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GALAN LITHIUM LIMITED Capital/Financing Update 2021

Dec 8, 2021

64995_rns_2021-12-08_30eec51a-0cf0-4c17-8ecc-3d2447a9d2fa.pdf

Capital/Financing Update

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ASX ANNOUNCEMENT

9 December 2021

Updated Economic Study for Flagship HMW Project – NPV Increases to US$2.2b on Revised Lithium Price

______________

Highlights:

  • New stronger, compelling economic results for Galan’s flagship HMW project with unleveraged Pre-tax NPV of US$2,193m (8% discount rate), IRR of 37.5% and less than (3) year payback period

  • Pre-tax NPV8 up 120% from US$1.0b to US$2.2b and Average life-of-mine annual EBITDA of US$287m (from US$174m)

  • Long term average real lithium price assumption (2025-2040) of US$18,594/t LCE battery grade used as the basis for the economic assessment

  • Updated HMW economic study retains long-life 40 years+ project of 20ktpa of battery grade lithium carbonate (LCE) including competitive cash production cost for Li2CO3 of US$3,518/t in the first quartile of global lithium cost production curve

  • Galan has two (2) PEA study level projects (HMW and Candelas) with combined long term production potential of 34ktpa LCE

  • Combined HMW and Candelas Pre-tax NPV8 of US$3.4 billion

  • HMW’s new drilling campaign, pilot plant and engineering works are advancing in preparation for commencement of DFS

Galan Lithium Limited (ASX: GLN) ( Galan or the Company ) is very pleased to announce the results of an updated Preliminary Economic Assessment ( PEA ) study for its 100% owned flagship Hombre Muerto West (HWM) Project (“ the Project ”) in Catamarca Province, Argentina.

The original PEA (as per ASX announcement dated 21 December 2020) was based on an average Li price of US$11,687/t to the year 2040. The updated HMW economic study uses the same conservative Li price of US$18,594/t as used in the study for Galan’s second project (Candelas) (as per ASX announcement dated 30 November 2021). The updated economic study retains the original production profile of 20,000 tonnes per annum of battery grade lithium and no changes or improvements were made to Capex/ Opex estimations used in the original PEA study. The updated economic study results also reflect recent changes to the tax legislation in Argentina.

The preparation of the Project’s original PEA disclosed in December 2020 was carried out by several well-regarded consultants. The mineral resource estimate was prepared by SRK, the lithium recovery method was designed by Ad-Infinitum, while Worley Chile reviewed the potential recovery method, the project’s potential layout and infrastructure, capital and operating cost estimates and preliminary economic evaluation. The other sections of the original PEA were managed by employees of Galan Lithium Limited. The updated economic study results were managed by Ad-Infinitum and employees of Galan.

________________ Level 3, 30 Richardson Street, West Perth, WA 6005 PO Box 396, West Perth, WA, 6872 Ph. +61 8 9322 6283 Fax. +61 8 9322 6398 www.galanlithium.com.au ABN: 87 149 349 646

Key financial comparative highlights are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Preliminary Economic Assessment Comparative Results

Parameters Parameters Units Original PEA
Values 21 Dec 2020
Updated PEA
Values 9 Dec 2021
Lithium Carbonate Production Tonnes/year 20,000 20,000
Project Life Estimate(excluding ramp-up) Years 40 40
Capital Cost(CAPEX) US$M 439 439
Capital Cost(ex-contingency and indirects) US$M 338 338
Average Annual Operating Cost(OPEX) US$/tonne 3,518 3,518
Average Li2CO3 Selling Price(2025-2040) US$/tonne 11,687 18,594
Average Annual EBITDA US$M 174 287
Pre-Tax Net Present Value(NPV) US$M 1,011 2,193
After-Tax Net Present Value(NPV) US$M 684 1,338
Pre-Tax Internal Rate of Return(IRR) % 22.8 37.5
After-Tax Internal Rate of Return(IRR) % 19.1 33.1
Payback Period(After-Tax) Years 4.3 2.75

Since the release of the original HMW PEA Study in December 2020, Galan has confirmed laboratory lithium chloride concentrations of 6% Li several times and confirmed production of lithium carbonate battery grade of 99.88% LCE from its concentrate. It has also received permits for new drilling and Stage 1 construction permits for the HMW camp and pilot plant. During 2022, the Company will be undertaking a definitive feasibility level study (DFS) with the appointment of an independent, well credentialed engineering firm imminent. Galan also expects the new HMW drilling to increase its Indicated Resources as well as a likely move into the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource category. A key part of the DFS will be the formulation of a more robust hydrogeological model that supports the base case production level at HMW and potentially increases the production profile beyond 20ktpa along with a Reserve statement.

Galan’s Managing Director Juan Pablo ( JP ) Vargas de la Vega said:

“These updated project economics for Hombre Muerto West just shows how very strong and healthy our flagship project is. Despite using a conservative long-term price assumption, HMW has delivered a phenomenal pre-tax NPV of nearly US$2.2 billion. The Company is in an enviable space whereby it has two study level projects that can potentially deliver combined long term production levels of 34ktpa LCE along with NPV’s that are above US3.4 billion.

As we have previously said, Galan remains excited about the potential value add for our shareholders once we enter the lithium market with prices expected to be +US25k/t LCE. Our projects would now be among the lowest cost of any future producers in the lithium industry, due to their high grade and low impurity setting, green credentials and a low carbon footprint. Galan is excited to be a part of the solution to the global decarbonisation story”.

Cautionary Statement

The original Preliminary Economic Assessment ( PEA ) was a preliminary technical and economic study (equivalent to a JORC Scoping Study) of the potential viability of the HMW Lithium Brine Project required to reach a decision to proceed with more definitive studies. It is based on preliminary/low-level technical and economic assessments that are not sufficient to support the estimation of Ore Reserves or provide certainty that the conclusions/results of the PEA will be realised. Further exploration and evaluation

work and appropriate studies are required before Galan will be in a position to estimate any Ore Reserves or to provide any assurance of an economic development case.

The economic analysis results should be treated as preliminary in nature and caution should be exercised in their use as a basis for assessing project feasibility. The PEA was based on material assumptions including assumptions about the availability of funding. While Galan considers all of the material assumptions to be based on reasonable grounds, there is no certainty that they will prove to be correct or that the range of outcomes indicated by the PEA will be achieved.

To achieve the range of proposed feasibility studies and potential mine development outcomes indicated in the PEA, additional funding will be required. Investors should note that there is no certainty that Galan will be able to raise funding when needed. It is also possible that such funding may only be available on terms that may be dilutive to or otherwise affect the value of Galan’s existing shares. It is also possible that Galan could pursue other ‘value realisation’ strategies such as a sale, partial sale or joint venture of the project. If it does, this could materially reduce Galan’s proportionate ownership of the project.

All of the material included in the mining schedules used in the PEA are within Galan’s Indicated Mineral Resources.

