Fangdd Network Group Ltd. — Annual Report 2023

Sep 13, 2024

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F/A

(Amendment No. 1)

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report _____

For the transition period from __ to ________

Commission file number 001-39109

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

Room 1501, Shangmei Technology Building

No. 15 Dachong Road

Nanshan District , Shenzhen , 518072

People’s Republic of China 1

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Xi Zeng Chief Executive Officer

Room 1501, Shangmei Technology Building

No. 15 Dachong Road

Nanshan District , Shenzhen , 518072

People’s Republic of China 2

Phone: +86 755 2699 8968

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American depositary shares, each representing one Class A ordinary share, par value US$0.0005625 per share 3	DUO	The Nasdaq Capital Market 4
Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0005625 per share *		The Nasdaq Capital Market *

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

• Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market of American depository shares, each representing one Class A ordinary share

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

1 Our principal executive offices have been relocated to this address since the submission of our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023, originally filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on April 19, 2024 (the “Original 2023 Form 20-F”).

2 The address of our company contact person has been changed to this location since the submission of the Original 2023 Form 20-F.

3 Following the submission of the Original 2023 Form 20-F, we effected a share consolidation on August 12, 2024, consolidating every 5,625 ordinary shares of a par value US$0.0000001 per share of our company into one ordinary share of a par value US$0.0005625 per share. As a result of this share consolidation, each American depositary share now represent one Class A ordinary share of our company, par value US$0.0005625 per share. For detailed information, please refer to our current reports on Form 6-K furnished to the Commission on July 11 and July 31, 2024.

4 Following the submission of the Original 2023 Form 20-F and on June 13, 2024, the listing of ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares was transferred from The Nasdaq Global Market to The Nasdaq Capital Market.

Field: Page; Sequence: 1

Field: /Page

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2023, there were (i) 33,312,108,296 Class A ordinary shares issued and outstanding, par value of US$0.0000001 per share (excluding 3,189,458,625 Class A ordinary shares issued to depositary bank for ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans and upon the exercise of warrants issued on July 19, 2023), (ii) 490,418,360 Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding, par value of US$0.0000001 per share, and (iii) 7,071,427 Class C ordinary shares issued and outstanding, par value of US$0.0000001 per share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.Yes ☐ No ☒

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated filer ☒
Accelerated filer ☐	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS.)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

Field: Page; Sequence: 2

Field: /Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
EXPLANATORY NOTE	1
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	2
ITEM 19. EXHIBITS	2
SIGNATURES	5

Field: Page; Sequence: 3; Options: NewSection; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: LowerRoman; Name: PageNo i Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This Amendment No. 1 (“Amendment No. 1”) to our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 originally filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on April 19, 2024 (the “Original 2023 Form 20-F”) is being filed solely to remove the language of “and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America” from the fourth paragraph on page F-2 of the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm issued by Audit Alliance LLP.

As required by Rule 12b-15 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, we are also filing as exhibits to Amendment No. 1 the certifications required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Other than the matters described above, this Amendment No. 1 does not amend or modify any information included in any of the disclosure presented in the Original 2023 Form 20-F.

The Original 2023 Form 20-F, as amended by this Amendment No. 1, speaks as of the original filing date of the Original 2023 Form 20-F and does not reflect events that may have occurred subsequent to the original filing date of the Original 2023 Form 20-F.

Field: Page; Sequence: 4; Options: NewSection; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 1 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report.

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
1.1	Fifth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
2.1	Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
2.2	Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Class A ordinary shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
2.3	Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary and the owners and holders of American Depositary Shares, dated as of October 31, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the registration statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-237506), filed with the SEC on March 31, 2020)
2.4	Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2015, by and among the Registrant and the holders of the Registrant’s ordinary and preferred shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
2.5	Amendment to the Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of October 8, 2019, by and among the Registrant and the holders of the Registrant’s ordinary and preferred shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
2.6	Letter Agreement, dated as of October 31, 2019, by and among the Registrant, certain shareholders of the Registrant and other parties (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.6 from our annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39109), initially filed with the SEC on April 15, 2020)
2.7**	Description of Securities
4.1	Amended and Restated 2018 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our S-8 registration statement (File No. 333-237506) filed with the SEC on March 31, 2020)
4.2	Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its director and executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.3	Form of Director Agreement between the Registrant and its directors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.4	Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.5	English translation of the Business Operation Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2017, entered by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.6	English translation of the Supplementary Agreement to the Business Operation Agreement, dated as of November 20, 2023, entered into by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)
4.7	English translation of Powers of Attorney, dated November 20, 2023, issued by each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd to appoint the person designated by Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd. as such shareholder’s attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)
4.8	English translation of the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, dated as of March 21, 2014 and December 20, 2017, respectively, entered by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)

Field: Page; Sequence: 5; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 2 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
4.9	English translation of the Supplementary Agreement to the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2018, entered by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and several shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.10	English translation of the Equity Interest Pledge Agreements, dated November 20, 2023, entered into by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)
4.11	English translation of the Technology Development and Application
Service Agreement, dated as of March 21, 2014, entered by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd. and
Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the registration
statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.12	English translation of the Operation Maintenance Service Agreement, dated as of March 21, 2014, entered by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.13	English translation of the Option Agreements entered by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.14	English translation of the Supplementary Agreement to the Option Agreement, dated August 1, 2018, entered by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and several shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
4.15	English translation of the Supplementary Agreements to the Purchase Option Agreements, dated November 20, 2023, entered into by and among Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd., and each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.4 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) filed with the SEC on November 29, 2023)
4.16	Share Subscription Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2022, between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on November 30, 2022)
4.17	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and certain investors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on December 8, 2022)
4.18	Form of Convertible Note Purchase Agreement between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and the purchaser (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on January 13, 2023)
4.19	Share Subscription Agreement, dated as of January 13, 2023, between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on January 13, 2023)
4.20	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and certain investors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on March 2, 2023)
4.21	Form of Note Conversion Agreement, dated as of March 9, 2023, between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and the holder of the Note (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on March 9, 2023)
4.22	Form of Placement Agency Agreement between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and Maxim Group LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on July 18, 2023)

Field: Page; Sequence: 6; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 3 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
4.23	Form of Regular Warrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on July 18, 2023)
4.24	Form of Reset Warrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on July 18, 2023)
4.25	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and certain investors (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on July 18, 2023)
4.26	Form of Warrant Agency Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on July 18, 2023)
4.27	Share Subscription Agreement, dated July 21, 2023, between Fangdd Network Group Ltd. and ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on July 21, 2023)
8.1**	Principal Subsidiaries of the Registrant
11.1	Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-234130) filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019)
12.1*	Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*	Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1**	Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2**	Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1**	Consent of Audit Alliance LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
15.2**	Consent of Global Law Office
16.1	Letter from KPMG Huazhen LLP to the Securities and Exchange Commission (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 16.1 to the annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39109) furnished to the SEC on April 19, 2023)
97.1**	Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy
101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

• Filed herewith

** Previously filed or furnished with the Original 2023 Form 20-F

Field: Page; Sequence: 7; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 4 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Amendment No. 1 to its annual report on its behalf.

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.
By:	/s/ Xi Zeng
Name:	Xi Zeng
Title:	Chief Executive Officer

Date: September 13, 2024

Field: Page; Sequence: 8; Value: 1

Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 5 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

FANGDD NETWORK GROUP LTD.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CONTENTS	PAGE(S)
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM -AUDIT ALLIANCE LLP (PCAOB ID:3487)	F-2
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022 AND 2023	F-3
– F-4
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021, 2022 AND 2023	F-5
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021, 2022 AND 2023	F-6
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021, 2022 AND 2023	F-8
– F-9
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-10
– F-62

Field: Page; Sequence: 149; Options: NewSection; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 1 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Fangdd Network Group Ltd. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Group will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2(b) to the consolidated financial statements, the Group has suffered recurring losses from operations during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and negative cash flows from operating activities for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2(b). The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

The Group is not required to have, nor we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Audit Alliance LLP
Singapore
April 19, 2024

PCAOB ID Number: 3487

We have served as the Group’s auditor since 2022.

