's expectation of default risk is currently low and
Fitch is of the opinion that the Issuer's capacity for payment of financial
commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic
conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
The long-term senior debt of the Issuer has a rating of A2 as rated by
Moody's. This means that Moody's is of the opinion that the Issuer is
considered upper-medium-grade and is subject to low credit risk.
The long-term senior debt of the Issuer has a rating of BBB+ as rated by
Global Credit Rating. This means that Global Credit Rating is of the opinion
that the Issuer has adequate protection factors and is considered sufficient
for prudent investment. However, there is considerable variability in risk
during economic cycles).
The Notes to be issued have not been specifically rated.
SECTION C –
SECURITIES
C.1 Description of
Type and Class
of Securities:
Issuance in series: The Notes will be issued in series ("Series") which
may comprise one or more tranches ("Tranches") issued on different
issue dates.
The Notes of each Tranche of the same series will all be
subject to identical terms, except for the issue dates and/or issue prices
of the respective Tranches.
The Notes are issued as Series number ZCP2018-41, Tranche number
1.
Form of Notes: The applicable Final Terms will specify whether the
relevant Notes will be issued in bearer form ("Bearer Notes"), in
certificated registered form ("Registered Notes") or in uncertificated
registered form (such Notes being recorded on a register as being held
in uncertificated book-entry form) ("Uncertificated Registered
Notes"). Registered Notes and Uncertificated Registered Notes will not
be exchangeable for other forms of Notes and vice versa.
The Notes are issued in bearer form.
Security
Identification
Number(s):
The
following
security
identification number(s) will be specified in the Final Terms.
ISIN Code: XS1848872237
Common Code: 184887223
SEDOL: Not Applicable
C.2 Currency of the
Securities
Issue:
Currency: Subject to any applicable legal or regulatory restrictions,
the Notes may be issued in any currency (the "Specified Currency").
The Specified Currency of the Notes is
GBP.
C.5 Free
Transferability:
The Notes are freely transferable. However, applicable securities laws
in certain jurisdictions impose restrictions on the offer and sale of the
Notes and accordingly the Issuer and the dealers have agreed
restrictions on the offer, sale and delivery of the Notes in the United
States, the European Economic Area, Isle of Man, South Africa,
Switzerland, Guernsey and Jersey, and such other restrictions as may
be required in connection with the offering and sale of a particular
Tranche of Notes in order to comply with relevant securities laws.
C.8 The Rights
Attaching to
the Securities,
including
Ranking and
Limitations to
those Rights:
Status: The Notes are unsecured. The Notes will constitute direct,
unconditional, unsubordinated obligations of the Issuer that will rank
pari passu
among themselves and (save for certain obligations required
to be preferred by law) equally with all other unsecured obligations
(other than subordinated obligations, if any) of the Issuer from time
to
time outstanding.
the unsecured Notes,
any deposit protection insurance scheme.
Investors investing in unsecured Notes are advised to carefully evaluate
the Issuer's credit risk when considering an investment in such Notes.
If the Issuer became unable to pay amounts owed to the investor under
such investor does not have recourse to the
underlying or any other security/collateral and, in a worst case
scenario, investors may not receive any payments under the Notes. The
Notes are unsecured obligations. They are not deposits and they are not
protected under the UK's Financial Services Compensation Scheme or
Payments of Principal: Payments of principal in respect of Notes will
in all cases be calculated by reference to the percentage change in value
of one or more preference shares issued by Zebra Capital II Limited
("Preference Shares") in respect of the relevant series of Notes. The
terms of each class of Preference Shares will be contained in the
Memorandum and Articles of Association of Zebra Capital II Limited
and the Preference Share confirmation relating to such class.
The redemption price of each class of Preference Shares will be
calculated by reference to an index (the "Underlying"), as further
described in C.15 (Effect of value of underlying instruments).
Redemption of the Notes:
The Notes cannot be redeemed prior to their
stated maturity date (other than for taxation reasons, on the
occurrence
of a kick-out event or
on account of certain events affecting the
Preference Shares or following an event of default).