Process and engineering works for the PEA were developed to support capital and operating estimates (and following AUSIMM Guidelines for this study level) and given the preliminary and confidential nature of the plant information, the capital cost margin of error is ±30% on the ‘factored cases’ estimated figures and operating cost is ±30%. Apart from the change to the average long term lithium price assumption (2024-2040) of US$18,594/t LCE, all other original PEA assumptions were the same as those contained in the ASX announcement dated 21 December 2020 entitled “Compelling Preliminary Economic Assessment Results for 100% owned Hombre Muerto West (HMW) Project in Catamarca, Argentina” and available www.galanlithium.com.au and www.asx.com. Galan has concluded it has a reasonable basis for providing the forward-looking statements in this announcement.

The Mineral Resources information in this report is extracted from the ASX announcement entitled “Huge Increase in Hombre Muerto West (HMW) Indicated Resource – Now Over 2 Million Tonnes” dated 17 November 2020 available at www.galanlithium.com.au and www.asx.com. Galan confirms that it is not aware of any new information or data that materially affects the information included in the original market announcement and, in the case of Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves, that all material assumptions and technical parameters underpinning the estimates in the relevant market announcement continue to apply and have not materially changed. Galan confirms that the form and context in which the Competent Person’s findings are presented have not been materially modified.

Given the uncertainties involved, all figures, costs and estimates quoted are approximate values and within the margin of error range expressed in the relevant sections throughout this announcement, investors should not make any investment decisions based solely on the results of the original PEA or the updated economic study results presented in this announcement.


Project Background

Location

The Hombre Muerto West (HMW) Project is part of the Hombre Muerto basin, one of the most globally prolific salt flats, located in the Argentinean Puna plateau of the high Andes mountains at an elevation of approximately 4,000 m above sea level (asl). The project is in the geological province of Puna, 90 km north of the town of Antofagasta de la Sierra, province of Catamarca, Argentina as shown in Figure 1. The HMW Project is located to the West and South of the Salar del Hombre Muerto.

The HMW Project is in close proximity to other world class lithium projects owned by Galaxy Resources, Posco and Livent. It is around 1,400 km northwest of the capital of Buenos Aires and 170 km westsouthwest of the city of Salta (in a straight line).

Tenements

The HMW Project originally comprised six exploration permits Rana de Sal (I,II and III), Pata Pila, Catalina, and Deceo III (Figure 2), covering an area of ~9,493 hectares. It also includes the Santa Barbara suite of concessions. The Company also recently completed the purchase of a 100% interest in the Del Condor and Pucara lithium brine salar projects that abut Galan’s original HMW tenure in Argentina (ASX:GLN 4 November 2020). The Del Condor, Pucara and Casa del Inca concessions comprise claim blocks totalling 2,104 hectares, included in Figure 2. These three concessions have not been used for the development of this study because at the completion of engineering design, the acquisition of these tenements was not completed.

Design work shows the HMW brine wells will be located in the Rana de Sal and Pata Pila areas. The main objective of these wells is the extraction of brine, rich in lithium, from the Salar which is then pumped to the first preconcentration solar evaporation ponds.

Climate

The climate in the HMW Project area is classified as cold, high altitude desert with sparse vegetation. Solar radiation is intense (especially during the summer months of October to March) resulting in high evaporation rates. Very strong winds are also typical, reaching speeds up to 80 km/h during the dry season. However, in summer, warm to cool winds normally develop after midday and reduce in strength during the evening hours.

Precipitation data from meteorological sources showed a mean annual precipitation of around 86.4 mm. Precipitation typically occurs between the months of December and March, during which about 82% of annual rain fall occurs. From April to November, it is typically dry with average daily mean temperatures of approximately 5.3°C

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Figure 1: HMW Project, Hombre Muerto Salar, Catamarca Argentina

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Figure 2: Hombre Muerto West Properties Map

Resource Estimate

The mineral resource estimation was undertaken by SRK Consulting (Australasia) Pty Ltd (SRK) and was based upon results from drill holes within the Pata Pila and Rana de Sal tenement holding at Hombre Muerto West for a total of 1,054 metres (see ASX: GLN 17 November 2020 for a summary of drill data). The mineral resource estimates undertaken by SRK were determined for lithium and potassium. Lithium is reported as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) equivalent, and potassium as potassium chloride (KCI). Table 2 below provides a summary of the resource reported in accordance with the JORC Code guidelines. According to SRK, the Hombre Muerto West Mineral Resource represents geologically well-defined zones of high-grade lithium mineralisation. It is comprised of significant mineralised hydrogeologic domains. The units within the domains show some variation in thickness along strike and depth.

The Mineral Resource estimate (see ASX: GLN 17[th] November 2020) displayed in Table 2 was used for the preparation of the PEA of HMW Project. The total mine of life production is 40 years to produce around 800kt LCE. The Study assumes a Li recovery of 58.5%, hence the total initial resource to feed the project is estimated at 1.37Mt LCE. This presents around 60% of the total resource of HMW. As a result, the Project has the potential to increase its production while maintaining a long mine life.

Table 2: Mineral Resource Statement for Hombre Muerto West (November 2020)

Resource
Category
**Brine Vol. (Mm3) ** In situ Li (Kt) Avg. Li
(mg/l)
LCE
(Kt)

Avg. K
In situ K
(Kt)
KCI Equiv.
(Kt)
(mg/l)
Hombre Muerto West: Sand Domain
Indicated 430 407 945 2,166 8,720 3,753 7,157
Hombre Muerto West: Gravel Domain
Indicated 12 12 947 61 8,804 107 204
Hombre Muerto West: Halite Domain
Indicated 8 8 946 40 8,846 70 134
HMW Total 450 426 946 2,267 8,725 3,931 7,496

NB.; no cut-off grade for HMW. These results refer to the drainable porosity, the specific yield (SY) values used are as follows: Sand – 12.5%, Gravel – 6% and Halite – 4%. There may be minor discrepancies in the above table due to rounding. The conversion for LCE = Li x 5.3228, KCl = K x 1.907.

The above resource does not include the Catalina and Santa Barbara concessions.

UPDATED ECONOMIC INFORMATION

Please note that apart from the revised lithium price assumption detailed below, no other changes or improvements were made to production or Capex/Opex estimations that were used in the original PEA study (as per ASX release dated 21 December 2020).

Market and Contracts

The battery grade lithium carbonate price forecast (for the period 2025-2040) utilised to run the economic evaluation of The Project was taken from the 18[th] Edition Update 1 - October 2021 (v2) of the Lithium Market developed by Roskill (*). Galan has assumed a conservative view to long term lithium pricing. As a result, Galan has taken a mid-point between the long-term pricing between the 17[th] and 18[th] Editions from Roskill of US$18,594/t.

Roskill expects contract prices for lithium carbonate battery grade and hydroxide to remain near to or above US$25,000/t on a long-term real (inflation adjusted) basis. After softening in 2019 and 2020, prices on a nominal basis the long-term lithium carbonate battery grade price is projected to rise to around US$30,000-40,000/t .

Strong demand growth for refined lithium products is forecast to be sustained by expanding production, new market entrants and the draw-down of stockpiled material through to 2026, though a fundamental supply deficit is expected to form in the late 2020s. Significant further investment in expanding production capacity at existing operations, in addition to new projects and secondary lithium sources will be necessary to meet projected demand growth through to 2030.

Figure 3 displays the forecast of the lithium carbonate price.

