FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INC

Quarterly Report • Nov 3, 2025

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _ to _

Commission File Number: 000-26481

Financial Institutions, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York	16-0816610
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
220 LIBERTY STREET , WARSAW , New York	14569
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

( 585 ) 786-1100

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share	FISI	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☑
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The registrant had 20,130,546 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding as of October 30, 2025.

Table of Contents

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC.

Form 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	PAGE
ITEM 1.	Financial Statements
	Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (Unaudited) – at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) – Three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) – Three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) – Three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) – Nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024	8
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9
ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	45
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	69
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	70
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	71
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	71
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	71
ITEM 5.	Other Information	71
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	72
	Signatures	73

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PART I. FINANC IAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Fina ncial Statements

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Fin ancial Condition (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)	September 30, 2025
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$ 89,005	$	54,958
Interest-bearing deposits in bank	96,940		32,363
Total cash and cash equivalents	185,945		87,321
Securities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $ 962,457 and $ 972,720 , respectively)	923,592		911,105
Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 2 ) (fair value of $ 78,477 and $ 104,556 , respectively)	87,625		116,001
Loans held for sale	2,252		2,280
Loans (net of allowance for credit losses of $ 47,292 and $ 48,041 , respectively)	4,543,131		4,431,163
Company owned life insurance	173,599		166,880
Premises and equipment, net	39,198		39,866
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	60,443		60,758
Other assets	272,267		301,711
Total assets	$ 6,288,052	$	6,117,085
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing demand	$ 959,404	$	950,351
Interest-bearing demand	776,445		705,195
Savings and money market	1,955,832		1,904,013
Time deposits	1,666,128		1,545,172
Total deposits	5,357,809		5,104,731
Short-term borrowings	55,000		99,000
Long-term borrowings, net of issuance costs of $ 0 and $ 158 , respectively	115,000		124,842
Other liabilities	138,523		219,528
Total liabilities	5,666,332		5,548,101
Shareholders’ equity:
Series A 3 % preferred stock, $ 100 par value; 1,533 shares authorized; 1,435 shares issued	143		143
Series B-1 8.48 % preferred stock, $ 100 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 171,413 shares issued	17,142		17,142
Total preferred equity	17,285		17,285
Common stock, $ 0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 20,699,556 shares issued	207		207
Additional paid-in capital	233,629		233,421
Retained earnings	423,762		388,665
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	( 36,758	)	( 52,604	)
Treasury stock, at cost, 569,923 and 622,984 shares, respectively	( 16,405	)	( 17,990	)
Total shareholders’ equity	621,720		568,984
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$ 6,288,052	$	6,117,085

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024		2025		2024
Interest income:
Interest and fees on loans	$ 72,338	$	71,218	$	212,014	$	212,227
Interest and dividends on investment securities	11,740		6,086		34,798		18,582
Other interest income	344		607		1,528		4,303
Total interest income	84,422		77,911		248,340		235,112
Interest expense:
Deposits	30,376		34,803		94,315		105,114
Short-term borrowings	668		858		1,545		3,345
Long-term borrowings	1,589		1,569		4,705		4,697
Total interest expense	32,633		37,230		100,565		113,156
Net interest income	51,789		40,681		147,775		121,956
Provision (benefit) for credit losses	2,732		3,104		8,222		( 311	)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	49,057		37,577		139,553		122,267
Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposits	1,137		1,103		3,278		3,159
Insurance income	2		3		8		2,141
Card interchange income	2,006		1,900		5,783		5,810
Investment advisory	3,023		2,797		8,645		8,158
Company owned life insurance	2,849		1,404		8,591		4,062
Investments in limited partnerships	223		400		945		1,545
Loan servicing	181		88		484		421
Income from derivative instruments, net	847		212		1,436		763
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale	285		220		542		432
Net gain on sale or call of securities	703		—		706		—
Net (loss) gain on sale and disposal of other assets	( 281	)	138		( 281	)	13,633
Net loss on tax credit investments	( 513	)	( 170	)	( 1,539	)	( 139	)
Other	1,594		1,345		4,448		4,370
Total noninterest income	12,056		9,440		33,046		44,355
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	18,522		15,879		53,490		48,967
Occupancy and equipment	3,814		3,370		11,386		10,570
Professional services	1,688		1,965		4,830		6,131
Computer and data processing	5,789		5,353		17,155		16,081
Supplies and postage	559		519		1,640		1,431
FDIC assessments	1,227		1,092		4,086		3,733
Advertising and promotions	491		371		1,328		1,108
Amortization of intangibles	103		112		315		443
Restructuring charges	—		—		68		—
Deposit-related charged-off items expense	144		410		83		19,987
Other	3,538		3,398		10,861		11,051
Total noninterest expense	35,875		32,469		105,242		119,502
Income before income taxes	25,238		14,548		67,357		47,120
Income tax expense	4,761		1,082		12,470		5,955
Net income	$ 20,477	$	13,466	$	54,887	$	41,165
Preferred stock dividends	365		365		1,094		1,094
Net income available to common shareholders	$ 20,112	$	13,101	$	53,793	$	40,071
Earnings per common share (Note 2):
Basic	$ 1.00	$	0.85	$	2.68	$	2.60
Diluted	$ 0.99	$	0.84	$	2.65	$	2.57
Cash dividends declared per common share	$ 0.31	$	0.30	$	0.93	$	0.90

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Com prehensive Income (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024		2025		2024
Net income	$ 20,477	$	13,466	$	54,887	$	41,165
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Securities available for sale and transferred securities	5,715		25,430		16,947		18,795
Hedging derivative instruments	( 363	)	( 1,851	)	( 1,412	)	( 1,381	)
Pension and post-retirement obligations	104		166		311		498
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	5,456		23,745		15,846		17,912
Comprehensive income	$ 25,933	$	37,211	$	70,733	$	59,077

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes i n Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

Three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) — Balance at December 31, 2024	Preferred Equity — $ 17,285	Common Stock — $ 207	Additional Paid-in Capital — $ 233,421	$	388,665	$	( 52,604	)	Treasury Stock — $ ( 17,990	)	Total Shareholders’ Equity — $ 568,984
Comprehensive income:
Net income	—	—	—		16,878		—		—		16,878
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—	—		—		10,609		—		10,609
Purchases of common stock for treasury	—	—	—		—		—		( 481	)	( 481	)
Share-based compensation plans:
Share-based compensation	—	—	506		—		—		—		506
Restricted stock units released	—	—	( 1,452	)	—		—		1,452		—
Restricted stock awards issued	—	—	( 19	)	—		—		19		—
Stock awards	—	—	( 1	)	—		—		19		18
Cash dividends declared:
Series A 3 % Preferred–$ 0.75 per share	—	—	—		( 1	)	—		—		( 1	)
Series B-1 8.48 % Preferred–$ 2.12 per share	—	—	—		( 364	)	—		—		( 364	)
Common–$ 0.31 per share	—	—	—		( 6,221	)	—		—		( 6,221	)
Balance at March 31, 2025	$ 17,285	$ 207	$ 232,455	$	398,957	$	( 41,995	)	$ ( 16,981	)	$ 589,928
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income	—	—	—		17,532		—		—		17,532
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—	—		—		( 219	)	—		( 219	)
Share-based compensation plans:
Share-based compensation	—	—	954		—		—		—		954
Restricted stock awards issued	—	—	( 432	)	—		—		432		—
Stock awards			( 9	)					83		74
Cash dividends declared:
Series A 3 % Preferred–$ 0.75 per share	—	—	—		( 1	)	—		—		( 1	)
Series B-1 8.48 % Preferred–$ 2.12 per share	—	—	—		( 363	)	—		—		( 363	)
Common–$ 0.31 per share	—	—	—		( 6,237	)	—		—		( 6,237	)
Balance at June 30, 2025	$ 17,285	$ 207	$ 232,968	$	409,888	$	( 42,214	)	$ ( 16,466	)	$ 601,668
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income	—	—	—		20,477		—		—		20,477
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—	—		—		5,456		—		5,456
Purchases of common stock for treasury	—	—	—		—		—		( 34	)	( 34	)
Share-based compensation plans:
Share-based compensation	—	—	756		—		—		—		756
Restricted stock units released	—	—	( 95	)	—		—		95		—
Cash dividends declared:
Series A 3 % Preferred–$ 0.75 per share	—	—	—		( 1	)	—		—		( 1	)
Series B-1 8.48 % Preferred–$ 2.12 per share	—	—	—		( 364	)	—		—		( 364	)
Common–$ 0.31 per share	—	—	—		( 6,238	)	—		—		( 6,238	)
Balance at September 30, 2025	$ 17,285	$ 207	$ 233,629	$	423,762	$	( 36,758	)	$ ( 16,405	)	$ 621,720
Continued on next page
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) (Continued)

Three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) — Balance at December 31, 2023	Preferred Equity — $ 17,292	Common Stock — $ 161	Additional Paid-in Capital — $ 125,841	$	451,687	$	( 119,941	)	Treasury Stock — $ ( 20,244	)	Total Shareholders’ Equity — $ 454,796
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income	—	—	—		2,070		—		—		2,070
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—	—		—		( 6,323	)	—		( 6,323	)
Purchases of common stock for treasury	—	—	—		—		—		( 393	)	( 393	)
Share-based compensation plans:
Share-based compensation	—	—	569		—		—		—		569
Restricted stock units released	—	—	( 1,783	)	—		—		1,783		—
Cash dividends declared:
Series A 3 % Preferred–$ 0.75 per share	—	—	—		( 1	)	—		—		( 1	)
Series B-1 8.48 % Preferred–$ 2.12 per share	—	—	—		( 364	)	—		—		( 364	)
Common–$ 0.30 per share	—	—	—		( 4,620	)	—		—		( 4,620	)
Balance at March 31, 2024	$ 17,292	$ 161	$ 124,627	$	448,772	$	( 126,264	)	$ ( 18,854	)	$ 445,734
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income	—	—	—		25,629		—		—		25,629
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—	—		—		490		—		490
Purchases of common stock for treasury	—	—	—		—		—		( 3	)	( 3	)
Share-based compensation plans:
Share-based compensation	—	—	746		—		—		—		746
Restricted stock awards released	—	—	( 15	)	—		—		15		—
Restricted stock awards issued	—	—	( 607	)	—		—		607		—
Stock awards	—	—	( 47	)	—		—		120		73
Cash dividends declared:
Series A 3 % Preferred–$ 0.75 per share	—	—	—		( 1	)	—		—		( 1	)
Series B-1 8.48 % Preferred–$ 2.12 per share	—	—	—		( 363	)	—		—		( 363	)
Common–$ 0.30 per share	—	—	—		( 4,638	)	—		—		( 4,638	)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$ 17,292	$ 161	$ 124,704	$	469,399	$	( 125,774	)	$ ( 18,115	)	$ 467,667
Comprehensive income (loss):
Net income	—	—	—		13,466		—		—		13,466
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—	—		—		23,745		—		23,745
Purchases of common stock for treasury									( 26	)	( 26	)
Share-based compensation plans:
Share-based compensation	—	—	494		—		—		—		494
Restricted stock units released			( 86	)					86		—
Cash dividends declared:
Series A 3 % Preferred–$ 0.75 per share	—	—	—		( 1	)	—		—		( 1	)
Series B-1 8.48 % Preferred–$ 2.12 per share	—	—	—		( 364	)	—		—		( 364	)
Common–$ 0.30 per share	—	—	—		( 4,639	)	—		—		( 4,639	)
Balance at September 30, 2024	$ 17,292	$ 161	$ 125,112	$	477,861	$	( 102,029	)	$ ( 18,055	)	$ 500,342

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements o f Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025	2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 54,887	$	41,165
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	5,699		5,719
Net (accretion) amortization of (discounts) premiums on securities	( 4,109	)	2,014
Provision (benefit) for credit losses	8,222		( 311	)
Share-based compensation	2,216		1,809
Deferred income tax expense	5,776		1,094
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale	33,488		34,491
Originations of loans held for sale	( 32,918	)	( 35,184	)
Income on company owned life insurance	( 8,591	)	( 4,062	)
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale	( 542	)	( 432	)
Net gain on sale or call of investment securities	( 706	)	—
Net gain on sale of assets of subsidiary	—		( 13,658	)
Net loss on sale and disposal of other assets	281		25
Decrease in other assets	15,800		31,113
Decrease in other liabilities	( 82,105	)	( 13,672	)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	( 2,602	)	50,111
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of investment securities:
Available for sale	( 137,957	)	( 131,401	)
Held to maturity	( 2,359	)	( 1,059	)
Proceeds from principal payments, maturities and calls on investment securities:
Available for sale securities	58,971		155,734
Held to maturity	30,692		27,772
Proceeds from sales of available for sale securities	94,142		—
Proceeds from sales of securities–held to maturity	—		—
Net increase in loans	( 119,699	)	53,242
Purchase of company owned life insurance, net of benefits received	( 72,086	)	1
Proceeds received from surrender of company owned life insurance	73,958		—
Proceeds from sale of assets of subsidiary	—		27,000
Purchases of premises and equipment	( 3,427	)	( 4,571	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	( 77,765	)	126,718
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase in deposits	253,078		93,689
Short-term borrowings, by original maturity:
More than three months - repayments	—		( 63,000	)
Three months or less, net	( 44,000	)	( 67,000	)
Repayment of long-term borrowings	( 10,000	)	—
Purchases of common stock for treasury	( 515	)	( 422	)
Cash dividends paid to common and preferred shareholders	( 19,572	)	( 14,969	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	178,991		( 51,702	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	98,624		125,127
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	87,321		124,442
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$ 185,945	$	249,569

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(1.) BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations

Financial Institutions, Inc. (individually referred to herein as the “Parent Company,” or “Parent,” and together with its subsidiaries, collectively referred to herein as the “Company”) is a financial holding company organized in 1931 under the laws of New York State (“New York”). The Company provides diversified financial services through its subsidiaries, Five Star Bank (the “Bank”) and Courier Capital, LLC (“Courier Capital”). The Company offers a broad array of deposit, lending and other financial services to individuals, municipalities and businesses in Western and Central New York through its wholly owned New York chartered banking subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank also has commercial loan production offices in Ellicott City (Baltimore), Maryland and Syracuse, New York, and indirect lending network relationships with franchised automobile dealers in the Capital District of New York. Effective January 1, 2024, the Company exited the Pennsylvania automobile market to align our focus more fully around its core Upstate New York market. Courier Capital provides customized investment management, investment consulting and retirement plan services to individuals, businesses, institutions, foundations and retirement plans. The Company previously offered a Banking-as-a-Service (“BaaS”) business to non-bank financial service providers and other financial technology firms, or FinTechs, allowing them to provide banking services to their end users. On September 16, 2024, the Company issued a press release announcing its intent to begin an orderly wind down of its BaaS offerings, following a careful review by the Company’s executive management and Board of Directors undertaken in conjunction with its annual strategic planning process. The Company had approximately $ 7 million of BaaS-related deposits on the balance sheet at September 30, 2025, and expects the remaining balance to flow out in early 2026.

On April 1, 2024, the Company announced and closed the sale of the assets of its former subsidiary SDN Insurance Agency, LLC (“SDN”), which provided a broad range of insurance services to personal and business clients, to NFP Property & Casualty Services, Inc., a subsidiary of NFP Corp. The sale generated $ 27 million in proceeds, or a pre-tax gain of $ 13.7 million, after selling costs, of which $ 13.5 million was recorded to net gain (loss) on other assets in the Company’s statement of operations in the second quarter of 2024. The all-cash transaction value represented approximately four t imes our 2023 insurance revenue. Following the sale of the assets of SDN, the Company changed the name of the entity to Five Star Advisors LLC and expects to utilize it to serve as a conduit to refer insurance business to NFP.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accounting and reporting policies conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. However, in the opinion of management, the accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated statements of financial condition, income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the periods indicated and contain adequate disclosures to make the information presented not misleading. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 . The results of operations for any interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for the entire year or any other period.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications of previously reported amounts have been made to conform to the current year’s presentation. Such reclassifications did not impact net income or shareholders’ equity as previously reported.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgments and are evaluated on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors including the current economic environment. The Company adjusts these estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(1.) BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)

Cash Flow Reporting

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits in other banks. Net cash flows are reported for loans, deposit transactions and short-term borrowings.

Supplemental cash flow information is summarized as follows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 (in thousands):

	2025	2024
Supplemental information:
Cash paid for interest	$ 94,465	$ 121,197
Cash paid for income taxes	—	3,526
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Real estate and other assets acquired in settlement of loans	142	181
Accrued and declared unpaid dividends	6,601	5,004

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments expand the disclosure requirements of segment expenses, as well as adding disclosure of the title and position of the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources is also required. The amendments became effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Refer to Note 15, Segment Reporting, for disclosures required by this update.

Standards Not Yet Effective

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Tax (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments expand the disclosure requirements of income taxes, primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The guidance also eliminates certain existing disclosure requirements related to uncertain tax positions and unrecognized deferred income tax liabilities. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses . The amendments require the disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses, in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Legislative Developments

On July 4, 2025, the President signed H.R. 1, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (the “OBBB Act”), into law. The legislation includes several changes to federal tax law that generally allow for more favorable deductibility of certain business expenses beginning in 2025, including the restoration of immediate expensing of domestic R&D expenditures, reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation, and more favorable rules for determining the limitation on business interest expense. The OBBB Act also made certain changes to the deductibility of the cost of meals and charitable contributions that are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of the OBBB Act and does not expect it to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(2.) EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (“EPS”)

The following table presents a reconciliation of the earnings and shares used in calculating basic and diluted EPS (in thousands, except per share amounts). All outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends are considered participating securities. There were no participating securities outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Therefore, the two-class method of calculating basic and diluted EPS was not applicable for the periods presented.

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024		2025		2024
Net income available to common shareholders	$ 20,112	$	13,101	$	53,793	$	40,071
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Total shares issued	20,700		16,100		20,700		16,100
Unvested restricted stock awards	( 8	)	( 10	)	( 9	)	( 10	)
Treasury shares	( 570	)	( 626	)	( 590	)	( 653	)
Total basic weighted average common shares outstanding	20,122		15,464		20,101		15,437
Incremental shares from assumed:
Vesting of restricted stock awards	214		172		205		145
Total diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	20,336		15,636		20,306		15,582
Basic earnings per common share	$ 1.00	$	0.85	$	2.68	$	2.60
Diluted earnings per common share	$ 0.99	$	0.84	$	2.65	$	2.57

On December 13, 2024, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 4,600,000 common shares at $ 25.00 per share.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 , no average shares were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the effect would be antidilutive.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities are summarized below (in thousands):

	Amortized — Cost	Gains	Unrealized — Losses	Fair — Value
September 30, 2025
Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal National Mortgage Association	$ 274,642	$ 4,623	$ 4,851	$ 274,414
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	266,560	3,376	17,666	252,270
Government National Mortgage Association	270,740	7	22,499	248,248
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Federal National Mortgage Association	27,729	204	1,012	26,921
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	16,220	136	2,192	14,164
Government National Mortgage Association	69,925	910	—	70,835
Total mortgage-backed securities	925,816	9,256	48,220	886,852
Other debt securities	36,641	316	217	36,740
Total available for sale securities	$ 962,457	$ 9,572	$ 48,437	$ 923,592
Securities held to maturity:
U.S. Government agency and government sponsored enterprises	$ 6,776	$ —	$ 163	$ 6,613
State and political subdivisions	33,792	39	4,915	28,916
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal National Mortgage Association	4,809	—	377	4,432
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	7,251	—	1,073	6,178
Government National Mortgage Association	16,677	—	1,637	15,040
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Federal National Mortgage Association	6,315	—	415	5,900
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	9,388	—	454	8,934
Government National Mortgage Association	2,619	—	155	2,464
Total mortgage-backed securities	47,059	—	4,111	42,948
Total held to maturity securities	87,627	$ 39	$ 9,189	$ 78,477
Allowance for credit losses–securities	( 2	)
Total held to maturity securities, net	$ 87,625
December 31, 2024
Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal National Mortgage Association	287,416	1	9,447	277,970
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	350,495	206	25,355	325,346
Government National Mortgage Association	216,392	84	23,210	193,266
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Federal National Mortgage Association	14,720	—	1,320	13,400
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	20,357	136	2,732	17,761
Government National Mortgage Association	74,677	3	404	74,276
Privately issued	—	365	—	365
Total mortgage-backed securities	964,057	795	62,468	902,384
Other debt securities	8,663	69	11	8,721
Total available for sale securities	$ 972,720	$ 864	$ 62,479	$ 911,105

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES (Continued)

	Amortized — Cost	Gains	Unrealized — Losses	Fair — Value
December 31, 2024 (continued)
Securities held to maturity:
U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored enterprises	$ 16,663	$ —	$ 512	$ 16,151
State and political subdivisions	45,333	26	5,192	40,167
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal National Mortgage Association	5,120	—	580	4,540
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	7,365	—	1,367	5,998
Government National Mortgage Association	18,410	—	2,217	16,193
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Federal National Mortgage Association	8,777	—	658	8,119
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	11,309	—	727	10,582
Government National Mortgage Association	3,026	—	220	2,806
Total mortgage-backed securities	54,007	—	5,769	48,238
Total held to maturity securities	116,003	$ 26	$ 11,473	$ 104,556
Allowance for credit losses–securities	( 2	)
Total held to maturity securities, net	$ 116,001

The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable (“AIR”) from the amortized cost basis of debt securities disclosed throughout this footnote. For available for sale (“AFS”) debt securities, AIR totaled $ 3.5 million and $ 3.4 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. For held to maturity (“HTM”) debt securities, AIR totaled $ 447 thousand and $ 456 thousand as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. AIR is included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 , the provision for credit losses for HTM investment securities was less than $ 1 thousand in each period.

