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GOLDEN STATE MINING LIMITED — Capital/Financing Update 2019
May 20, 2019
65016_rns_2019-05-20_d1797ba3-f447-41ec-a7b0-da4eeb1f2b72.pdf
Capital/Financing Update
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Petrographic study identifies Nickel Sulphide minerals at Balla Yule Prospect
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Nickel-Cobalt and Copper sulphides also identified
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Pegmatite identification confirms lithium target potential
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Archaean layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion Ni, Cu, Co, PGE, V & Ti targets
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Balla Yule magnetic target trend near Sholl Shear Zone largely untested
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Drill program planned for Q3/Q4 this year
Golden State Mining Limited (ASX code: “GSM” or the “Company”) is pleased to announce the results of petrographic analysis of historic Reverse Circulation (RC) samples taken from previous drilling sites at the Balla Yule Prospect. The results have identified remobilised Nickel (Ni) and Nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) minerals in addition to copper sulphides. These findings present an opportunity to also target magmatic layered Ni-Co-Cu sulphide style mineralisation (e.g. Radio Hill Ni, Cu, Co & Mt Sholl (B2) Ni, Cu) within an elliptical dome feature north of the highly prospective Sholl Shear Zone. This study also identified a pegmatite confirming the lithium target potential of the Balla Yule Prospect. A detailed technical note is provided in Appendix 1.
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Figure 1: Balla Yule Prospect and Brumby drillhole collar locations over Total Magnetic Intensity.
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Golden State’s Managing Director, Michael Moore commented:
“The detailed petrographic work has delivered some encouraging indicators of a very attractive mineralisation style and presents an early targeting opportunity at the Yule North Project. With further geophysical refinements and surface geochemistry these findings will form the basis of a follow up drill program Q3/4 this year.”
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Balla Yule Prospect
In 2008 Brumby Resources Limited (‘Brumby’) drilled three RC drill holes (Figure 2) for a total of 375 metres, targeting vanadium in an east-west striking aeromagnetic target north of the Sholl Shear Zone. The target is considered analogous to an Archaean layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion of the type recognised elsewhere in the western and central parts of the North Pilbara Craton. These layered intrusions are prospective for Ni-Cu, Ni-Cu-Co and Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide deposits, in addition to chromite and Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits found in association with magnetite, and gold mineralisation. Examples of significant deposits hosted within these intrusions with similar mineralisation style are Radio Hill Ni-Cu deposit hosted in microgabbro and the Mt Sholl (B2) Ni-Cu deposit hosted in gabbro and plagioclase pyroxenite.
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Figure 2: Drill section looking West showing Brumby drillholes, significant intersections and Interpreted Geology.
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The most significant interval recorded a down hole width of 14 metres of 0.51% Ni & 0.033% Co from 38 metres (bedrock surface) including 4 metres at 0.70% Ni, 0.048% Co in BYRC003 (See Figure 2) within what Brumby interpreted as a weathered and clay-rich serpentinite. GSM interprets this intersection to be evidence of secondary nickel enrichment above the layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion.
Another notable intersection recorded in BYRC002 was seven single metre samples containing elevated lithium values between 160 metres and 194 metres. These samples contained Li2O values over 200ppm Li20 with the highest values of 715ppm Li20. GSM interprets these elevated lithium values as a vector to a potential larger lithium-bearing pegmatite body at depth.
A summary of results for BYRC002 and BYRC003 results is shown in Appendix 2.
Petrographic and Electron Microanalysis
Petrographical analysis on remnant spoil (not necessarily taken from the down hole mineralised intercept) collected from the three Brumby collar locations identified a hydrothermally altered chromite and magnetite-bearing pyroxenite and a tourmaline-bearing pegmatite unit (See previous announcement dated 2 April 2019). Two samples were collected from pegmatitic (micaceous) material at the BYRC002 collar location and sent for assay, but no significant Li20 results were returned.
The drill cutting samples were also analysed under the scanning electron microscope to produce backscattered electron detector (BSE) images (See Figure 3 and appendix 1). Of the samples investigated, 12 out of 22 showed fine grained nickel sulphide content consisting of millerite (NiS) and pentlandite. Cobalt has been detected as a component of some nickel sulphide grains, i.e. of both pentlandite and possible polydymite (Ni2+Ni2[3] +S4). Chalcopyrite is found as inclusions within some of these sulphides.
These findings support the Ni-Co-Cu potential within a layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion at depth at the Balla Yule prospect.