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Figure 3: Long Term estimate of the Contracted Price of Battery Grade Li2CO3 Developed by Roskill

The average lithium carbonate price for the period 2025-2040 is US$18,594/t. This price is estimated on a real base, excluding the impact of the inflation.

(*) Roskill was formed in 1930 and have a rich heritage in understanding complex commodity supply chains and global trends and translating our knowledge into meaningful insights.

The company’s global team is headquartered in London and boasts representation across six continents. Roskill were acquired by Wood Mackenzie in June 2021, combining the two companies’ capabilities in order to provide comprehensive, integrated analysis, data, and insight from across the value chain.

Economic Evaluation

The updated economic evaluation of the HMW Project was conducted following the industry standards for this project stage. A discount rate of 8% was utilised for present value calculations.

Forecasted lithium carbonate prices for the period 2020-2040, utilised for the economic evaluation, were provided by Roskill. The lithium carbonate price for the period from 2041 onwards was left constant, at the 2040 value, as indicated by Galan.

The updated economic results also reflect recent changes to the tax legislation in Argentina.

No potential potassium credits were included in the economic evaluation. The key assumptions and results of the economic evaluation are displayed in Tables 3 and 4 respectively.

Table 3: Key Assumptions Utilised for the Economic Evaluation

Assumption Units Original PEA
Values 21 Dec 2020
Updated PEA
Values 9 Dec 2021
Lithium Carbonate Production Tonnes/year 20,000 20,000
Project Life Estimate Years 40 40
Discount Rate % 8 8
Royalty % 3 3
Corporate Tax % 25 35
Dividend Payment WithholdingTax % 10 7
Capital Cost(CAPEX) US$m 439 439
SustainingCapital US$m 116 116
Average Annual OperatingCost(OPEX) US$/tonne 3,518 3,518
Average Li2CO3SellingPrice(2020-2040) US$/tonne 11,687 18,594

Table 4: Economic Evaluation Results of HMW Project

Parameters Units Original PEA
Values 21 Dec 2020
(1)
Updated PEA
Values 9 Dec 2021
Average Income US$m 258 376
Average Provincial Royalty US$m 6 11.3
Average OperatingExpenses US$m 70 70
Average Corporate and WithholdingTaxes U$m 55 119
Average Annual EBITDA US$m 174 287
Average Annual Operational Free Cash Flow US$m 117 190
Pre-Tax Net Present Value(NPV) US$m 1,011 2,193
After-Tax Net Present Value(NPV) US$m 684 1,338
Pre-Tax Internal Rate of Return(IRR) % 22.8 37.5
After-Tax Internal Rate of Return(IRR) % 19.1 31.1
Payback Period(After-Tax) (2) Years 4.3 2.75

(1) - the Average figures for the income, Provincial Royalty, Operating Expenses, Corporate and Withholding Taxes, EBITDA and Operational Free Cash Flow have been estimated only considering the full production time of the operating period.

(2)- Payback years after the end of the investment period.

Updated Sensitivity Analysis

The updated economic results for the HMW Project were analysed for any further change to the longterm Life of Mine (LOM) lithium price. Tables 5 and 6 display the variation of the NPV and IRR respectively when the lithium price fluctuates within the range of -25% and +25%.

Table 5: Sensitivity of the NPV After Tax

Driver Variable NPV After Tax NPV After Tax NPV After Tax NPV After Tax
Percentage of Base Case Value
Base Case Value
75% 90% 110% 125%
100%
CAPEX US$ m 1,427 1,374 1,302 1,258
439 1,338
Li2CO3Price US$/tonne(*) 789 1,113 1,564 1,910
19,530 1,338
Li2CO3Production Tonnes/annum 827 1,130 1,544 961
20,000 1,338
OPEX US$/tonne 802 731 1,298 1,239
3,518 1,338

Table 6: Sensitivity of the IRR

Driver Variable Base Case Value Base Case Value IRR IRR IRR IRR
Percentage of Base Case Value
75% 90% 100% 110% 125%
CAPEX US$ m 439 38.4% 33.6% 31.1% 28.9% 26.2%
Li2CO3Price US$/tonne(*) 19,530 22.1% 27.5% 31.1% 34.6% 40.1%
Li2CO3Production Tonnes/annum 20,000 23.6% 28.2% 31.1% 33.8% 37.6%
OPEX US$/tonne 3,518 32.5% 31.7% 31.1% 30.6% 29.7%

(*) – Average Life of Mine (LOM) price

HMW Project Within the Lithium Cost Curve

The lithium carbonate equivalent cost curve was prepared by Roskill based on the information updated to September 2021.

The All-in Production cost includes the cash operating cost plus the sustaining capex and royalty cost adjusted to a lithium carbonate price of US$12,500/t.

Figure 4 displays the lithium carbonate equivalent cost curve and the location of the HMW (left in red) as well as Candelas project (in the middle in orange) within the industry cost curve. The cost curve shows that Galan’s Projects could be a low-cost competitive solution as both projects sit within the first half of the cost curve

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Figure 4: Lithium Production Cost Curve (source: Roskill – Lithium Cost Model Service)

Note: 2021 costs have been adjusted to reflect a royalty rate for a lithium carbonate price of US$12,500/t.

Project Timetable

Galan is planning additional HMW Project studies that are required prior to making any investment decision. It will undertake a definitive feasibility level study (DFS) with the appointment of an independent, well credentialed engineering firm imminent. In parallel, the completion of the EIA study and subsequent application for the exploitation permit will be conducted. The commencement of the construction is planned for Q4 of 2022 subject to the approval of the exploitation permit and successful completion of the financing activities. The construction and commissioning should take two years to allow the project the start of production early 2025 and achieving the production ramp up in Q3 2026.

Table 3 shows the most important milestones for the development of HMW Project.

Table 7: HMW Project Development Milestones

Milestone Completion
Timeframe
DFS Q3 2022
EIA Approval Q4 2022
Start Construction Q4 2022
Start Ponds Filling Q3 2023
Mechanical Completion Q3 2024
First Lithium Carbonate(Commissioningcomplete) Q4 2024
Plant RampUpPeriod Q1 2025 toQ3 2026

The Galan Board has authorised this release.

For further information contact:

Juan Pablo (“JP”) Vargas de la Vega Managing Director Email: [email protected] Tel: +61 8 9322 6283

Terry Gardiner Non-Executive Director Email: [email protected] Tel: + 61 400900377

About Galan

Galan is an ASX listed company exploring for lithium brines within South America’s Lithium Triangle on the Hombre Muerto salar in Argentina. Hombre Muerto is proven to host the highest grade and lowest impurity levels within Argentina and is home to Livent Corporation’s El Fenix operation and Galaxy Resources and POSCO’s Sal de Vida projects. Galan has three projects:

Candelas: a ~15km long by 3-5km wide valley filled channel which project geophysics and drilling have indicated the potential to host a substantial volume of brine and over which a maiden resource estimated 685kt LCE (Oct 2019). Furthermore, Candelas has the potential to provide a substantial amount of processing water by treating its low-grade brines with reverse osmosis, this is without using surface river water from Los Patos River.