Investment securities with a total fair value of $ 939.7 million and $ 828.8 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were pledged as collateral to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

The proceeds and related gain or loss on sales of AFS securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025	2024
Proceeds from sales	$ 29,186	$ —	$ 94,142	$	—
Gross realized gains	703	—	1,311		—
Gross realized losses	—	—	( 605	)	—

On December 13, 2024, the Company completed a public, underwritten common stock offering, further discussed in Note 9 , Shareholders’ Equity. A portion of the proceeds from the stock offering was used to fund losses on the sale of $ 653.5 million of available for sale securities for a pre-tax loss of $ 100.2 million and the Company used the net proceeds from the sale of the securities to purchase higher-yielding agency wrapped investments with a face value of $ 642.6 million in December 2024.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES (Continued)

The scheduled maturities of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity at September 30, 2025 are shown below (in thousands). Actual expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

	Amortized	Fair
	Cost	Value
Debt securities available for sale:
Due in one year or less	$ —	$ —
Due from one to five years	9	9
Due after five years through ten years	60,485	60,871
Due after ten years	901,963	862,712
Total available for sale securities	$ 962,457	$ 923,592
Debt securities held to maturity:
Due in one year or less	$ 7,128	$ 7,130
Due from one to five years	14,869	14,250
Due after five years through ten years	17,924	15,869
Due after ten years	47,706	41,228
Total held to maturity securities	$ 87,627	$ 78,477

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES (Continued)

Unrealized losses on investment securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded and the fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows (in thousands):

	Less than 12 months — Fair	Unrealized	12 months or longer — Fair	Unrealized	Total — Fair	Unrealized
	Value	Losses	Value	Losses	Value	Losses
September 30, 2025
Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal National Mortgage Association	$ —	$ —	$ 19,438	$ 4,851	$ 19,438	$ 4,851
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	—	—	67,826	17,666	67,826	17,666
Government National Mortgage Association	131,658	2,467	107,980	20,032	239,638	22,499
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Federal National Mortgage Association	—	—	3,635	1,012	3,635	1,012
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	—	—	7,370	2,192	7,370	2,192
Government National Mortgage Association	—	—	—	—	—	—
Total mortgage-backed securities	131,658	2,467	206,249	45,753	337,907	48,220
Other debt securities	17,275	217	—	—	17,275	217
Total AFS debt securities with unrealized losses	$ 148,933	$ 2,684	$ 206,249	$ 45,753	$ 355,182	$ 48,437
December 31, 2024
Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Federal National Mortgage Association	258,197	3,525	19,732	5,922	277,929	9,447
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	228,956	2,941	75,647	22,414	304,603	25,355
Government National Mortgage Association	113,772	2,120	69,935	21,090	183,707	23,210
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Federal National Mortgage Association	9,742	16	3,658	1,304	13,400	1,320
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	2,411	29	7,655	2,703	10,066	2,732
Government National Mortgage Association	64,493	404			64,493	404
Total mortgage-backed securities	677,571	9,035	176,627	53,433	854,198	62,468
Other debt securities	3,652	11	—	—	3,652	11
Total AFS debt securities with unrealized losses	$ 681,223	$ 9,046	$ 176,627	$ 53,433	$ 857,850	$ 62,479

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(3.) INVESTMENT SECURITIES (Continued)

The total number of AFS securities’ positions in the investment portfolio in an unrealized loss position, for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded, was 52 at September 30, 2025 and 76 at December 31, 2024. At September 30, 2025, the Company had a position in 37 investment securities with a fair value of $ 206.2 million and a total unrealized loss of $ 45.8 million that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months, and a total of 15 securities’ positions in the Company’s investment portfolio with a fair value of $ 148.9 million and a total unrealized loss of $ 2.7 million that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. At December 31, 2024, the Company had a position in 37 investment securities with a fair value of $ 176.6 million and a total unrealized loss of $ 53.4 million that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months, and a total of 39 securities’ positions in the Company’s investment portfolio with a fair value of $ 681.2 million and a total unrealized loss of $ 9.0 million that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months. The unrealized loss on investment securities was predominantly caused by changes in market interest rates subsequent to purchase. The fair value of most of the Company’s portfolio fluctuates as market interest rates change.

Securities Available for Sale

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 , no al lowance for credit losses had been recognized on AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as management does not believe any of the securities were impaired due to reasons of credit quality. This is based upon our analysis of the underlying risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to our available for sale securities and in consideration of our historical credit loss experience and internal forecasts. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Furthermore, the Company expects to recover the amortized cost basis of its investments and more than likely will not need to sell before the recovery period for operating purposes, with no impairment identified. As the portfolio is managed from a liquidity, earnings, and risk standpoint, sales from the AFS portfolio may be warranted based upon prevailing market factors. The unrealized losses are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline.

Securities Held to Maturity

The Company’s HTM investment securities include debt securities that are issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. In addition, the Company’s HTM investment securities include debt securities that are issued by state and local government agencies, or municipal bonds.

The Company monitors the credit quality of our municipal bonds through the use of a credit rating agency or by ratings that are derived by an internal scoring model. The scoring methodology for the internally derived ratings is based on a series of financial ratios for the municipality being reviewed as compared to typical industry figures. This information is used to determine the financial strengths and weaknesses of the municipality, which is indicated with a numeric rating. This number is then converted into a letter rating to better match the system used by the credit rating agencies. As of September 30, 2025, $ 29.1 million of our municipal bonds were rated as an equivalent to Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA, with $ 4.7 million internally rated to be the equivalent of Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA rating. Additionally, no municipal bonds were rated below investment grade. As of December 31, 2024, $ 41.9 million of our municipal bonds were rated as an equivalent to Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA, with $ 3.4 million internally rated to be the equivalent of Standard & Poor’s A/AA/AAA rating, and no municipal bonds were rated below investment grade.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 , the Company had no past due or nonaccrual held to maturity investment securities.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS

The Company’s loan portfolio consisted of the following as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	Principal Amount Outstanding	Net Deferred Loan (Fees) Costs
September 30, 2025
Commercial business	$ 739,821	$ 782	$	740,603
Commercial mortgage–construction	443,726	( 2,692	)	441,034
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	593,380	( 746	)	592,634
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	895,038	( 1,154	)	893,884
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	321,555	—		321,555
Residential real estate loans	639,086	9,311		648,397
Residential real estate lines	72,901	3,208		76,109
Consumer indirect	812,833	25,838		838,671
Other consumer	37,597	( 61	)	37,536
Total	$ 4,555,937	$ 34,486		4,590,423
Allowance for credit losses–loans				( 47,292	)
Total loans, net			$	4,543,131
December 31, 2024
Commercial business	$ 664,846	$ 475	$	665,321
Commercial mortgage–construction	584,296	( 1,677	)	582,619
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	471,499	( 545	)	470,954
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	859,079	( 1,092	)	857,987
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	288,042	( 6	)	288,036
Residential real estate loans	639,466	10,740		650,206
Residential real estate lines	72,308	3,244		75,552
Consumer indirect	819,116	26,656		845,772
Other consumer	42,827	( 70	)	42,757
Total	$ 4,441,479	$ 37,725		4,479,204
Allowance for credit losses–loans				( 48,041	)
Total loans, net			$	4,431,163

Loans held for sale (not included above) were comprised entirely of residential real estate mortgages and totaled $ 2.3 million as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company sells certain qualifying newly originated or refinanced residential real estate loans on the secondary market. Residential real estate loans serviced for others, which are not included in the consolidated statements of financial condition, amounted to $ 289.2 million and $ 280.8 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The Company elected to exclude AIR from the amortized cost basis of loans disclosed throughout this footnote. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, AIR for loans totaled $ 21.5 million and $ 19.9 million , respectively, and is included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

Past Due Loans Aging

The Company’s recorded investment, by loan class, in current and nonaccrual loans, as well as an analysis of accruing delinquent loans is set forth as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	30-59 Days Past Due	60-89 Days Past Due	Greater Than 90 Days	Total Past Due	Nonaccrual	Current	Total Loans	Nonaccrual with no specific allowance
September 30, 2025
Commercial business	$ 179	$ 7	$ —	$ 186	$ 3,799	$ 735,836	$ 739,821	$ 538
Commercial mortgage–construction	—	2,417	—	2,417	19,794	421,515	443,726	19,794
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	4,161	—	—	4,161	540	588,679	593,380	540
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	—	—	—	—	—	895,038	895,038	—
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	—	—	—	—	1,102	320,453	321,555	567
Residential real estate loans	1,897	126	—	2,023	5,877	631,186	639,086	5,877
Residential real estate lines	596	85	—	681	212	72,008	72,901	212
Consumer indirect	7,471	2,009	—	9,480	2,482	800,871	812,833	2,482
Other consumer	133	141	—	274	145	37,178	37,597	145
Total loans, gross	$ 14,437	$ 4,785	$ —	$ 19,222	$ 33,951	$ 4,502,764	$ 4,555,937	$ 30,155
December 31, 2024
Commercial business	$ 293	$ 9	$ 8	$ 310	$ 5,609	$ 658,927	$ 664,846	$ 427
Commercial mortgage–construction	-	2,285	-	2,285	20,280	561,731	584,296	19,460
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	-	-	-	-	-	471,499	471,499	-
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	256	-	-	256	4,773	854,050	859,079	4,773
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	-	-	-	-	354	287,688	288,042	354
Residential real estate loans	3,435	95	-	3,530	6,918	629,018	639,466	6,918
Residential real estate lines	370	47	-	417	253	71,638	72,308	253
Consumer indirect	12,734	2,219	-	14,953	3,157	801,006	819,116	3,157
Other consumer	109	135	35	279	19	42,529	42,827	19
Total loans, gross	$ 17,197	$ 4,790	$ 43	$ 22,030	$ 41,363	$ 4,378,086	$ 4,441,479	$ 35,361

There were no consumer overdrafts which were past due greater than 90 days as of September 30, 2025 and $ 35 thousand as of December 31, 2024. Consumer overdrafts are overdrawn deposit accounts which have been reclassified as loans but by their terms do not accrue interest.

Interest income on nonaccrual loans, if recognized, is recorded using the cash basis method of accounting. There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Estimated interest income of $ 195 thousand and $ 324 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $ 822 thousand and $ 519 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, would have been recorded if all such loans had been accruing interest according to their original contractual terms.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Loans may be modified when it is determined that a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Loan modifications may include principal forgiveness, interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, and term extensions, or a combination of these concessions.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by loan class and type of concession granted, for the following periods (in thousands):

	Term Extension — Three months ended September 30,		Nine months ended September 30,
	2025	2024	2025	2024
Loan Type
Commercial business	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —
Commercial mortgage–construction	—	—	—	—
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	—	—	—	—
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	—	—	—	—
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	—	—	—	—
Residential real estate loans	814	319	1,498	768
Residential real estate lines	—	—	—	—
Consumer indirect	—	—	—	—
Other consumer	—	—	—	—
Total	$ 814	$ 319	$ 1,498	$ 768

The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

Term Extension
Loan Type	Financial Effect
Residential real estate loans	Added a weighted average 10.0 years to the life of the loan, which reduced the monthly payment amount for the borrower.

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the twelve months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

	Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis) — Current	30-89 Days Past Due	90+ Days Past Due
Loan Type
Commercial business	$ —	$ —	$ —
Commercial mortgage–construction	—	—	—
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	—	—	—
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	—	—	—
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	—	—	—
Residential real estate loans	1,358	—	140
Residential real estate lines	—	—	—
Consumer indirect	—	—	—
Other consumer	—	—	—
Total	$ 1,358	$ —	$ 140

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

Collateral Dependent Loans

Management has determined that specific commercial loans on nonaccrual status, all loans that have had their terms restructured when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and other loans deemed appropriate by management where repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral to be collateral dependent loans. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans by collateral type as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

	Collateral type — Business assets	Real property	Total	Specific Reserve
September 30, 2025
Commercial business	$ 5,872	$ 3,155	$ 9,027	$ 3,018
Commercial mortgage–construction	—	19,794	19,794	—
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	—	4,751	4,751	—
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	—	12,994	12,994	—
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	—	1,427	1,427	90
Total	$ 5,872	$ 42,121	$ 47,993	$ 3,108
December 31, 2024
Commercial business	$ 5,860	$ 5,000	$ 10,860	$ 2,073
Commercial mortgage–construction	—	29,792	29,792	820
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	—	—	—	—
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	—	17,767	17,767	—
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	—	720	720	—
Total	$ 5,860	$ 53,279	$ 59,139	$ 2,893

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors such as the fair value of collateral. The Company analyzes commercial business and commercial mortgage loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. Risk ratings are updated any time the situation warrants. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. Due to the high probability of loss, nonaccrual accounting is required for all assets listed as doubtful.

Loans that do not meet the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the process described above are considered “uncriticized” or pass-rated loans and are included in groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk and loss characteristics.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

The following tables set forth the Company’s commercial loan portfolio, categorized by internally assigned asset classification, as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year — 2025	2024	2023	2022	2021	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	Revolving Loans Converted to Term	Total
September 30, 2025
Commercial business:
Uncriticized	$ 100,179	$ 95,543	$ 78,534	$ 70,148	$ 35,693	$ 26,945	$ 307,062	$ —	$ 714,104
Special mention	26	2,443	4,119	5	11	522	7,253	—	14,379
Substandard	—	117	321	8	—	173	7,860	—	8,479
Doubtful	—	62	—	3,099	21	172	287	—	3,641
Total	$ 100,205	$ 98,165	$ 82,974	$ 73,260	$ 35,725	$ 27,812	$ 322,462	$ —	$ 740,603
Current period gross write-offs	$ —	$ 75	$ —	$ 1,953	$ 14	$ 173	$ —	$ —	$ 2,215
Commercial mortgage–construction
Uncriticized	$ 31,139	$ 90,014	$ 144,738	$ 137,431	$ —	$ 5,993	$ —	$ —	$ 409,315
Special mention	—	—	6,241	3,267	2,417	—	—	—	11,925
Substandard	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Doubtful	—	—	—	—	19,794	—	—	—	19,794
Total	$ 31,139	$ 90,014	$ 150,979	$ 140,698	$ 22,211	$ 5,993	$ —	$ —	$ 441,034
Current period gross write-offs	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —
Commercial mortgage–multifamily
Uncriticized	$ 69,317	$ 23,744	$ 105,847	$ 129,967	$ 146,912	$ 99,123	$ —	$ —	$ 574,910
Special mention	—	—	—	316	4,583	7,418	—	—	12,317
Substandard	—	—	—	4,211	—	656	—	—	4,867
Doubtful	—	—	—	—	—	540	—	—	540
Total	$ 69,317	$ 23,744	$ 105,847	$ 134,494	$ 151,495	$ 107,737	$ —	$ —	$ 592,634
Current period gross write-offs	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied
Uncriticized	$ 105,314	$ 86,403	$ 68,679	$ 238,220	$ 78,024	$ 298,392	$ —	$ —	$ 875,032
Special mention	—	—	—	—	—	5,683	—	—	5,683
Substandard	—	—	12,994	—	—	175	—	—	13,169
Doubtful	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Total	$ 105,314	$ 86,403	$ 81,673	$ 238,220	$ 78,024	$ 304,250	$ —	$ —	$ 893,884
Current period gross write-offs	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ 597	$ —	$ —	$ 597
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied
Uncriticized	$ 24,181	$ 69,091	$ 23,805	$ 63,734	$ 37,786	$ 96,682	$ —	$ —	$ 315,279
Special mention	2,250	—	—	—	—	1,976	—	—	4,226
Substandard	—	—	—	—	202	746	—	—	948
Doubtful	—	—	—	—	—	1,102	—	—	1,102
Total	$ 26,431	$ 69,091	$ 23,805	$ 63,734	$ 37,988	$ 100,506	$ —	$ —	$ 321,555
Current period gross write-offs	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year — 2024	2023	2022	2021	2020	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	Revolving Loans Converted to Term	Total
December 31, 2024
Commercial business:
Uncriticized	$ 121,094	$ 90,618	$ 69,669	$ 43,566	$ 20,745	$ 19,409	$ 267,186	$ -	$ 632,287
Special mention	2,218	4,814	297	57	8	1,678	9,297	-	18,369
Substandard	169	937	20	19	22	184	7,789	-	9,140
Doubtful	-	-	5,039	21	-	172	293	-	5,525
Total	$ 123,481	$ 96,369	$ 75,025	$ 43,663	$ 20,775	$ 21,443	$ 284,565	$ -	$ 665,321
Current period gross write-offs	$ -	$ 5	$ -	$ 20	$ -	$ 274	$ -	$ -	$ 299
Commercial mortgage–construction
Uncriticized	$ 52,470	$ 175,559	$ 311,182	$ 3,753	$ 341	$ 6,516	$ -	$ -	$ 549,821
Special mention	-	-	722	2,284	-	-	-	-	3,006
Substandard	-	-	-	-	-	9,512	-	-	9,512
Doubtful	-	820	-	19,460	-	-	-	-	20,280
Total	$ 52,470	$ 176,379	$ 311,904	$ 25,497	$ 341	$ 16,028	$ -	$ -	$ 582,619
Current period gross write-offs	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Commercial mortgage–multifamily
Uncriticized	$ 26,339	$ 105,838	$ 43,924	$ 143,994	$ 65,206	$ 67,715	$ -	$ -	$ 453,016
Special mention	-	-	3,625	-	6,825	6,234	-	-	16,684
Substandard	-	-	-	-	463	791	-	-	1,254
Doubtful	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Total	$ 26,339	$ 105,838	$ 47,549	$ 143,994	$ 72,494	$ 74,740	$ -	$ -	$ 470,954
Current period gross write-offs	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 13	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 13
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied
Uncriticized	$ 83,677	$ 66,338	$ 245,618	$ 99,175	$ 82,368	$ 250,316	$ -	$ -	$ 827,492
Special mention	-	-	-	4,691	-	7,829	-	-	12,520
Substandard	-	12,994	-	208	-	-	-	-	13,202
Doubtful	-	-	293	-	-	4,480	-	-	4,773
Total	$ 83,677	$ 79,332	$ 245,911	$ 104,074	$ 82,368	$ 262,625	$ -	$ -	$ 857,987
Current period gross write-offs	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied
Uncriticized	$ 67,060	$ 41,274	$ 48,517	$ 34,049	$ 43,528	$ 50,967	$ -	$ -	$ 285,395
Special mention	-	-	451	-	126	1,110	-	-	1,687
Substandard	-	-	224	-	366	10	-	-	600
Doubtful	-	-	-	-	-	354	-	-	354
Total	$ 67,060	$ 41,274	$ 49,192	$ 34,049	$ 44,020	$ 52,441	$ -	$ -	$ 288,036
Current period gross write-offs	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