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pyroxene
pyroxene
serpentine
serpentine
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Figure 3: BSE map of sample BYRC01FR, cutting D, with Cr-Ni-Ca distributions shown.
tremolite
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Conclusions
The occurrence of nickel sulphide minerals in fresh rock in addition to copper and cobalt bearing sulphide species is significant and suggests that the original interpretation of a nickel laterite occurrence, based on limited evidence, may be incomplete, and that hydrothermal nickel enrichment or remobilisation has occurred. GSM may have an attractive Ni suphide target to test and an opportunity to target Archaean magmatic layered Ni-Co-Cu sulphides in this vicinity in addition to other Ni-Co mineralisation styles.
Examples of significant deposits (JORC compliant resources unless stated) hosted within these intrusions are:
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Radio Hill project: 4.02 Mt @ 0.51% Ni and 0.88% Cu hosted in a microgabbro unit
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Mt Sholl (B2) project: 5.96 Mt @ 0.53% Ni and 0.62% Cu hosted in gabbro and plagioclase pyroxenite
These findings, together with previous observations, also raise the possibility of other target types:
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Remobilised nickel sulphides (esp. millerite) concentrated in structurally controlled zones.
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Remobilised nickel in silicate minerals concentrated in structurally controlled zones.
The elevated lithium assays in conjunction with the identified tourmaline bearing pegmatite highlights the discovery potential for a proximal larger pegmatite body at depth at the Balla Yule Prospect. These findings also highlight the regional potential for lithium bearing pegmatite occurrences within the largely undercover project area.
Further Exploration Planned
Follow up geochemical sampling and a ground based geophysical survey are planned in early Q3 this year. This work is intended to define future drilling targets which is required to define the extent and depth potential of the anomalous nickel and cobalt assays recorded at the Balla Yule Prospect.
Follow up drilling locations will also be based on refining geophysical interpretations of surveys completed by previous explorers and government. Drilling is expected to be started during Q3/Q4 this year subject to required approvals.
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Mike Moore (Managing Director) on 08 6323 2384
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Trevor Beazley/Nanne van 't Riet (Maiden Capital) on 0419 939 820 / 0400 902 940.
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GSM is a Western Australian minerals exploration company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX:’GSM’). The company’s prime focus is the exploration and development of three highly prospective Western Australian gold project areas.
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The company’s cornerstone project is located adjacent to the historical town of Cue in the Murchison district.
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Approximately 645km by road northeast of Perth
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175km[2] of tenements including Cuddingwarra and Big Bell South
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Targeting large gold systems
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Proven Gold Region - produced over 7Moz of gold the past 126 years
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Day Dawn/Great Fingall mine (1.7Moz production) ~5km along trend
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Historic mines operated until around the 1920’s exploiting high grade +15g/t gold shoots
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The Yule Project is prospective for gold, base metals and lithium
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Located between 35km and 65km southwest of Port Hedland in the Northern Pilbara region of Western Australia
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Three granted exploration licences for a total of 434km[2] capture a significant portion of the Pilbara region
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Archaean layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion Ni, Cu, Co, PGE, V & Ti targets at Yule North
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Balla Yule magnetic target trend near Sholl Shear Zone largely untested
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Targets identified from airborne geophysics at Yule South
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The Four Mile Well Project is located 9km to the north of the Laverton townsite in the Eastern Goldfields and consists of a single 38 block exploration licence (approximately 107 km[2] )
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The region is well endowed with a number of major gold and nickel deposits within close proximity to the Four Mile Well Project area
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Significant nickel sulphide deposits (Windarra and Mt Windarra) are located to the west of the project area and the 1.3Moz Lancefield gold deposit is located less than 1km to the south
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As a result of a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors, actual events, trends and results may differ materially from any forward looking and other statements mentioned or implied herein not purporting to be of historical fact. In certain cases, forward-looking information may be identified by (without limitation) such terms as "anticipates", "believes", “should”, "could", "estimates", “target”, “likely”, “plan”, "expects", "may", “intend”, "shall", "will", or "would". Any statements concerning mining reserves, resources and exploration results may also be forward looking in that they involve estimates based on assumptions. Forward looking statements are based on management’s beliefs, opinions and estimates as of the respective dates they are made. The Company does not assume any obligation to update forward looking statements even where beliefs, opinions and estimates change or should do so given changed circumstances and developments.
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The information in this report that relates to Exploration results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves is based on information compiled by Geoff Willetts who is a member of the Australasian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG). Geoff Willetts is the Exploration Manager and a full-time employee of Golden State Mining Limited (GSM) and holds shares and options in the Company.