Taxation: All payments in respect of the Notes will be made without
deduction for or on account of withholding taxes imposed by the
United Kingdom unless such withholding or deduction is required by
law. In the event that any such deduction is made, the Issuer will not
be required to pay any additional amounts in respect of such
withholding or deduction.
Denomination: The Notes will be issued in denominations of
GBP1.00.
Governing Law: English law
C.11 Listing and
Trading:
This document has been approved by the FCA as a base prospectus in
compliance with the Prospectus Directive and relevant implementing
measures in the United Kingdom for the purpose of giving information
with regard to the Notes issued under the Programme described in this
Base Prospectus during the period of twelve months after the date
hereof. Application has also been made for the Notes to be admitted
during the twelve months after the date hereof to listing on the Official
List of the FCA and to trading on the regulated market (for the purposes
of EU Directive 2004/39/EC (the Markets in Financial Instruments
Directive)) (the "Regulated Market") of the London Stock Exchange
plc (the "London Stock Exchange").
Application will be made for the Notes to be admitted to listing on the
Official List of the FCA and to trading on the London Stock Exchange
effective on or around the Issue Date.
C.15 Effect of value
of underlying
instruments:
The performance of the Underlying
will determine the redemption
price and final value (on a one for one basis) of a class of preference
share issued by Zebra Capital II Limited (the "Preference Share"), an
exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands
which is independent of the Issuer and whose business consists of the
issuance of Preference Shares in connection with the Programme.
The percentage change in the final value of the relevant Preference
Share or Preference Shares compared to its or their issue price is then
used to calculate the value and return on the Notes.
As a result, the potential effect of the performance of the
Underlying
on the return on the Notes means that investors may
lose some or all of their investment.

For the avoidance of doubt, the Notes are not backed by or secured on the Preference Shares and accordingly, only a nominal amount of the Preference Shares may be issued by Zebra Capital II Limited regardless of the principal amount of the applicable issuance of Notes by the Issuer.

In this section, for ease of explanation rather than refer to the Notes being linked to the value of the Preference Share which is in turn linked to the Underlying, the Notes (including the return on the Notes) are described as being linked to the Underlying.

The return on the Notes is linked to the performance of an underlying instrument (being the FTSE® 100 Index) (the "Underlying"). The value of the Underlying is used to calculate the redemption price of the Notes and accordingly affects the return (if any) on the Notes.

Kick Out Notes

If on one of the dates specified below (the "Automatic Early Redemption Valuation Date") the performance of the Underlying, is greater than the level specified (the "Automatic Early Redemption Threshold"), the Notes will be redeemed at the relevant amount specified below (the "Automatic Early Redemption Amount") on the applicable date prior to maturity (the "Automatic Early Redemption Date"):

Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation
Date*
Automatic Early
Redemption Date
Automatic Early
Redemption
Amount
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Threshold
17 August 2020 The date which is 2
Business Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
115.40 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 February
2021
The date which is 2
Business Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
119.25 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 August 2021 The date which is 2
Business Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
123.10 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 February
2022
The date which is 2
Business Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic Early
126.95 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
Redemption
Valuation Date
16 August 2022 The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
130.80 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 February
2023
The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
134.65 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 August 2023 The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
138.50 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 February
2024
The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
142.35 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 August 2024 The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
146.20 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
17 February
2025
The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
150.05 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
18 August 2025 The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
Redemption
Valuation Date
153.90 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
16 February
2026
The date which is 2
Business
Days
immediately
following the relevant
Automatic
Early
157.75 per cent. of
Issue Price
92 per cent. of
Initial
Index
Level
Redemption
Valuation Date
*Provided that
if the Automatic Early Redemption Valuation Date is
not a Scheduled Trading Day, the immediately preceding Scheduled
Trading Day shall be the Automatic Early Redemption Valuation Date.
The market price or value of the Notes at any times is
expected to be
affected by changes in the value of the Preference Share and the
Underlying.
C.16 Expiration or
maturity date:
The Maturity Date of the Notes is 17 August 2026.
C.17 Settlement
procedure:
The Notes will be cash-settled.