Field: Page; Sequence: 150; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 2 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2022	2023
RMB	RMB	US$
		Unaudited
		(Note 2(g))
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	143,934	121,733	17,146
Restricted cash	38,811	22,166	3,122
Short-term investments	2,000	15,312	2,157
Accounts receivable, net	470,997	314,638	44,316
Prepayments and other assets, net	191,996	126,725	17,847
Inventories	11,157	12,503	1,761
Total current assets	858,895	613,077	86,349
Non-current assets
Property, equipment and software, net	3,037	1,819	256
Equity method investments, net	206,086	145,696	20,521
Long-term equity investment, net	6,000	3,000	423
Goodwill, net	454	—	—
R ight -of-use assets	2,207	183	26
Other non-current assets	—	6,126	863
Total non-current assets	217,784	156,824	22,089
Total assets	1,076,679	769,901	108,438
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Short-term bank borrowings (including short-term bank borrowings of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 72,500 and nil as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	72,500	—	—
Accounts payable (including accounts payable of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 638,295 and RMB 373,278 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	659,215	395,432	55,695
Customers’ refundable fees (including customers’ refundable fees of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 30,747 and RMB 30,657 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	30,747	31,554	4,444
Accrued expenses and other payables (including accrued expenses and other payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 145,088 and RMB 80,109 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	181,140	117,556	16,557
Income tax payables (including income tax payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 2,468 and RMB 1,590 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	4,876	5,068	714
L ease liabilities-current (including lease liabilities-current of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 1,096 and RMB 111 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	1,243	111	16
Total current liabilities	949,721	549,721	77,426
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables (including income tax payables of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 27,429 and RMB 28,243 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	30,772	28,654	4,036
L ease liabilities (including lease liabilities of consolidated VIE without recourse to the Company of RMB 791 and RMB 29 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Note 1)	792	29	4
Total non-current liabilities	31,564	28,683	4,040
Total liabilities	981,285	578,404	81,466
Commitments and contingencies (Note 23)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 151; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 3 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2022		2023
RMB		RMB		US$
				Unaudited
				(Note 2(g))
Shareholder s’ Equity:
Class A Ordinary shares (US$ 0.0000001 par value, 50,000,000,000 and 3,000,000,000,000 shares authorized Including Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, 1,850,866,648 and 33,312,108,296 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively)	1		17		2
Class B Ordinary shares (US$ 0.0000001 par value, 50,000,000,000 and 3,000,000,000,000 shares authorized Including Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, 619,938,058 and 490,418,360 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively)	—		—		—
Class C Ordinary shares (US$ 0.0000001 par value, 50,000,000,000 and 3,000,000,000,000 shares authorized Including Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively, 75,000 and 7,071,427 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively)	—		—		—
Additional paid-in capital	5,051,631		5,243,416		738,520
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	( 393,841	)	( 398,160	)	( 56,080	)
Accumulated deficit	( 4,557,675	)	( 4,649,428	)	( 654,858	)
Total Fangdd Network Group Ltd. shareholders’ equity	100,116		195,845		27,584
Noncontrolling interests	( 4,722	)	( 4,348	)	( 612	)
Total
shareholder s’ equity	95,394		191,497		26,972
Total liabilities
and shareholder s’ equity	1,076,679		769,901		108,438

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 152; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 4 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF O PERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) I NCOME

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
						Unaudited
						(Note 2(g))
Revenue	942,380		245,948		284,957		40,135
Cost of revenue	( 835,873	)	( 221,213	)	( 243,763	)	( 34,333	)
Gross profit	106,507		24,735		41,194		5,802
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing expenses	( 64,914	)	( 13,195	)	( 2,774	)	( 391	)
Product development expenses	( 167,530	)	( 65,971	)	( 32,142	)	( 4,527	)
General and administrative expenses	( 831,358	)	( 194,962	)	( 271,448	)	( 38,232	)
Total operating expenses	( 1,063,802	)	( 274,128	)	( 306,364	)	( 43,150	)
Loss from operations	( 957,295	)	( 249,393	)	( 265,170	)	( 37,348	)
Other income (expenses):
Interest expense, net	( 8,317	)	( 5,140	)	( 621	)	( 88	)
Foreign currency exchange (loss) gain, net	( 394	)	375		333		47
Gain (Loss) on short-term investments	112		363		(51 8	)	( 73	)
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment	( 26,000	)	( 8,000	)	( 3,000	)	( 423	)
Impairment loss for equity method investments	( 187,329	)	( 62,623	)	( 15,279	)	( 2,152	)
Impairment loss for non-current assets	( 11,543	)	( 7,642	)	—		—
Goodwill impairment	( 31,188	)	—		( 454	)	( 64	)
Government grants	22,293		14,938		2,454		346
Other income, net	5,618		87,041		183,490		25,844
Share of (loss) profit from equity method investees, net of income tax	( 47	)	( 2,020	)	44 2		62
Gain on subsidiaries written off	—		—		3,330		469
Loss before income tax	( 1,194,090	)	( 232,101	)	( 94,993	)	( 13,380	)
Income tax (expense) benefit	( 8,907	)	( 7,487	)	1,889		266
Net loss	( 1,202,997	)	( 239,588	)	( 93,104	)	( 13,114	)
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31,832		( 4,450	)	1,351		190
Net loss attributable to Fangdd Network Group Ltd.	( 1,171,165	)	( 244,038	)	( 91,753	)	( 12,924	)
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	( 1,171,165	)	( 244,038	)	( 91,753	)	( 12,924	)
Net loss	( 1,202,997	)	( 239,588	)	( 93,104	)	( 13,114	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	( 7,926	)	11,036		( 4,319	)	( 608	)
Total comprehensive loss, net of tax	( 1,210,923	)	( 228,552	)	( 97,423	)	( 13,722	)
Total comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31,832		( 4,450	)	1,351		190
Total comprehensive loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	( 1,179,091	)	( 233,002	)	( 96,072	)	( 13,532	)
Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders -
Basic and diluted	( 0.58	)	( 0.12	)	( 0.004	)	( 0.001	)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share -
Basic and diluted	2,022,446,988		2,078,624,721		20,765,256,643

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 153; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 5 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Shares	RMB	Shares	RMB	RMB	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
Balance
as of January 1, 2021	1,376,231,023	1	619,938,058	—	4,982,885	( 396,951	)	( 3,142,472	)	1,443,463		22,535		1,465,998
Net loss for the year	—	—	—	—	—	—		( 1,171,165	)	( 1,171,165	)	( 31,832	)	( 1,202,997	)
Exercise of share options under share- based
compensation	50,219,050	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		—
Share-based compensation	—	—	—	—	47,067	—		—		47,067		—		47,067
Acquisition of additional
interests in subsidiaries	—	—	—	—	1,820	—		—		1,820		( 1,820	)	—
Capital contribution from
noncontrolling shareholder	—	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		1,535		1,535
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	—	—	—	—	—	( 7,926	)	—		( 7,926	)	—		( 7,926	)
Balance
as of December 31, 2021	1,426,450,073	1	619,938,058	—	5,031,772	( 404,877	)	( 4,313,637	)	313,259		( 9,582	)	303,677

											equity attributable
Class A Ordinary		Class B Ordinary		Class C Ordinary		Additional paid-in	Accumulated other comprehensive		Accumulated		to Fangdd Network Group		Noncontrolling		Total shareholders’
shares		shares		shares		capital	loss		deficit		Limited		interests		equity
Shares	RMB	Shares	RMB	Shares	RMB	RMB	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
Balance
as of January 1, 2022	1,426,450,073	1	619,938,058	—	—	—	5,031,772	( 404,877	)	( 4,313,637	)	313,259		( 9,582	)	303,677
Net (loss) income for the
year	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		( 244,038	)	( 244,038	)	4,450		( 239,588	)
Exercise of share options under share-based
compensation	49,416,575	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		—
Share-based compensation	—	—	—	—	—	—	16,724	—		—		16,724		—		16,724
Acquisition of a subsidiary
with noncontrolling interests (Note 22)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		( 114	)	( 114	)
Capital contribution from
noncontrolling shareholder	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		490		490
Disposal of a subsidiary	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		34		34
Issuance of ordinary shares	375,000,000	—	—	—	75,000	—	3,135	—		—		3,135		—		3,135
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11,036		—		11,036		—		11,036
Balance
as of December 31, 2022	1,850,866,648	1	619,938,058	—	75,000	—	5,051,631	( 393,841	)	( 4,557,675	)	100,116		( 4,722	)	95,394