The Company utilizes payment status as a means of identifying and reporting problem and potential problem retail loans. The Company considers nonaccrual loans and loans past due greater than 90 days and still accruing interest to be non-performing. The following tables set forth the Company’s retail loan portfolio, categorized by performance status, as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year — 2025	2024	2023	2022	2021	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	Revolving Loans Converted to Term	Total
September 30, 2025
Residential real estate loans:
Performing	$ 22,680	$ 57,367	$ 106,461	$ 73,081	$ 70,826	$ 310,905	$ —	$ —	$ 641,320
Nonperforming	—	112	514	506	1,005	3,748	—	—	5,885
Total	$ 22,680	$ 57,479	$ 106,975	$ 73,587	$ 71,831	$ 314,653	$ —	$ —	$ 647,205
Current period gross write-offs	$ —	$ —	$ 17	$ —	$ 129	$ 16	$ —	$ —	$ 162
Residential real estate lines:
Performing	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ 71,496	$ 3,880	$ 75,376
Nonperforming	—	—	—	—	—	—	141	158	299
Total	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ 71,637	$ 4,038	$ 75,675
Current period gross write-offs	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ —	$ 27	$ 27
Consumer indirect:
Performing	$ 158,095	$ 187,733	$ 151,811	$ 185,473	$ 111,617	$ 36,152	$ —	$ —	$ 830,881
Nonperforming	75	313	570	816	506	291	—	—	2,571
Total	$ 158,170	$ 188,046	$ 152,381	$ 186,289	$ 112,123	$ 36,443	$ —	$ —	$ 833,452
Current period gross write-offs	$ 17	$ 1,095	$ 1,915	$ 3,163	$ 1,918	$ 869	$ —	$ —	$ 8,977
Other consumer:
Performing	$ 3,095	$ 5,689	$ 24,572	$ 1,713	$ 455	$ 300	$ 2,250	$ —	$ 38,074
Nonperforming	—	10	171	7	—	—	37	—	225
Total	$ 3,095	$ 5,699	$ 24,743	$ 1,720	$ 455	$ 300	$ 2,287	$ —	$ 38,299
Current period gross write-offs	$ 175	$ 87	$ 414	$ 29	$ 11	$ 11	$ 26	$ —	$ 753

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year — 2024	2023	2022	2021	2020	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis	Revolving Loans Converted to Term	Total
December 31, 2024
Residential real estate loans:
Performing	$ 54,345	$ 110,882	$ 75,264	$ 73,754	$ 99,943	$ 229,100	$ -	$ -	$ 643,288
Nonperforming	-	658	625	1,410	1,436	2,789	-	-	6,918
Total	$ 54,345	$ 111,540	$ 75,889	$ 75,164	$ 101,379	$ 231,889	$ -	$ -	$ 650,206
Current period gross write-offs	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 109	$ -	$ -	$ 109
Residential real estate lines:
Performing	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 71,059	$ 4,240	$ 75,299
Nonperforming	-	-	-	-	-	-	74	179	253
Total	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 71,133	$ 4,419	$ 75,552
Current period gross write-offs	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Consumer indirect:
Performing	$ 215,964	$ 183,917	$ 235,262	$ 149,499	$ 41,773	$ 16,200	$ -	$ -	$ 842,615
Nonperforming	262	482	1,130	694	351	238	-	-	3,157
Total	$ 216,226	$ 184,399	$ 236,392	$ 150,193	$ 42,124	$ 16,438	$ -	$ -	$ 845,772
Current period gross write-offs	$ 361	$ 4,814	$ 5,964	$ 4,621	$ 1,708	$ 1,511	$ -	$ -	$ 18,979
Other consumer:
Performing	$ 7,482	$ 28,777	$ 2,316	$ 729	$ 281	$ 242	$ 2,876	$ -	$ 42,703
Nonperforming	3	2	1	6	1	-	41	-	54
Total	$ 7,485	$ 28,779	$ 2,317	$ 735	$ 282	$ 242	$ 2,917	$ -	$ 42,757
Current period gross write-offs	$ 527	$ 129	$ 124	$ 33	$ 27	$ 11	$ 92	$ -	$ 943

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

Allowance for Credit Losses–Loans

The following table sets forth the changes in the allowance for credit losses – loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

	Commercial Business	Construction		Multi- family		Non-Owner Occupied		Owner Occupied		Loans		Lines		Consumer Indirect		Other Consumer		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2025
Allowance for credit losses–loans:
Beginning balance	$ 8,996	$	4,514	$	3,930	$	8,868	$	3,087	$	4,638	$	969	$	11,783	$	506	$	47,291
Charge-offs	( 140	)	—		—		—		—		—		—		( 3,762	)	( 447	)	( 4,349	)
Recoveries	17		357		—		1		1		25		—		1,836		51		2,288
(Benefit) provision	897		( 1,046	)	( 131	)	299		378		( 471	)	( 48	)	1,828		356		2,062
Ending balance	$ 9,770	$	3,825	$	3,799	$	9,168	$	3,466	$	4,192	$	921	$	11,685	$	466	$	47,292
Nine months ended September 30, 2025
Beginning balance	$ 8,665	$	6,824	$	3,458	$	7,330	$	4,183	$	3,596	$	793	$	12,705	$	487	$	48,041
Charge-offs	( 2,215	)	—		—		( 597	)	—		( 162	)	( 27	)	( 12,739	)	( 1,200	)	( 16,940	)
Recoveries	132		357		—		3		3		54		—		7,722		189		8,460
(Benefit) provision	3,188		( 3,356	)	341		2,432		( 720	)	704		155		3,997		990		7,731
Ending balance	$ 9,770	$	3,825	$	3,799	$	9,168	$	3,466	$	4,192	$	921	$	11,685	$	466	$	47,292
		Commercial Mortgage								Residential Real Estate
	Commercial Business	Construction		Multi- family		Non-Owner Occupied		Owner Occupied		Loans		Lines		Consumer Indirect		Other Consumer		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2024
Allowance for credit losses–loans:
Beginning balance	$ 12,246	$	3,746	$	3,449	$	6,052	$	2,118	$	4,211	$	769	$	10,842	$	519	$	43,952
Charge-offs	( 40	)	—		( 13	)	—		—		( 2	)	—		( 4,410	)	( 187	)	( 4,652	)
Recoveries	43		—		1		1		1		3		—		2,857		81		2,987
Provision	( 3,774	)	1,656		( 828	)	1,425		2,081		( 417	)	64		2,057		127		2,391
Ending balance	$ 8,475	$	5,402	$	2,609	$	7,478	$	4,200	$	3,795	$	833	$	11,346	$	540	$	44,678
Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Beginning balance	$ 13,102	$	3,710	$	4,009	$	6,074	$	2,065	$	5,286	$	764	$	14,099	$	1,973		51,082
Charge-offs	( 110	)	—		( 13	)	—		—		( 109	)	—		( 14,373	)	( 767	)	( 15,372	)
Recoveries	143		—		—		3		4		10		—		9,003		301		9,464
Provision (benefit)	( 4,660	)	1,692		( 1,387	)	1,401		2,131		( 1,392	)	69		2,617		( 967	)	( 496	)
Ending balance	$ 8,475	$	5,402	$	2,609	$	7,478	$	4,200	$	3,795	$	833	$	11,346	$	540	$	44,678

Risk Characteristics

Loans are pooled based on their homogeneous risk characteristics. The Company has divided its loan portfolio into segments, as the loans within each segment have similar characteristics related to loan purpose, tenor, amortization, repayment source, payment frequency, collateral and recourse.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(4.) LOANS (Continued)

Commercial business loans primarily consist of loans to small to mid-sized businesses in our market area in a diverse range of industries. These loans are typically associated with higher credit risk and typically are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower’s business. Further, the collateral securing the loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value. The credit risk related to commercial loans is largely influenced by general economic conditions, including inflation, and the resulting impact on a borrower’s operations or on the value of underlying collateral, if any.

Commercial mortgage loans generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than residential mortgage loans, potentially resulting in higher losses on an individual customer basis. Loan repayment is often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, as well as on the collateral securing the loan. Economic events, inflation or conditions in the real estate market could have an adverse impact on the cash flows generated by properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate loans and on the value of such properties, influencing the ability of the tenants to pay rent on these properties. The Company further disaggregated the commercial mortgage loans into the following categories: construction, multifamily, non-owner occupied, and owner occupied based on the risk characteristics of the loans and the Company’s methodology for monitoring and assessing credit risk.

Residential real estate loans (comprised of conventional mortgages and home equity loans) and residential real estate lines of credit (comprised of home equity lines of credit) are generally made based on the borrower’s ability to make repayment from his or her employment and other income but are secured by real property whose value tends to be more easily ascertainable. Credit risk for these types of loans is generally influenced by general economic conditions, the characteristics of individual borrowers, and the nature of the loan collateral.

Consumer indirect and other consumer loans may entail greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans and home equities, particularly in the case of other consumer loans which are primarily unsecured or, in the case of some BaaS loans, secured by depreciable assets such as solar panels, and in the case of indirect consumer loans, secured by depreciable assets such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by inflation and adverse personal circumstances such as job loss, illness or personal bankruptcy, including the heightened risk that such circumstances may arise as a result of inflation. Furthermore, the application of v arious federal and state laws, including bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans.

(5.) LEASES

The Company is obligated under a number of non-cancellable operating lease agreements for land, buildings and equipment with terms, including renewal options reasonably certain to be exercised, extending through 2061. Two building leases were subleased with terms that extended through December 31, 2025.

The following table represents the consolidated statements of financial condition classification of the Company’s right of use assets and lease liabilities (in thousands):

	Balance Sheet Location	September 30, — 2025	2024
Operating Lease Right of Use Assets:
Gross carrying amount	Other assets	$ 40,002	$	39,343
Accumulated amortization	Other assets	( 10,342	)	( 8,974	)
Net book value		$ 29,660	$	30,369
Operating Lease Liabilities:
Right of use lease obligations	Other liabilities	$ 32,149	$	32,763

The weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 19.2 years at September 30, 2025 and the weighted-average discount rate used in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was 3.93 % . The Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term for the discount rate.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(5.) LEASES (Continued)

The following table represents lease costs and other lease information (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024		2025		2024
Lease costs:
Operating lease costs	$ 779	$	775	$	2,338	$	2,327
Variable lease costs (1)	159		139		386		334
Sublease income	( 35	)	( 36	)	( 104	)	( 103	)
Net lease costs	$ 903	$	878	$	2,620	$	2,558
Other information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 754	$	775	$	2,266	$	2,327
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 392	$	139	$	703	$	334

(1) Variable lease costs primarily represent variable payments such as common area maintenance, insurance, taxes and utilities.

Future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more, are as follows at September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

Twelve months ended September 30, — 2025	$ 751
2026	2,931
2027	2,904
2028	2,619
2029	2,317
Thereafter	35,161
Total future minimum operating lease payments	46,683
Amounts representing interest	( 14,534	)
Present value of net future minimum operating lease payments	$ 32,149

(6.) GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1st. The Company did not identify an indication of goodwill impairment for any of its reporting units during the quarter ended September 30, 2025.

The carrying amount of goodwill to taled $ 58.1 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Other Intangible Assets

The Company has other intangible assets that are amortized, consisting of core deposit intangibles and other intangibles (primarily related to customer relationships). Gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization and net book value, were as follows (in thousands):

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(6.) GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Continued)

	September 30, — 2025	2024
Core deposit intangibles:
Gross carrying amount	$ 2,042	$	2,042
Accumulated amortization	( 2,042	)	( 2,042	)
Net book value	$ —	$	—
Other intangibles:
Gross carrying amount	$ 7,243	$	7,243
Accumulated amortization	( 4,921	)	( 4,606	)
Net book value	$ 2,322	$	2,637

Amortization expense for total other intangible assets was $ 103 thousand and $ 315 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $ 112 thousand and $ 443 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The weighted average remaining amortization period for other intangibles was 11.5 years.

As of September 30, 2025, the estimated amortization expense of other intangible assets for the remainder of 2025 and each of the next five years is as follows (in thousands):

2025 (remainder of year)	$
2026	379
2027	343
2028	308
2029	272
2030	236
Thereafter	684
Total	$ 2,322

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(7.) OTHER ASSETS AND OTHER LIABILITIES

A summary of other assets and other liabilities as of the dates indicated are as follows (in thousands):

	September 30,	December 31,
	2025	2024
Other Assets:
Tax credit investments	$ 63,377	$ 71,861
Net deferred tax asset	49,650	60,885
Derivative instruments	30,450	46,133
Operating lease right of use assets	29,660	30,369
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock	18,956	18,261
Accrued interest receivable	25,738	23,748
Other	54,436	50,454
Total other assets	$ 272,267	$ 301,711

	September 30,	December 31,
	2025	2024
Other Liabilities:
Collateral on derivative instruments	$ 23,780	$ 45,960
Derivative instruments	27,602	41,410
Operating lease right of use obligations	32,149	32,763
Accrued interest expense	19,757	25,856
Other	35,235	73,539
Total other liabilities	$ 138,523	$ 219,528

Included in Other Liabilities–Other as of December 31, 2024 was a $ 23.0 million accrual for a contingent litigation liability, which was paid during the third quarter of 2025. Refer to Note 13 , Commitments and Contingencies, for more information related to this legal proceeding.

(8.) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENT AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities, and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company uses interest rate caps and interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. Such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with short-term borrowings or brokered CDs. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The following table summarizes the terms of the Company’s outstanding interest rate swap agreements entered into to manage its exposure to the variability in future cash flows at September 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Effective Date	Expiration Date	Notional Amount	Pay Fixed Rate
4/11/2022	4/11/2027	$ 50,000	0.787 %
1/24/2023	1/24/2026	$ 30,000	3.669 %
5/5/2023	5/5/2026	$ 25,000	3.4615 %

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(8.) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENT AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (Continued)

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s borrowings. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that $ 658 thousand in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to derivatives will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense.

Interest Rate Swaps

The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. These interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting interest rate swaps that the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings.

Credit-risk-related Contingent Features

The Company has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain one or more of the following provisions: (a) if the Company defaults on any of its indebtedness, including a default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations, and (b) if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well-capitalized institution, the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and the Company would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives

The Company extends rate lock agreements to borrowers related to the origination of residential mortgage loans. To mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in these rate lock agreements when the Company intends to sell the related loan, once originated, as well as closed residential mortgage loans held for sale, the Company enters into forward commitments to sell individual residential mortgages. Rate lock agreements and forward commitments are considered derivatives and are recorded at fair value.

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet

The table below presents the notional amounts, respective fair values of the Company’s derivative financial instruments, as well as their classification on the balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

			Asset derivatives			Liability derivatives
	Gross notional amount			Fair value			Fair value
	September 30, 2025	December 31, 2024	Balance Sheet Line Item	September 30, 2025	December 31, 2024	Balance Sheet Line Item	September 30, 2025	December 31, 2024
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Cash flow hedges	$ 105,000	$ 105,000	Other assets	$ 2,738	$ 4,693	Other liabilities	$ —	$ —
Total derivatives	$ 105,000	$ 105,000		$ 2,738	$ 4,693		$ —	$ —
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps (1)	$ 1,173,156	$ 1,123,909	Other assets	$ 27,577	$ 41,318	Other liabilities	$ 27,579	$ 41,319
Credit contracts	89,860	84,845	Other assets	—	—	Other liabilities	—	—
Mortgage banking	6,432	12,770	Other assets	135	122	Other liabilities	23	91
Total derivatives	$ 1,269,448	$ 1,221,524		$ 27,712	$ 41,440		$ 27,602	$ 41,410

(1) The Company was holding collateral of $ 23.8 million and $ 46.0 million against its net obligations under these contracts at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 , respectively.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(8.) DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENT AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (Continued)

Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement

The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the income statement for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

	Line item of gain (loss)	Gain (loss) recognized in income — Three months ended September 30,		Gain (loss) recognized in income — Nine months ended September 30,
Undesignated derivatives	recognized in income	2025	2024	2025	2024
Interest rate swaps	Income from derivative instruments, net	$ 794	$ 212	$ 1,219	$ 661
Credit contracts	Income from derivative instruments, net	—	—	137	5
Mortgage banking	Income from derivative instruments, net	53	—	80	97
Total undesignated		$ 847	$ 212	$ 1,436	$ 763

(9.) SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Common Stock

The changes in shares of common stock were as follows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

2025
Shares at December 31, 2024	20,076,572		622,984		20,699,556
Restricted stock awards issued	667		( 667	)	—
Stock awards	654		( 654	)	—
Restricted stock units released	50,270		( 50,270	)	—
Treasury stock purchases	( 18,451	)	18,451		—
Shares at March 31, 2025	20,109,712		589,844		20,699,556
Restricted stock awards issued	14,971		( 14,971	)	—
Stock awards	2,892		( 2,892	)	—
Shares at June 30, 2025	20,127,575		571,981		20,699,556
Restricted stock units released	3,300		( 3,300	)	—
Treasury stock purchases	( 1,242	)	1,242		—
Shares at September 30, 2025	20,129,633		569,923		20,699,556
2024
Shares at December 31, 2023	15,407,406		692,150		16,099,556
Restricted stock units released	60,989		( 60,989	)	—
Treasury stock purchases	( 21,446	)	21,446		—
Shares at March 31, 2024	15,446,949		652,607		16,099,556
Restricted stock awards issued	22,011		( 22,011	)	—
Restricted stock awards forfeited	( 1,000	)	1,000		—
Stock awards	4,141		( 4,141	)	—
Restricted stock units released	500		( 500	)	—
Treasury stock purchases	( 206	)	206		—
Shares at June 30, 2024	15,472,395		627,161		16,099,556
Restricted stock awards released	3,000		( 3,000	)	—
Treasury stock purchases	( 1,081	)	1,081		—
Shares at September 30, 2024	15,474,314		625,242		16,099,556

(9.) SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (CONTINUED)

Common Stock Offering

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

On December 13, 2024, the Company completed a public, underwritten offering of 4,600,000 shares of common stock at $ 25.00 per share, which included 600,000 as a result of the underwriters’ exercise of their overallotment option. The Company received net proceeds of $ 108.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses from the sale of its common stock.

Share Repurchase Programs

In September 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) authorized a share repurchase program, for up to 1,006,379 shares of its common stock, or approximately 5 % of the Company’s then outstanding common shares, which replaced and terminated the prior share repurchase program authorized by the Board in June 2022. Repurchased shares are recorded in treasury stock, at cost, which includes any applicable transaction costs. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to purchase any shares and it may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time. As of September 30, 2025 , no shares have been repurchased under this program.

(10.) ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

The following tables present the components of other comprehensive (loss) income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

	Pre-tax Amount
Three months ended September 30, 2025
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
Change in unrealized loss during the period	$ 8,375	$	2,145	$	6,230
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income (1)	( 692	)	( 177	)	( 515	)
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities	7,683		1,968		5,715
Hedging derivative instruments:
Change in unrealized gain during the period	( 488	)	( 125	)	( 363	)
Pension obligations:
Amortization of prior service credit included in income	( 134	)	( 35	)	( 99	)
Amortization of net actuarial loss included in income	274		71		203
Total pension obligations	140		36		104
Other comprehensive income	$ 7,335	$	1,879	$	5,456
Nine months ended September 30, 2025
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
Change in unrealized loss during the period	$ 23,456	$	6,009	$	17,447
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income (1)	( 672	)	( 172	)	( 500	)
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities	22,784		5,837		16,947
Hedging derivative instruments:
Change in unrealized gain during the period	( 1,898	)	( 486	)	( 1,412	)
Pension obligations:
Amortization of prior service credit included in income	( 402	)	( 102	)	( 300	)
Amortization of net actuarial loss included in income	822		211		611
Total pension obligations	420		109		311
Other comprehensive income	$ 21,306	$	5,460	$	15,846

(1) Includes amounts related to the amortization/accretion of unrealized net gains and losses related to the Company’s reclassification of available for sale investment securities to the held to maturity category. The unrealized net gains/losses will be amortized/accreted over the remaining life of the investment securities as an adjustment of yield.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(10.) ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Continued)

	Pre-tax Amount
Three months ended September 30, 2024
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
Change in unrealized loss during the period	$ 34,176	$	8,756	$	25,420
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income (1)	13		3		10
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities	34,189		8,759		25,430
Hedging derivative instruments:
Change in unrealized gain during the period	( 2,488	)	( 637	)	( 1,851	)
Pension obligations:
Amortization of prior service credit included in income	( 134	)	( 34	)	( 100	)
Amortization of net actuarial loss included in income	358		92		266
Total pension obligations	224		58		166
Other comprehensive income	$ 31,925	$	8,180	$	23,745
Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
Change in unrealized loss during the period	$ 25,228	$	6,463	$	18,765
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income (1)	40		10		30
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities	25,268		6,473		18,795
Hedging derivative instruments:
Change in unrealized gain during the period	( 1,856	)	( 475	)	( 1,381	)
Pension obligations:
Amortization of prior service credit included in income	( 402	)	( 103	)	( 299	)
Amortization of net actuarial loss included in income	1,073		276		797
Total pension obligations	671		173		498
Other comprehensive income	$ 24,083	$	6,171	$	17,912

(1) Includes amounts related to the amortization/accretion of unrealized net gains and losses related to the Company’s reclassification of available for sale investment securities to the held to maturity category. The unrealized net gains/losses will be amortized/accreted over the remaining life of the investment securities as an adjustment of yield.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(10.) ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Continued)

Activity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was as follows (in thousands):