C.18 Return on
securities:
Series ZCP2018-41
are Kick Out Notes with Capital at Risk.
The performance of the
Underlying will determine the redemption
price of the Preference Share. This redemption price is used to calculate
the final value of the Preference Share on a one for one basis. The
percentage change in the final value of the Preference Share as against
its issue price is then used to calculate the return on the Notes.
As a result, the potential effect of the value of the Underlying on
the return on the Notes means that investors may lose some or all
of their investment.
In this section, for ease of explanation rather than refer to the Notes
being linked to the value of the Preference Share which is in turn linked
to the Underlying, Notes (including the return on the Notes) are
described as being linked to the Underlying.
Redemption provisions in respect of Kick Out Notes with Capital
at Risk:
These Notes have the potential for early maturity (kick out) on a certain
date or dates specified in the
Final Terms, depending on the level of
the Underlying
at that time. If the Notes kick out early an investor will
receive a return of their initial investment plus a fixed percentage
payment.
If there has been no kick out, the return on the Notes at maturity will
be based on the performance of the
Underlying, and in certain
circumstances this may result in the investor receiving an amount less
than their initial investment.
The potential payouts at maturity for Kick Out Notes with Capital at
Risk are as follows:
Scenario A –
Digital Return
If at maturity the level of the
Underlying is greater than a specified
percentage of the initial level of the Underlying, an investor will
receive a "Digital Return" being their initial investment multiplied by
a specified percentage return.
Scenario B –
No Return
If at maturity the level
of the
Underlying is less than or equal to a
specified percentage of the initial level of the Underlying, an investor
will receive their initial investment with no additional return, provided
that a "Trigger Event"* has not occurred.
Scenario C –
Loss of Investment
If at maturity the level
of the
Underlying is less than or equal to a
specified percentage of the initial level of the Underlying
and a
Trigger
Event
has occurred an investor's investment will be reduced by 1% for
every 1% fall of the level
of the Underlying at maturity.
*A "Trigger Event" occurs where the level of the Underlying falls
below a specified percentage of the initial level of such index at the
Valuation Time on the date specified in the Final Terms.
C.19 Exercise price
or final
reference price
of the
underlying:
The performance of the Underlying
will determine the redemption
price of the Preference Share. This redemption price is used to calculate
the final value of the Preference Share on a one for one basis. The
percentage change in the final value of the Preference Share as against
its issue price is then used to calculate the return on the Notes.
In this section, for ease of explanation rather than refer to the Notes
being linked to the value of the Preference Share which is in turn linked
to the Underlying, Notes (including the return on the Notes) are
described as being linked to the Underlying.
The determination of the performance of the Underlying
will be carried
out by the Preference Share Calculation Agent, being Investec Bank
plc.
The Preference Share Calculation Agent will compare an initial level
of the Underlying with a final level of the Underlying.
The initial level of the Underlying will be the closing level on the Issue
Date.
The final level of the Underlying will be the closing level as at the
Valuation Time
of the Underlying on the final redemption valuation
date.
The level of the Underlying used to determine whether or not an
automatic early redemption is applicable will be the closing level
as at
the Valuation Time on each automatic early redemption valuation date.
The determination of the redemption amount of the Notes will be
carried out by the Calculation Agent, being Investec Bank plc.
C.20 Type of the
underlying:
The performance of the Underlying
will determine the redemption
price of the Preference Share. This redemption price is used to calculate
the final value of the Preference Share on a one for one basis. The
percentage change in the final value of the Preference Share as against
its issue price is then used to calculate the return on the Notes.
In this section, for ease of explanation rather than refer to the Notes
being linked to the value of the Preference Share which is in turn linked
to the Underlying, Notes (including the return on the Notes) are
described as being linked to the Underlying.
The Underlying relating to the Notes is a single index (being the
FTSE® 100 Index), information about the past and the further
performance of which can be obtained on Bloomberg.
SECTION D –
RISKS
D.2 Risks specific to
the issuer:
In relation to Public Offers of the Notes, the Notes are designed for
investors who are or have access to a suitably qualified
independent financial adviser or who have engaged a suitably
qualified
discretionary
investment
manager,
in
order
to
understand
the
characteristics
and
risks
associated
with
structured financial products.