Information in this report relating to Lithium Exploration and Petrographical results is based on information compiled by Dr Marcus Sweetapple, a consultant to the Company, who has sufficient experience relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity which he is undertaking to qualify as a Competent Person as defined by the 2012 Edition of the Australasian Code for reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. Dr Sweetapple is a member of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists, and consents to the inclusion of the data in the form and context in which it appears.
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Technical Note on Balla Yule Prospect
In 2008 a low level, high resolution aeromagnetic-radiometric survey outlined a high amplitude magnetic anomaly (See Figure 1) in the centre of the current Yule North Project area. This location is situated approximately 2 kilometres to the north of the Sholl shear zone which is a multiphase strike-slip fault delineating an interpreted tectonic domain boundary (Smith et. al., 1998). Data interpretation and modelling by Southern Geoscience indicated a major ‘v’ shaped ultramafic intrusion with an overall 11kilometre-long, east- west striking target area which attains a maximum width of 600 metres and dips to the south at approximately 75 degrees. A layered intrusion was interpreted based on modelling of three distinct southerly dipping magnetic units of variable magnetic intensity within the overall aeromagnetic anomaly. Considerable thickening of the more magnetic units within the overall target area is attributed to refolding and structural complexity.
It is important to comment that the Balla Yule prospect is one example of one of a suite of Archaean layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions present in the western and central parts of the North Pilbara Craton. These layered intrusions are prospective for Ni-Cu, Ni-Cu-Co and Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide deposits, in addition to chromite and Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits found in association with magnetite, and Au mineralisation (Hoatson & Sun, 2002). These intrusions are amongst the oldest mineralized orthomagmatic systems in the world, at around 2.9 billion years old. Examples of significant deposits hosted within these intrusions are:
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Munni Munni project: 24 Mt @ 2.9 g/t PGE +Au, hosted in a plagioclase websterite layer
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Radio Hill project: 4.02 Mt @ 0.51% Ni and 0.88% Cu hosted in a microgabbro unit
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Mt Sholl (B2) project: 5.96 Mt @ 0.53% Ni and 0.62% Cu hosted in gabbro and plagioclase pyroxenite
Previous Drilling
Brumby Resources Limited drilled three RC drill holes from a planned six-hole program for a total of 375 metres, targeting vanadium in the southern limb of the aeromagnetic target, considered by Brumby to be a target analogous to the layered gabbro hosted Balla Balla magnetite project (resource of 456 Mt @ 45% Fe, 0.66% V2O5 and 14% TiO2 in concentrate, (Aurox Resources Limited ASX announcement, 15 December 2009). This resource is hosted by a gabbro sequence under the shallow coastal sand plain.
Drilling problems encountered during the program resulted in abandonment of two holes due to approximately 34 metres of overlying alluvial sand cover (See Figure 2). Despite this the deepest hole (BYRC002) reached a depth of 237 metres. Multi-element assays generally recorded no significant results. One notable exception was the intersection of seven single metre samples containing elevated lithium values between 160 metres and 194 metres. These samples had Li2O values over 200ppm Li20 with the highest values of 715ppm Li20. Although not necessarily significant, this result is anomalous so does highlight the potential for Lithium bearing pegmatite occurrences within this largely unexplored area of the northern Pilbara.
Drill hole BYRC003 reached a downhole depth of 106 metres before being abandoned. The most significant interval recorded a down hole width of 14 metres of 0.51% Ni & 0.033% Co from 38 metres. Brumby interpreted this intersection to be a Nickel-Cobalt laterite occurrence although no detailed logging was provided to support this interpretation. This interval included a higher-grade section of 4 metres at 0.70% Ni, 0.048% Co. from 38 metres. This encouraging Nickel-Cobalt (Ni, Co) intersection was hosted within what Brumby interpreted as a weathered and clay-rich serpentinite. Brumby recommended detailed petrographic work and a broad spaced shallow drilling programme to map out the dimensions of the Ni-Co-occurrence and its overall grade.
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Petrographic and Electron Microanalysis
The three drill collars from Brumby Resources 2010 RC drilling campaign at the Balla Yule project were successfully located by Golden State’s geologists and individually identified. A total of seventeen individual fresh and oxidised cuttings were collected from the three Brumby collar locations for petrographical analysis (See Table 1). In all cases, the material collected did not have any spatial control, other than their drillhole number, due to the almost complete decay of the original RC bags. Therefore, cuttings were essentially sampled at random from remnant spoil, and not necessarily taken from the mineralised intercept.