Field: Page; Sequence: 154; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 6 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

												equity attributable
Class A Ordinary		Class B Ordinary			Class C Ordinary		Additional paid-in	Accumulated other comprehensive		Accumulated		to Fangdd Network Group		Noncontrolling		Total shareholders’
shares		shares			shares		capital	loss		deficit		Limited		interests		equity
Shares	RMB	Shares		RMB	Shares	RMB	RMB	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
Balance
as of January 1, 2023	1,850,866,648	1	619,938,058		—	75,000	—	5,051,631	( 393,841	)	( 4,557,675	)	100,116		( 4,722	)	95,394
Net (loss) income for the
year	—	—	—		—	—	—	—	—		( 91,753	)	( 91,753	)	( 1,351	)	( 93,104	)
Exercise of share options under share-based
compensation	5,561,075	—	—		—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		—
Share-based compensation	—	—	—		—	—	—	105	—		—		105		—		105
Capital contribution from
noncontrolling shareholder	—	—	—		—	—	—	—	—		—		—		635		635
Subsidiaries written off	—	—	—		—	—	—	—	—		—		—		1,090		1,090
Issuance of ordinary shares	12,576,160,875	3	—		—	6,996,427	—	46,629	—		—		46,632		—		46,632
Conversion of class B ordinary shares to class A ordinary shares	129,519,698	—	( 129,519,698	)	—	—	—	—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of convertible promissory note	—	—	—		—	—	—	4,343	—		—		4,343		—		4,343
Conversion of convertible promissory note	18,750,000,000	13	—		—	—	—	140,708	—		—		140,721		—		140,721
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax	—	—	—		—	—	—	—	( 4,319	)	—		( 4,319	)	—		( 4,319	)
Balance
as of December 31, 2023	33,312,108,296	17	490,418,360		—	7,071,427	—	5,243,416	( 398,160	)	( 4,649,428	)	195,845		( 4,348	)	191,497
US$
Unaudited (Note 2(g))		2			—		—	738,520	( 56,080	)	( 654,858	)	27,584		( 612	)	26,972

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 155; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 7 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
						Unaudited
						(Note 2(g))
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	( 1,202,997	)	( 239,588	)	( 93,104	)	( 13,114	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	7,695		2,744		697		98
Amortization of right-of-use assets	—		597		1,118		157
Share-based compensation expenses	47,067		16,724		105		15
(Gain) Loss on short-term investments	( 112	)	( 363	)	518		73
Impairment loss for non-current assets	11,543		7,642		—		—
Goodwill impairment	31,188		—		454		64
Impairment loss for long-term equity investment	26,000		8,000		3,000		423
Impairment loss for equity method investments	187,329		62,623		15,279		2,152
Impairment on short-term investments	—		149,371		—		—
Share of loss (profit) from equity method investments, net of income tax	47		2,020		(44 2	)	( 62	)
Allowance (Reversal of allowance) for doubtful accounts	612,653		( 67,605	)	201,885		28,435
Loss on disposal of property, equipment and software	322		1,280		275		39
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain), net	394		( 375	)	( 333	)	( 47	)
Deferred income tax expenses	3,424		—		—		—
Gain on subsidiaries written off	—		—		( 3,330	)	( 469	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisition
Accounts receivable	867,027		497,585		97,777		13,772
Prepayments and other assets	98,000		3,359		( 80,528	)	( 11,342	)
Other non-current assets	—		—		( 4,439	)	(6 26	)
Accounts payable	( 620,361	)	( 516,728	)	( 263,783	)	( 37,153	)
Customers’ refundable fees	( 8,286	)	( 250	)	807		114
Accrued expenses and other payables	( 126,563	)	( 59,509	)	( 59,159	)	(8,33 3	)
L ease liabilities	—		( 769	)	( 989	)	( 139	)
Income tax payables	5,012		6,259		( 1,926	)	( 271	)
Net cash used in operating activities	( 60,618	)	( 126,983	)	( 186,118	)	( 26,214	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property, equipment and software	( 12,461	)	( 194	)	( 296	)	( 42	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, equipment and software	252		40		—	*	—	*
Investment in equity method investments	( 84,566	)	( 33,154	)	—		—
Return of capital from equity method investees	50,088		19,547		45,553		6,416
Cash paid for business combination, net of cash acquired	—		( 648	)	—		—
Cash paid for short-term investments	( 104,139	)	( 464,914	)	( 63,812	)	( 8,988	)
Proceeds from disposal of short-term investments	107,101		320,055		49,982		7,040
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	( 43,725	)	( 159,268	)	31,427		4,426
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	—		3,136		46,632		6,568
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory note, net of issuance costs	—		—		145,064		20,432
Contribution from noncontrolling shareholder	1,535		490		635		89
Cash proceeds from short-term bank borrowings	154,180		72,500		—		—
Repayment for short-term bank borrowings	( 462,844	)	( 134,780	)	( 72,500	)	( 10,211	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	( 307,129	)	( 58,654	)	119,831		16,878
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	( 8,320	)	11,412		( 3,986	)	( 561	)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	( 419,792	)	( 333,493	)	( 38,846	)	( 5,471	)

• Less than 1 after in thousand and rounding.

Field: Page; Sequence: 156; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 8 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASHFLOWS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2021	2022		2023
	RMB	RMB		RMB		US$
						Unaudited
						(Note 2(g))
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year	936,030		516,238		182,745		25,739
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year	516,238		182,745		143,899		20,268
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents	492,107		143,934		121,733		17,146
Restricted cash	24,131		38,811		22,166		3,122
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year	516,238		182,745		143,899		20,268
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Interest paid	( 18,277	)	( 6,157	)	( 326	)	( 46	)
Income tax paid	( 445	)	( 812	)	( 37	)	( 5	)
Cash paid for amounts include in lease liabilities	—		( 887	)	( 1,235	)	( 174	)
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets	—	2,803		366		52

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 157; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 9 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Organization and principal activities

Fangdd Network Group Ltd. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on September 19, 2013 as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law (2011 Revision) (as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands. The registered office of the Company is at the offices of Appleby Trust (Cayman) Ltd., Clifton House, 75 Fort Street, P.O. Box 1350, Grand Cayman KY1-1108, Cayman Islands.

The Company is an investment holding company. The Company, through its consolidated subsidiaries, variables interest entity and variables interest entity’s subsidiaries (together, “the Group”) is principally engaged in the provision of real estate information services through its online platform which also offers integrated marketing services for individual customers, real estate developers and agents in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”).

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, variable interest entity (“VIE”) and the VIE’s subsidiaries.

Variable interest entity

The Group conducts the business in the PRC through Shenzhen Fangdd Network Technology Co. Ltd. (“Shenzhen Fangdd”), a limited liability company established under the laws of the PRC on October 10, 2011. Shenzhen Fangdd holds the necessary PRC operating licenses for the real estate agency and online business. The equity interests of Shenzhen Fangdd are legally held by individuals who act as nominee equity holders of Shenzhen Fangdd on behalf of Shenzhen Fangdd Information Technology Co. Ltd. (“Fangdd Information”). Shenzhen Fangdd entered into a series of contractual agreements with its legal shareholders and Fangdd Information, including the Business Operation Agreement, Powers of Attorney, Equity Interest Pledge Agreements, Exclusive Option Agreements, Operation Maintenance Service Agreement and Technology Development and Application Service Agreement (collectively, the “Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements”) in March 2014 and were subsequently amended in 2017 and 2023 to reflect the registration of the Equity Interest Pledge Agreements with the relevant registration authority and amended when certain nominee equity holders transferred their nominal shareholdings in Shenzhen Fangdd to other nominee equity holders.

Pursuant to the Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements, the Group, through Fangdd Information, is able to exercise effective control over, bears the risks of, enjoys substantially all of the economic benefits of Shenzhen Fangdd, and has an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd when and to the extent permitted by PRC law at a nominal price. The Company’s management concluded that Shenzhen Fangdd is a consolidated VIE of the Group and Fangdd Information is the primary beneficiary of Shenzhen Fangdd. As such, the financial results of Shenzhen Fangdd and its subsidiaries are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company.

The principal terms of the agreements entered into among Shenzhen Fangdd, the nominee equity holders and Fangdd Information are further described below.

● Business Operation Agreement

Fangdd Information, Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders have entered into a business operation agreement, pursuant to which Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders undertake not to enter into any transactions that may have material effects on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, obligations, rights or business operations without Fangdd Information’s prior written consent.