Hombre Muerto West (HMW): a ~14km by 1-5km region on the west coast of Hombre Muerto salar neighbouring Livent Corp to the east. HMW is currently comprised of seven concessions – Pata Pila, Rana de Sal, Deceo III, Del Condor, Pucara, Catalina and Santa Barbara. Geophysics and drilling at HMW demonstrated a significant potential of a deep basin. In March 2020, a maiden resource estimate delivered 1.1Mt of LCE for two of the largest concessions (Pata Pila and Rana de Sal). That resource now sits at 2.3Mt of LCE with exploration upside remaining for the rest of the HMW concessions not included in the current indicated resource.

Greenbushes South Lithium Project: Galan has an Exploration Licence application (E70/4629) covering a total area of approximately 43 km2. It is approximately 15kms to the south of the Greenbushes mine. In January 2021, Galan entered into a sale and joint venture with Lithium Australia NL for an 80% interest in the Greenbushes South Lithium project, which is located 200 km south of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. With an area of 353 km2, the project was originally acquired by Lithium Australia NL due to its proximity to the Greenbushes Lithium Mine (‘Greenbushes’), given that the project covers the southern strike projection of the geological structure that hosts Greenbushes. The project area commences about 3km south of the current Greenbushes open pit mining operations.

Competent Persons Statements

Competent Persons Statement 1

The information contained herein that relates to exploration results and geology is based on information compiled or reviewed by Dr Luke Milan, who has consulted to the Company. Dr Milan is a Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and has sufficient experience which is relevant to the style of mineralisation and types of deposit under consideration and to the activity which they are undertaking to qualify as a Competent Persons as defined in the 2012 Edition of the ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’. Dr Milan consents to the inclusion of his name in the matters based on the information in the form and context in which it appears.

Competent Persons Statement 2

The information contained herein that relates to project background, brine extraction method, recovery method, project layout and infrastructure, capex estimate, opex estimate and economic evaluation have been directed by Mr. Marcelo Bravo. Mr. Bravo is Chemical Engineer and managing partner of Ad-Infinitum Spa. with over 25 years of working experience and he is a Member of the Chilean Mining Commission and has sufficient experience which is relevant to the activity which they are undertaking to qualify as a Competent Persons as defined in the 2012 Edition of the ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’. Mr. Bravo consents to the inclusion of his name in the matters based on the information in the form and context in which it appears.

Competent Persons Statement 3

The information in this report that relates to the Mineral Resources estimation approach at Candelas and Hombre Muerto West was compiled by Dr Cunningham. Dr Cunningham is an Associate Principal Consultant of SRK Consulting (Australasia) Pty Ltd. He has sufficient experience relevant to the assessment and of this style of mineralisation to qualify as a Competent Person as defined by the “Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves – The JORC Code (2012)”. Dr Cunningham consents to the inclusion in this report of the matters based on his information in the form and context in which it appears.

The Company confirms that it is not aware of any new information or data that materially affects the information included in the original market announcements, and that all material assumptions and technical parameters have not materially changed. The Company also confirms that the form and context in which the Competent Person’s findings are presented have not been materially modified from the original market announcements.

JORC Code, 2012 Edition – Table 1 Section 1 Sampling Techniques and Data (Criteria in this section apply to all succeeding sections.)

Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
Sampling
techniques
• Nature and quality of sampling (e.g.
cut channels, random chips, or
specific specialised industry
standard measurement tools
appropriate to the minerals under
investigation, such as downhole
gamma sondes, or handheld XRF
instruments, etc.). These examples
should not be taken as limiting the
broad meaning of sampling.
• Include reference to measures
taken to ensure sample
representivity and the appropriate
calibration of any measurement
tools or systems used.
• Aspects of the determination of
mineralisation that are Material to
the Public Report.
• In cases where ‘industry standard’
work has been done, this would be
relatively simple (e.g. ‘reverse
circulation drilling was used to
obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg
was pulverised to produce a 30 g
charge for fire assay’). In other
cases, more explanation may be
required, such as where there is
coarse gold that has inherent
sampling problems. Unusual
commodities or mineralisation
types (e.g. submarine nodules) may
warrant disclosure of detailed
information.

Drill core was recovered in 1.5 m
length core runs in core split tubes
to minimise sample disturbance.
Core recovery was carefully
measured by comparing the
measured core to the core runs.

Drill core was undertaken along
the entire length of the holes to
obtain representative samples of
the stratigraphy and sediments
that host brine.

For the well, rotary cone drill bits
(12.5 inch) were employed and
produced drill cuttings. Drill
cuttings were sampled and sieved
regularly at metre intervals

Water/brine samples from target
intervals were collected by either
the Packer or Bailer tests. Bailer
tests; purge isolated sections of
the hole of all fluid a total of five
times to minimise the possibility of
contamination by drilling fluid
(fresh water), although some
contamination (5-15%) may occur.
The hole is then allowed time to
refill with ground water. On the
fifth purge the sample for lab
analysis is collected. The casing
lining the hole ensures
contamination with water from
higher levels in the borehole is
likely prevented. Packer tests
utilise a straddle packer device
which isolates a discrete interval
and allows for sampling purely
from this interval. Samples were
taken from the relevant section
based upon geological logging and
conductivity testing of water.

Water/brine samples were
collected from multiple intervals as
listed in tables 1 and 2.

Conductivity tests are taken on site
with a field portable Hanna
Ph/EC/DO multiparameter.
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary

Density measurements were
undertaken on site with a field
portable Atmospheric Mud
Balance, made by OFI testing
equipment.

Downhole geophysical profiling
was conducted using a Ponti
Electronics MPX-14Multiplex Well
Logger.

Downhole Borehole Magnetic
Resonance (BMR) profiling,
adapted to high salinity, was
conducted by Zelandez to log
continuous specific yield. This is a
common geophysical method for
continuous measurements of
porosity downhole. The
geophysical method is based on
the ability of water to absorb and
emit electromagnetic energy of a
certain frequency, and provides a
lithology independent
measurement of the porosity.
Total porosity is then split into its
fractional components by applying
cut-offs within the pore size
distribution. The specific retention
and specific yield can then be
calculated.

Specific yield logs obtained by this
method were then compared and
validated with similar projects of
the Punta region i.e. Sulfa Mina on
Salar de Pular (PNN’s ASX release
on 04/01/2019). Hombre Muerto
Norte project, NRG Metals Inc.
(07/08/2019). MSB Blanco Lithium
Carbonate project, Salar Blanco
(17/01/2019). Sal de Vida project,
Lithium One Inc. (07/03/2012).
Candelas (East) project (GLN’s ASX
release on 01/10/2019). Rincon
Lithium project (AGY’s ASX release
on 13/11/2018). 3Q Project (NEO
Lithium Corp, NI 43-101 dated
07/05/2019).
Drilling techniques • Drill type (e.g. core, reverse
circulation, open-hole hammer,
rotary air blast, auger, Bangka,
sonic,etc.)and details(e.g. core

Diamond drilling with internal
(triple) tube was used for drilling.
The drilling produced core with
variable core recovery,associated
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
diameter, triple or standard tube,
depth of diamond tails, face-
sampling bit or other type, whether
core is oriented and if so, by what
method, etc.).
with unconsolidated material.
Recovery of the more friable
sediments was difficult, however
core recovery by industry
standards was very good.