The petrographic and electron microanalysis was completed by Dr Marcus Sweetapple at the CSIRO ARRC facility in Kensington, Perth. Initial findings on all the drill cuttings identified a hydrothermally altered chromite and magnetite-bearing pyroxenite, which suggested the possibility of upgrading the Nickel-Cobalt content by a hydrothermal fluid.
| HoleID | Sample | Hand specimen name |
No. of cuttings |
Petrographic name |
Magnetism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BYRC001 | BYRC001-FR | Meta-ultramafic | 5 | Pyroxene bastite* | Weak-strong |
| BYRC002 | BYRC002-OX | Meta-ultramafic | 1 | Amphibole bastite | Weak |
| Aplite | 1 | Finegrainedpegmatite | None | ||
| BYRC002 | BYRC002-FR | Meta-ultramafic | 3 | Pyroxene bastite | Strong |
| BYRC003 | BYRC003-OX | Meta-ultramafic | 2 | Bastite saprolite and silcrete | None-weak |
| Meta-ultramafic | 2 | Tremolite | Weak-strong | ||
| BYRC003 | BYRC003-FR | Meta-ultramafic | 3 | Altered clinopyroxenite | Strong |
Table 1: Summary of Yule-Balla petrographic slides with rock types and key features.
FR = fresh (unweathered) cuttings, OX = variably oxidised cuttings.
*Bastite is an alteration texture after pyroxene
Further analysis on another cutting from BYRC002 identified a tourmaline-bearing pegmatite unit which may explain the presence of the numerous anomalous lithium values. Two samples were collected from pegmatitic (micaceous) material at the BYRC002 collar location and sent for assay with no significant Li20 results returned.
In addition to the petrographic study all drill cutting samples were also analysed and chemical elements mapped under the scanning electron microscope to produce backscattered images showing compositional differences (See Figure 1-4) from interactions of the electron beam with atoms from the sample surface. Of the samples investigated, 12 out of 22 showed nickel sulphide content. The nickel and other sulphide content are all fine grained, being less than 50 microns.
The main nickel sulphide minerals provisionally identified from the proportions of the different elements present are millerite (NiS) and pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)9S8). Millerite is significant for its high nickel content (theoretically 64.6 wt%). Millerite appears to be paragenetically late, occurring within late dolomite in some locations. This helps supports a remobilisation hypothesis.
Cobalt has been detected as a component of some nickel sulphide grains, i.e. of both pentlandite and possible polydymite (Ni2+Ni2[3] +S4). Pentlandite may have ~2-21.7 wt% Co, and polydymite may have ~37% Co content. Chalcopyrite is found as inclusions within some of these sulphides.
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pyroxene
pyroxene
serpentine
serpentine
tremolite
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Figure 1: BSE SEM EDS map of sample BYRC01FR, cutting D, with Cr-Ni-Ca distributions shown.
Note: The bright blue mineral is dolomite, the bright green grains are chromite (note variation in grainsize), and the pink-orange minerals are nickel sulphides (pentlandite or cobaltian pentlandite is suggested). The fine filaments of nickel sulphide adjoining the largest grain of pentlandite are millerite (accompanied by chalcopyrite). The minor light grey interstitial mineral is secondary magnetite. Major minerals present are as noted on the image .
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chromite
chromite
chlorite?
serpentine
ilmenite
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Figure 2: BSE SEM EDS map of sample BYRC02FR, cutting B, with Al-Cr-Ni-Ca-Cu-Ti distributions shown
Note: This image is locally dominated by polygonal (recrystallised?) chromite (green). The pink orange mineral is suggested to be polydymite (Ni2+Ni3+2S4) based on stoichiometry (less nickel and more sulphur than millerite); it contains minor cobalt content (to ~7 wt%). The yellowish spots or patches in the polydymite are chalcopyrite inclusions. Major minerals present are as noted on the image.
Note that the apparent hazy or patchy colours are in some images relate to background interferences, e.g. in this image, the blue patchiness in chromite and ilmenite. This also relates to the higher magnification of this image. This can be readily resolved by referring back to the original BSE SEM image without mapping colours.
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Dol
Detail
serpentine
serpentine
Brc?
Tr?
chlorit
chlorit
Brc?
Brc?