Field: Page; Sequence: 158; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 10 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Additionally, Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders undertake that, without the Fangdd Information’s prior written consent, they shall not (a) sell, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of any rights associated with their equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd, approve any merger or acquisition of Shenzhen Fangdd, (c) take any actions that may have a material adverse effect on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, businesses and liabilities, or sell, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose or impose other encumbrances of any assets, businesses or income of Shenzhen Fangdd, (d) request Shenzhen Fangdd to declare dividend or make other distribution, (e) amend Shenzhen Fangdd’s articles of association, (f) increase, decrease or otherwise change Shenzhen Fangdd’s registered capital. Fangdd Information may request Shenzhen Fangdd to transfer at any time all the intellectual property rights held by Shenzhen Fangdd to Fangdd Information or any person designated by Fangdd Information. Shenzhen Fangdd and certain of its shareholders, including Yi Duan and Xi Zeng, shall be jointly and severally responsible for the performance of their obligations under this agreement. This agreement has a initial term of ten years, and the term has been extended by a supplementary agreement dated November 20, 2023 to November 19, 2033. The term may be further extended upon Fangdd Information’s unilateral written confirmation prior to the expiry. Shenzhen Fangdd has no right of transfer without Fangdd information’s written confirmation or right of early termination while Fangdd Information may unilaterally transfer its rights and obligations under this agreement to third parties at any time through written notification and may early terminate this agreement via a 30-day prior written notice.

● Powers of Attorney

Each of the shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd has issued a power of attorney, irrevocably appointing Mr. Xi Zeng, a director of Fangdd Information, as such shareholder’s attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights, including, but not limited to, the right to call shareholders’ meeting, the right to vote on all matters of Shenzhen Fangdd that require shareholders’ approval, and the right to dispose of all or part of the shareholder’s equity interest in Shenzhen Fangdd, on behalf of such shareholder. The foregoing authorization is conditioned upon Mr. Xi Zeng’s continuing directorship at Fangdd Information and Fangdd Information’s written consent to such authorization. In the event that Mr. Xi Zeng ceases to serve as a director of Fangdd Information or that Fangdd Information requests the shareholders to terminate the authorization in writing, the power of attorney will terminate immediately and the shareholder shall then appoint any person designated by Fangdd Information as his or her attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights. Other than the foregoing circumstances, the power of attorney will remain in force until the termination of the business operation agreement and during its effective term, shall not be amended or terminated without consent of Fangdd Information.

● Equity Interest Pledge Agreements

Each of the shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd has entered into an equity interest pledge agreement with Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd, pursuant to which, the shareholders have pledged all of his or her equity interest in Shenzhen Fangdd to Fangdd Information to guarantee the performance by Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders of their obligations under the main contracts, which include technology development and application service agreement, the operation maintenance service agreement, the business operation agreement and the exclusive option agreements. Each shareholder of Shenzhen Fangdd agrees that, during the term of the equity interest pledge agreement, he or she will not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests without the prior written consent of Fangdd Information. The equity interest pledge agreements remain effective until Shenzhen Fangdd and its shareholders discharge all of their obligations under the main contracts. The Company has registered the equity pledge with the local branches of the Administration for Market Regulation in accordance with the PRC Property Rights Law.

Field: Page; Sequence: 159; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 11 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

● Exclusive Option Agreements

Fangdd Information, Shenzhen Fangdd and each of the Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders have entered into an exclusive option agreement, pursuant to which each of the Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders has irrevocably granted Fangdd Information an exclusive option, to the extent permitted by PRC law, to purchase, or have its designated person or persons to purchase, at its discretion all or part of the shareholder’s equity interests in Shenzhen Fangdd or all or part of Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets. The purchase price shall be a nominal price unless where PRC laws and regulations require valuation of the equity interests or the assets, or promulgates other restrictions on the purchase price, or otherwise prohibits purchasing the equity interests or the assets at a nominal price. If the PRC laws and regulations prohibit purchasing the equity interests or the assets at a nominal price, the purchase price shall be equal to the original investment of the equity interests made by such shareholders or the book value of the assets. Where PRC laws and regulations require valuation of the equity interests or the assets or promulgates other restrictions on the purchase price, the purchase price shall be the minimum price permitted under PRC laws and regulations. However, if the minimum price permitted under PRC laws and regulations exceed the original investment of the equity interests or the book value of the assets, Shenzhen Fangdd’s shareholders shall return Fangdd Information the exceeded amount after deducting all taxes and fees paid under PRC laws and regulations. The shareholders of Shenzhen Fangdd undertake, among other things, that they shall not take any actions that may have material effects on Shenzhen Fangdd’s assets, businesses and liabilities, nor shall they appoint or replace any directors, supervisors and officers of Shenzhen Fangdd without Fangdd Information’s prior written consent. These agreements have an initial term of ten years, and the term has been extended by supplementary agreements to November 19, 2033. The term may be extended upon the WFOE’s written confirmation prior to the expiry.

● Operation Maintenance Service Agreement

Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd have entered into an operation maintenance service agreement, pursuant to which Fangdd Information has the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen Fangdd with operation maintenance services and marketing services. Without Fangdd Information’s written consent, Shenzhen Fangdd shall not engage any third party to provide the services covered by this agreement. Shenzhen Fangdd agrees to pay service fees on an annual basis and at an amount determined by Fangdd Information after taking into account factors such as the labor cost, facility cost and marketing expenses incurred by Fangdd Information in providing the services. Unless otherwise agreed by both parties, this agreement will remain effective until Fangdd Information ceases business operations.

● Technology Development and Application Service Agreement

Fangdd Information and Shenzhen Fangdd have entered into a technology development and application service agreement, pursuant to which, Fangdd Information has the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen Fangdd with technology development and application services. Without Fangdd Information’s written consent, Shenzhen Fangdd shall not accept any technology development and application services covered by this agreement from any third party. Shenzhen Fangdd agrees to pay service fees on an annual basis and at an amount determined by Fangdd Information after taking into account multiple factors, such as the labor and time consumed for provision of the service, the type and complexity of the services provided, the difficulties in providing the service, the commercial value of services provided and the market price of comparable services. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, this agreement will remain effective until Fangdd Information ceases business operations.

Field: Page; Sequence: 160; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 12 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Risks in relation to Shenzhen Fangdd structure

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the contractual arrangements have resulted in Fangdd Information having the power to direct activities that most significantly impact Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries, including appointing key management, setting up operating policies, exerting financial controls and transferring profit or assets out of Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries at its discretion. Fangdd Information considers that it has the right to receive all the benefits and assets of Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’ subsidiaries. As Shenzhen Fangdd and Shenzhen Fangdd’s subsidiaries were established as limited liability companies under the PRC law, their creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Fangdd Information for the liabilities of Shenzhen Fangdd and VIE’s subsidiaries, and Fangdd Information does not have the obligation to assume the liabilities of Shenzhen Fangdd and VIE’ subsidiaries.

The Group has determined that Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements are in compliance with PRC laws and are legally enforceable.However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Group’s ability to enforce Shenzhen Fangdd VIE Agreements.

If the PRC government finds that these contractual arrangements do not comply with its restrictions on foreign investment in the internet business, or if the PRC government otherwise finds that the Group, the VIE, or any of its subsidiaries is in violation of PRC laws or regulations or lack the necessary permits or licenses to operate the business, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, including but not limited to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic China (“MIIT”), which regulates internet information service companies, would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

● revoking the business and operating licenses;

● discontinuing or restricting the operations;

● imposing fines or confiscating any of the income that they deem to have been obtained through illegal operations;

● imposing conditions or requirements with which the Group or the PRC subsidiaries and affiliates may not be able to comply;

● requiring the Company or the PRC subsidiaries and affiliates to restructure the relevant ownership structure or operations;

● placing restrictions on the right to collect revenues;

● restricting or prohibiting the use of the proceeds from future offerings to finance the business and operations of the VIE; and

● taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to the business.

The imposition of any of these penalties could have a material and adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these penalties results in the inability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or failure to receive the economic benefits from the VIE, the Group may not be able to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

There is no VIE in which the Group has a variable interest but is not the primary beneficiary. Currently there is no contractual arrangement that could require the Group to provide additional financial support to Shenzhen Fangdd.