The following are the key risks applicable to the Issuer:
Market risks, business and general macro-economic conditions and
fluctuations as well
as volatility in the global financial markets could
adversely affect the Issuer's business in many ways.
The Issuer is subject to risks arising from general macro-economic
conditions in the countries in which it operates, including in particular
the UK, Europe, Asia and Australia, as well as global economic
conditions.
The Issuer is subject to risks concerning customer and counterparty
credit quality.
Credit and counterparty risk is defined as the risk arising from an
obligor's (typically a client's or counterparty's) failure to meet the
terms of any agreement. Credit and counterparty risk arises when funds
are extended, committed, invested, or otherwise exposed through
contractual agreements, whether reflected on-
or off-balance sheet.
The Issuer's credit risk arises primarily in relation to its Specialist
Banking business, through which it offers products such as private
client mortgages and specialised lending to high income professionals
and high net worth individuals and a range of lending products to
corporate clients, including corporate loans, asset based lending, fund
finance, asset finance, acquisition finance, power and infrastructure
finance, resource finance and corporate debt securities. Within its
Wealth & Investment business, the Issuer is subject to relatively limited
settlement risk which can arise due to undertaking transactions in an
agency capacity on behalf of clients.
In accordance with policies overseen by its Central Credit Management
department, the Issuer makes provision for specific impairments and
calculates the appropriate level of portfolio impairments in relation to
the credit and counterparty risk to which it is subject.
Increased credit and counterparty risk could have a material adverse
impact on the Issuer's business, results of operations, financial
condition and prospects.
The Issuer is subject to liquidity risk, which may impair its ability to
fund its operations.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Issuer has insufficient capacity to fund
increases in its assets, or that it is unable to meet its payment
obligations as they fall due, without incurring unacceptable losses. This
includes repaying depositors and repayments of wholesale debt. This
risk is inherent in all banking operations and can be impacted by a
range of institution-specific and market-wide events.
The Issuer may have insufficient capital in the future and may be
unable to secure additional financing when it is required.
The prudential regulatory capital requirements applicable to banks
have increased significantly over the last decade, largely in response to
the financial crisis that commenced in 2008 but also as a result of
continuing work undertaken by regulatory bodies in the financial sector
subject to certain global and national mandates. These prudential
requirements are likely to increase further in the short term, not least in
connection with ongoing implementation issues, and it is possible that
further regulatory changes may be implemented in this area in any
event.
If the
Issuer fails to meet its minimum regulatory capital or liquidity
requirements, it may be subject to administrative actions or sanctions.
In addition, a shortage of capital or liquidity could affect the Issuer's
ability to pay liabilities as they fall due,
pay future dividends and
distributions, and could affect the implementation of its business
strategy, impacting future growth potential.
D.6 Risks specific to
the securities:
Capital at Risk: The Notes are not capital protected. Accordingly,
there is no guarantee that the return on a Note will be greater than or
equal to the amount invested in the Notes initially or that an investor's
initial investment will be returned. Investors may lose some or all of
their initial investment.
Unlike an investor investing in a savings account or similar investment,
where an investor may typically expect to receive a low return but
suffer little or no loss of their initial investment, an investor investing
in the Notes may expect to potentially receive a higher return but may
also expect to potentially suffer a total or partial loss of their initial
investment.
Unsecured Notes: Investors investing in unsecured Notes are advised
to carefully evaluate the Issuer's credit risk when considering an
investment in such Notes. If the Issuer became unable to pay amounts
owed to the investor under the unsecured Notes, such investor does not
have recourse to the underlying or any other security/collateral and, in
a worst case scenario, investors may not receive any payments under
the Notes. The Notes are unsecured obligations. They are not deposits
and they are not protected under the UK's Financial Services
Compensation Scheme or any deposit protection insurance scheme.
Investment Products: The Notes are not deposits and they are not
protected under the UK's Financial Services Compensation Scheme or
any deposit protection insurance scheme.