	Hedging Derivative Instruments				Pension and Post- retirement Obligations		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Three months ended September 30, 2025
Balance at beginning of period	$ 2,036	$	( 34,703	)	$ ( 9,547	)	$ ( 42,214	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	( 363	)	6,230		—		5,867
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	—		( 515	)	104		( 411	)
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income	( 363	)	5,715		104		5,456
Balance at end of period	$ 1,673	$	( 28,988	)	$ ( 9,443	)	$ ( 36,758	)
Nine months ended September 30, 2025
Balance at beginning of period	$ 3,085	$	( 45,935	)	$ ( 9,754	)	$ ( 52,604	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	( 1,412	)	17,447		—		16,035
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	—		( 500	)	311		( 189	)
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income	( 1,412	)	16,947		311		15,846
Balance at end of period	$ 1,673	$	( 28,988	)	$ ( 9,443	)	$ ( 36,758	)
Three months ended September 30, 2024
Balance at beginning of period	$ 4,381	$	( 118,541	)	$ ( 11,614	)	$ ( 125,774	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	( 1,851	)	25,420		—		23,569
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	—		10		166		176
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income	( 1,851	)	25,430		166		23,745
Balance at end of period	$ 2,530	$	( 93,111	)	$ ( 11,448	)	$ ( 102,029	)
Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Balance at beginning of period	$ 3,911	$	( 111,906	)	$ ( 11,946	)	$ ( 119,941	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	( 1,381	)	18,765		—		17,384
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income	—		30		498		528
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income	( 1,381	)	18,795		498		17,912
Balance at end of period	$ 2,530	$	( 93,111	)	$ ( 11,448	)	$ ( 102,029	)

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(10.) ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (Continued)

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Details About Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Components	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income				Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statement of Operations
	Three months ended September 30,
	2025	2024
Realized gain on sale of investment securities	$ 703	$	—		Net gain on sale or call of securities
Amortization of unrealized holding gain on investment securities transferred from available for sale to held to maturity	( 11	)	( 13	)	Interest income
	692		( 13	)	Total before tax
	( 177	)	3		Income tax expense
	515		( 10	)	Net of tax
Amortization of pension and post-retirement items:
Prior service credit (1)	134		134		Salaries and employee benefits
Net actuarial losses (1)	( 274	)	( 358	)	Salaries and employee benefits
	( 140	)	( 224	)	Total before tax
	36		58		Income tax benefit
	( 104	)	( 166	)	Net of tax
Total reclassified for the period	$ 411	$	( 176	)
	Nine months ended
	September 30,
	2025	2024
Realized loss on sale of investment securities	$ 706	$	—		Net gain on sale or call of securities
Amortization of unrealized holding gain on investment securities transferred from available for sale to held to maturity	( 34	)	( 40	)	Interest income
	672		( 40	)	Total before tax
	( 172	)	10		Income tax expense
	500		( 30	)	Net of tax
Amortization of pension and post-retirement items:
Prior service credit (1)	402		402		Salaries and employee benefits
Net actuarial losses (1)	( 822	)	( 1,073	)	Salaries and employee benefits
	( 420	)	( 671	)	Total before tax
	109		173		Income tax benefit
	( 311	)	( 498	)	Net of tax
Total reclassified for the period	$ 189	$	( 528	)

(1) These items are included in the computation of net periodic pension expense. See Note 12 , Employee Benefit Plans, for additional information.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(11.) SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company maintains certain share-based compensation plans, approved by the Company’s shareholders, which are administered by the Management Development and Compensation Committee (the “MD&C Committee”) of the Board. The share-based compensation plans were established to allow for the granting of compensation awards to attract, motivate and retain employees, executive officers and non-employee directors who contribute to the long-term growth and profitability of the Company and to give such persons a proprietary interest in the Company, thereby enhancing their personal interest in the Company’s success.

The Company granted restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock unit award (“RSUs”), and performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as follows:

RSAs	15,638	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value — $ 25.35
RSUs	205,579	$ 23.21
PSUs	42,232	$ 23.27

The grant date for the RSAs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the day of the 2025 annual shareholder meeting. The grant-date fair value for the RSUs and PSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant reduced by the present value of the dividends expected to be paid on the underlying shares.

Fifty percent of the RSAs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 vested on the grant date. The remaining RSAs will vest the day before the Company’s next annual meeting. The RSUs and PSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 will generally vest on the third anniversary of the grant date assuming the recipient’s continuous service to the Company.

The Company amortizes the expense related to share-based compensation awards over the vesting period. Share-based compensation expense is recorded as a component of salaries and employee benefits in the consolidated statements of operations for awards granted to management and as a component of other noninterest expense for awards granted to directors. The share-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statements of operations, is as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025	2024
Salaries and employee benefits	$ 708	$ 450	$ 1,874	$ 1,485
Other noninterest expense	48	44	342	324
Total share-based compensation expense	$ 756	$ 494	$ 2,216	$ 1,809
Income tax benefit realized for compensation costs	$ 112	$ 18	$ 485	$ 401

At September 30, 2025, there was $ 5.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.16 years.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(12.) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

The Company participates in a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan for certain employees who meet participation requirements. The components of the Company’s net periodic benefit expense for its pension obligations were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024		2025		2024
Service cost	$ 421	$	490	$	1,265	$	1,472
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation	888		861		2,664		2,583
Expected return on plan assets	( 849	)	( 1,004	)	( 2,547	)	( 3,013	)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credit	( 134	)	( 134	)	( 402	)	( 402	)
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss	274		358		822		1,073
Net periodic benefit expense	$ 600	$	571	$	1,802	$	1,713

The net periodic benefit expense is recorded as a component of salaries and employee benefits in the consolidated statements of operations The Company’s funding policy is to contribute, at a minimum, an actuarially determined amount that will satisfy the minimum funding requirements determined under the appropriate sections of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company has no minimum required contribution for the 2025 fiscal year.

(13.) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Company has financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk established in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk extending beyond the amounts recognized in the financial statements.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers. The Company uses the same credit underwriting policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as for on-balance sheet instruments.

Off-balance sheet commitments consist of the following (in thousands):

	September 30, 2025	December 31, 2024
Commitments to extend credit	$ 1,441,001	$ 1,273,646
Standby letters of credit	21,835	14,559

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the agreement. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses which may require payment of a fee. Commitments may expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if any, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the borrower. Standby letters of credit are conditional lending commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These standby letters of credit are primarily issued to support private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.

Unfunded Commitments

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses for unfunded commitments totaled $ 4.6 million and $ 4.1 million , respectively, and was included in other liabilities on the Company’ s consolidated statements of financial condition. The credit loss for unfunded commitments was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025	2024
Credit loss for unfunded commitments	$ 670	$ 713	$ 491	$ 186

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(13.) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (continued)

Contingent Liabilities and Litigation

On March 7, 2025, following a mediation held on February 28, 2025, the Company entered into a Settlement Agreement (“the Settlement Agreement”) with plaintiffs in the previously disclosed class action lawsuit to which the Company and the Bank are parties, brought by borrowers in New York and Pennsylvania in Pennsylvania state court regarding notices the Bank sent to defaulting borrowers after their vehicles were repossessed, which were alleged to have not fully complied with the relevant portions of the Uniform Commercial Code in both states. As part of the Settlement Agreement, which is subject to court approval, the Company agreed to make a cash payment in the amount of $ 29.5 million in full resolution of the matter. The Company does not anticipate that additional amounts will be accrued for this matter in 2025 or other future periods. The Company determined that the March 7, 2025 event met the definition of a recognized subsequent event in accordance with ASC Topic 855, Subsequent Events, at the December 31, 2024 balance sheet date, and recorded a $ 23.0 million pre-tax litigation accrual, which reflects the agreed upon settlement less approximately $ 6.5 million of available related insurance proceeds, in the Company’s December 31, 2024 consolidated financial statements. The settlement resulted in an after-tax loss of approximately $ 17.1 million in 2024. On March 20, 2025, Plaintiffs filed an uncontested motion seeking preliminary approval of the settlement which was approved by the court on July 29, 2025. The court set a final approval hearing date for November 4, 2025 and the settlement administrator mailed the class notices to all class members. Plaintiffs are required to file a motion for final court approval by October 31, 2025.

(14.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Determination of Fair Value – Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis

Valuation Hierarchy

The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction occurring in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) for such asset or liability. ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. There have been no changes in the valuation techniques used during the current period. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

• Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

• Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, volatilities, prepayment speeds, credit risks, etc.) or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by market data by correlation or other means.

• Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recorded as of the end of the reporting period.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

Securities available for sale: Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Derivative instruments: The fair value of derivative instruments is determined using quoted secondary market prices for similar financial instruments and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(14.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Loans held for sale: The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices and investor commitments. Loans held for sale are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Collateral dependent loans: Fair value of collateral dependent loans with specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses – loans are measured based on the value of the collateral securing these loans and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets including equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable and collateral value is determined based on appraisals performed by qualified licensed appraisers hired by the Company. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and the client’s business. Such discounts are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Collateral dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above.

Long-lived assets held for sale: The fair value of the long-lived assets held for sale was based on estimated market prices from independently prepared current appraisals and are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Loan servicing rights: Loan servicing rights do not trade in an active market with readily observable market data. As a result, the Company estimates the fair value of loan servicing rights by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model are those that management believes market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, including estimates of loan prepayment rates, servicing costs, ancillary income, impound account balances, and discount rates. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s loan servicing rights are the constant prepayment rates and weighted average discount rate. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Although the constant prepayment rate and the discount rate are not directly interrelated, they will generally move in opposite directions. Loan servicing rights are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs, as well as significant management judgment and estimation.

Other real estate owned (foreclosed assets): Nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties classified as other real estate owned are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. Fair values are generally based on third party appraisals of the property, resulting in a Level 3 classification. The appraisals are sometimes further discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business. Such discounts are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized.

Commitments to extend credit and letters of credit: Commitments to extend credit and fund letters of credit are principally at current interest rates, and, therefore, the carrying amount approximates fair value. The fair value of commitments is not material.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(14.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Assets Measured at Fair Value

The following tables present for each of the fair-value hierarchy levels the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis as of the dates indicated (in thousands).

	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Total
September 30, 2025
Measured on a recurring basis:
Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$ —	$ 886,852	$	—	$ 886,852
Other assets:
Other debt securities	—	36,740		—	36,740
Hedging derivative instruments	—	2,738		—	2,738
Fair value adjusted through comprehensive income	$ —	$ 926,330	$	—	$ 926,330
Other assets:
Derivative instruments – interest rate swaps	—	27,577		—	27,577
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking	—	135		—	135
Other liabilities:
Derivative instruments – interest rate swaps	—	( 27,579	)	—	( 27,579	)
Derivative instruments – mortgage banking	—	( 23	)	—	( 23	)
Fair value adjusted through net income	$ —	$ 110	$	—	$ 110
Measured on a nonrecurring basis:
Loans:
Loans held for sale	$ —	$ 2,252	$	—	$ 2,252
Collateral dependent loans	—	—		47,993	47,993
Other assets:
Long-lived assets held for sale	—	—		528	528
Loan servicing rights	—	—		1,666	1,666
Other real estate owned	—	—		142	142
Total	$ —	$ 2,252	$	50,329	$ 52,581

There we re no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 . There were no liabilities measured a t fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 .

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(14.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets or Liabilities (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Total
December 31, 2024
Measured on a recurring basis:
Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities	$ —	$ 902,384	$	—	$ 902,384
Other debt securities	—	8,721		—	8,721
Other assets:
Hedging derivative instruments	—	4,693		—	4,693
Fair value adjusted through comprehensive income	$ —	$ 915,798	$	—	$ 915,798
Other assets:
Derivative instruments–interest rate products	$ —	$ 41,318	$	—	$ 41,318
Derivative instruments–mortgage banking	—	122		—	122
Other liabilities:
Derivative instruments–interest rate products	—	( 41,319	)	—	( 41,319	)
Derivative instruments–mortgage banking	—	( 91	)	—	( 91	)
Fair value adjusted through net income	$ —	$ 30	$	—	$ 30
Measured on a nonrecurring basis:
Loans:
Loans held for sale	$ —	$ 2,280	$	—	$ 2,280
Collateral dependent loans	—	—		56,246	56,246
Other assets:
Long-lived assets held for sale	—	—		596	596
Loan servicing rights	—	—		1,597	1,597
Other real estate owned	—	—		60	60
Total	$ —	$ 2,280	$	58,499	$ 60,779

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value as of September 30, 2025 (dollars in thousands).

Asset	Fair Value	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Unobservable Input Value or Range
Collateral dependent loans	$ 47,993	Appraisal of collateral (1)	Appraisal adjustments (2)	36.63 % (3) / 0 - 76.4 %
Loan servicing rights	$ 1,666	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	10.2 % (3)
			Constant prepayment rate	12.8 % (3)
Long-lived assets held for sale	$ 528	Appraisal of collateral (1)	Appraisal adjustments (2)	12.0 %
Other real estate owned	$ 142	Appraisal of collateral (1)	Appraisal adjustments (2)	40.0 %

(1) Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various Level 3 inputs which are not identifiable.

(2) Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses.

(3) Weighted averages.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(14.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

There were no assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of or during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The assumptions used below are expected to approximate those that market participants would use in valuing these financial instruments.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on available market information and judgments about the financial instrument, including estimates of timing, amount of expected future cash flows and the credit standing of the issuer. Such estimates do not consider the tax impact of the realization of unrealized gains or losses. In some cases, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial instrument. Care should be exercised in deriving conclusions about our business, its value or financial position based on the fair value information of financial instruments presented below.

The estimated fair value approximates carrying value for cash and cash equivalents, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock, accrued interest receivable, non-maturity deposits, short-term borrowings and accrued interest payable. Fair value estimates for other financial instruments not included elsewhere in this disclosure are discussed below.

Securities held to maturity: The fair value of the Company’s investment securities held to maturity is primarily measured using information from a third-party pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Loans: The fair value of the Company’s loans was estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made for the same remaining maturities. Loans were first segregated by type, such as commercial, residential mortgage, and consumer, and were then further segmented into fixed and variable rate and loan quality categories. Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments.

Time deposits: The fair value of time deposits was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments. The fair values of the Company’s time deposit liabilities do not take into consideration the value of the Company’s long-term relationships with depositors, which may have significant value.

Long-term borrowings: Long-term borrowings consist of $ 75 million of subordinated notes and $ 50 million of long-term borrowings from the FHLB. The subordinated notes are publicly traded and are valued based on market prices, which are characterized as Level 2 liabilities in the fair value hierarchy. The FHLB borrowings are valued using discounted cash flows based on current market rates for borrowings with similar remaining maturities and are characterized as Level 2 liabilities in the fair value hierarchy.

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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(14.) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

The following table presents (in thousands) the carrying amount, estimated fair value, and placement in the fair value measurement hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments as of the dates indicated.

	Level in Fair Value Measurement Hierarchy	September 30, 2025 — Carrying Amount	Estimated Fair Value	December 31, 2024 — Carrying Amount	Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$ 185,945	$ 185,945	$ 87,321	$ 87,321
Securities available for sale	Level 2	923,592	923,592	911,105	911,105
Securities held to maturity, net	Level 2	87,627	78,477	116,001	104,556
Loans held for sale	Level 2	2,252	2,252	2,280	2,280
Loans	Level 2	4,495,138	4,399,650	4,374,917	4,277,167
Loans (1)	Level 3	47,993	47,993	56,246	56,246
Long-lived assets held for sale	Level 3	528	528	596	596
Accrued interest receivable	Level 1	25,738	25,738	23,748	23,748
Derivative instruments–cash flow hedges	Level 2	2,738	2,738	4,693	4,693
Derivative instruments–interest rate products	Level 2	27,577	27,577	41,318	41,318
Derivative instruments–mortgage banking	Level 2	135	135	122	122
FHLB and FRB stock	Level 2	18,956	18,956	18,261	18,261
Financial liabilities:
Non-maturity deposits	Level 1	3,691,681	3,691,681	3,559,559	3,559,559
Time deposits	Level 2	1,666,128	1,662,780	1,545,172	1,541,013
Short-term borrowings	Level 1	55,000	55,000	99,000	99,000
Long-term borrowings	Level 2	115,000	121,496	124,842	127,402
Accrued interest payable	Level 1	19,757	19,757	25,856	25,856
Derivative instruments–cash flow hedges	Level 2	—	—	—	—
Derivative instruments–interest rate products	Level 2	27,579	27,579	41,319	41,319
Derivative instruments–mortgage banking	Level 2	23	23	91	91

(1) Comprised of collateral dependent loans.

(15.) SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company’s Executive Management Team, which consists of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal Officer, Chief Commercial Banking Officer, Chief Consumer Banking Officer, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Human Resources Officer, and Chief Marketing Officer, has been designated as its Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The CODM determined the Company has one reportable segment, Banking, based upon information provided about the Company’s products and services offered. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the CODM, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products and services, and customers are similar. The CODM evaluates the financial performance of the Company’s business components by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results when assessing the Company’s segment and in the determination of allocating resources. The CODM has determined that net income is the reportable measure of segment profit or loss that is regularly reviewed and used to allocate resources and assess performance. Loans and investments provide the interest income in the banking operation, while deposits and borrowings account for the interest expense. The CODM also considers provisions for credit losses a significant expense in the banking operation. All operations are domestic.

Segment performance is evaluated using net income. Information reported internally for performance assessment by the CODM follows, inclusive of reconciliations of significant segment totals to the consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(15.) SEGMENT REPORTING (Continued)

The following table presents balance sheet information of the Company’s segment as of periods indicated (in thousands).

	September 30, 2025	December 31, 2024
Segment assets
Goodwill	$ 48,536	$ 48,536
Total segment assets	$ 6,250,000	$ 6,080,731
Reconciliation of consolidated total assets
Goodwill - Courier Capital	9,585	9,585
Intangible assets, net - Courier Capital	2,322	2,637
Other assets	26,145	24,735
Elimination of intercompany receivables	—	( 603	)
Consolidated total assets	$ 6,288,052	$ 6,117,085

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s segment for the periods indicated (in thousands).

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024		2025		2024
Interest income	$ 84,422	$	77,911	$	248,340	$	235,112
Interest expense	31,555		36,170		97,375		109,975
Segment net interest income	52,867		41,741		150,965		125,137
Noninterest income	9,330		6,848		24,968		21,333
Segment noninterest expense	32,886		29,941		95,866		110,076
Income before provision for credit losses and income taxes	29,311		18,648		80,067		36,394
(Provision) benefit for credit losses	( 2,732	)	( 3,104	)	( 8,222	)	311
Income before income taxes	26,579		15,544		71,845		36,705
Income tax expense	( 5,203	)	( 1,336	)	( 13,532	)	( 3,080	)
Segment net income	$ 21,376	$	14,208	$	58,313	$	33,625
Reconciliation of consolidated net interest income:
Interest expense (1)	1,078		1,060		3,190		3,181
Consolidated net interest income	51,789		40,681		147,775		121,956
Reconciliation of consolidated net income:
Gain on sale of assets of subsidiary	—		—		—		13,658
Insurance income (2)	—		—		—		2,130
Investment advisory income (3)	2,978		2,676		8,527		7,794
Other fees and income	( 252	)	( 84	)	( 449	)	( 560	)
Other noninterest expense	( 2,989	)	( 2,528	)	( 9,376	)	( 9,426	)
Income before income tax benefit	20,035		13,212		53,825		44,040
Income tax benefit (expense)	442		254		1,062		( 2,875	)
Consolidated net income	$ 20,477	$	13,466	$	54,887	$	41,165

(1) Interest expense represents interest on the subordinated notes, held at the Parent.

(2) Insurance income represents income from our former subsidiary, SDN, which was sold on April 1, 2024.

(3) Investment advisory income primarily represents income from our subsidiary Courier Capital.

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the more detailed and comprehensive disclosures included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, please read this section in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein.

FORWARD LOOKING INFORMATION

Statements and financial analysis contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are based on other than historical data are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations or forecasts of future events and include, among others:

• statements with respect to the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, guidelines, expectations, anticipations, and future financial condition, results of operations, and performance of Financial Institutions, Inc. (the “Parent” or “FII”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”); and

• statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “target,” “projects” or similar expressions.