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Figure 3: BSE SEM EDS map of sample BYRC02FR, cutting A, with mapped Al-Cr-Ni-Ca distributions as shown
Note: The bright green grains are chromite, the pervasive light grey bladed to skeletal or dendritic grains are secondary magnetite. The bulk of this image is comprised of serpentine group minerals (as indicated), which have almost completely replaced the original pyroxene here. The slightly lighter grey mineral is probably mainly brucite (MgO; Brc); minor tremolite? (Tr) is identified in the centre of the image (dull blue). The aqua colour of chlorite is an indicator of minor Cr content; this is confirmed by EDS spot analyses containing a few percent of Cr2O3.
The most important feature of this image is the common occurrence of very fine disseminated nickel sulphides (yellowish-red specks). The larger of these tend to show a spatial association with dolomite (intense blue). The composition of all of these grains has not been investigated, but they are highly likely to be overwhelmingly millerite (NiS). The bulk of these grains are ≤ 20 µm in grainsize.
The detailed area (top) is shown in the following image.
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dolomite serpentine
serpentine
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Figure 4: BSE SEM EDS map of sample BYRC02FR, cutting A, with mapped Al-Cr-Ni-Ca distributions.
Note: The mottled red-yellow grain is millerite (arrow), prominently displaying its characteristic fibrous habit (hexagonal crystal system), hosted in dolomite. The fine disseminated pale greenish grains are magnetite; the brighter lime green grains here are chromite.
Again, note that the bulk of the patchy green colour relates to background interference seen at higher magnification, and (mostly) does not indicate the presence of Cr (except for a few small sparse bright lime green grains around the centre of the image).
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Conclusions
The occurrence of nickel sulphide minerals in addition to copper and cobalt bearing sulphide species in the historic RC drill cuttings is significant considering the anomalous Ni and Co assay results from BYRC002. This is even more significant given that the drill cuttings were essentially sampled at random from remnant spoil, and not necessarily taken from the elevated Ni-Co values intercept. This suggests that the original interpretation of a nickel laterite occurrence may be incomplete, and that hydrothermal nickel enrichment or remobilisation has occurred. This presents an opportunity to target magmatic layered Ni-Co-Cu sulphides in this vicinity.
These findings, together with previous observations, also raise the possibility of other target types:
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Remobilised nickel sulphides (esp. millerite) concentrated in structurally controlled zones
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Secondary nickel enrichment in truncated saprolite or saprock developed above the ultramafic intrusion
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Remobilised nickel silicates concentrated in structurally controlled zones
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Lithium (LCT) pegmatites at depth
References
D.M. Hoatson & S. Sun, 2002, Archaean Layered Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions in the West Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: A Synthesis of Some of the Oldest Orthomagmatic Mineralizing Systems in the World. Economic Geology Vol. 97, pp. 847-872.
J.B. Smith, M.E. Barley, D.I. Groves, B. Krapez, N.J. McNaughton, M.J. Bickle & H.J. Chapman, 1998. The Sholl Shear Zone, West Pilbara: evidence for a domain boundary structure from integrated tectonostratigraphic analyses, SHRIMP U-Pb dating and isotopic and geochemical data of granitoids.
Precambrian Research, Volume 88, Issues 1–4, March 1998, Pages 143-171.
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| Hole_ID | MGA East |
MGA North |
Dip | Azimuth | EOH | From | To | Sample No |
Sample Type | Ni ppm |
Co ppm |
Cu ppm | Li2O ppm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 135 | 139 | 581201 | 4m Comp | 1341 | 89 | 124 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 139 | 143 | 581202 | 4m Comp | 1331 | 91 | 46 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 143 | 147 | 581203 | 4m Comp | 2344 | 140 | BDL | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 147 | 151 | 581204 | 4m Comp | 2205 | 134 | BDL | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 151 | 155 | 581205 | 4m Comp | 1960 | 121 | 5 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 155 | 159 | 581206 | 4m Comp | 1042 | 82 | 41 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 160 | 161 | 581427 | 1m Resplit | 989 | 76 | 42 | 356 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 161 | 162 | 581428 | 1m Resplit | 808 | 70 | 17 | 320 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 162 | 163 | 581429 | 1m Resplit | 1450 | 98 | 143 | 124 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 163 | 164 | 581430 | 1m Resplit | 1724 | 108 | 232 | 67 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 164 | 165 | 581431 | 1m Resplit | 2114 | 137 | 27 | 27 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 165 | 166 | 581432 | 1m Resplit | 1961 | 134 | 88 | 34 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 166 | 167 | 581433 | 1m Resplit | 1906 | 132 | 75 | 51 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 167 | 168 | 581434 | 1m Resplit | 2059 | 130 | 26 | 37 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 168 | 169 | 581435 | 1m Resplit | 2023 | 130 | 29 | 38 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 169 | 170 | 581436 | 1m Resplit | 2068 | 133 | 17 | 28 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 170 | 171 | 581437 | 1m Resplit | 1994 | 131 | 38 | 57 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 171 | 172 | 581438 | 1m Resplit | 2058 | 134 | 27 | 44 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 172 | 173 | 581439 | 1m Resplit | 1923 | 127 | 62 | 86 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 173 | 174 | 581440 | 1m Resplit | 2266 | 150 | 19 | 17 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 174 | 175 | 581441 | 1m Resplit | 2251 | 152 | 21 | 14 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 175 | 176 | 581442 | 1m Resplit | 2188 | 149 | 28 | 17 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 176 | 177 | 581443 | 1m Resplit | 2218 | 151 | 40 | 25 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 177 | 178 | 581444 | 1m Resplit | 2193 | 151 | 43 | 24 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 178 | 179 | 581445 | 1m Resplit | 2272 | 151 | 36 | 26 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 179 | 180 | 581446 | 1m Resplit | 1998 | 137 | 28 | 56 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 180 | 181 | 581447 | 1m Resplit | 631 | 48 | 24 | 715 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 181 | 182 | 581448 | 1m Resplit | 1903 | 125 | 31 | 181 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 182 | 183 | 581449 | 1m Resplit | 2274 | 145 | 25 | 52 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 183 | 184 | 581450 | 1m Resplit | 2343 | 142 | 29 | 43 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 184 | 185 | 581451 | 1m Resplit | 2499 | 157 | 31 | 12 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 185 | 186 | 581452 | 1m Resplit | 2346 | 148 | 30 | 14 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 186 | 187 | 581453 | 1m Resplit | 2298 | 148 | 26 | 31 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 187 | 188 | 581454 | 1m Resplit | 1900 | 128 | 135 | 195 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 188 | 189 | 581455 | 1m Resplit | 1455 | 98 | 107 | 189 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 189 | 190 | 581456 | 1m Resplit | 1332 | 89 | 134 | 146 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 190 | 191 | 581457 | 1m Resplit | 1312 | 90 | 118 | 238 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 191 | 192 | 581458 | 1m Resplit | 863 | 70 | 63 | 237 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 192 | 193 | 581459 | 1m Resplit | 1012 | 76 | 81 | 304 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 193 | 194 | 581460 | 1m Resplit | 885 | 67 | 77 | 219 |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 195 | 199 | 581216 | 4m Comp | 996 | 64 | 76 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 199 | 203 | 581217 | 4m Comp | 1570 | 101 | 46 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 203 | 207 | 581218 | 4m Comp | 1821 | 117 | 12 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 207 | 211 | 581219 | 4m Comp | 2008 | 127 | 8 | not assayed |
| BYRC002 | 622428 | 773622 | -90 | 360 | 237 | 211 | 216 | 581220 | 5Comp | 1779 | 107 | 3 | not assayed |
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| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 38 | 39 | 581505 | 1m Resplit | 4836 | 576 | not assayed | not assayed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 39 | 41 | 581221 | 2m Comp | 5663 | 663 | 40 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 39 | 40 | 581506 | 1m Resplit | 7268 | 662 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 40 | 41 | 581507 | 1m Resplit | 8959 | 494 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 41 | 42 | 581508 | 1m Resplit | 6787 | 419 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 42 | 43 | 581509 | 1m Resplit | 5151 | 358 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 43 | 44 | 581510 | 1m Resplit | 3759 | 231 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 44 | 45 | 581511 | 1m Resplit | 4320 | 244 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 45 | 46 | 581512 | 1m Resplit | 4641 | 270 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 46 | 47 | 581513 | 1m Resplit | 4574 | 230 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 47 | 48 | 581514 | 1m Resplit | 4824 | 272 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 48 | 49 | 581515 | 1m Resplit | 3966 | 221 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 49 | 50 | 581516 | 1m Resplit | 4254 | 222 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 50 | 51 | 581517 | 1m Resplit | 3887 | 212 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 51 | 52 | 581518 | 1m Resplit | 3982 | 217 | not assayed | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 53 | 57 | 581225 | 4m Comp | 2774 | 161 | 30 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 57 | 61 | 581226 | 4m Comp | 2559 | 142 | 25 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 61 | 65 | 581227 | 4m Comp | 2630 | 140 | 24 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 65 | 69 | 581228 | 4m Comp | 2138 | 114 | 20 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 69 | 73 | 581229 | 4m Comp | 1889 | 104 | 13 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 73 | 77 | 581230 | 4m Comp | 1740 | 96 | 10 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 77 | 81 | 581231 | 4m Comp | 1732 | 95 | 9 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 81 | 85 | 581232 | 4m Comp | 1751 | 97 | 4 | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 85 | 89 | 581233 | 4m Comp | 2206 | 121 | BDL | not assayed |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 89 | 90 | 581556 | 1m Resplit | 2618 | 156 | 30 | 5 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 90 | 91 | 581557 | 1m Resplit | 2684 | 161 | 34 | 5 