Return linked to performance of the relevant Preference Share:
The return on the Notes is calculated by reference to the percentage
change in value of one or more preference shares, the redemption price
on such preference shares being based on the performance of the
Underlying. Poor performance of the relevant Underlying could result
in investors, at best, forgoing returns that could have been made had
they invested in a different product or, at worst, losing some or all of
their initial investment.
In this section, for ease of explanation, the return on the Notes is
summarised by reference to the performance of the Underlying rather
than the applicable Preference Share.
Return linked to performance of the relevant Underlying: The
return on the Notes is calculated by reference to the performance of the
Underlying. Poor performance of the relevant Underlying could
result in investors, at best, forgoing returns that could have been
made had they invested in a different product or, at worst, losing
some or all of their initial investment.
Downside risk: Since the Notes are not capital protected, if at maturity
the level
of the
Underlying is less than a specified level, investors may
lose their right to return of all their principal at maturity and may suffer
a reduction of their capital in proportion (or a proportion multiplied by
a leverage factor) with the decline of the level
of the Underlying, in
which case investors would be fully exposed to any downside of the
Underlying during such specified period.
SECTION E –
OFFER
E.2b Reasons for the
Offer and Use
of Proceeds:
risks. Not applicable. The use of proceeds is to make a profit and/or hedge
E.3 Terms and
Conditions of
the Offer:
The Notes will be offered to retail investors in the United Kingdom,
Jersey and the Isle of Man and Guernsey.
(i) Offer Price: The offer price for the Notes is 100 per cent. of
the Aggregate Nominal Amount.
(ii) Offer Period: The offer period for the Notes will commence
on 3 July 2018
and end on
8 August
2018.
(iii) Conditions to which the offer is subject: an investment in the
Investec/Lowes 8:8 Plan 4
(the "Plan"), details of which are
available from an intermediary.
(iv) Description of the application process: Duly completed
applications together with cheques for the full amount of the
investor's subscription must be received no later than 8 August
2018 (or 18 July 2018
in respect of ISA transfers).
(v) Details of the minimum and/or maximum amount of
application: The application must be for a minimum of
GBP3,000.00 subject to a maximum of GBP1,000,000.00.
(vi) Details of the method and time limits for paying up and
delivering the Notes: Cheques for the full amount of the
investor's subscription must be received no later than 8 August
2018
(or 18 July
2018
in respect of ISA transfers).
(vii) Manner in and date on which results of the offer are to be
made public: The final size of the offer will be known at the
end of the offer period. A copy of these Final Terms will be
filed with the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK (the
"FCA"). On or before the Issue Date, a notice pursuant to UK
Prospectus Rule 2.3.2(2) of the final aggregate principal
amount of the Notes will be (i) filed with the FCA and (ii)
published in accordance with the method of publication set out
in Prospectus Rule 3.2.4(2).
(viii) Process for notification to applicants of the amount allotted
and the indication whether dealing may
begin before
notification is made: At the end of the Offer Period, the Plan
Manager will proceed to notify the prospective Noteholders as
to the amount of their allotment of the Notes.
(ix) Amount of any expenses and taxes specifically charged to
the subscriber or purchaser: None.
(x) Name(s) and address(es), to the extent known to the Issuer,
of the placers in the various countries where the offer takes
place: Investec Bank plc, 30
Gresham Street, London EC2V
7QP.
E.4 Interests
Material to the
Issue:
The Issuer may be the Calculation Agent responsible for making
determinations and calculations in connection with the Notes and may
also be the Preference Share Calculation Agent and the valuation agent
in connection with the Preference Share(s). Such determinations and
calculations will determine the amounts that are required to be paid by
the Issuer to holders of the Notes. Accordingly, when the Issuer acts as
Calculation Agent, Preference Share Calculation Agent or Valuation
Agent its duties as agent (in
the interests of holders of the Notes) may
conflict with its interests as Issuer of the Notes.
E.7 Estimated
Expenses:
Not applicable. Expenses in respect of the offer or listing of the Notes
are not charged by the Issuer or Offeror or Dealer to the investor.