These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, nor should they be relied upon as representing management’s views as of any subsequent date. Forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those presented, either expressed or implied, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Form 10-K”), including, but not limited to, those presented in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Factors that might cause such material differences include, but are not limited to:

Credit Risks and Risks Related to Banking Activities

• If we experience greater credit losses than anticipated, earnings may be adversely impacted;

• We are subject to risks and losses resulting from fraudulent activities that could adversely impact our financial performance and results of operations;

• Geographic concentration in our loan portfolio may unfavorably impact our operations;

• Our commercial business and commercial mortgage loans increase our exposure to credit risks;

• If our non-performing assets increase, our earnings will be adversely affected;

• If our regulators impose limitations on our commercial real estate lending activities, earnings could be adversely affected;

• Our indirect and consumer lending involves risk elements in addition to normal credit risk;

• Lack of seasoning in portions of our loan portfolio could increase risk of credit defaults in the future;

• We accept deposits that do not have a fixed term, and which may be withdrawn by the customer at any time for any reason;

• Municipal deposits are price sensitive and could result in an increase in interest expense or funding fluctuations;

• We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with our lending activities; and

• We operate in a highly competitive industry and market area.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

• Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us and the banking industry in general;

• Any future Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance premium increases may adversely affect our earnings;

• We are highly regulated, and any adverse regulatory action may result in additional costs, loss of business opportunities, and reputational damage;

• Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act, and Office of Foreign Asset Control sanction requirements, amount other laws and regulations, could subject us to fines, sanctions, or other negative actions;

• We are subject to the Community Reinvestment Act (the “CRA”) and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties;

• We are subject to additional various state and federal laws and regulations, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could subject us to fines, sanctions, or other negative actions;

• The policies of the Federal Reserve Board have a significant impact on our earnings; and

• We have implemented a program to provide financial products and services to customers that do business in the cannabis industry and the strict enforcement of federal laws and regulations regarding cannabis could result in our inability to continue to provide financial products and services to these customers and we could have legal action taken against us by the federal government and exposure to additional liabilities and regulatory compliance costs.

Risks Related to Non-Banking Activities

• Our investment advisory and wealth management operations are subject to risk related to the regulation of the financial services industry and market volatility.

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Strategic and Operational Risks

• We make certain assumptions and estimates in preparing our financial statements that may prove to be incorrect, which could significantly impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, and we are subject to new or changing accounting rules and interpretations, and the failure by us to correctly interpret or apply these evolving rules and interpretations could have a material adverse effect;

• The value of our goodwill and other intangible assets may decline in the future;

• We may be unable to successfully implement our growth strategies, including the integration and successful management of newly-acquired businesses;

• Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute shareholder value;

• Our tax strategies and the value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities could adversely affect our operating results and regulatory capital ratios;

• Liquidity is essential to our businesses;

• We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries for most of our revenue; and

• If our risk management framework does not effectively identify or mitigate our risks, we could suffer losses.

Market Risks

• We are subject to interest rate risk, and fluctuations in market interest rates may affect our interest margins and income, demand for our products, defaults on loans, loan prepayments and the fair value of our financial instruments;

• The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us; and

• We may need to raise additional capital in the future and such capital may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

Technology and Cybersecurity Risks

• Emerging technology, including cloud computing and artificial intelligence (“AI”), introduces new risks while possibly being essential to support business strategy;

• We rely on third parties to provide critical business services and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of confidential data;

• We, or our service providers, may experience a cyber-attack, system failure, natural disaster, or other uncontrollable event that may disrupt business operations; and

• We are subject to evolving laws and regulations relating to cybersecurity protection and data privacy, and failure to comply could expose us to regulatory liability, reputational risk and financial risk.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

• We may not pay or may reduce the dividends on our common stock, and our ability to pay dividends is subject to certain restrictions;

• We may issue debt and equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, any of which may be senior to our common stock as to distributions and in liquidation, which could dilute our current shareholders or negatively affect the value of our common stock;

• Our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and certain banking laws may have an anti-takeover effect; and

• The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors.

General Risk Factors

• We may not be able to attract and retain skilled people;

• Loss of key employees may disrupt relationships with certain customers;

• We use financial models for business planning purposes that may not adequately predict future results;

• We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about or from customers and counterparties;

• Our business may be adversely affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions generally, including macroeconomic pressures such as inflation, supply chain issues, geopolitical risks associated with international conflict, and the impact of a prolonged U.S. government shutdown;

• Severe weather, natural disasters, public health emergencies and pandemics, acts of war or terrorism, and other external events could significantly impact our business;

• Negative public opinion could damage our reputation and impact business operations and revenues; and

• Environmental, social and governance matters, and any related reporting obligations may impact our business.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made, and advise readers that various factors, including those described above, could affect our financial performance and could cause our actual results or circumstances for future periods to differ materially from those anticipated or projected. See also Item 1A, Risk Factors, in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Except as required by law, we do not undertake and specifically disclaim any obligation to publicly release any revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

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GENERAL

The Parent is a financial holding company headquartered in New York State, providing diversified financial services through its operating subsidiaries, Five Star Bank (the “Bank”) and Courier Capital, LLC (“Courier Capital”). The Company offers a broad array of deposit, lending and other financial services to individuals, municipalities and businesses in Western and Central New York through its wholly owned New York-chartered banking subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank also has commercial loan production offices in Ellicott City (Baltimore), Maryland, and Syracuse, New York, serving the Mid-Atlantic and Central New York regions. Our indirect lending network includes relationships with franchised automobile dealers in Western and Central New York, and the Capital District of New York. Courier Capital provides customized investment advice, wealth management, investment consulting and retirement plan services to individuals, businesses, institutions, foundations and retirement plans.

On April 1, 2024, the Company announced and closed the sale of the assets of its wholly owned subsidiary, SDN Insurance Agency, LLC (“SDN”), which provided a broad range of insurance services to personal and business clients, to NFP Property & Casualty Services, Inc. (“NFP”), a subsidiary of NFP Corp. The sale generated $27 million in proceeds, or a pre-tax gain of $13.7 million, after selling costs, of which $13.5 million was recognized in the second quarter of 2024. The all-cash transaction value represented approximately four times our 2023 insurance revenue. Following the sale of the assets of SDN, we changed the name of the entity to Five Star Advisors LLC and expect to utilize it to serve as a conduit to refer insurance business to NFP.

Our primary sources of revenue are net interest income (interest earned on our loans and securities, net of interest paid on deposits and other funding sources) and noninterest income, particularly investment advisory and financial services provided to customers or ancillary services tied to loans and deposits. Business volumes and pricing drive revenue potential, and tend to be influenced by overall economic factors, including market interest rates, business spending, consumer confidence, economic growth, and competitive conditions within the marketplace. We are not able to predict market interest rate fluctuations with certainty and our asset/liability management strategy may not prevent interest rate changes from having a material adverse effect on the results of our operations and financial condition.

Our business strategy has been to maintain a community bank philosophy, which consists of focusing on and understanding the individualized banking and other financial needs of individuals, municipalities and businesses of the communities surrounding our primary service area. We believe this focus allows us to be more responsive to our customers’ needs and provide a high level of personal service that differentiates us from larger competitors, resulting in long-standing and broad-based banking relationships. Our core customers are primarily small- to medium-sized businesses, individuals and community organizations who prefer to build banking and wealth management relationships with a community bank that combines high quality, competitively priced products and services with personalized service. Because of our identity and origin as a locally operated bank, we believe that our level of personal service provides a competitive advantage over larger banks, which tend to consolidate decision-making authority outside local communities.

A key aspect of our current business strategy is to foster a community-oriented culture where our customers and employees establish long-standing and mutually beneficial relationships. We believe that we are well-positioned to be a strong competitor within our market area because of our focus on community banking needs and customer service, our comprehensive suite of deposit, loan, and wealth management products typically found at larger banks, our highly experienced management team and our strategically located banking centers.

We prioritize customer acquisition through cost-effective, high-demand digital, virtual and physical channels, while maintaining a community bank distinctiveness relative to larger banks and digital-only neobanks. We leverage the retail branch network and customer contact center to build trust and credibility, provide personal financial education and advice, offer convenience, and bridge digital and physical channels. Our enhanced digital capabilities complement a continued focus on a consistent customer experience and engagement across physical and virtual channels, including using branches to create deeper engagement and relationships with customers, balancing customer engagement with efficiency opportunities (e.g., framing outreach to the customer contact center to teach customers how to use digital channels, in addition to addressing the reason for the call), and maintaining and expanding our customer reach digitally, physically or virtually. By employing digital channels across our current products and services, we deepen existing relationships and enter new geographies or market segments that would otherwise be prohibitively expensive targets using traditional approaches. Deepening our existing digital capabilities allows us to capitalize on a shift in customer preferences away from physical branches.

We have evolved to meet changing customer needs by offering complementary physical, digital and virtual channels. We focus on technology to provide solutions that fit our customers’ preferences for transacting business with us. Branches are staffed by certified personal bankers who are trained to meet a broad array of customer needs. Our digital banking capabilities, interactive teller machine (“ITM”) functionality and Customer Contact Center provide additional self-serve and phone options through which customer needs are met effectively.

On September 16, 2024, we announced our intent to begin an orderly wind down of our BaaS offerings, following a careful review by the Company’s executive management and Board of Directors (“Board”) undertaken in conjunction with its annual strategic planning process. As expected, the majority of BaaS-related deposits were off the balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. We expect the remaining balance to flow out in early 2026.

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We will continue to explore market expansion opportunities that complement current market areas as opportunities arise. Our primary focus will be on increasing the Bank’s market share within existing markets, while taking advantage of potential growth opportunities within our noninterest income lines of business by acquiring businesses that can be incorporated into existing operations. We believe our capital position remains strong enough to support an active merger and acquisition strategy and the expansion of our core financial service businesses. Consequently, we continue to explore acquisition opportunities in these activities. When evaluating acquisition opportunities, we will balance the potential for earnings accretion with maintaining adequate capital levels, which could result in our common stock being the predominant form of consideration and/or the need for us to raise capital.

Conversations with potential strategic partners occur on a regular basis. The evaluation of any potential opportunity will favor a transaction that complements our core competencies and strategic intent, with a lesser emphasis being placed on geographic location or size. Additionally, we remain committed to maintaining a diversified revenue stream. Our senior management team has experience in acquisitions and post-acquisition integration of operations and is prepared to act promptly should a potential opportunity arise but will remain disciplined with its approach. We believe this experience positions us to successfully acquire and integrate additional financial services and banking businesses.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

Stock Repurchase Program

In September 2025, the Board approved a share repurchase program for up to 1,006,379 shares of its common stock, or approximately 5% of the Company’s then outstanding common shares. The new share repurchase program replaced and terminated the prior share repurchase program authorized by the Board in June 2022. The repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any shares and it may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time. As of September 30, 2025, no shares have been repurchased under this program.

Summary of 2025 Third Quarter Results

Net income increased $7.0 million to $20.5 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $13.5 million for the third quarter of 2024. Net income available to common shareholders for the third quarter of 2025 was $20.1 million, or $0.99 per diluted share, compared with $13.1 million, or $0.84 per diluted share, for the third quarter of 2024. Return on average common equity was 13.45% and return on average assets was 1.32% for the third quarter of 2025 compared to 11.08% and 0.89%, respectively, for the third quarter of 2024.

Net interest income totaled $51.8 million in the third quarter of 2025, an increase of $11.1 million compared to $40.7 million in the third quarter of 2024. Average interest-earning assets for the third quarter of 2025 were $45.2 million higher than the third quarter of 2024 primarily due to a $151.0 million increase in average loans, partially offset by an $87.8 million decrease in average investment securities, and an $18.0 million decrease in the average balance of Federal Reserve interest-earning cash. Average interest-bearing liabilities for the third quarter of 2025 were $37.8 million higher than the third quarter of 2024 due to a $127.6 million increase in average time deposits, partially offset by a $57.5 million decrease in average savings and money market account deposits, a $19.1 million decrease in average short-term borrowings, and a $9.7 million decrease in average long-term borrowings. The wind-down of the BaaS platform that the Bank initiated in September 2024 was the primary driver of the reduction in average savings and money market deposits and also contributed to the increase in average time deposits, given the increase in brokered deposits as compared to the third quarter of 2024.

Net interest margin was 3.65% for the third quarter of 2025 compared to 2.89% in the third quarter of 2024, primarily driven by lower interest-bearing liability costs and an increase in the average yield on investment securities, following the previously disclosed restructuring of the available-for-sale securities portfolio in December 2024, which supported an increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets.

The provision for credit losses was $2.7 million in the third quarter of 2025 compared to $3.1 million in the third quarter of 2024. Net charge-offs during the recent quarter were $2.1 million, representing 0.18% of average loans on an annualized basis, compared to $1.7 million, or an annualized 0.15% of average loans, in the third quarter of 2024. See the “Allowance for Credit Losses–Loans” and “Non-Performing Assets and Potential Problem Loans” sections of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis for further discussion regarding the provision for credit losses and net charge-offs.

Noninterest income totaled $12.1 million in the third quarter of 2025, compared to $9.4 million in the third quarter of 2024. The increase primarily consisted of $1.4 million from higher income from company-owned life insurance (“COLI”), a $703 thousand net gain on sale of securities, and $635 thousand of income from derivatives, net. The net gain on sale of securities was primarily related to the sale of $22.3 million of 30-year fixed rate mortgage-backed securities with higher than expected pre-payment speeds in September 2025, the proceeds of which were reinvested into investment grade corporate bonds.

Noninterest expense totaled $35.9 million in the third quarter of 2025, compared to $32.5 million in the third quarter of 2024. The increase in noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 was primarily attributable to a $2.6 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, reflecting an increase in health insurance benefit expense due to continued higher medical claims under our self-insured plan, and the impact of annual merit increases.

The regulatory Tier 1 Capital Ratio was 11.48% and 10.87%, respectively, and Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio was 13.60% and 13.25%, respectively, at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. See the “Liquidity and Capital Management” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis for further discussion regarding regulatory capital and the Basel III capital rules.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income is our primary source of revenue, comprising approximately 81% of revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and 82% and 73% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest expense on interest-bearing deposits and other borrowings used to fund interest-earning and other assets or activities. Net interest income is affected by changes in interest rates and by the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the sensitivity of the balance sheet to changes in interest rates, including characteristics such as the fixed or variable nature of the financial instruments, contractual maturities and repricing frequencies.

We use interest rate spread and net interest margin to measure and explain changes in net interest income. Interest rate spread is the difference between the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average rate paid for interest-bearing liabilities that fund those assets. The net interest margin is expressed as the percentage of net interest income to average interest earning assets. The net interest margin exceeds the interest rate spread because noninterest-bearing sources of funds (“net free funds”), principally noninterest-bearing demand deposits and shareholders’ equity, also support earning assets. To compare tax-exempt asset yields to taxable yields, the yield on tax-exempt investment securities is computed on a taxable equivalent basis. Net interest income, interest rate spread, and net interest margin are discussed on a taxable equivalent basis.

The following table reconciles interest income per the consolidated statements of operations to interest income adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis (dollars in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025	2024
Interest income per consolidated statements of operations	$ 84,422	$ 77,911	$ 248,340	$ 235,112
Adjustment to fully taxable equivalent basis	49	65	163	232
Interest income adjusted to a fully taxable equivalent basis	84,471	77,976	248,503	235,344
Interest expense per consolidated statements of operations	32,633	37,230	100,565	113,156
Net interest income on a taxable equivalent basis	$ 51,838	$ 40,746	$ 147,938	$ 122,188

Analysis of Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Net interest income on a taxable equivalent basis for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was $51.8 million, an increase of $11.1 million versus the comparable quarter last year of $40.7 million. Net interest margin for the third quarter of 2025 was 3.65%, 76-basis points higher than 2.89% for the same period in 2024. The increase in net interest income and net interest margin was primarily driven by lower interest-bearing liability costs and an increase in the average yield on investment securities, following the previously disclosed restructuring of the available-for-sale securities portfolio in December 2024, which supported an increase in the average yield on interest-earnings assets.

For the third quarter of 2025, the average yield on average interest earning assets of 5.93% was 40-basis points higher than the third quarter of 2024 of 5.53% primarily due to an increase in the average yield on investment securities, following the previously disclosed restructuring of the available-for-sale securities portfolio in December 2024, partially offset by a decrease in market interest rates due to the federal funds interest rate cuts that occurred in the latter part of 2024. Average yield on investment securities increased 231-basis points during the third quarter of 2025 to 4.45% from 2.14% for the third quarter of 2024, while average loan yield decreased 13-basis points during the third quarter of 2025 to 6.29% from 6.42% for the third quarter of 2024.

Average interest-earning assets were $5.66 billion for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $5.61 billion for the third quarter of 2024, an increase of $45.2 million, or 1%, from the comparable quarter last year. The increase was primarily due to an increase of average loans of $151.0 million from $4.42 billion for the third quarter of 2024 to $4.57 billion for the third quarter of 2025, partially offset by a decrease in average investment securities of $87.8 million from $1.15 billion for the third quarter of 2024 to $1.06 billion for the third quarter of 2025, and an $18.0 million decrease in average Federal Reserve interest-earning cash. Average loans comprised 81% of average interest-earning assets during the third quarter of 2025 compared to 79% during the third quarter of 2024. The increase in average loans was primarily due to organic growth in commercial mortgages. Average investment securities represented 19% of average interest-earning assets during the third quarter of 2025 compared to 20% during the third quarter of 2024. Overall, the increase in interest income of $6.5 million was primarily due to higher average interest rates on average investment securities, reflective of the previously disclosed restructuring of the available-for-sale securities portfolio in December 2024.

For the third quarter of 2025, the average cost of average interest-bearing liabilities of 2.92% was 45-basis points lower than the third quarter of 2024. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits of 2.86% was 48-basis points lower than the third quarter of 2024, while the average cost of total borrowings increased 18-basis points to 3.98% in the third quarter of 2025, compared to 3.80% in the third quarter of 2024. The reduction in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities was primarily driven by the repricing of deposits at lower rates given the federal funds interest rate cuts that occurred in the latter part of 2024 as previously mentioned.

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Average interest-bearing liabilities were $4.44 billion for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $4.40 billion for the third quarter of 2024, an increase of $37.8 million, or 1%, driven by a $66.7 million increase in average interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by a $28.9 million decrease in the average balance of borrowings, including a decrease of $9.7 million in average long-term borrowings, reflective of the previously disclosed $10 million call in April 2025 of the fixed-to-floating subordinated debt that was originally issued in April 2015. On average, interest-bearing deposits increased from $4.15 billion for the third quarter of 2024 to $4.21 billion for the current quarter, and noninterest-bearing demand deposits (a principal component of net free funds) increased $7.1 million to $960.1 million for the third quarter of 2025. The increase in average interest-bearing deposits was due to higher average brokered and public deposits, partially offset by lower average nonpublic and reciprocal deposits. For further discussion of deposits, refer to the “Funding Activities–Deposits” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Overall the $4.6 million decrease in interest expense was primarily due to average deposit rate changes during the third quarter of 2025 as compared to the prior year quarter, reflective of the interest rate cuts as previously mentioned.

Analysis of Net Interest Income for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

Net interest income on a taxable equivalent basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $147.9 million, an increase of $25.8 million versus the comparable period in 2024 of $122.2 million. Net interest margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 3.50%, 65-basis points higher than 2.85% for the same period in 2024. The increase in net interest income and net interest margin was primarily due to an increase in the average yield on investment securities, following the previously disclosed restructuring of the available-for-sale securities portfolio in December 2024, partially offset by a decrease in market interest rates due to the federal funds interest rate cuts that occurred in the latter part of 2024 as previously mentioned.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the average yield on average interest earning assets of 5.87% was 38-basis points higher than the nine months ended September 30, 2024 of 5.49%. The average yield on investment securities increased 221-basis points to 4.35% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 2.14% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, while the average yield on loans decreased 14-basis points during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, to 6.25% from 6.39% for the comparable period last year.

Average interest-earning assets were $5.65 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $5.73 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, a decrease of $73.9 million, or 1%, reflective of a decrease in investment securities of $102.8 million from $1.17 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 to $1.07 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and a $66.3 million decrease in average Federal Reserve interest-earning cash, while average loans were up $95.3 million from $4.44 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 to $4.44 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Average investment securities represented 19% of average interest-earning assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 21% during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and average loans comprised 80% of average interest-earning assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 78% during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in average loans was primarily due to organic growth in commercial mortgages during the first nine months of 2025. Overall, the increase in interest income of $13.2 million was reflective of the higher average interest rates on average investment securities and the increase in average loans, partially offset by the decrease in average loan yields.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the average cost of average interest-bearing liabilities of 3.00% was 34-basis points lower than the average cost of 3.34% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, with the average cost of average interest-bearing deposits of 2.95% decreasing 36-basis points from 3.31% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, due to the repricing of deposits and borrowings at lower rates given the federal funds interest rate cuts that occurred in the latter part of 2024 as previously mentioned.

Average interest-bearing liabilities of $4.49 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $33.1 million, or 1%, lower than the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease was driven by a decrease in average total borrowings of $58.3 million, partially offset by a $25.2 million increase in average interest-bearing deposits. Average short-term borrowings decreased to $97.2 million, down $52.4 million from the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and average long-term borrowings decreased to $118.7 million, down $5.9 million, reflective of the previously disclosed $10 million call in April 2025 of the fixed-to-floating subordinated debt that was originally issued in April 2015. On average, interest-bearing deposits increased $25.2 million for the current period, while noninterest-bearing demand deposits (a principal component of net free funds) decreased $18.6 million to $936.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase in average interest bearing deposits reflected growth in public, reciprocal and non-public deposits, partially offset by decreases in reciprocal deposits. For further discussion of the reciprocal deposit programs, refer to the “Funding Activities–Deposits” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Overall, the $12.6 million decrease in interest expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to average deposit rate changes, reflective of the interest rate cuts previously mentioned.