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 91 | 92 | 581558 | 1m Resplit | 2659 | 161 | 31 | 6 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 92 | 93 | 581559 | 1m Resplit | 2787 | 170 | 33 | 6 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 93 | 94 | 581560 | 1m Resplit | 2735 | 166 | 33 | 7 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 94 | 95 | 581561 | 1m Resplit | 2897 | 181 | 36 | 8 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 95 | 96 | 581562 | 1m Resplit | 2780 | 171 | 32 | 6 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 96 | 97 | 581563 | 1m Resplit | 2902 | 179 | 34 | 8 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 97 | 98 | 581564 | 1m Resplit | 2702 | 168 | 32 | 7 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 98 | 99 | 581565 | 1m Resplit | 2616 | 161 | 31 | 9 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 99 | 100 | 581566 | 1m Resplit | 2724 | 168 | 33 | 6 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 100 | 101 | 581567 | 1m Resplit | 2577 | 164 | 34 | 6 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 101 | 102 | 581568 | 1m Resplit | 2518 | 157 | 37 | 10 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 102 | 103 | 581569 | 1m Resplit | 2444 | 159 | 39 | 10 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 103 | 104 | 581570 | 1m Resplit | 2550 | 161 | 32 | 8 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 104 | 105 | 581571 | 1m Resplit | 2634 | 162 | 30 | 9 |
| BYRC003 | 622450 | 7736350 | -90 | 360 | 106 | 105 | 106 | 581572 | 1m Resplit | 2208 | 148 | 59 | 104 |
-
All drill samples were analysed by Genalysis using B/AAS method for base metals.
-
All interval depths are down hole and true widths are unknown at this stage.
-
• BDL = below detection limit.
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SECTION 1: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND DATA
| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Sampling techniques | • Nature and quality of sampling (eg cut channels, random chips, or specific specialised industry standard measurement tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as down hole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc). These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad meaning of sampling. • Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample representivity and the appropriate calibration of any measurement tools or systems used. • Aspects of the determination of mineralisation that are Material to the Public Report. In cases where ‘industry standard’ work has been done this would be relatively simple (eg ‘reverse circulation drilling was used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverised to produce a 30 g charge for fire assay’). In other cases more explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralisation types (eg submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information. |
• Reverse Circulation (RC) drilling Previous Explorers’ RC drilling located on current Yule Project tenure includes three RC holes located on Yule Project tenement E47/3508: BYRC001-003 (375m) on selective targets (WAMEX Report A88780). One metre RC samples were collected from the cyclone and laid out in rows of 20 on the ground. Composite 4m samples were then collected by spear or scoop sampling and sent to the laboratory. • Petrography Sampling A total of seventeen individual fresh and oxidised cuttings were collected. In all cases, the material collected did not have any spatial control, other than their drillhole number, due to the almost complete decay of the original RC bags. Cuttings were essentially sampled at random from remnant spoil, and not necessarily taken from the mineralized intercept. • Drill cutting sampling Two samples weighing approximately 3kg of micaceous drill cuttings were collected from one drill spoil mound within the remains of a RC bag. |
| Drilling techniques | • Drill type (eg core, reverse circulation, open- hole hammer, rotary air blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc) and details (eg core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face-sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc). |
• RC drilling-refer to WAMEX report A88780 RC drilling completed by Schramm 660 (Profile Drilling, Perth) |
| Drill sample recovery | • Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recoveries and results assessed. • Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples. • Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material. |
• RC Drilling – WAMEX A88780 Sample recovery insufficiently recorded in previous explorer’s reports |
| Logging | • Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies. |
• RC Drilling – WAMEX A88780 Drill hole logging methodology insufficiently recorded in previous explorer’s reports, but summary LITHOLOGY logs reviewed from WAMEX A88780 digital data txt files. |
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| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| • Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc) photography. • The total length and percentage of the relevant intersections logged. |
||
| Sub-sampling techniques and sample preparation |
• If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core taken. • If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc and whether sampled wet or dry. • For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique. • Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximise representivity of samples. • Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second-half sampling. • Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled. |