Fresh water is used as drilling fluid
for lubrication during drilling.

For the well, a rotary drill with
tricone head of 12.5 inches was
employed for sampling of drill
cuttings at metre intervals
Drill sample
recovery
• Method of recording and assessing
core and chip sample recoveries
and results assessed.
• Measures taken to maximise
sample recovery and ensure
representative nature of the
samples.
• Whether a relationship exists
between sample recovery and
grade and whether sample bias may
have occurred due to preferential
loss/gain of fine/coarse material.

Diamond drill core was recovered
in 1.5m length intervals in triple
(split) tubes. Appropriate additives
were used for hole stability to
maximise core recovery. The core
recoveries were measured from
the core and compared to the
length of each run to calculate the
recovery.

For tricone drilling, sand,
conglomerate, halite, mud and silt
were recovered, sampled and
logged by a geologist and a photo
was taken to document the
lithologies

Brine samples were collected over
relevant sections based upon the
geology encountered and ground
water representation.

Brine quality is not directly related
to core recovery and is largely
independent of the quality of core
samples. However, the porosity
and permeability of the lithologies
where samples are taken is related
to the rate of brine inflow.
Logging • Whether core and chip samples
have been geologically and
geotechnically logged to a level of
detail to support appropriate
Mineral Resource estimation,
mining studies and metallurgical
studies.
• Whether logging is qualitative or
quantitative in nature. Core (or
costean, channel, etc.)
photography.
• The total length and percentage of
the relevant intersections logged.

The core is logged by a senior
geologist and contract geologists
who are overseen by the senior
geologist who also supervised the
taking of samples for laboratory
analysis.

Logging is both qualitative and
quantitative in nature. The relative
proportions of different lithologies
which have a direct bearing on the
overall porosity, contained and
potentially extractable brine are
noted, as are more qualitative
characteristics such as the
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
sedimentary facies. Cores are split
for sampling and are
photographed.

All core was logged byageologist
Sub-sampling
techniques and
sample
preparation
• If core, whether cut or sawn and
whether quarter, half or all core
taken.
• If non-core, whether riffled, tube
sampled, rotary split, etc. and
whether sampled wet or dry.
• For all sample types, the nature,
quality and appropriateness of the
sample preparation technique.
• Quality control procedures adopted
for all sub-sampling stages to
maximise representivity of samples.
• Measures taken to ensure that the
sampling is representative of the in-
situ material collected, including for
instance results for field
duplicate/second-half sampling.
• Whether sample sizes are
appropriate to the grain size of the
material being sampled.
Bailer sampling:

Utilises a stainless steel hollow 3m-
long tube with a check valve at the
bottom. The hole was first purged
by extracting a calculated volume
of liquid (brine and drilling mud) to
ensure that sampled brine
corresponds to the sampled depth.
Once the calculated volume was
extracted and brine was clear,
samples were collected in plastic
bottles and delivered to the
laboratories. The lower part of the
sampling hole section was
temporarily sealed during purging
and sampling. A total of 1 Bailer
samples were obtained.
Simple packer sampling:

Packer sampling was performed
during drilling of each hole and
after well casing and development
using both simple and double
packer system. Water/brine
samples were collected by purging
isolated sections of the hole of all
fluid in the hole, to minimise the
possibility of contamination by
drilling fluid, then allowing the hole
to re-fill with ground waters.
Samples were then taken form the
relevant section. A total of 10
samples were obtained and an
additional 5 duplicate samples
were obtained for quality control
purposes.
Airlift sampling:

Utilises an airline that delivers
compressed air to the end of
the drill string (drill bit) within
the drill hole. The compressed
air is pumped into the air line
and this lifts the water/brine
sample up the rod string and is
subsequently captured at the
surface.

Airlift sampling was carried out
at each drill hole with 72-hour
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
pumping. For Pata Pila/Deceo III
(PP-01-19), a total of 5 samples
were taken at 2, 24, 36, 44 and
64 hours. For Rana de Sal, a
total of 4 samples were taken at
5, 30, 54 and 74 hours. For
every sample sent to the
primary laboratory, a duplicate
was sent to a second laboratory
for check analysis.
Quality of assay
data and
laboratory tests
• The nature, quality and
appropriateness of the assaying and
laboratory procedures used and
whether the technique is
considered partial or total.
• For geophysical tools,
spectrometers, handheld XRF
instruments, etc., the parameters
used in determining the analysis
including instrument make and
model, reading times, calibrations
factors applied and their derivation,
etc.
• Nature of quality control
procedures adopted (e.g.
standards, blanks, duplicates,
external laboratory checks) and
whether acceptable levels of
accuracy (i.e. lack of bias) and
precision have been established.

The Alex Stewart International
laboratory located in Jujuy,
Argentina, is used as the primary
laboratory to conduct the assaying
of the brine samples collected.

The Alex Stewart International
laboratory is ISO 9001 and ISO
14001 certified and is specialised in
the chemical analysis of brines and
inorganic salts, with considerable
experience in this field.

The SGS laboratory was used for
secondary check analyses and is
also certified for ISO 14001. In
most case, SGS results returned
slightly higher values than Alex
Stewart International

39 brine samples (including
replicates) were sent to the Alex
Stewart International and SGS
laboratories, respectively.

Based on ion balance, all results
from Alex Stewart International
plotted within the ±10%
acceptance envelope, indicating
high analytical data acceptability.
Verification of
sampling and
assaying
• The verification of significant
intersections by either independent
or alternative company personnel.
• The use of twinned holes.
• Documentation of primary data,
data entry procedures, data
verification, data storage (physical
and electronic) protocols.
• Discuss any adjustment to assay
data.

Field duplicates, standards
(synthetic brines) and blanks are
used to monitor potential
contamination of samples and the
repeatability of analyses.

Standards consisted in one high-
grade and one medium-grade
synthetic brine prepared at the
Alex Stewart International
laboratory in Mendoza (Argentina).
Synthetic standards were sent to
both in-country laboratories to
monitor accuracyof the latest
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
batch of samples (long-term airlift
sampling).

One blank was analysed at Rana De
Sal.

Reproducibility between Alex
Stewart International and SGS was
displayed acceptable, though SGS
showed a slightly higher bias for all
analytes

The Alex Stewart QA/QC standards
are underestimating the synthetic
brine certified values, with the
largest difference being with the
lower grade (550 Li mg/l) standard.
Therefore, more samples need to
be submitted for future work, and
investigation is required to better
understand why the values are
being underestimated. However,
the brine occurrence and
chemistry, the relative consistency
of the data and confidence in the
drilling and sampling results is
reasonable for Indicated resource

Accuracy of both laboratories was
displayed acceptable for the latest
sample batch as indicated by RPD
values smaller than ±10%.

Overall, QC assessment results
support acceptability for both
laboratories.

The slightly higher bias with SGS
needs further investigation.
Therefore, the Alex Stewart
International results were
preferred for resource estimation.

Specific yields from Zelandez
logging were checked. The CP is of
the opinion that the values
underestimate porosity (based on
similar settings in the region), and
adjustments were therefore made
to the specific yields for resource
estimation.
Location of data
points
• Accuracy and quality of surveys
used to locate drill holes (collar and
down-hole surveys), trenches, mine
workings and other locations used
in Mineral Resource estimation.