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The following tables set forth certain information relating to the consolidated balance sheets and reflects the average yields earned on interest-earning assets, as well as the average rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands). Average balances were derived from daily balances.

	Three months ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate (3)	Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate (3)
Interest-earning assets:
Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits	$ 31,461	$ 344	4.34 %	$ 49,476	$ 606	4.88 %
Investment securities (1) :
Taxable	1,034,914	11,565	4.47	1,107,180	5,841	2.11
Tax-exempt (2)	24,330	224	3.68	39,872	310	3.11
Total investment securities	1,059,244	11,789	4.45	1,147,052	6,151	2.14
Loans:
Commercial business	726,315	12,657	6.91	673,830	13,066	7.71
Commercial mortgage	2,239,666	36,220	6.42	2,092,905	35,428	6.73
Residential real estate loans	648,642	6,994	4.31	647,844	6,619	4.09
Residential real estate lines	75,774	1,369	7.17	75,671	1,507	7.91
Consumer indirect	838,026	14,297	6.77	881,133	13,829	6.24
Other consumer	37,741	801	8.42	43,789	770	7.00
Total loans (4)	4,566,164	72,338	6.29	4,415,172	71,219	6.42
Total interest-earning assets	5,656,869	84,471	5.93	5,611,700	77,976	5.53
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(47,934	)		(45,066	)
Other noninterest-earning assets	550,951			451,756
Total assets	$ 6,159,886			$ 6,018,390
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing demand	$ 687,978	$ 1,898	1.09 %	$ 691,412	$ 1,833	1.05 %
Savings and money market	1,881,445	12,416	2.62	1,938,935	14,983	3.07
Time deposits	1,643,342	16,062	3.88	1,515,745	17,987	4.72
Total interest-bearing deposits	4,212,765	30,376	2.86	4,146,092	34,803	3.34
Short-term borrowings	110,011	668	2.41	129,130	857	2.64
Long-term borrowings	114,976	1,589	5.53	124,717	1,570	5.03
Total borrowings	224,987	2,257	3.98	253,847	2,427	3.80
Total interest-bearing liabilities	4,437,752	32,633	2.92	4,399,939	37,230	3.37
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	960,089			952,970
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities	151,734			182,203
Shareholders’ equity	610,311			483,278
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$ 6,159,886			$ 6,018,390
Net interest income (tax-equivalent)		$ 51,838			$ 40,746
Interest rate spread			3.01 %			2.16 %
Net interest-earning assets	$ 1,219,117			$ 1,211,761
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)			3.65 %			2.89 %
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities			127.47 %			127.54 %

(1) Investment securities are shown at amortized cost.

(2) The interest on tax-exempt securities is calculated on a tax-equivalent basis assuming a federal income tax rate of 21%.

(3) Annualized.

(4) Loans includ e net unearned income, net deferred loan fees and costs and non-accruing loans. Net deferred loan fees (costs) included in interest income were as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025		2024
Commercial business	$ (38	)	$ 135
Commercial mortgage	763		506
Residential real estate loans	(406	)	(408	)
Residential real estate lines	(89	)	(99	)
Consumer indirect	(862	)	(865	)
Other consumer	12		11
Total	$ (620	)	$ (720	)

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	Nine months ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate (3)	Average Balance	Interest	Average Rate (3)
Interest-earning assets:
Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits	$ 47,271	$ 1,528	4.32 %	$ 113,656	$ 4,303	5.06 %
Investment securities (1) :
Taxable	1,041,795	34,190	4.37	1,124,653	17,710	2.10
Tax-exempt (2)	30,282	771	3.39	50,197	1,104	2.93
Total investment securities	1,072,077	34,961	4.35	1,174,850	18,814	2.14
Loans:
Commercial business	708,298	36,739	6.93	700,178	39,934	7.62
Commercial mortgage	2,221,845	106,381	6.40	2,060,827	104,676	6.78
Residential real estate loans	646,891	20,614	4.25	648,286	19,672	4.05
Residential real estate lines	75,168	4,023	7.16	75,880	4,462	7.86
Consumer indirect	841,830	41,817	6.64	906,762	41,216	6.07
Other consumer	39,802	2,440	8.20	46,615	2,267	6.50
Total loans (4)	4,533,834	212,014	6.25	4,438,548	212,227	6.39
Total interest-earning assets	5,653,182	248,503	5.87	5,727,054	235,344	5.49
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(48,773	)		(47,072	)
Other noninterest-earning assets	594,280			452,128
Total assets	$ 6,198,689			$ 6,132,110
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing demand	$ 721,179	$ 6,226	1.15 %	$ 727,179	$ 6,087	1.12 %
Savings and money market	1,936,765	38,784	2.68	2,018,881	46,163	3.05
Time deposits	1,613,532	49,305	4.09	1,500,238	52,864	4.71
Total interest-bearing deposits	4,271,476	94,315	2.95	4,246,298	105,114	3.31
Short-term borrowings	97,165	1,545	2.13	149,588	3,345	2.99
Long-term borrowings	118,737	4,705	5.28	124,640	4,697	5.02
Total borrowings	215,902	6,250	3.87	274,228	8,042	3.92
Total interest-bearing liabilities	4,487,378	100,565	3.00	4,520,526	113,156	3.34
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	936,854			955,428
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities	178,897			193,476
Shareholders’ equity	595,560			462,680
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$ 6,198,689			$ 6,132,110
Net interest income (tax-equivalent)		$ 147,938			$ 122,188
Interest rate spread			2.87 %			2.15 %
Net earning assets	$ 1,165,804			$ 1,206,528
Net interest margin (tax-equivalent)			3.50 %			2.85 %
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities			125.98 %			126.69 %

(1) Investment securities are shown at amortized cost.

(2) The interest on tax-exempt securities is calculated on a tax-equivalent basis assuming a federal income tax rate of 21%.

(3) Annualized.

(4) Loans include net unearned income, net deferred loan fees and costs and non-accruing loans. Net deferred loan fees (costs) included in interest income were as follows (in thousands):

	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025		2024
Commercial business	$ (3	)	$ 130
Commercial mortgage	1,991		1,654
Residential real estate loans	(1,197	)	(1,150	)
Residential real estate lines	(274	)	(291	)
Consumer indirect	(2,612	)	(2,687	)
Other consumer	35		32
Total	$ (2,060	)	$ (2,312	)

The net interest spread, as well as the net interest margin, will be impacted by future changes in short-term and long-term interest rate levels, as well as the impact from the competitive environment. A discussion of the effects of changing interest rates on net interest income is set forth in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included elsewhere in this report.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents, on a tax-equivalent basis, the relative contribution of changes in volumes and changes in rates to changes in net interest income for the periods indicated. The change in interest income or interest expense not solely due to changes in volume or rate has been allocated in proportion to the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each (in thousands). No out-of-period adjustments were included in the rate/volume analysis.

Increase (decrease) in:	Three months ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024 — Volume		Rate		Total		Nine months ended September 30, 2025 vs. 2024 — Volume		Rate		Total
Interest income:
Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits	$ (202	)	$ (60	)	$ (262	)	$ (2,219	)	$ (556	)	$ (2,775	)
Investment securities:
Taxable	(405	)	6,129		5,724		(1,395	)	17,875		16,480
Tax-exempt	(136	)	50		(86	)	(487	)	154		(333	)
Total investment securities	(541	)	6,179		5,638		(1,882	)	18,029		16,147
Loans:
Commercial business	973		(1,382	)	(409	)	458		(3,653	)	(3,195	)
Commercial mortgage	2,416		(1,624	)	792		7,908		(6,203	)	1,705
Residential real estate loans	8		367		375		(42	)	984		942
Residential real estate lines	2		(140	)	(138	)	(42	)	(397	)	(439	)
Consumer indirect	(698	)	1,166		468		(3,070	)	3,671		601
Other consumer	(115	)	146		31		(362	)	535		173
Total loans	2,586		(1,467	)	1,119		4,850		(5,063	)	(213	)
Total interest income	1,843		4,652		6,495		749		12,410		13,159
Interest expense:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing demand	(9	)	74		65		(50	)	189		139
Savings and money market	(433	)	(2,134	)	(2,567	)	(1,820	)	(5,559	)	(7,379	)
Time deposits	1,428		(3,353	)	(1,925	)	3,800		(7,359	)	(3,559	)
Total interest-bearing deposits	986		(5,413	)	(4,427	)	1,930		(12,729	)	(10,799	)
Short-term borrowings	(120	)	(69	)	(189	)	(987	)	(813	)	(1,800	)
Long-term borrowings	(128	)	147		19		(228	)	236		8
Total borrowings	(248	)	78		(170	)	(1,215	)	(577	)	(1,792	)
Total interest expense	738		(5,335	)	(4,597	)	715		(13,306	)	(12,591	)
Net interest income	$ 1,105		$ 9,987		$ 11,092		$ 34		$ 25,716		$ 25,750

Provision (Benefit) for Credit Losses

The table below presents the composition of the provision (benefit) for credit losses for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025	2024
Provision (benefit) for credit losses – loans	$ 2,062	$ 2,391	$ 7,731	$ (496	)
Credit loss provision for unfunded commitments	670	713	491	186
Credit loss benefit for debt securities	-	-	-	(1	)
Provision (benefit) for credit losses	$ 2,732	$ 3,104	$ 8,222	$ (311	)

The provision for credit losses in the third quarter of 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was driven by a combination of factors, including the impact of loan growth and net charge-off activity, coupled with a decrease in the forecasted loss rate for pooled loans, partially offset by an increase in qualitative factors.

See the “Allowance for Credit Losses–Loans” and “Non-Performing Assets and Potential Problem Loans” sections of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis for further discussion.

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Noninterest Income

The following table details the major categories of noninterest income for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024		2025		2024
Service charges on deposits	$ 1,137	$	1,103	$	3,278	$	3,159
Insurance income	2		3		8		2,141
Card interchange income	2,006		1,900		5,783		5,810
Investment advisory	3,023		2,797		8,645		8,158
Company owned life insurance	2,849		1,404		8,591		4,062
Investments in limited partnerships	223		400		945		1,545
Loan servicing	181		88		484		421
Income from derivative instruments, net	847		212		1,436		763
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale	285		220		542		432
Net gain on sale or call of securities	703		—		706		—
Net (loss) gain on sale and disposal of other assets	(281	)	138		(281	)	13,633
Net loss on tax credit investments	(513	)	(170	)	(1,539	)	(139	)
Other	1,594		1,345		4,448		4,370
Total noninterest income	$ 12,056	$	9,440	$	33,046	$	44,355

The decrease in insurance income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was reflective of the sale of our insurance subsidiary, SDN, on April 1, 2024.

Income from company owned life insurance increased $1.4 million, to $2.8 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $1.4 million for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, income from company owned life insurance increased $4.5 million, to $8.6 million. The increase in both periods was reflective of the surrender and redeployment of a portion of our life insurance into a higher-yielding credit fund in January 2025.

Income from investments in limited partnerships of $223 thousand for the third quarter of 2025, decreased $177 thousand, compared to $400 thousand for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, income from investments in limited partnerships decreased $600 thousand, to $945 thousand. Income from our investments in limited partnerships fluctuates based on the maturity and performance of the underlying investments.

Income from derivative instruments, net of $847 thousand for the third quarter of 2025, increased $635 thousand, compared to $212 thousand for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, income from derivative instruments, net increased $673 thousand to $1.4 million. Income from derivative instruments, net is based on the number and value of interest rate swap transactions executed during the period combined with the impact of changes in the fair value of borrower-facing trades.

Net gain on sale or call of securities for the third quarter of 2025, and the first nine months of 2025 primarily reflect the gain on sale of $22.3 million of 30-year fixed mortgage-backed securities with higher than expected pre-payment speeds in September 2025, the proceeds of which were reinvested into investment grade corporate bonds.

Net gain on sale and disposal of other assets for the first nine months of 2024 was comprised of the net gain generated from the sale of SDN.

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Noninterest Expense

The following table details the major categories of noninterest expense for the periods presented (in thousands):

	Three months ended September 30, — 2025	2024	Nine months ended September 30, — 2025	2024
Salaries and employee benefits	$ 18,522	$ 15,879	$ 53,490	$ 48,967
Occupancy and equipment	3,814	3,370	11,386	10,570
Professional services	1,688	1,965	4,830	6,131
Computer and data processing	5,789	5,353	17,155	16,081
Supplies and postage	559	519	1,640	1,431
FDIC assessments	1,227	1,092	4,086	3,733
Advertising and promotions	491	371	1,328	1,108
Amortization of intangibles	103	112	315	443
Restructuring charges	—	—	68	—
Deposit-related charged-off items expense	144	410	83	19,987
Other	3,538	3,398	10,861	11,051
Total noninterest expense	$ 35,875	$ 32,469	$ 105,242	$ 119,502

Salaries and employee benefits expense increased $2.6 million, or 17%, to $18.5 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $15.9 million for the third quarter of 2024, reflecting an increase in health insurance benefits due to elevated medical claims under the Company’s self-insured plan. For the first nine months of 2025, salaries and employee benefits expense increased $4.5 million, or 9%, to $53.5 million, compared to the first nine months of 2024, due to the aforementioned higher health insurance benefit expense, as well as the impact of annual merit increases, partially offset by lower salaries and wages as a result of the sale of SDN on April 1, 2024.

Occupancy and equipment expense increased $444 thousand, or 13%, to $3.8 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $3.4 million for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, occupancy and equipment expense increased $816 thousand, or 8%, to $11.4 million, compared to the first nine months of 2024. The increases were due, in part, to costs associated with our ongoing ATM conversion and upgrade project.

Professional services expense decreased $277 thousand, or 14%, to $1.7 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $2.0 million for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, professional services expense decreased $1.3 million, or 21%, to $4.8 million, compared to $6.1 million for the first nine months of 2024. The decreases for both periods were primarily due to higher legal expenses in 2024.

Computer and data processing expense increased $436 thousand, or 8%, to $5.8 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $5.4 million for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, computer and data processing expense increased $1.1 million, or 7%, to $17.2 million compared to $16.1 million for the first nine months of 2024. The increases in both periods were impacted by the timing of expenses for in-process technology enhancement and upgrade initiatives.

Deposit-related charged-off items expense of $20.0 million for the first nine months of 2024 included an $18.4 million loss associated with the previously disclosed deposit-related fraud event.

Our efficiency ratio for the third quarter of 2025 was 56.78%, compared with 64.70% for the third quarter of 2024. The lower efficiency ratio for the third quarter of 2025 was primarily due to the increase in interest income on our investment securities portfolio as a result of the investment securities restructuring in the fourth quarter of 2024. Our efficiency ratio for the first nine months of 2025 was 58.38%, compared with 71.75% for the first nine months of 2024. The lower efficiency ratio in 2025 was primarily due to higher interest income as a result of the investment securities restructuring. Further, the elevated efficiency ratio for the first nine months of 2024 was reflective of higher noninterest expenses, which included an $18.4 million pre-tax loss in deposit-related charged-off items. The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing total noninterest expense by net revenue, defined as the sum of tax-equivalent net interest income and noninterest income before net gains on investment securities. An increase in the efficiency ratio indicates that more resources are being utilized to generate the same volume of income, while a decrease indicates a more efficient allocation of resources. The efficiency ratio, a banking industry financial measure, is not required by GAAP. However, the efficiency ratio is used by management in its assessment of financial performance specifically as it relates to noninterest expense control. Management also believes such information is useful to investors in evaluating Company performance.

Income Taxes

On July 4, 2025, the President signed H.R. 1, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (the “OBBB Act”), into law. The legislation includes several changes to federal tax law that generally allow for more favorable deductibility of certain business expenses beginning in 2025, including the restoration of immediate expensing of domestic R&D expenditures, reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation, and more favorable rules for determining the limitation on business interest expense. The OBBB Act also made certain changes to the deductibility of the cost of meals and charitable contributions that are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating the provisions of the OBBB Act and do not expect it to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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.

For the third quarter of 2025, we recorded income tax expense of $4.8 million, compared to $1.1 million for the third quarter of 2024, and $12.5 million for the first nine months of 2025, compared to $6.0 million for the first nine months of 2024. The lower level of income tax expense incurred in 2024 was primarily due to a lower level of pre-tax income, reflecting the impact of the previously disclosed deposit-related fraud event. In the third quarter of 2025, we recognized federal and state tax benefits related to tax credit investments placed in service and/or amortized during the period resulting in a reduction in income tax expense of $1.1 million, compared to $1.3 million for the same period in the prior year. The first nine months of 2025 and 2024 also included related benefits of $3.3 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

Our effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2025 was 18.9%, versus 7.4%, for the third quarter of 2024, and 18.5% for the first nine months of 2025, compared to 12.6% for the first nine months of 2024. Effective tax rates are typically impacted by items of income and expense that are not subject to federal or state taxation. Our effective tax rates reflect the impact of these items, which include, but are not limited to, interest income from tax-exempt securities, earnings on company owned life insurance and the impact of tax credit investments. In addition, our effective tax rates for 2025 and 2024 reflect the New York State tax benefit generated by our real estate investment trust.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

INVESTING ACTIVITIES

Investment Securities

The following table summarizes the composition of our investment securities portfolio as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	Investment Securities Portfolio Composition — September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	Amortized	Fair	Amortized	Fair
	Cost	Value	Cost	Value
Securities available for sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency mortgage-backed securities	$ 925,816	$ 886,852	$ 964,057	$ 902,019
Non-Agency mortgage-backed securities	—	—	—	365
Other debt securities	36,641	36,740	8,663	8,721
Total available for sale securities	962,457	923,592	972,720	911,105
Securities held to maturity:
U.S. Government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities	6,776	6,613	16,663	16,151
State and political subdivisions	33,792	28,916	45,333	40,167
Mortgage-backed securities	47,059	42,948	54,007	48,238
Total held to maturity securities	87,627	78,477	116,003	104,556
Allowance for credit losses–securities	(2	)	(2	)
Total held to maturity securities, net	87,625		116,001
Total investment securities	$ 1,050,082	$ 1,002,069	$ 1,088,721	$ 1,015,661

Our investment policy is contained within our overall Asset-Liability Management and Investment Policy. This policy dictates that investment decisions will be made based on the safety of the investment, liquidity requirements, potential returns, cash flow targets, need for collateral, and desired risk parameters. In pursuing these objectives, we consider the ability of an investment to provide earnings consistent with factors of quality, maturity, marketability, pledgeable nature and risk diversification. Our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, guided by ALCO, is responsible for investment portfolio decisions within the established policies.

Our available for sale (“AFS”) investment securities portfolio increased $12.5 million from December 31, 2024 to September 30, 2025. The AFS portfolio had a net unrealized loss of $38.9 million at September 30, 2025 and $61.6 million at December 31, 2024, respectively. The fair value of most of the investment securities in the AFS portfolio fluctuates as market interest rates change.

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Impairment Assessment

For AFS securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether (i) we intend to sell, or (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either case is affirmative, any previously recognized allowances are charged-off and the security’s amortized cost is written down to fair value through income. If neither case is affirmative, the security is evaluated to determine whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in our income statement as a component of credit loss expense. AFS securities are charged-off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through income when deemed uncollectible by management or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, no allowance for credit losses was recognized on AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality.

The unrealized losses are largely due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach their maturity date, repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. We do not believe any of the securities in a loss position are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2025, we concluded that unrealized losses on our AFS securities were not impaired due to reasons of credit quality and no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on AFS securities. As the portfolio is managed from a liquidity, earnings, and risk standpoint, sales from the AFS portfolio may be warranted based upon prevailing market factors.

Agency Mortgage-backed Securities

All of the mortgage-backed securities held by us as of September 30, 2025, were issued by U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies (“Agency MBS”), primarily FNMA and FHLMC. The contractual cash flows of our Agency MBS are guaranteed by FNMA, FHLMC or GNMA. The GNMA mortgage-backed securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.