Field: Page; Sequence: 161; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 13 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following consolidated assets and liabilities information of the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and consolidated operating results and cash flows information for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, have been included in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements:

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
Cash and cash equivalents	56,850	25,616
Restricted cash	38,811	19,466
Short-term investments	2,000	—
Accounts receivable, net	466,269	307,259
Amount due from related parties*	600,557	549,206
Prepayments and other current assets, net	188,144	113,290
Inventories	11,157	12,503
Total current assets	1,363,788	1,027,340
Property, equipment and software, net	3,036	1,676
Equity method investments, net	204,850	145,696
Long-term equity investment, net	6,000	3,000
R ight -of-use assets	2,032	183
Other non-current assets	—	2,553
Total non-current assets	215,918	153,108
Total assets	1,579,706	1,180,448
Short-term bank borrowings	72,500	—
Accounts payable	638,295	373,278
Customers’ refundable fees	30,747	30,657
Current instalments of long-term loans from a related party**	—	1,147,000
Amounts due to related parties*	183,076	108,993
Accrued expenses and other payables	145,088	80,109
Income tax payables	2,468	1,590
L ease liabilities-current	1,096	111
Total current liabilities	1,073,270	1,741,738
Non-current liabilities
Income tax payables	27,429	28,243
L ease liabilities	791	29
Long-term loans from a related party excluding current instalments**	1,352,000	205,000
Total non-current liabilities	1,380,220	233,272
Total liabilities	2,453,490	1,975,010

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

• Amounts due from and to related parties represent the amounts due from and to subsidiaries other than the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

** Long-term loans from a related party represents entrusted loans with original 3-year term at annual interest rate of 0.2 - 0.5 % (2022: 0.2 - 0.5 %) from Fangdd Information via Bank of China in Shenzhen, which are eliminated upon consolidation.

Field: Page; Sequence: 162; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 14 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Total revenue	905,284		239,879		265,658
Net (loss) income	( 1,031,939	)	( 43,722	)	79,252
Net cash used in operating activities	( 20,162	)	( 77,162	)	( 22,647	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	( 43,725	)	( 8,355	)	44,568
Net cash used in financing activities	( 167,363	)	( 70,695	)	( 72,500	)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	( 231,250	)	( 156,212	)	( 50,579	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year	483,123		251,873		95,661
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year	251,873		95,661		45,082

Sales Commitment Arrangements

Certain property sales contracts entered with real estate developers provide the Group with exclusive selling rights for the selected properties for a specific period of time (the “Exclusive Sales Contracts”), which typically lasts for several months. Certain of these Exclusive Sales Contracts requires the Group or, in case of tri-party agreements (see below), the Group’s equity method investees to purchase any unsold units of properties at the end of the exclusive sales period (the “Sales Commitment Arrangements”). Under the Sales Commitment Arrangements, the real estate developers either enter into project sales contracts with the Group directly (the “Self-Commitment Arrangements”) or enter into tri-party agreements with the Group and its equity method investees (the “Non-Group Commitment Arrangements”). The Group, or in case of tri-party agreements, its equity method investees is required to advance real estate developer an initial deposit prior to the commencement of the exclusive sales period. The amount of initial deposits required is generally determined at a percentage of the minimum transaction price, as pre-agreed with the real estate developer, of the properties (the “Base Transaction Price”) to be sold to home purchasers in the market during the exclusive sales period. The amount of deposits advanced by the Group, or its equity method investees are adjusted throughout the exclusive sales period based on an agreed schedule such that 100 % of the Base Transaction Price for the unsold properties, if any, is advanced to the real estate developers at the end of the exclusive sales period. If all properties are sold during the exclusive sales period, any outstanding deposits are immediately returned to the Group, or its equity method investees. Under all of these arrangements, the Group is responsible to render the properties sales services as specified in the exclusive sales contracts.

For Self-Commitment Arrangements, the Group is required under the project sales contracts to advance the deposits and purchase any unsold properties at the Base Transaction Price at the end of exclusive sales period. The Group would either finance the entire deposits with its own fund or by entering into separate collaborative agreements with certain funds providers (the “Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements”) that, are either independent third parties or the Group’s equity method investees, to fully or partially fund the deposits required. The funds providers provide the Group with the funds required and requested the funds to be designated for use in a specific Self-Commitment Arrangement. Pursuant to the Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements, the Group is required to share with the funds provider a portion of the Base Commission Income (see note 2(v)) and any Sales Incentive Income (see note 2(v)) earned, based on the agreed profit sharing arrangements. However, the Group does not commit or guarantee them any minimum return. Also, there is no limit on the reward that accrues to either the Group or the funds providers. The amounts of profit shared with the funds providers under the Self-Commitment Collaborative Agreements are recorded in “Cost of revenue” in the c onsolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. The funds provided by these independent third parties or equity method investees to the Company to fulfill the deposits requirement under the Self-Commitment Arrangements are recorded as “Amounts due to third parties under collaborative agreements” or “Amounts due to equity method investees under collaborative agreements”. The deposits advanced by the Group to the property developers, either using entirely its own funds or combining its own funds with funds provided by funds providers, are recorded as “Security deposits with real estate developers” included in “Prepayments and other assets, net” (see note 7(2)) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Field: Page; Sequence: 163; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 15 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

For Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, the equity method investees of the Group are obliged to pay the deposits required directly to the real estate developers and subject to the commitment to purchase any unsold properties at the Base Transaction Price at the end of exclusive sales period. No payable to the equity method investees or deposits with real estate developers were recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in respect of the deposits payments or refund transactions directly made by the funds providers to property developers, as the Group is not the obligator for such deposit payments or the purchase commitment regarding the unsold properties. The Group would enter into separate collaborative agreements (the “Non-Group Collaborative Agreements”) to set out the basis of sharing of the Base Commission Income and any Sales Incentive Income earned, with the equity method investees under the Non-Group Commitment Arrangements. And the Group does not commit or guarantee them any minimum return. Also, there is no limit on the reward that accrues to either the Group or these equity method investees.

Under certain Non-Group Commitment Arrangements entered into amongst the Group, the equity method investees and real estate developers in 2019 and 2020, the equity method investee (i.e. fund provider) has the option to withdraw from the arrangement by paying a penalty to the real estate developer at any time during the term of the arrangement. The withdrawal penalty is based on either not more than 10 % of the total Based Transaction Price of all properties or not more than 10 % of the Based Transaction Price of the unsold properties at the withdrawal date. The Group is not responsible for the penalty payment. Upon the withdrawal by the fund provider, the Non-Group Commitment Arrangement would be terminated, and the Group would cease to have the right of exclusive sales. The Group did not enter into any such arrangement during 2021, 2022 and 2023.

Although the Group is responsible to design and execute the overall sales plan as well as managing and directing its Registered Agents to facilitate the property transactions, the equity method investees do not simply provide financial resources but also participate in these processes through joint evaluation with the Group about the marketability of the specified properties and their pricing strategy. The Non-Group Collaborative Arrangements are accounted for under ASC 808 with costs incurred and revenue generated by the Group and the equity method investees reported in their respective consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. Revenue earned from the real estate developer for property sales contracts with Non-Group Collaborative Agreements simultaneously entered with equity method investees are presented on a gross basis with the Base Commission Income and Sales Incentive Income recognized as “Revenue” and the amounts of profit shared with equity method investees recorded in “Cost of Revenue” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as the Group is deemed to be the principal under these arrangements.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group earned Sales Incentive Income of RMB 4,744 for exclusive sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangements pursuant to which the Group shared RMB 960 with the funds providers (including the Group’s equity method investees).

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group earned no Sales Incentive Income for exclusive sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangements pursuant to which the Group shared RMB 866 with the funds providers (including the Group’s equity method investees).

The Group believes its key management has sufficient knowledge and experience in the relevant real estate markets and has in place adequate process that guides its selection of projects, negotiation of terms and ongoing monitoring of risks.

Field: Page; Sequence: 164; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 16 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Prior to entering into a Sales Commitment Arrangement, the Group would assess the marketability of the specified properties, the reasonableness of the Base Transaction Price and other relevant factors. The Group performs such assessment based on the results of its research activities and other factors such as the availability of agents’ resources and has determined that the probability of all properties under such arrangements not being sold within the exclusive sales period is low. The Group believes that the developers enter into such Sales Commitment Arrangement largely due to liquidity consideration in that it could shorten the cash payback period through the receipts of deposits under the arrangement. Also, such Sales Commitment Arrangement may provide higher return to the developer when the properties are sold at a price in excess of the Base Transaction price. Therefore, the Group determines that it is remote that the real estate developers will request the Group, or for Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, the Group’s equity method investees to purchase the unsold properties at the end of exclusive sales period. Management has concluded such assessment is supported by the historical experiences where developers agreed to an extended sales period for a few months in those limited instances where certain properties remained unsold at the end of exclusive sales period.

The Group started entering into the above-mentioned Sales Commitment Arrangements in 2016. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Group did not enter into any property sales contracts with real estate developers under Self-Commitment Arrangements, except for the parking space sale contracts described below. All new property sales contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangement are entered with the property developers and equity method investees in tri-party agreements under the Non-Group Commitment Arrangements, pursuant to which the Group’s equity method investees, rather than the Group, are required to pay the deposits directly to the property developers and obliged to purchase any unsold units of properties at the end of exclusive sales period. In 2021, the Group entered into certain contracts for the sale of parking spaces with real estate developers under Self-Commitment Arrangements, pursuant to which the Group had advanced the deposits of RMB 40,085 to the property developers as of December 31, 2022.The advanced deposits to the property developers were fully collected as of December 31, 2023.