The survey locations were located
using modern Garmin handheld
GPS with an accuracy of +/- 5m.

For accuracy and certainty drill
holes are located with two GPS
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
• Specification of the grid system
used.
• Quality and adequacy of
topographic control.
devices one using latitude and
longitude and the other map
coordinates.

The grid System used by Quantec:
POSGAR 94, Argentina Zone 3

Topographic control was obtained
by handheld GPS, and the
topography is mostly flat with very
little relief. SRTM was used for
modelling purposes.
Data spacing and
distribution
• Data spacing for reporting of
Exploration Results.
• Whether the data spacing and
distribution is sufficient to establish
the degree of geological and grade
continuity appropriate for the
Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve
estimation procedure(s) and
classifications applied.
• Whether sample compositing has
been applied.

Water/brine samples were
collected within isolated sections
of the hole based upon the results
of geological logging.
Orientation of data
in relation to
geological
structure
• Whether the orientation of
sampling achieves unbiased
sampling of possible structures and
the extent to which this is known,
considering the deposit type.
• If the relationship between the
drilling orientation and the
orientation of key mineralised
structures is considered to have
introduced a sampling bias, this
should be assessed and reported if
material.

The brine concentrations being
explored for generally occur as
sub-horizontal layers and lenses
hosted by sand, silt, clay, gravels
and some conglomerate. Vertical
diamond drilling is ideal for
understanding this horizontal
stratigraphy and the nature of the
sub-surface brine bearing aquifers.
Sample security • The measures taken to ensure
sample security.

Data was recorded and processed
by trusted employees, consultants
and contractors to the Company
and overseen by senior
management ensuring the data
was not manipulated or altered.

Samples are transported from the
drill site to secure storage at the
campon a dailybasis.
Audits or reviews • The results of any audits or reviews
of sampling techniques and data.

No audits or reviews have been
conducted to date. The drilling is at
a very early stage however the
Company’s independent
consultants and CP have approved
theprocedures to date.

Section 2 Reporting of Exploration Results

(Criteria listed in section 1 also apply to this section.)

Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
Mineral tenement
and land tenure
status

Type, reference name/number,
location and ownership including
agreements or material issues with
third parties such as joint ventures,
partnerships, overriding royalties,
native title interests, historical
sites, wilderness or national park
and environmental settings.

The security of the tenure held at
the time of reporting along with
any known impediments to
obtaining a licence to operate in
the area.
• The Hombre Muerto West Lithium
Project consists of numerous
licences located in Catamarca
Province, Argentina. The
tenements are owned by Blue Sky
Lithium Pty Ltd (‘Blue Sky’). Galan
and Blue Sky executed a Share Sale
Agreement whereby Galan
purchased 100% of the issued
share capital of Blue Sky.
• The Del Condor tenement lies
between Pata Pila/Deceo III and
Rana de Sal I tenements, and
Pucara del Salar to the northeast.
The Del Condor and Pucara
tenements are 100% owned (as
per ASX announcement dated 4
Nov’20)
Exploration done
by other parties
• Acknowledgment and appraisal of
exploration by other parties.
• No historical exploration has been
undertaken on these licence areas.
PP-01-19, RS- 01-19 and PB-01-21
are all west of the adjacent licence
area held by Livent Corporations
(NYSE:LVHM).
Geology • Deposit type, geological setting and
style of mineralisation.
• Del Condor, Pucara, Pata
Pila/Deceo III and Rana De Sal
licence areas cover sections of
alluvial fans located on the
western shore of the Hombre
Muerto salar proper. The salar
hosts a world- renowned lithium
brine deposit. The lithium is
sourced locally from weathered
and altered felsic ignimbrites and
is concentrated in brines hosted
within basin fill alluvial sediments
and evaporites.
Drill hole
Information
• A summary of all information
material to the understanding of
the exploration results including a
tabulation of the following
information for all Material
drillholes:
• easting and northing of the drillhole
collar
• elevation or RL (Reduced Level –
elevation above sea level in metres)
of the drillhole collar
• Drillhole ID: PP-01-19
Easting: 679776.5005 E (WGS84
Zone 19)
Northing: 7189763.574 N (WGS84
Zone 19)
Vertical hole
Hole Depth: 718m
• Drillhole ID: RS-01-19
Easting: 678684.72 E (WGS84
Zone 19)
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
• dip and azimuth of the hole
• downhole length and interception
depth
• hole length.
• If the exclusion of this information
is justified on the basis that the
information is not Material and this
exclusion does not detract from the
understanding of the report, the
Competent Person should clearly
explain why this is the case.
Northing: 7194047.40 N (WGS84
Zone 19)
Vertical hole
Hole Depth: 474m

Drillhole ID: PB-01-21
Easting: 679840.000 E (WGS84
Zone 19)
Northing: 7189807.270 N (WGS84
Zone 19)
Vertical hole
Hole Depth: 220m
Data aggregation
methods
• In reporting Exploration Results,
weighting averaging techniques,
maximum and/or minimum grade
truncations (e.g. cutting of high
grades) and cut-off grades are
usually Material and should be
stated.
• Where aggregate intercepts
incorporate short lengths of high-
grade results and longer lengths of
low-grade results, the procedure
used for such aggregation should be
stated and some typical examples
of such aggregations should be
shown in detail.
• The assumptions used for any
reporting of metal equivalent values
should be clearlystated.
• No weighting or cut off grades
have been applied
• Pumping tests continue to be
carried out at Candelas West to
ensure quality control
• All new assay results received to
date are included in this report.
Relationship
between
mineralisation
widths and
intercept lengths
• These relationships are particularly
important in the reporting of
Exploration Results.
• If the geometry of the
mineralisation with respect to the
drillhole angle is known, its nature
should be reported.
• If it is not known and only the
downhole lengths are reported,
there should be a clear statement
to this effect (e.g. ‘down hole
length,true width not known’).
• It is fairly assumed that the brine
layers lie sub horizontal and, given
that drillholes are vertical, the
intercepted thicknesses of brine
layers would be of true thickness.
Diagrams • Appropriate maps and sections
(with scales) and tabulations of
intercepts should be included for
any significant discovery being
reported These should include, but
not be limited to a plan view of
drillhole collar locations and
appropriate sectional views.
• Refer to maps, figures and tables
in the Report
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
Balanced reporting • Where comprehensive reporting of
all Exploration Results is not
practicable, representative
reporting of both low and high
grades and/or widths should be
practiced in order to avoid
misleading reporting of Exploration
Results.
• These results are from one
drillhole at Rana de Sal and one at
Pata Pila/Deceo III with an
additional bore hole at Pata Pila
for pumping and hydrogeological
testing.
Other substantive
exploration data
• Other exploration data, if
meaningful and material, should be
reported including (but not limited
to): geological observations;
geophysical survey results;
geochemical survey results; bulk
samples – size and method of
treatment; metallurgical test
results; bulk density, groundwater,
geotechnical and rock
characteristics; potential
deleterious or contaminating
substances.
• All meaningful and material
information is reported
• Refer to previous ASX Company
releases:
ASX:GLN - 11 September, 2019
ASX:GLN - 9 October, 2019
ASX:GLN - 19 December, 2019
ASX:GLN - 13 January, 2020
ASX:GLN - 15 January, 2020
ASX:GLN - 12 March, 2020
ASX:GLN – 17 November, 2020
ASX:GLN – 29 September, 2021
Further work • The nature and scale of planned
further work (e.g. tests for lateral
extensions or depth extensions or
large-scale step-out drilling).
• Diagrams clearly highlighting the
areas of possible extensions,
including the main geological
interpretations and future drilling
areas, provided this information is
not commerciallysensitive.
• Geophysical (TEM) surveys
currently underway at HMW
licence areas
• Awaiting results for production
well PB-01-21
• An additional two (2) more wells
planned for H1, 2022
• At least four (4) additional
diamond drill holes are also
planned for H1,2022

Section 3 Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources (Criteria listed in section 1, and where relevant in section 2, also apply to this section.)

Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
Database integrity • Measures taken to ensure that data
has not been corrupted by, for
example, transcription or keying
errors, between its initial collection
and its use for Mineral Resource
estimation purposes.
• Data validation procedures used.
• All logs provided to SRK were
imported and validated in Postgres
SQL database server.
• Boreholes are plotted in ArcGIS for
plan generation.
• All data is checked for accuracy.
Site visits • Comment on any site visits
undertaken by the Competent
Person and the outcome of those
visits.
• The CP visited the site from 22 to 26
July 2019 which included Hombre
Muerto West.
• The CP reviewed core and cuttings
for Candelas. The CP consulted
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
• If no site visits have been
undertaken indicate why this is the
case.
with
exploration
manager
regarding
details
of
the
descriptions and lithologies, and
the same methods and procedures
have been applied to Hombre
Muerto West.
• The CP reviewed locations and
drilling and sampling practices
whilst at site for Candelas and
visited the sites to be drilled for
Hombre Muerto West (i.e. PP-01-
19, RS-01-19 and PB-01-21).
Geological
interpretation
• Confidence in (or conversely, the
uncertainty of) the geological
interpretation of the mineral
deposit.
• Nature of the data used and of any
assumptions made.
• The effect, if any, of alternative
interpretations on Mineral Resource
estimation.
• The use of geology in guiding and
controlling Mineral Resource
estimation.
• The factors affecting continuity both
of grade and geology.
• The spacing of PP-01-19 and RS-01-
19 drill holes (~4.5 km) coupled
with
extensive
coverage
of
conductivity
surveys,
gives
a
moderate degree of confidence in
the geological model.
• The brine level is horizontal and
physical parameters of density,
temperature and pH along with
time and depth were recorded
during drilling to identify any
variation and assist in sampling.
• No samples were obtained from
basement
or
alluvials,
and
therefore only the Sand, Gravels
and
Halite
are
estimated
as
potential economic resources.
Dimensions • The extent and variability of the
Mineral Resource expressed as
length (along strike or otherwise),
plan width, and depth below surface
to the upper and lower limits of the
Mineral Resource.
• The extents of the resource are
approximately 2.75 km (easting) by
7.750 km (northing) by 1.2 m
(vertical), giving a total volume of
interest of ~25.5 km3.
• Downhole geophysics and depth-
specific data (i.e. specific yield and
brine chemistry) were used to
estimate the resource. Priority was
given to 72 hour airlift samples.
• Grades are relatively uniform with
depth and lateral extent.
Estimation and
modelling
techniques
• The nature and appropriateness of
the estimation technique(s) applied
and key assumptions, including
treatment of extreme grade values,
domaining, interpolation
parameters and maximum distance
of extrapolation from data points. If
a computer assisted estimation
• Due
to
the
nature
of
the
mineralisation
style,
the
long
sample intervals, and the need for
some averaging of overlapping
samples,
an
Inverse
Distance
interpolation (using power 2) was
deemed most appropriate at this
stage.
  • Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary method was chosen, include a • The search ellipse was spheroidal. description of computer software The search distances were at a and parameters used. distance to ensure all blocks within

  • • The availability of check estimates, the hydrogeologic domains were previous estimates and/or mine estimated, up to a maximum of 2.7 production records and whether the km. Mineral Resource estimate takes • Downhole measurements of appropriate account of such data. specific yield (SY) (drainable

  • • The assumptions made regarding porosity) were obtained by recovery of by-products. Zelandez using Borehole Magnetic

  • • Estimation of deleterious elements Resonance technology. The or other non-grade variables of technique uses a unique economic significance (e.g. sulphur measurement that responds to for acid mine drainage volumes of fluids present in the characterisation). sequences and the distribution of

  • • In the case of block model those fluids as a function of pore interpolation, the block size in geometry. Thus, the technique is relation to the average sample used to measure pore network spacing and the search employed. fluids allowing determination of

  • • Any assumptions behind modelling Specific Yield (SY), Specific of selective mining units. Retention and permeability i.e.

  • • Any assumptions about correlation hydraulic conductivity.

  • Any assumptions about correlation between variables.

  • Given no other independent method was used for measuring SY, the CP did a comparison of SY for other similar deposits and used conservative values for SY. The values assigned to each hydrogeologic unit (which includes both Pata Pila and Rana de Sal) are as follows:

  • Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates.

  • Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping.

  • The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drillhole data, and use of reconciliation data if available.

  • Sand – 12.5%

  • Gravel – 6%

  • Halite – 4%

  • Total volumes of the hydrogeologic domains used for flagging the resource model are:

  • Sand – 3.44 km[3]

  • o Gravel – 0.20 km[3]

  • Halite – 0.19 km[3]

  • Lithium and potassium content were estimated into a proportional block model based on 5m composites for each domain using soft boundaries. The composite length was chosen to account for the lenses of halite and gravel.

  • • The block model dimensions are: o Easting (250 m)

Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
o Northing (250 m)
Elevation(5 m).
Moisture
Whether the tonnages are
estimated on a dry basis or with
natural moisture, and the method
of determination of the moisture
content.