Our AFS portfolio as of September 30, 2025, reflected our strategic investment securities restructuring which occurred in December 2024 following the completion of the public common stock offering, as well as the sale of $22.3 million of 30-year fixed rate mortgage-backed securities with higher expected pre-payment speeds in September 2025, the proceeds of which were reinvested into investment grade corporate bonds. As of September 30, 2025, there were 45 securities in the AFS Agency MBS portfolio with an aggregate fair value of $337.9 million that were in an unrealized loss position with unrealized losses totaling $48.2 million. Of these, 37 were in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer and had an aggregate fair value of $206.2 million and unrealized losses of $45.8 million, while 8 were in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and had an aggregate fair value of $131.7 million and unrealized losses of $2.5 million. The unrealized loss of these securities was driven by the timing of the purchases of fixed-rate securities during the extended low-interest rate environments experienced in prior years, which has been compounded with subsequent increases in benchmark interest rates. However, these fixed-rate securities were purchased with the expectation that they will continue to prepay principal, and the proceeds will be invested at current market rates.

Given the high credit quality inherent in Agency MBS, we do not consider any of the unrealized losses as of September 30, 2025 on such Agency MBS to be credit related.

Other Investments

As a member of the FHLB, the Bank is required to hold FHLB stock. The amount of required FHLB stock is based on the Bank’s asset size and the amount of borrowings from the FHLB. We have assessed the ultimate recoverability of our FHLB stock and believe that no impairment currently exists. As a member of the FRB system, we are required to maintain a specified investment in FRB stock based on a ratio relative to our capital. At September 30, 2025, our ownership of FHLB and FRB stock totaled $9.7 million and $9.2 million, respectively, and is included in other assets and recorded at cost, which approximates fair value.

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Security Yields and Maturities Schedule

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the amortized cost (“Cost”), weighted average yields (“Yield”) and contractual maturities of our debt securities portfolio as of September 30, 2025. In this table, Yield is defined as the book yield weighted against the ending book value. Mortgage-backed securities are included in maturity categories based on their stated maturity date. Actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities presented because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain investments. No tax-equivalent adjustments were made to the weighted average yields (dollars in thousands).

	Due in one year or less — Cost	Yield	Due from one to five years — Cost	Yield	Due after five years through ten years — Cost	Yield	Due after ten years — Cost	Yield	Total — Cost	Yield
Available for sale debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	$ —	—	$ 9	6.84 %	$ 23,843	4.71 %	$ 901,964	4.58 %	$ 925,816	4.58 %
Other debt securities	—	—	—	—	36,641	6.66 %	—	6.66 %	36,641	6.66 %
	—	—	9	6.84 %	60,484	5.89 %	901,964	4.65 %	962,457	4.66 %
Held to maturity debt securities:
U.S. Government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises	$ —	—	$ 6,776	3.44 %	$ —	3.45 %	$ —	—	$ 6,776	3.44 %
State and political subdivisions	7,127	3.58 %	5,213	4.81 %	5,144	1.93 %	16,308	2.62 %	33,792	2.59 %
Mortgage-backed securities	—	—	2,879	2.79 %	12,780	2.83 %	31,400	2.83 %	47,059	2.66 %
	7,127	3.58 %	14,868	2.72 %	17,924	2.76 %	47,708	2.76 %	87,627	2.69 %
Total investment securities	$ 7,127	3.58 %	$ 14,877	2.72 %	$ 78,408	5.03 %	$ 949,672	4.49 %	$ 1,050,084	4.50 %

LENDING ACTIVITIES

Total loans were $4.59 billion at September 30, 2025, an increase of $111.2 million from $4.48 billion at December 31, 2024. The composition of our loan portfolio, excluding loans held for sale and including net unearned income and net deferred fees and costs, is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

	Loan Portfolio Composition — September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	Amount	% of Total	Amount	% of Total
Commercial business	$ 740,603	16.1 %	$ 665,321	14.9 %
Commercial mortgage–construction	441,034	9.6	582,619	13.0
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	592,634	12.9	470,954	10.5
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	893,884	19.5	857,987	19.2
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	321,555	7.0	288,036	6.4
Total commercial mortgage	2,249,107	49.0	2,199,596	49.1
Total commercial	2,989,710	65.1	2,864,917	64.0
Residential real estate loans	648,397	14.1	650,206	14.5
Residential real estate lines	76,109	1.7	75,552	1.7
Consumer indirect	838,671	18.3	845,772	18.9
Other consumer	37,536	0.8	42,757	0.9
Total consumer	1,600,713	34.9	1,614,287	36.0
Total loans	4,590,423	100.0 %	4,479,204	100.0 %
Less: Allowance for credit losses–loans	47,292		48,041
Total loans, net	$ 4,543,131		$ 4,431,163

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Total commercial loans of $2.99 billion represented 65% of total loans as of September 30, 2025, compared to $2.86 billion, or 64% of total loans as of December 31, 2024. Commercial business loans of $740.6 million, or 16% of total loans, were up $75.3 million, or 11%, from December 31, 2024, and total commercial mortgage loans of $2.25 billion, or 49% of total loans, were up $49.5 million, or 2% from $2.20 billion as of December 31, 2024. The increase in total commercial mortgage loans was attributable to increases in multifamily, non-owner occupied and owner occupied loans, partially offset by decreases in construction loans. As of September 30, 2025, commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans made up approximately 67% of total commercial loans, and 44% of total loans, commercial and industrial loans approximated 28% of total commercial loans, and 19% of total loans, and business banking unit loans were approximately 5% of total commercial loans and 3% of total loans. Our CRE committed credit exposure at September 30, 2025 primarily related to approximately 45% multi-family, 18% office, 9% retail, 9% land, 8% hospitality, 6% industrial property, and 2% home builder properties. Approximately 70% of our office exposure at September 30, 2025, or 12% of our total CRE exposure, related to Class B or medical office space. More than 70% of our office and 90% of our multifamily CRE loans have full or limited personal or corporate recourse.

Total consumer loans of $1.60 billion, or 35% of total loans at September 30, 2025, decreased $13.6 million from December 31, 2024. Consumer loans at September 30, 2025 were comprised of residential real estate loans and lines of credit of $724.5 million, or 16% of total loans, consumer indirect loans of $838.7 million, or 18% of total loans, and other consumer loans of $37.5 million, or 1% of total loans. During the third quarter of 2025, we originated $259.5 million in indirect automobile loans with a mix of approximately 30% new automobile and 70% used automobile loans. This compares with the $170.5 million originated of indirect automobile loans with a mix of approximately 25% new automobile and 75% used automobile loans for the third quarter of 2024. Origination volumes and the mix of new and used vehicles financed fluctuate depending on general market conditions.

Loans Held for Sale and Loans Serviced for Others

Loans held for sale (not included in the loan portfolio composition table) were entirely comprised of residential real estate loans and totaled $2.3 million as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

We sell certain qualifying newly originated or refinanced residential real estate loans on the secondary market. Residential real estate loans serviced for others, which are not included in the consolidated statements of financial condition, amounted to $289.2 million and $280.8 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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Allowance for Credit Losses–Loans

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses–loans for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands).

	Credit Loss – Loans Analysis
	Three months ended September 30,			Nine months ended September 30,
	2025	2024		2025		2024
Allowance for credit losses – loans, beginning of period	$ 47,291	$	43,952	$	48,041	$	51,082
Net charge-offs (recoveries):
Commercial business	123		(3	)	2,083		(33	)
Commercial mortgage–construction	(357	)	—		(357	)	—
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	—		12		—		13
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	(1	)	(1	)	594		(3	)
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	(1	)	(1	)	(3	)	(4	)
Residential real estate loans	(25	)	(1	)	108		99
Residential real estate lines	—		—		27		—
Consumer indirect	1,926		1,553		5,017		5,370
Other consumer	396		106		1,011		466
Total net charge-offs	2,061		1,665		8,480		5,908
Provision (benefit) for credit losses–loans	2,062		2,391		7,731		(496	)
Allowance for credit losses–loans, end of period	$ 47,292	$	44,678	$	47,292	$	44,678
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans:
Commercial business	0.07	%	0.00	%	0.39	%	-0.01	%
Commercial mortgage–construction	-0.31	%	0.00	%	-0.09	%	0.00	%
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	0.00	%	0.01	%	0.00	%	0.00	%
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	0.00	%	0.00	%	0.09	%	0.00	%
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	0.00	%	0.00	%	0.00	%	0.00	%
Residential real estate loans	-0.02	%	0.00	%	0.02	%	0.02	%
Residential real estate lines	0.00	%	0.00	%	0.05	%	0.00	%
Consumer indirect	0.91	%	0.70	%	0.80	%	0.79	%
Other consumer	4.16	%	0.95	%	3.40	%	1.33	%
Total loans	0.18	%	0.15	%	0.25	%	0.18	%
Allowance for credit losses–loans to total loans	1.03	%	1.01	%	1.03	%	1.01	%
Allowance for credit losses–loans to nonaccrual loans	139	%	110	%	139	%	110	%
Allowance for credit losses–loans to non-performing loans	139	%	110	%	139	%	110	%

Net charge-offs of $2.1 million for the third quarter of 2025 represented 0.18% of average loans on an annualized basis compared to net charge-offs of $1.7 million, or 0.15%, of average loans for the third quarter of 2024. For the first nine months of 2025, net charge-offs were $8.5 million, compared to $5.9 million for the first nine months of 2024. The allowance for credit losses–loans was $47.3 million at September 30, 2025, compared with $44.7 million at September 30, 2024. The increase in allowance for credit losses–loans was primarily attributed to an increase in loan balances and specific reserves. The ratio of the allowance for credit losses–loans to total loans was 1.03% at September 30, 2025 and 1.01% at September 30, 2024. The ratio of allowance for credit losses–loans to non-performing loans was 139% at September 30, 2025, compared with 110% at September 30, 2024. Non-performing loans decreased $7.5 million to $34.0 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $41.4 million at September 30, 2024. The decrease in non-performing loans reflects a reduction of approximately $3.7 million associated with the foreclosure of a participated loan secured by real estate, as well as a $1.9 million partial charge-off of a credit facility for which a specific reserve was in place. Both the aforementioned-foreclosed participated loan and the partially charged-off credit facility related to a previously disclosed commercial business relationship that was placed on nonaccrual status in the fourth quarter of 2023.

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The following table sets forth the allocation of the allowance for credit losses–loans by loan category as of the dates indicated (dollars in thousands). The allocation is made for analytical purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the categories in which actual losses may occur. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any segment of the loan portfolio.

	Allowance for Credit Losses–Loans by Loan Category — September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	Credit Loss Allowance	Percentage of Loans By Category to Total Loans	Credit Loss Allowance	Percentage of Loans By Category to Total Loans
Commercial business	$ 9,770	16.1 %	$ 8,665	14.9 %
Commercial mortgage–construction	3,825	9.6	6,824	13.0
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	3,799	12.9	3,458	10.5
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	9,168	19.5	7,330	19.2
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	3,466	7.0	4,183	6.4
Residential real estate loans	4,192	14.1	3,596	14.5
Residential real estate lines	921	1.7	793	1.7
Consumer indirect	11,685	18.3	12,705	18.9
Other consumer	466	0.8	487	0.9
Total	$ 47,292	100.0 %	$ 48,041	100.0 %

Loans not analyzed for a specific reserve are segmented into “pools” of loans based on their homogeneous risk characteristics, including purpose, tenor, amortization, repayment source, payment frequency, collateral and recourse. Once loans have been segmented into pools, a loss rate is applied to the amortized cost basis. This is referred to as the “pooled loan” component of the allowance for credit losses estimate. Loans are divided into nine portfolio segments of loans including Commercial Business, Commercial Mortgage–Construction, Commercial Mortgage–Multifamily, Commercial Mortgage–Non-Owner Occupied, Commercial Mortgage–Owner Occupied, Residential Real Estate Loans, Residential Real Estate Lines of Credit, Consumer Indirect Loans, and Other Consumer Loans. The allowance for credit losses for pooled loans estimate is based upon periodic review of the collectability of the loans quantitatively correlating historical loan experience with reasonable and supportable forecasts using forward looking information. Adjustments to the quantitative evaluation may be made for differences in current or expected qualitative risk characteristics such as changes in underwriting standards, delinquency level, regulatory environment, economic condition, Company management and the status of portfolio administration including our Loan Review function. We establish a specific reserve for individually evaluated loans which do not share similar risk characteristics with the loans included in the forecasted allowance for credit losses. These individually evaluated loans are removed from the pooling approach discussed above for the forecasted allowance for credit losses, and include nonaccrual loans, and other loans deemed appropriate by management, collectively referred to as collateral dependent loans. See Note 4, Loans, of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further details on collateral dependent loans. Based on this analysis, we believe the allowance for credit losses is adequate as of September 30, 2025.

Assessing the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses–loans involves substantial uncertainties and is based upon management’s evaluation of the amounts required to meet estimated charge-offs in the loan portfolio after weighing a variety of factors, including the risk profile of our loan products and customers. Factors beyond our control, however, such as general national and local economic conditions, can adversely impact the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. As a result, no assurance can be given that adverse economic conditions or other circumstances will not result in increased losses in the portfolio or that the allowance for credit losses will be sufficient to meet actual loan losses.

The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses–loans is subject to ongoing management review. While management evaluates currently available information in establishing the allowance for credit losses–loans, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the evaluations. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review a financial institution’s allowance for credit losses–loans. Such agencies may require the financial institution to increase the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

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Non-Performing Assets and Potential Problem Loans

The table below summarizes our non-performing assets at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands).

	Non-Performing Assets — September 30, 2025	December 31, 2024
Nonaccrual loans:
Commercial business	$ 3,799	$ 5,609
Commercial mortgage–construction	19,794	20,280
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	540	—
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	—	4,773
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	1,102	354
Residential real estate loans	5,877	6,918
Residential real estate lines	212	253
Consumer indirect	2,482	3,157
Other consumer	145	19
Total nonaccrual loans	33,951	41,363
Accruing loans 90 days or more delinquent	—	43
Total non-performing loans	33,951	41,406
Foreclosed assets	142	60
Total non-performing assets	$ 34,093	$ 41,466
Nonaccrual loans to total loans	0.74 %	0.92 %
Non-performing loans to total loans	0.74 %	0.92 %
Non-performing assets to total assets	0.54 %	0.68 %

Non-performing assets include non-performing loans and foreclosed assets. Non-performing assets at September 30, 2025 were $34.1 million, a decrease of $7.4 million from the $41.5 million balance at December 31, 2024. The primary component of non-performing assets is non-performing loans, which were $34.0 million or 0.74% of total loans at September 30, 2025 and $41.4 million or 0.92% of total loans at December 31, 2024. The decrease in non-performing loans reflects the aforementioned foreclosed participated loan and the partially charged-off credit facility related to a previously disclosed commercial business relationship that was placed on nonaccrual status in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Approximately $1.7 million, or 5%, of the $34.0 million in non-performing loans as of September 30, 2025 were current with respect to payment of principal and interest but were classified as non-accruing because repayment in full of principal and/or interest was uncertain.

Foreclosed assets consist of real property formerly pledged as collateral for loans, which we have acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. We had $142 thousand and $60 thousand of properties representing foreclosed asset holdings at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Potential problem loans are loans that are currently performing, but information known about possible credit problems of the borrowers causes us to have concern as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the present loan payment terms and may result in disclosure of such loans as non-performing at some time in the future. These loans remain in a performing status due to a variety of factors, including payment history, the value of collateral supporting the credits, and/or personal or government guarantees. We consider loans classified as substandard, which continue to accrue interest, to be potential problem loans. We identified $27.3 million and $33.7 million in loans that continued to accrue interest which were classified as substandard as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

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Contractual Loan Maturity Schedule

The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of our loan portfolio at September 30, 2025. Loans, net of deferred loan origination costs, include principal amortization and non-accruing loans. Demand loans having no stated schedule of repayment or maturity and overdrafts as reported as due in one year or less (in thousands).

	Due in less than one year	Due from one to five years	Due from five to fifteen years	Due after fifteen years	Total
Commercial business	$ 346,866	$ 334,873	$ 58,213	$ 651	$ 740,603
Commercial mortgage–construction	284,392	154,263	1,294	1,085	441,034
Commercial mortgage–multifamily	125,542	170,940	282,925	13,227	592,634
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied	108,541	365,899	402,590	16,854	893,884
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied	3,278	99,352	203,953	14,972	321,555
Residential real estate loans	12,477	13,551	145,832	476,537	648,397
Residential real estate lines	9	214	7,661	68,225	76,109
Consumer indirect (1)	10,981	476,058	351,632	—	838,671
Other consumer	3,304	8,495	11,792	13,945	37,536
Total loans	$ 895,390	$ 1,623,645	$ 1,465,892	$ 605,496	$ 4,590,423
Loans maturing after one year:
With a predetermined interest rate:
Commercial business		$ 106,284	$ 33,757	$ —	$ 140,041
Commercial mortgage–construction		9,376	101	919	10,396
Commercial mortgage–multifamily		74,240	84,061	238	158,539
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied		167,121	216,298	3,303	386,722
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied		61,570	70,540	—	132,110
Residential real estate loans		12,363	142,762	300,157	455,282
Residential real estate lines		—	—	—	—
Consumer indirect (1)		476,058	351,632	—	827,690
Other consumer		8,495	11,792	13,830	34,117
With a floating or adjustable rate:
Commercial business		228,589	24,456	651	253,696
Commercial mortgage–construction		144,887	1,193	166	146,246
Commercial mortgage–multifamily		96,700	198,864	12,989	308,553
Commercial mortgage–non-owner occupied		198,778	186,292	13,551	398,621
Commercial mortgage–owner occupied		37,782	133,413	14,972	186,167
Residential real estate loans		1,188	3,070	176,380	180,638
Residential real estate lines		214	7,661	68,225	76,100
Consumer indirect (1)		—	—	—	—
Other consumer		—	—	115	115
Total loans maturing after one year		$ 1,623,645	$ 1,465,892	$ 605,496	$ 3,695,033

---

(1) Amounts include prepayment assumptions based on actual historical experience.

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FUNDING ACTIVITIES

Deposits

The following table summarizes the composition of our deposits at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

	Deposit Composition — September 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	Amount	% of Total	Amount	% of Total
Noninterest-bearing demand	$ 959,404	17.9 %	$ 950,351	18.6 %
Interest-bearing demand	776,445	14.5	705,195	13.8
Savings and money market	1,955,832	36.5	1,904,013	37.3
Time deposits	1,666,128	31.1	1,545,172	30.3
Total deposits	$ 5,357,809	100.0 %	$ 5,104,731	100.0 %

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the aggregate amount of estimated uninsured deposits (deposits in amounts greater than $250 thousand, which is the maximum amount for federal deposit insurance) was $2.36 billion, or 44% of total deposits, and $1.93 billion, or 38% of total deposits, respectively. The portion of our time deposits by account that were in excess of the FDIC insurance limit was $540.1 million and $328.4 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The maturities of our uninsured time deposits at September 30, 2025 were as follows: $110.9 million in three months or less; $50.3 million between three months and six months; $108.8 million between six months and one year; and $270.1 million over one year. Approximately $1.17 billion and $1.00 billion of reciprocal and public deposits, characterized as preferred deposits for FDIC call report purposes, were collateralized by government-backed securities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, estimated uninsured nonpublic deposits were approximately 19% and 18% of total deposits, respectively.

We offer a variety of deposit products designed to attract and retain customers, with the primary focus on building and expanding long-term relationships. At September 30, 2025, total deposits were $5.36 billion, representing an increase of $253.1 million, or 5%, from December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increases in public, brokered and reciprocal deposits, partially offset by a decrease in non-public deposits primarily associated with exiting BaaS deposits. While seasonality in our public deposit portfolio was a contributor, public deposits accounts maintained higher balances during typical outflow cycles while growing deposits with new and existing municipalities. Time deposits were approximately 31% and 30% of total deposits at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Non-public deposits, the largest component of our funding sources, totaled $3.15 billion and $3.21 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and represented 59% and 63% of total deposits as of each date, respectively. We have managed this segment of funding through a strategy of competitive pricing that minimizes the number of customer relationships that have only a single service high-cost deposit account.

As an additional source of funding, we offer a variety of public (municipal) deposit products to the towns, villages, counties and school districts within our market area. Public deposits generally range from 20% to 30% of our total deposits. There is a high degree of seasonality in this component of funding because the level of deposits varies with the seasonal cash flows for these public customers. We maintain the necessary levels of short-term liquidity to accommodate the seasonality associated with public deposits. Total public deposits were $1.23 billion and $1.07 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and represented 23% and 21% of total deposits as of each date, respectively.

We also participate in reciprocal deposit programs, which enable depositors to receive FDIC insurance coverage for deposits otherwise exceeding the maximum insurable amount. Through these programs, deposits in excess of the maximum insurable amount are placed with multiple participating financial institutions. Reciprocal deposits totaled $803.4 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $746.7 million at December 31, 2024, as this product has been an attractive option for customers with more than $250 thousand on deposit, desiring FDIC insurance. Reciprocal deposits represented 15% of total deposits as of each date.