The deposits made by the Group under all the Exclusive Sales Contracts including those under the Self-Commitment Arrangement are recorded as security deposits with real estate developers, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, under current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Group assesses the recoverability of the deposits with real estate developers based on a combination of factors, including the contractual terms, the developers’ intention in entering into such arrangements as described above, the continuing assessment of the marketability of the properties during the exclusive sales period and the extended sales period, if any, historical experiences and negotiation results of developers’ action at the end of exclusive sales period, and the market price of similar properties. An allowance for doubtful accounts against the deposits is recorded when any portion of deposits is considered not recoverable.

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Basis of presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

(b) Going concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business are dependent on, among other things, the Company’s ability to generate cash flows from operations, and the Company’s ability to arrange adequate financing arrangements.

The Company has experienced recurring losses from operations. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of RMB 4,649,428 . For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a net loss of RMB 93,104 and had negative cash flows from operating activities of RMB 186,118 . As of December 31, 2023, the cash and cash equivalents balance was RMB 121,733 .

Field: Page; Sequence: 165; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 17 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Company has prepared a future cash flow forecasts and the management is of the opinion that the Company will have sufficient unrestricted liquidity for at least the next 12 months from the date of approval of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Among the assumptions made by the management, it is expected that the Company will continue to reduce its operating expenditure by reducing headcounts and office space. Accordingly, management concludes that it is appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis.

The Company has taken positive actions to speed up the collection of accounts receivable, such as litigation, strict developer credit rating management, but the effects of these actions may be limited where the developers have already been in severe finance distress. The Company has taken certain actions and obtained equity financing arrangements (see note 18). The Company also intends to further obtain additional equity or debt financing arrangements; however, the availability and amount of such funding are not certain. Additionally, the strict macroeconomic regulation on real estate market and the tightening of mortgage lending activities have negatively impacted the real estate market and heightened the credit risk associated with developers. The new and resale property transactions are expected to remain vulnerable to macro challenges for an extended period, which may adversely impact the Company’s ability to raise the financing needed. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. If the going concern basis were not appropriate for these financial statements, adjustments would be necessary for the carrying value of assets and liabilities, the reported expenses and the balance sheet classifications used.

(c) Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the results of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies, to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors. A VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual arrangements, exercises effective control over the activities that most impact the economic performance, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity.

All intercompany transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

(d) Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date, and the reported revenues and expenses during the reported period in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting estimates include, but not limited to, allowance for accounts, loans and other receivable, realization of deferred income tax assets, impairment loss for long-term equity investment, impairment loss for equity method investments, goodwill impairment and share-based compensation. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates, and as such, differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Field: Page; Sequence: 166; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 18 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(e) Business combinations and noncontrolling interests

The Company accounts for its business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations.” The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the acquisition date fair value of the assets transferred to the sellers, liabilities incurred by the Company and equity instruments issued by the Company. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any noncontrolling interests. The excess of (i) the total costs of acquisition, fair value of the noncontrolling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Subsequent to the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any further adjustments are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

For the Company’s non-wholly owned subsidiaries, a noncontrolling interest is recognized to reflect the portion of equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Consolidated net loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income includes net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests when applicable.

(f) Foreign Currency

The Group’s reporting currency is Renminbi (’‘RMB’’). The functional currency of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated in the Cayman Island, British Virgin Islands (’‘BVI’’), and Hong Kong (’‘HK’’) is the United States dollars (’‘US$’’). The functional currency of the Group’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries is RMB.

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are remeasured into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rate at the balance sheet date. The resulting exchange differences are recorded as foreign currency exchange (loss) gain in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. Total foreign currency exchange differences were a loss of RMB 394 , a gain of RMB 375 and a gain of RMB 333 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

The financial statements of the Company and the Group’s entities incorporated at Cayman Island, BVI and Hong Kong are translated from the functional currency into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated into RMB using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Equity accounts other than earnings (deficit) generated in the current period are translated into RMB using the appropriate historical rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated into RMB using the average exchange rates for the relevant period. The resulted foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of other comprehensive losses in the consolidated statements of operation and comprehensive (loss) income, and the accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity.

(g) Convenience Translation

Translations of certain balances in accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements from RMB into US$ as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 are solely for the convenience of the readers and were calculated at the rate of US$1.00=RMB 7.0999 representing the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on December 29, 2023. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into US$ at that rate on December 31, 2023, or at any other rate. The US$ convenience translation is not required under U.S. GAAP and all US$ convenience translation amounts in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited.

Field: Page; Sequence: 167; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 19 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(h) Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Group is subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations, shareholder lawsuits, and non-income tax matters. An accrual for a loss contingency is recognized when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If a potential material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, is disclosed.

(i) Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal or use, and which have original maturities of three months or less and are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.

(j) Restricted cash

Restricted cash represents:

i) bank balance of RMB 38,811 and RMB 14,639 were frozen for lawsuits undergoing with suppliers and brokerage firms as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Of the restricted bank balance as of December 31, 2023, RMB 3,068 was released in January 2024.

ii) bank balance of RMB 747 as of December 31, 2023 was suspended as the restricted deposit for their being idle for a long time, bank balance of RMB 4,956 as of December 31, 2023 was restricted for use by the Group due to the changing of the legal representative of this bank account and bank balance of RMB 1,824 as of December 31, 2023 was restricted for special purpose.

Cash deposits restricted for use over one year after the balance sheet date are classified as non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(k) Short-term investments

Short-term investments include investments in wealth management products issued by certain banks which are redeemable by the Company at any time. The wealth management products are either unsecured with variable interest rates or fixed interest rate. The Company measures the short-term investments at fair value using the quoted subscription or redemption prices published by these banks, with unrealized holding gains or losses, net of the related tax effect, excluded from earnings and recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until realized. Realized gains or losses from the sale of short-term investments are determined on a specific identification basis and are recorded as gain on short-term investments when earned in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

(l) Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from the real estate developers for primary property business and individual customers for secondary property business upon the completion of their services. Accounts receivables are recorded net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, if any. The Group considers many factors in assessing the collectability of its accounts receivable, such as the age of the amounts due, the payment history, credit-worthiness and the financial condition of the debtor. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which a loss is determined to be probable. The Group also makes a specific allowance if there is strong evidence indicating that an accounts receivable is likely to be unrecoverable. Accounts receivable are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Group does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure. Allowance of RMB 557,073 and RMB 614,246 was provided as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Approximately 6 % of the Group’s accounts receivable represent output VAT amounts, which are excluded from the Group’s revenues.

Field: Page; Sequence: 168; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 20 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(m) Loans receivable, net

Loans receivable represents loan originated or purchased by the Group (see note 7). The Group has the intent and the ability to hold such loans for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff. Loans receivable are recorded at unpaid principal balances, net of allowance for loan losses that reflects the Group’s best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. The loans receivable portfolio consists of personal loans with term period ranging from 30 days to 3 years. In the Consolidated Balance Sheets, loans receivable that mature within the next twelve months from the balance sheet date are included in “Prepayment and other current assets” while loans receivable that will mature one year after the balance sheet date are included in “Other non-current assets”.

The allowance for loan losses is determined at a level believed to be reasonable to absorb probable losses inherent in the portfolio as of each balance sheet date. The allowance is provided based on an assessment performed on a portfolio basis. All loans are assessed collectively depending on factors such as delinquency rate, size, and other risk characteristics of the portfolio.

The Group writes off loans receivable and the related allowance when management determines that full repayment of such loan is not probable. The primary factor in making such determination is the estimated recoverable amounts from the delinquent debtor.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, loan receivables of RMB 17,816 and RMB 5,429 were due from the Group’s employees respectively.