Lithium brine is a liquid resource,
moisture content is not relevant
to resource calculations
Cut-off parameters
The basis of the adopted cut-off
grade(s) or quality parameters
applied.
• The minimum interpolated grade is
around 950 mg/l Li, which is very
high grade, and above what has
been deemed in similar projects as
an economic cut-off grade. For
example, a 500 mg/l Li cut-off was
used for NRG Metals’ Hombre
Muerto North project, a combined
Measured/Indicated
resource.
Hence, no cut-off grade was
applied but the upper fresh and
brackish water units are assumed
to be zero.
• Based on observations that the
brine density and chemistry is
relatively consistent below a depth
of about 80 metres, it was assumed
that with depth, all parts of the
salar between this depth and base
of RS-01-19 at 713 m, will have
saturated brine. The geophysics
has shown that the basement
topography is irregular and may
result in some parts of the system
being shallower than this depth,
particularly towards the western
margins of the resource. This has
been
taken
into
account
in
Resource classification.
Mining factors or
assumptions
• Assumptions made regarding
possible mining methods, minimum
mining dimensions and internal (or,
if applicable, external) mining
dilution. It is always necessary as
part of the process of determining
reasonable prospects for eventual
economic extraction to consider
potential mining methods, but the
assumptions made regarding mining
methods and parameters when
estimating Mineral Resources may
not always be rigorous. Where this
is the case,this should be reported
• Potential
brine
abstraction
is
considered to involve pumping via
a series of production wells.
• The
thick
and
mostly
unconsolidated
sand
units
dominate
the
drainable
brine
resource. The CP believes that the
transmissivity
of
future
wells
completed in these units would be
favourable for extracting brine
because of the assumed favourable
aquifer conditions associated with
these clastic units.
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
with an explanation of the basis of
the mining assumptions made.
• The raw brine extraction wells are
to be located in Pata Pila and Rana
de Sal. This brine will be transferred
to the evaporation ponds system
for the concentration of the lithium
contents.
Metallurgical
factors or
assumptions
• The basis for assumptions or
predictions regarding metallurgical
amenability. It is always necessary
as part of the process of
determining reasonable prospects
for eventual economic extraction to
consider potential metallurgical
methods, but the assumptions
regarding metallurgical treatment
processes and parameters made
when reporting Mineral Resources
may not always be rigorous. Where
this is the case, this should be
reported with an explanation of the
basis of the metallurgical
assumptions made.
• The
production
of
lithium
carbonate (Li2CO3) from lithium
brine has been demonstrated by a
number of companies with projects
in Argentina in close proximity to
Hombre Muerto, for example
Livent Corporation’s El Fenix, and
Galaxy’s Hombre de Muerto. It is
assumed Galan would use similar
methods to enrich brine to 99.6%
lithium
and
produce
lithium
carbonate (Li2CO3).
• The proposed metallurgical process
has two main stages; the first stage
is the evaporation ponds system
and the second is the lithium
carbonate plant. The first stage
allows the concentration of the
lithium in the brine and the
precipitation of impurities. The
second stage is pursuing the
removal of remaining impurities
and the precipitation of the lithium
carbonate product. The overall
recovery of Li of the proposed
process design is 58.5%.
• As announced on 10 Sep 2020,
Galan has commenced lab test
production of battery grade lithium
carbonate.
Environmental
factors or
assumptions
• Assumptions made regarding
possible waste and process residue
disposal options. It is always
necessary as part of the process of
determining reasonable prospects
for eventual economic extraction to
consider the potential
environmental impacts of the
mining and processing operation.
While at this stage the
determination of potential
environmental impacts, particularly
for a greenfields project, may not
always be well advanced,the status
• No factors or assumptions are
made at this time. However, an
environmental report has been
accepted by the mining court for
the tenement grant.
• Environmental monitoring and
reporting are ongoing
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
of early consideration of these
potential environmental impacts
should be reported. Where these
aspects have not been considered
this should be reported with an
explanation of the environmental
assumptions made.
Bulk density • Whether assumed or determined. If
assumed, the basis for the
assumptions. If determined, the
method used, whether wet or dry,
the frequency of the measurements,
the nature, size and
representativeness of the samples.
• The bulk density for bulk material
must have been measured by
methods that adequately account
for void spaces (vugs, porosity, etc.),
moisture and differences between
rock and alteration zones within the
deposit.
• Discuss assumptions for bulk density
estimates used in the evaluation
process of the different materials.
• Bulk density determination is not
relevant
for
brine
resource
calculations
as
the
drainable
porosity or specific yield of the
hydrogeologic units is the relevant
factor
for
brine
resource
calculations.
• Synthetic
values
of
drainable
porosity and specific yield values
are
obtained
from
downhole
geophysics downhole geophysics
(Zelandez) and includes all aquifer
material. The CP did a comparison
of similar aquifer material from
other nearby projects as a check on
the results, and where necessary
modified accordingly.
• A summary of samples including
specific yield and modifications to
the synthetic measurements per
hydrogeological domain is provided
in the main body of the report.
• Specific yields for each domain are:
• Sand 12.5%
• Gravel 6%
• Halite 4%
Classification • The basis for the classification of the
Mineral Resources into varying
confidence categories.
• Whether appropriate account has
been taken of all relevant factors
(i.e. relative confidence in
tonnage/grade estimations,
reliability of input data, confidence
in continuity of geology and metal
values, quality, quantity and
distribution of the data).
• Whether the result appropriately
reflects the Competent Person’s
view of the deposit.
• All the estimated Resource is
assigned as Indicated. This is
consistent with recommendations
by Houston et al., (2011) where
they suggest that well spacing
required to estimate a Measured
Resource be no farther than 3-4
kilometres apart from each other.
The high quality of geophysical
survey data also demonstrates the
continuity, and geometry of the
brine acquirers at depth.
• Numerous factors were taken into
consideration when assigning the
classification applied to the
Mineral Resource estimate. Of
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
these factors, it is considered that
the classification has been
primarily influenced by the drill
coverage, geological complexity
and data quality as described in
the main announcement above.
When assessing these criteria, SRK
considers the greatest source of
uncertainty to be the large sample
intervals, which have resulted in
data aggregation. The large
intervals have also resulted in
some degree of smearing of high
grades within the modelled
domains. Also, the specific yields
may be underestimated and
providepotential upside.
Audits or reviews • The results of any audits or reviews
of Mineral Resource estimates.
• The Resource estimate was subject
to internal peer review by SRK
Consulting (Australasia)and Galan.
Discussion of
relative accuracy/
confidence
• Where appropriate, a statement of
the relative accuracy and confidence
level in the Mineral Resource
estimate using an approach or
procedure deemed appropriate by
the Competent Person. For
example, the application of
statistical or geostatistical
procedures to quantify the relative
accuracy of the resource within
stated confidence limits, or, if such
an approach is not deemed
appropriate, a qualitative discussion
of the factors that could affect the
relative accuracy and confidence of
the estimate.
• The statement should specify
whether it relates to global or local
estimates, and, if local, state the
relevant tonnages, which should be
relevant to technical and economic
evaluation. Documentation should
include assumptions made and the
procedures used.
• These statements of relative
accuracy and confidence of the
estimate should be compared with
production data, where available.
• Samples were analysed by two
separate laboratories and included
duplicate brine samples submitted
to both laboratories to confirm
repeatability as part of the Quality
Assurance/
Quality
Control
(QA/QC) procedure.
• To date, a total of 11 bailer/packer
tests
(including
5
duplicate
samples) and a total of 15 airlift
samples (including 8 duplicates, 2
blanks and 4 synthetic brines) were
submitted were submitted to Alex
Stewart and SGS. A high and a low
certified synthetic brine were also
used to check accuracy. Based on
the results of the duplicate and
standard
samples,
the
CP
concluded that the laboratory
results are reliable.
• The Mineral Resource estimate
statement is based on two drill
holes, given the relatively small size
of the project and the domains, the
uniformity of the brine chemistry,
the
extensive
coverage
of
conductivity
profiles
and
the
relatively
good
stratigraphic
understanding
of
the
hydrogeologic
units,
the
CP
Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary
believes that an Indicated category
is justified.
• The sandy units that dominate the
drainable
brine
resource
are
believed by the CP to suggest that
the transmissivity of future wells
completed in these units would be
favourable for extracting brine
because of the assumed favourable
aquifer conditions associated with
these clastic units.