Brokered deposits totaled $175.2 million and $80.9 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and represented 3% and 2% of total deposits as of each date, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $75.2 million and $28.1 million of interest-bearing demand deposits and $100.0 million and $52.8 million of time deposits were brokered deposit accounts, respectively.

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Borrowings

The Company classifies borrowings as short-term or long-term in accordance with the original terms of the applicable agreement. Outstanding borrowings consisted of the following as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

	September 30,	December 31,
	2025	2024
Short-term borrowings:
FHLB	$ 55,000	$ 99,000
Long-term borrowings:
FHLB	50,000	50,000
Subordinated notes, net	65,000	74,842
Total long-term borrowings	115,000	124,842
Total borrowings	$ 170,000	$ 223,842

Short-term Borrowings

Short-term Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) borrowings have original maturities of less than one year and include overnight borrowings which we typically utilize to address short term funding needs as they arise. Short-term FHLB borrowings at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 totaled $55.0 million and $99.0 million, respectively. The FHLB borrowings are collateralized by securities from the Company’s investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans. We continue to be proactive in managing funding costs and reduced short-term borrowings.

As of September 30, 2025, $50.0 million of the short-term borrowings balance was designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in April 2022, at a fixed rate of 0.787%, $30.0 million was designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in January 2023, at a fixed rate of 3.669%, and $25.0 million was designated as a cash-flow hedge, which became effective in May 2023, at a fixed rate of 3.4615%.

We have credit capacity with the FHLB and can borrow through facilities that include amortizing and term advances or repurchase agreements. We had approximately $288.8 million of immediate credit capacity with the FHLB, and approximately $956.8 million in secured borrowing capacity at the FRB discount window as of September 30, 2025. The FHLB and FRB credit capacity is collateralized by securities from our investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans. We had $155.0 million of credit available under unsecured federal funds purchased lines with various banks as of September 30, 2025, with no amounts outstanding. Additionally, we had approximately $58.5 million of unencumbered liquid securities available for pledging at September 30, 2025.

Long-term Borrowings

As of September 30, 2025 we had a long-term advance payable to FHLB of $50.0 million. The advance matures on January 20, 2026 and bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.05%. FHLB advances are collateralized by securities from our investment portfolio and certain qualifying loans.

On October 7, 2020, we completed a private placement of $35.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes to qualified institutional buyers and accredited institutional investors that were subsequently exchanged for subordinated notes with substantially the same terms (the “2020 Notes”) registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The 2020 Notes have a maturity date of October 15, 2030 and bore interest, payable semi-annually, at the rate of 4.375% per annum, until October 15, 2025, at which date the interest rate began repricing quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current three-month SOFR plus 4.265%, payable quarterly until maturity. The 2020 Notes became redeemable by us, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date on or after October 15, 2025, and we may redeem the Notes in whole at any time upon certain other specified events. We used the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, organic growth and to support regulatory capital ratios at Five Star Bank. The 2020 Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

On April 15, 2015, we issued $40.0 million of subordinated notes (the “2015 Notes”) in a registered public offering. The 2015 Notes bore interest at a fixed rate of 6.0% per year, payable semi-annually, for the first 10 years. From April 15, 2025 to the April 15, 2030 maturity date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to an annual interest rate equal to the then current three-month CME Term SOFR plus 4.20561%. The 2015 Notes are redeemable by us at any quarterly interest payment date beginning on April 15, 2025 to maturity at par, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The 2015 Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes. In April 2025, we called $10.0 million of the 2015 Notes, and we will continue to evaluate options relative to the subordinated debt, which may include redemption in part or in full, as well as replacing or refinancing the facilities.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Liquidity

We continue to actively monitor our liquidity profile and funding concentrations in accordance with our Board approved Liquidity Policy. Management is actively monitoring customer activity by way of commercial and consumer line of credit utilization, as well as deposit flows. As of September 30, 2025, all structural liquidity ratios and early warning indicators remain in compliance with what we believe are ample funding sources available in the event of a stress scenario.

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The objective of maintaining adequate liquidity is to assure that we meet our financial obligations. These obligations include the withdrawal of deposits on demand or at their contractual maturity, the repayment of matured borrowings, the ability to fund new and existing loan commitments and the ability to take advantage of new business opportunities. We achieve liquidity by maintaining a strong base of both core customer funds and maturing short-term assets; we also rely on our ability to sell or pledge securities and lines-of-credit, and our overall ability to access the financial and capital markets.

Liquidity for the Bank is managed through the monitoring of anticipated changes in loans, the investment portfolio, core deposits and wholesale funds. The strength of the Bank’s liquidity position is a result of its base of core customer deposits. These core deposits are supplemented by wholesale funding sources that include credit lines with other banking institutions, the FHLB, the FRB, and brokered deposit relationships.

The primary source of our non-deposit short-term borrowings is FHLB advances, of which $55.0 million were outstanding at September 30, 2025. In addition to this amount, we have additional collateralized wholesale borrowing capacity of approximately $1.40 billion as of September 30, 2025 from various funding sources which include the FHLB, the FRB and commercial banks that we can use to fund lending activities, liquidity needs, and/or to adjust and manage our asset and liability position.

The Parent’s funding requirements consist primarily of dividends to shareholders, debt service, income taxes, operating expenses, funding of non-bank subsidiaries, repurchases of our stock, and acquisitions. The Parent obtains funding to meet obligations from dividends received from the Bank, net taxes collected from subsidiaries included in the federal consolidated tax return, and the issuance of debt and equity securities. In addition, the Parent maintains a revolving line of credit with a commercial bank for an aggregate amount of up to $20.0 million, all of which was available at September 30, 2025. The line of credit has a one-year term and matures in May 2026. Funds drawn would be used for general corporate purposes and backup liquidity.

Cash and cash equivalents were $185.9 million as of September 30, 2025, up $98.6 million from $87.3 million as of December 31, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net cash used in operating activities totaled $2.6 million and the principal source of operating activity cash flow was net income adjusted for noncash income and expense items, as well as payment of the $23.0 million contingent litigation accrual. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $77.8 million, which included outflows of $119.7 million from the net increase in loans, $72.1 million for the purchase of company owned life insurance as result of the restructuring in the first quarter of 2025, and $3.4 million of purchases of premises and equipment, partially offset by inflows of $74.0 million of proceeds from the surrender of company owned life insurance, which was surrendered and redeployed in January 2025, and net proceeds from investment securities of $43.5 million, which included proceeds of $94.1 million on modest mortgage-backed securities restructuring in early June and September 2025. Net cash provided by financing activities of $179.0 million was primarily attributed to a $253.1 million net increase in deposits, partially offset and a $44.0 million net decrease in short-term borrowings, $19.6 million in dividend payments, and $10.0 million in repayment of long-term borrowings.

Capital Management

We actively manage capital, commensurate with our risk profile, to enhance shareholder value. We also seek to maintain capital levels for the Company and the Bank at amounts in excess of the regulatory “well-capitalized” thresholds. Periodically, we may respond to market conditions by implementing changes to our overall balance sheet positioning to manage our capital position.

Banks and financial holding companies are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.

In September 2025, the Board approved a share repurchase program for up to 1,006,379 shares of its common stock, or approximately 5% of the Company’s then outstanding common shares. The new share repurchase program replaced and terminated the prior share repurchase program authorized by the Board in June 2022. The repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any shares and it may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time. As of September 30, 2025, no shares have been repurchased under this program.

On December 13, 2024, we completed an underwritten public offering of 4,600,000 shares of common stock, including 600,000 shares as result of the underwriters exercising their overallotment option, at $25.00 per share. We received net proceeds of $108.6 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses from the sale of our common stock. As intended, a portion of the net proceeds was used to fund losses associated with a strategic investment securities restructuring, which was completed in late December 2024. The proceeds may also be used for general corporate purposes which may include the repayment of indebtedness.

Shareholders’ equity was $621.7 million at September 30, 2025, an increase of $52.7 million from $569.0 million at December 31, 2024, primarily due to net income, net of dividends, retained in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $15.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 due primarily to a decrease in net unrealized losses on available for sale securities.

The FRB and FDIC have adopted a system using risk-based capital guidelines to evaluate the capital adequacy of banks and bank holding companies on a consolidated basis. As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s capital levels remained characterized as “well-capitalized” under

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the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (“BCBS”) capital guidelines for U.S. banks. See the “Basel III Capital Rules” section below for further discussion.

The following table reflects the ratios and their components (dollars in thousands):

	September 30, — 2025	2024
Common shareholders’ equity	$ 604,435	$	553,833
Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets	57,657		58,127
Net unrealized loss on investment securities (1)	(28,907	)	(45,829	)
Hedging derivative instruments	1,673		3,085
Net periodic pension and postretirement benefits plan adjustments	(9,443	)	(9,754	)
Other	(81	)	(106	)
Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) Capital	583,536		548,310
Plus: Preferred stock	17,285		17,285
Tier 1 Capital	600,821		565,595
Plus: Qualifying allowance for credit losses	51,893		49,266
Subordinated Notes	59,000		74,842
Total regulatory capital	$ 711,714	$	689,703
Adjusted average total assets (for leverage capital purposes)	$ 6,146,901	$	6,180,275
Total risk-weighted assets	$ 5,232,766	$	5,203,418
Regulatory Capital Ratios
Tier 1 Leverage (Tier 1 capital to adjusted average assets)	9.77	%	9.15	%
CET1 Capital (CET1 capital to total risk-weighted assets)	11.15	%	10.54	%
Tier 1 Capital (Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets)	11.48	%	10.87	%
Total Risk-Based Capital (Total regulatory capital to total risk-weighted assets)	13.60	%	13.25	%

(1) Includes unrealized gains and losses related to the Company’s reclassification of available for sale investment securities to the held to maturity category.

We have elected to apply the 2020 Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) transition provision related to the impact of the CECL accounting standard on regulatory capital, as provided by the US banking agencies’ March 2020 interim final rule. Under the 2020 CECL transition provision, the regulatory capital impact of the Day 1 adjustment to the allowance for credit losses (after-tax) upon the January 1, 2020 CECL adoption date has been deferred and has begun to phase into regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022. For the ongoing impact of CECL, we were allowed to defer the regulatory capital impact of the allowance for credit losses in an amount equal to 25% of the change in the allowance for credit losses (pre-tax) recognized through earnings for each period between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. The cumulative adjustment to the allowance for credit losses between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, also began to phase into regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022.

Basel III Capital Rules

Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the current minimum capital ratios, including an additional capital conservation buffer applicable to the Company and the Bank, are:

• 7.0% CET1 to risk-weighted assets;

• 8.5% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets; and

• 10.5% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets.

Banking institutions with a capital conservation buffer below the minimum level will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to the Company or the Bank. Strict eligibility criteria for regulatory capital instruments were also implemented under the Basel III Capital Rules. As of September 30, 2025, the Company and Bank’s capital levels remained characterized as “well capitalized” under the Basel III rules, including the additional capital conversion buffer.

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The following table presents actual and required capital ratios as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, for the Company and the Bank under the Basel III Capital Rules. Capital levels required to be considered well capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, under the Basel III Capital Rules (dollars in thousands):

					Required to be
			Minimum Capital		Considered Well
	Actual		Required – Basel III		Capitalized
	Amount	Ratio	Amount	Ratio	Amount	Ratio
September 30, 2025
Tier 1 leverage:
Company	$ 600,821	9.77 %	$ 245,876	4.00 %	$ 307,345	5.00 %
Bank	636,281	10.39	245,074	4.00	306,343	5.00
CET1 capital:
Company	583,536	11.15	366,294	7.00	340,130	6.50
Bank	636,281	12.21	364,807	7.00	338,749	6.50
Tier 1 capital:
Company	600,821	11.48	444,785	8.50	418,621	8.00
Bank	636,281	12.21	442,980	8.50	416,922	8.00
Total capital:
Company	711,714	13.60	549,440	10.50	523,277	10.00
Bank	688,174	13.20	547,210	10.50	521,153	10.00
December 31, 2024
Tier 1 leverage:
Company	$ 565,595	9.15 %	$ 247,211	4.00 %	$ 309,014	5.00 %
Bank	603,964	9.79	246,712	4.00	308,391	5.00
CET1 capital:
Company	548,310	10.54	364,239	7.00	338,222	6.50
Bank	603,964	11.65	362,882	7.00	336,962	6.50
Tier 1 capital:
Company	565,595	10.87	442,291	8.50	416,273	8.00
Bank	603,964	11.65	440,643	8.50	414,723	8.00
Total capital:
Company	689,703	13.25	546,359	10.50	520,342	10.00
Bank	653,230	12.60	544,324	10.50	518,403	10.00

Dividend Restrictions

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is dependent upon dividends from the Bank to provide funds for the payment of dividends to shareholders and to provide for other cash requirements. Banking regulations may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid. Approval by regulatory authorities is required if the effect of dividends declared would cause the regulatory capital of the Bank to fall below specified minimum levels. Approval is also required if dividends declared exceed the net profits for that year combined with the retained net profits for the preceding two years.

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ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualit ative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk refers to the potential impact on earnings or capital arising from movements in interest rates. The Bank’s market risk management framework has been developed to control both short-term and long-term exposure within the Board approved policy limits and is monitored by the Asset-Liability Management Committee and the Board of Directors. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk were presented at December 31, 2024 in Item 7A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 13, 2025. The following is an update of the discussion provided therein.

Portfolio Composition

There was no material change in the composition of assets, deposit liabilities or borrowings from December 31, 2024 to September 30, 2025. See the section titled “Analysis of Financial Condition” in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for a discussion of asset, deposit and borrowing activity during the period.

Net Interest Income at Risk

A primary tool used to manage interest rate risk is “rate shock” simulation to measure the rate sensitivity. Rate shock simulation is a modeling technique used to estimate the impact of changes in rates on net interest income as well as economic value of equity.

Net interest income at risk is measured by estimating the changes in net interest income resulting from instantaneous and sustained parallel shifts in interest rates of different magnitudes over a period of 12 months. The following table sets forth the estimated changes to net interest income over the 12-month period ending September 30, 2026, assuming instantaneous changes in interest rates for the given rate shock scenarios (dollars in thousands):

	Changes in Interest Rate — -300 bp		-200 bp		-100 bp		+100 bp
Estimated change in net interest income	$ (10,983	)	$ (7,379	)	$ (3,396	)	$ 1,315
% Change	-5.27	%	-3.54	%	-1.63	%	0.63 %

In the rising rate scenarios, the static model results indicate that net interest income is modeled to increase compared to the flat rate scenario over a one-year time frame. This is a combination of an increase across the entire deposit portfolio, which has decreased wholesale borrowings, and the higher cost associated with the borrowings. This simulation does not consider balance sheet growth or a change in the balance sheet mix. As intermediate and longer-term assets continue to mature and are replaced at higher yields, net interest income should improve over the longer-term time frame. Model results in the declining rate scenario show a decrease in net interest income due to a combination of increases in the yield curve, as well as increases in higher paying public and nonpublic deposits, which will reprice downward slower due to market deposit competition.

In addition to the changes in interest rate scenarios listed above, other scenarios are typically modeled to measure interest rate risk. These scenarios vary depending on the economic and interest rate environment. Furthermore, given the static balance sheet approach, retained earnings are considered to be reinvested in a noninterest earning asset.

The simulation referenced above is based on our assumption as to the effect of interest rate changes on assets and liabilities and assumes a parallel shift of the yield curve. It also includes certain assumptions about the future pricing of loans and deposits in response to changes in interest rates. Further, it assumes that delinquency rates would not change as a result of changes in interest rates, although there can be no assurance that this will be the case. While this simulation is a useful measure as to net interest income at risk due to a change in interest rates, it is not a forecast of future results, does not measure the effect of changing interest rates on noninterest income and is based on many assumptions that, if changed, could cause a different outcome.

Economic Value of Equity at Risk

The economic (or “fair”) value of financial instruments on our balance sheet will also vary under the interest rate scenarios previously discussed. This variance is measured by simulating changes in our economic value of equity (“EVE”), which is calculated by subtracting the estimated fair value of liabilities from the estimated fair value of assets. Fair values for financial instruments are estimated by discounting projected cash flows (principal and interest) at current replacement rates for each account type, while fair values of non-financial assets and liabilities are assumed to equal book value and do not vary with interest rate fluctuations. An economic value simulation is a static measure for balance sheet accounts at a given point in time, but this measurement can change substantially over time as the characteristics of our balance sheet evolve and as interest rate and yield curve assumptions are updated.

The amount of change in economic value under different interest rate scenarios depends on the characteristics of each class of financial instrument, including the stated interest rate or spread relative to current market rates or spreads, the likelihood of prepayment, whether the rate is fixed or floating, and the maturity date of the instrument. As a rule, fixed-rate financial assets become more valuable in declining rate scenarios and less valuable in rising rate scenarios, while fixed-rate financial liabilities gain in value as interest rates rise and lose value as interest rates decline. The longer the duration of the financial instrument, the greater the impact a rate change will have on its value. In our economic value simulations, estimated prepayments are factored in for financial instruments with stated maturity dates, and decay rates for non-maturity deposits are projected based on historical data (back-testing).

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The analysis that follows presents the estimated EVE resulting from market interest rates prevailing at a given quarter-end (“Pre-Shock Scenario”), and under other interest rate scenarios (each a “Rate Shock Scenario”) represented by immediate, permanent, parallel shifts in interest rates from those observed at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands). The analysis additionally presents a measurement of the interest rate sensitivity at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. EVE amounts are computed under each respective Pre-Shock Scenario and Rate Shock Scenario. An increase in the EVE amount is considered favorable, while a decline is considered unfavorable. The following table sets forth the estimated changes to EVE, assuming instantaneous changes in interest rates for the given rate shock scenarios (dollars in thousands):

Rate Shock Scenario:	September 30, 2025 — EVE	Change	Percentage Change	EVE		Change	Percentage Change
Pre-Shock Scenario	$ 851,144			$	903,789
- 300 Basis Points	915,882	$ 64,738		7.61 %	906,208	$ 2,419		0.27 %
- 200 Basis Points	896,906	45,762		5.38	908,905	5,116		0.57
- 100 Basis Points	874,061	22,917		2.69	908,459	4,670		0.52
+ 100 Basis Points	825,557	(25,587	)	-3.01	894,135	(9,654	)	-1.07

The decrease in the Pre-Shock Scenario EVE at September 30, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024 was driven by the combination of increased borrowings and the continued deposit mix shift from non-maturity, non-public, to time and reciprocal, which offset the positive commercial loan growth during this period. The sensitivity in the down Rate Shock Scenarios to EVE become more positive at September 30, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024. This is a result of the continued increases in commercial loan valuation, as well as a strategic shift in certificate of deposit pricing from long-term to shorter-term buckets, allowing for a quicker repricing in a falling rate environment.

ITEM 4. Control s and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of September 30, 2025, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b), as adopted by the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Disclosure controls and procedures are the controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHE R INFORMATION

ITEM 1. L egal Proceedings

From time to time, we are a party to or otherwise involved in legal proceedings arising out of the normal course of business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of prosecution, defense and settlement costs, unfavorable awards, diversion of management resources and other factors. For more information with respect to our recent legal proceedings please refer to Note 13, Commitments and Contingencies, of the notes to the to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1, of this Current Report on Form 10-Q. Except as described in Note 13, as of September 30, 2025, management believes that the aggregate liability, if any, arising from such litigation would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, there have been no material changes to the risk factors as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the SEC. Additional risks not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 2 . Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

In September 2025, the Board approved a share repurchase program for up to 1,006,379 shares of its common stock, or approximately 5% of the Company’s then outstanding common shares. The new share repurchase program replaced and terminated the prior share repurchase program authorized by the Board in June 2022. The program will expire at the earlier of the completion of all share repurchases or a Board vote to retire the program.

The Company’s repurchases of its common stock during the third quarter of 2025 were as follows:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1, 2025 – July 31, 2025	—	$ —	—	1,006,379
August 1, 2025 – August 31, 2025	—	—	—	1,006,379
September 1, 2025 – September 30, 2025	—	—	—	1,006,379
Total	—	$ —	—	1,006,379

ITEM 5. Other Information

During the third quarter of 2025 , none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as that term is used in SEC regulations.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits

(a) The following is a list of all exhibits filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Report:

Exhibit Number	Description	Location
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company	Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 3.1 , 3.2 and 3.3 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, dated March 12, 2009
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Financial Institutions, Inc.	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Form 8-K, dated June 25, 2019
31.1	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Principal Executive Officer	Filed Herewith
31.2	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Principal Financial Officer	Filed Herewith
32	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Filed Herewith
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbases Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INC.

/s/ Martin K. Birmingham
Martin K. Birmingham
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ W. Jack Plants II
W. Jack Plants II
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ Sandra L. Byers
Sandra L. Byers
Senior Vice President and Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)

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