(n) Property, equipment and software

Property, equipment and software are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment. Property, equipment and software are depreciated and amortized at rates sufficient to write off their costs less impairment and residual value if any over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease or their estimated useful lives, if shorter.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Category	Estimated useful lives
Buildings	20 years
Leasehold improvements	2 - 3 years
Furniture, office equipment	3 - 5 years
Motor vehicles	3 - 4 years
Software	2 - 10 years

Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred, whereas the costs of renewals and betterment that extends the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the costs, accumulated depreciation and impairment with any resulting gain or loss recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

Field: Page; Sequence: 169; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 21 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(o) Intangible assets

Intangible assets mainly include those intangible assets other than software acquired through business combination. Intangible assets acquired through business combinations are recognized as assets separate from goodwill if they satisfy either the “contractual-legal” or “separability” criterion. Intangible assets arising from business combinations are measured at fair value upon acquisition using valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow analysis and ratio analysis with reference to comparable companies in similar industries under the income approach. Major assumptions used in determining the fair value of these intangible assets include future growth rates and weighted average cost of capital. Separately identifiable intangible assets that have determinable lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Category	Estimated useful lives
Non-competed agreements	Over the contracted term of up to 6 years
Trademarks	10 years

(p) Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired entity as a result of the Group’s acquisitions of interests in its subsidiaries. The Group assesses goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350-20 (“ASC 350-20”), “Intangibles–Goodwill and Other: Goodwill”, which requires that goodwill to be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events, as defined by ASC 350-20.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment”, on January 1, 2022, the Group has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step test in accordance with ASC 350-20. If the Group believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step quantitative impairment test described above is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. In the qualitative assessment, the Group considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations. In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit based on either quoted market prices of the ordinary shares or estimated fair value using a combination of the income approach and the market approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Group is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Group must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to its assets and liabilities in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than its implied fair value, the excess is recognized as an impairment loss.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04(“ASU 2017-04”), “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” ASU 2017-04 eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The Group adopted the ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2022.

On and after January 1, 2022, the Group performed qualitative and quantitative assessment in accordance with ASU 2017-04, there was no such goodwill impairment during the years ended December 31, 2022. As triggered by the cease of Beijing Tuqiang Yunxia Technology Limited (“Tuqiang”) business during the year ended December 31, 2023, the related goodwill of RMB 454 was fully impaired during the year ended December 31, 2023 in accordance with the two-step test of ASC 350-20(see note 10).

Field: Page; Sequence: 170; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 22 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(q) Equity method investments

The Group accounts for an equity method investment over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority of the equity interest or otherwise controls and the investments are either common stock or in substance common stock using the equity method. The Group’s share of the investee’s profit and loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

The Group assesses its equity method investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors as well as all relevant and available information including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends, and other Group-specific information such as financing rounds.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group recognized an impairment loss of RMB 15,279 for equity method investments (see note 11).

(r) Long-term equity investments

Long-term equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method or those that result in the consolidation of the investee, that do not have readily determinable fair value are measured and recorded at cost, less impairment, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar equity investments of the issuer. Purchased options on these equity investments that are not derivatives are accounted for in a manner consistent with the accounting for the equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair value.

(s) Impairment loss of non-current assets

Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Group had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment for the non-current by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. No impairment charge of non-current assets was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023(see note 8 and 9).

(t) Value added taxes

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to value added tax (“VAT”). Revenue from sales of transaction and service is generally subject to VAT at the rate of 6 % and subsequently paid to PRC tax authorities after netting input VAT on purchase of service received. The excess of output VAT over input VAT is reflected in accrued expenses and other payables, and the excess of input VAT is reflected in Prepayments and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(u) Fair Value

Fair value represents the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

Field: Page; Sequence: 171; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 23 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Accounting guidance establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy and requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs are:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

Accounting guidance also describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach;

(2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

Financial assets and liabilities of the Group primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, loans receivable, short-term bank borrowings, accounts payable, customers’ refundable fees, lease liabilities, accrued expenses and other payables. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximated to their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

(v) Revenue

In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenues are recorded net of value-added taxes.

Commission income

Through its platforms and services provided by real estate agents registered as a member in the Group’s platform (the “Registered Agents”), the Group earns commission revenue from real estate developers for sales transactions of primary properties and to a lesser extent from home owners for sales or rental transactions of secondary properties. For services rendered by the Registered Agents in completing the transactions, the Group pays those the agents a commission fee. The real estate developers and home owners are collectively referred as the property owners. For each of the property’s transactions, the Group enters into contracts with the Registered Agents (the “Agents’ Contracts”) and properties owners (the “Properties Sales Contracts”) separately. As Registered Agents are involved in providing the services to the property owners, the Group considers all the relevant facts and circumstances in determining whether it acts as the principal or as an agent in these properties transactions in accordance with ASC 606-10.

Field: Page; Sequence: 172; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 24 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Group has determined that it is a principal for the following reasons: (1) the Properties Sales Contract and the Agents’ Contract are negotiated and entered into separately between the Group and the property owners and the Registered Agents, respectively, at the discretion of the Group, and there is no contractual relationship between the property owners and the Registered Agents; (2) the Group negotiates with the property owners the total commission fee to be paid by the properties owners. The Group also determines the commission rate payable to the Registered Agents at its discretion without any involvement of the properties owners; (3) pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts, the Group is responsible for the sales or leasing of the properties. In particular, the Group is responsible to undertake the sales and marketing activities it considers necessary to induce potential home purchasers to visit the sales center of the property and complete the purchase of properties from the real estate developers. The Group is entitled to a pre-determined commission income upon the signing of the sales agreements between the real estate developers and the home purchasers pursuant to the Properties Sales Contracts. The Group’s project management team carries out a series of activities including sales data analysis, development of project sales strategy, resources allocation, assignment of agents, sales and marketing activities, and monitoring of the entire sales process; (4) the Group monitors Registered Agents’ services and provide them with instructions and guidelines in approaching and serving the home purchasers.

Commission income for sales transactions of primary properties and rental transactions for secondary properties are recognized by the Group upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements or rental agreements and making the required down payment by the home purchasers or tenants. Commission income for sales transactions of secondary properties are recognized when the transfer over legal title of ownership of the properties between the home owners and home purchasers are complete.

The Group also enters into certain arrangements with real-estate developers pursuant to which potential home purchasers may pay the Group a fixed amount in return for a discount for their purchases of specified properties from the real estate developers. The fees paid by the home purchasers to the Group are fully refundable before the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. For these transactions, except for the fees received from the home purchasers, the Group is not entitled to any additional commission from the real estate developers. The Group recognizes commission income in the amount of fees received from the home purchasers when the Group’s services are rendered upon the execution of the sales and purchase agreements between the home purchasers and the real estate developers. Fees received from home purchasers in advance of the revenue recognition are recorded as “Customers’ Refundable Fees” (see note 14) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For primary properties transactions, the Group generally earns a fixed commission rate (“Base Commission”) of the pre-determined properties transaction price (the “Base Transaction Price”) as stated in the Properties Sales Contracts. For certain primary properties transactions, the Group obtains exclusive sales right from real estate developers to sell the properties for a limited period of time and is required to advance certain amount of deposits. Not all of the Exclusive Sales Contracts contains Sales Commitment Arrangement as disclosed in note 1. Pursuant to those Exclusive Sales Contracts with Sales Commitment Arrangement, the Group is permitted to sell the properties in the market at a price above the Base Transaction Price. In addition to the Base Commission, the Group is entitled to an additional income (the “Sales Incentive Income”), determined at a progressive rate on the excess of the actual transaction price over the Base Transaction price. Same as Base Commission income, the Sales Incentive Income is also recognized as revenue upon the signing of the sales and purchase agreements and making the down payment by the home purchasers.

Franchise Income

The Group enters into franchise agreements with certain third party real estate agency companies located in those cities where the Group does not have an established sales office. Pursuant to these franchise agreements, the Group grants the franchisees with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources in return for a franchise fee. For franchise agreements entered from 2018 onward, franchise fee is determined at an agreed fixed amount over a period of time and are recognized by the Group on a straight-line basis over the contractual period. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Group recognized franchise income of RMB 14,208 , RMB 773 and nil respectively.

Field: Page; Sequence: 173; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 25 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Financial service income

The Group provides lending financial services to home purchasers, Registered Agents and the Group’s employees who meet the Group’s credit assessment requirements. Financial services income from loans receivable is recognized using the effective interest rate method.

Other value-added services

Other value-added services are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over which the services are rendered, they mainly represent subscription fee earned by offering Registered Agents with a suite of marketing and business technology products and services for use in a specified period of time so as to assist them growing and managing their businesses.

Loans facilitation services

Loans facilitation services are recognized as revenue when the relevant loans agreements were signed and the related loans were drawn down by the home purchasers. Loans facilitation services primarily consists of the services to facilitate the home purchasers, Registered Agents and other market participants borrowing from the financial institutions in the property transactions.