• RC Drilling– WAMEX A88780 4m composite samples collected with 1m re-split samples collected for selected samples with anomalous Ni values. • Petrography Samples Petrographic section preparations were performed at Adelaide Petrographic Laboratories P/L in Adelaide. Standard and polished thin sections were prepared and subsequently examined microscopically in transmitted and reflected light. Photomicrographs were taken of representative mineralogical and textural characteristics. • In addition to EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) point analyses for microchemical analysis, SEM mapping with EDS spectra was carried out using the Phillips XL40 W-filament SEM with Bruker detectors at the CSIRO ARRC facility in Kensington, Perth. SEM conditions of a 30 kV beam and a working distance of ~12.3 mm were used. Individual elements with N> 12 (Mg) were mapped over selected areas. Selected key elements are presented here that highlight key ore (i.e. Ni-Co-Cu) and gangue (silicate and carbonate) minerals. Analyses have been carried out selected drill cuttings, previously subject to petrographic study. The drill cuttings themselves do not have spatial control, other than their drillhole numbers. A low vacuum method without carbon coating was used to facilitate rapid point analyses; however, as a trade-off, this method is subject to greater contamination of results by neighbouring material. Nevertheless, this method yields sufficiently accurate results for the identification of major elements present, and the proportions of elements present. From the proportions of elements, the approximate stoichiometry for minerals present can be calculated, allowing for tentative mineral identifications. • Drill Cutting Sample All samples were pulverised utilising a grinding vessels to produce a homogenous representative sub-sample for analysis. A grind quality target of 85% passing 75µm relative to sample size, type and hardness. |
| Quality of assay data and laboratory tests |
• The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is considered partial or total. • For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF instruments, etc, the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc. |
• RC Drilling – WAMEX A88780 Previous explorers RC samples sent to Genalysis (Perth), 2010. Multielement analysis on drill samples included: Au, Al, As, Ag, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Te, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, Tl, La, Ce, Pt, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Py, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Li, Be, Hf, Ta, Re, Ga, In, Ge, Ir, Os, Rh, Ru. Analysis methods and codes included: 4A/OE (4-Acid digestion; ICP-OES), AR01/OE (Aqua Regia digestion; ICP- OES), FP1/OE (Sodium peroxide fusion Zr crucible) and NS25/MS(Nickel sulphide collection Fire Assay). |
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| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| • Nature of quality control procedures adopted (eg standards, blanks, duplicates, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (ie lack of bias) and precision have been established. |
• Magnetic Susceptibility meter readings on 1 metre RC samples using a KT-10 handheld instrument (UnitsSI x 10^- 3) recorded in WAMEX A88780 report. • Previous explorers did not document detailed QAQC procedures. • Drill Cutting Assays FUS25MS: The sample is fused using sodium peroxide as the flux in nickel crucibles. The melt is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and analysed byICP-OES or ICP-MS |
|
| Verification of sampling and assaying |
• The verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative company personnel. • The use of twinned holes. • Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols. • Discuss any adjustment to assay data. |
• Not documented in the historical WAMEX reports. • No twin holes recorded. • Any adjustment to assay data not recorded in WAMEX reports. |
| Location of data points |
• Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar and down-hole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations used in Mineral Resource estimation. • Specification of the grid system used. • Quality and adequacy of topographic control. |
• RC Drilling WAMEX Report A88780 Survey method for historic drill hole collar was GPS unit. Previous Explorers used local, GDA94 and/or AMG84 grid depending on year of activities. Any AMG84 collars converted to GDA94 by transformation. |
| Data spacing and distribution |
• Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results. • Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to establish the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied. • Whether sample compositing has been applied. |
• RC Drilling Selective geophysical targeting no drill traverses. 4m composite samples with selective 1m resplit samples. |
| Orientation of data in relation to geological structure |
• Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of possible structures and the extent to which this is known, considering the deposit type. • If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the orientation of key mineralised structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and reported if material. |
• RC Drilling RC drilling recorded in WAMEX Report A88780 included selective geophysical targeting with only 3 holes completed and orientation of potential mineralised structures intersected yet to be confirmed. There is insufficient information to determine if the RC holes were orientated perpendicular to the interpreted mineralised structures |
| Sample security | • The measures taken to ensure sample security. |
• Not documented in historic reports |
| Audits or reviews | • The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data. |
• Not documented in historic reports. |
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