Parking space transaction facilitating services

Parking space transaction facilitating services are recognized as revenue when services are rendered to facilitate the appointment of real estate agents by Shanghai Lianlian Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Lianlian”, known as Shenzhen Jinyiyun Supply Chain Technology Co., Ltd. before (“Shenzhen Jinyiyun”)), a related party, as agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. Certain directors and management of the Company are principal shareholders of Shanghai Lianlian. The Company’s services primarily consist of providing support and information to Shanghai Lianlian to identify real estate agents in the Company’s platform and introduction of agents for Shanghai Lianlian’s parking space transactions. The service fee is chargeable to the real estate agent and revenue is recognized upon signing of the relevant agency agreement. No such service income was recognized in 2021, 2022 and 2023.

Parking space sales under the self-commitment arrangement

Parking space sales are recognized as revenue when control of the parking space is transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those parking spaces. The control of the parking space transfers at a point in time when the customer obtains the physical possession, the legal title, or the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the assets and the Group has a present right to a payment and the collection of the consideration is probable.

(w) Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of agents’ commission, sharing of sales incentive income with fund providers, promotion and operational expenses, and salaries and benefits expenses that incurred for properties transactions and parking space transaction facilitating services.

(x) Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses mainly consist of salaries and advertising costs, which consist primarily of online and offline advertisements, are expensed when the services are received.

(y) Product development expenses

Product development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits expenses, depreciation of equipment relating to the development of new products or upgrading of existing products and other expenses for the product activity of the Group. The Group expenses product development expenses as incurred.

Field: Page; Sequence: 174; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 26 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(z) General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses mainly consist of provision of allowance for doubtful accounts, payroll and related staff costs for corporate functions, as well as other general corporate expenses such as professional service fee, rental expenses and depreciation expenses for offices and equipment for use by these corporate functions of the Group.

(aa) Government grants

Government grants represent amounts granted by local government authorities as an incentive for companies to promote economic development of the local technology industry. Government grants received by the Group were non-refundable and were for the purpose of giving immediate incentive with no future costs or obligations are recognized in earnings in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

(bb) Share-based Compensation

Share-based awards granted to the employees and directors in the form of share options are subject to service and performance conditions. They are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards, and are recognized as compensation expense using the graded vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, if and when the Company considers that it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

For vested awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For awards not being fully vested, the Group recognizes the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original awards over the remaining requisite service period after modification.

Estimation of the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares involves significant assumptions that might not be observable in the market, and a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility (approximated by the volatility of comparable companies), discount rate, risk-free interest rate and subjective judgments regarding the Company’s projected financial and operating results, its unique business risks, the liquidity of its ordinary shares and its operating history and prospects at the time the grants are made. Share-based compensation in relation to the share options is estimated using the Binominal Option Pricing Model. The determination of the fair value of share options is affected by the share price of the Company’s ordinary shares as well as the assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility, risk-free interest rate, exercise multiple and expected dividend yield. The fair value of these awards was determined with the assistance from a valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm using management’s estimates and assumptions.

(cc) Employee Benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries in China participate in a government mandated, multi-employer, defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain retirement, medical, housing and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. PRC labor laws require the entities incorporated in China to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution calculated at a stated contribution rate on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The Group has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution. The fair value of the employee benefits liabilities approximates their carrying value due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. Employee social insurance benefits included as expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income amounted to RMB 39,173 , RMB 15,607 and RMB 8,130 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Field: Page; Sequence: 175; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 27 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(dd) Income Tax

Income tax are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company reduces the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance, if based on the available evidence, it is “more-likely-than-not” that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets is assessed at each reporting period based on a “more-likely-than-not” realization threshold. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of futures profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Company’s experience with operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, if any, not expiring.

The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense and penalties in general and administrative expenses.

(ee) Leases

On January 1, 2022, the Group adopted FASB ASC Topic 842, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 842”) which requires that a lessee recognize in the consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset, including for those leases that the Group currently classifies as operating leases. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability was initially measured using the present value of the remaining lease payments. ASC Topic 842 was implemented using a modified retrospective approach which resulted in no cumulative-effect adjustment in the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. As a result, the consolidated balance sheet prior to January 1, 2022 was not restated and continues to be reported under FASB ASC Topic 840, “Leases,” (“ASC Topic 840”), which did not require the recognition of a right-of-use asset or lease liability for operating leases. As permitted under ASC Topic 842, the Group adopted the following practical expedients: (1) not to reassess whether an expired or non-lease contract that commenced before January 1, 2022 contained an embedded lease, (2) not to reassess the classification of existing leases, (3) not to determine whether initial direct costs related to existing leases should be capitalized under ASC Topic 842, and (4) not to separate lease and non-lease components.

The Group reviews all relevant contracts to determine if the contract contains a lease at its inception date. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys to the Group the right to control the use of an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If the Group determines that a contract contains a lease, it recognizes, in the consolidated balance sheets, a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset on the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate. A right-of-use asset is initially measured at the value of the lease liability minus any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred plus any prepaid rent.

Each lease liability is measured using the Group’s secured incremental borrowing rate, which is based on an internally developed yield curve using interest rates of debt issued with a similar risk profile as the Group and a duration similar to the lease term. The Group’s leases have remaining terms of one to three years, and some of which include options to terminate the lease upon notice. The Group considers these options when determining the lease term used to calculate the right-of-use asset and the lease liability when the Group is reasonably certain it will exercise such option.

Field: Page; Sequence: 176; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 28 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Group’s operating leases contain both lease components and non-lease components. Non-lease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the underlying assets, such as common area maintenance and other management costs. The Company elected to measure the lease liability by combining the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. As such, the Company includes the fixed payments and any payments that depend on a rate or index that relate to the lease and non-lease components in the measurement of the lease liability. Some of the non-lease components are variable in nature and not based on an index or rate, and as a result, are not included in the measurement of the right-of-use assets or lease liability.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in rental and other related expenses in the Group’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

All of the Group’s leases are classified as operating leases and primarily consist of real estate leases for corporate offices. As a result of the adoption, the Group recognized approximately RMB 385 of right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities respectively on the consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2022. The adoption had no impact on the Group’s opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2022. The Group’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants.

(ff) Loss per Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders, considering the accretions to redemption value and the deemed dividend of the preferred shares, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, any net income is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on their participating rights. A net loss is not allocated to participating securities when the participating securities does not have contractual obligation to share losses.

The Company’s preferred shares are participating securities as they participate in undistributed earnings on an as-if-converted basis. The preferred shares has no contractual obligation to fund or otherwise absorb the Group’s losses. Accordingly, any undistributed net income is allocated on a pro rata basis to the ordinary shares and preferred shares; whereas any undistributed net loss is allocated to ordinary shares only.

Diluted loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the accretion and allocation of net income related to the preferred shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of shares issuable upon the conversion of the preferred shares and convertible loan using the if-converted method, and ordinary shares issuable upon the vest of restricted ordinary shares or exercise of outstanding share option (using the treasury stock method). Ordinary equivalent shares are calculated based on the most advantageous conversion rate or exercise price from the standpoint of the security holder. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be anti-dilutive.

(gg) Segment Reporting

The Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. For the purpose of internal reporting and management’s operation review, the Group’s Chief Executive Officer and management personnel do not segregate the Group’s business by service lines. All service categories are viewed as in one and the only operating segment.

Field: Page; Sequence: 177; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 29 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(hh) Statutory Reserves

The Group’s subsidiaries, VIE, and VIE’s subsidiaries established in the PRC are required to make appropriations to certain non-distributable reserve funds.

In accordance with the laws applicable to the Foreign Investment Enterprises established in the PRC, the Group’s subsidiaries registered as wholly foreign owned enterprise have to make appropriations from their after-tax profits (as determined under generally accepted accounting principles in the PRC (’‘PRC GAAP’’)) to non-distributable reserve funds including general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10 % of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50 % of the registered capital of the Group.

In addition, in accordance with the PRC Company Laws, the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, registered as Chinese domestic companies, must make appropriations from their after-tax profits as determined under the PRC GAAP to non-distributable reserve funds including statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be 10 % of the after-tax profits as determined under PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50 % of the registered capital of the Group. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the Group.

The general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund, statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund are restricted for use. They may only be applied to offset losses or increase the registered capital of the respective entity. The staff bonus and welfare fund are liability in nature and is restricted to make payment of special bonuses to employees and for the collective welfare of employees. None of these reserves is allowed to be transferred to the Group by way of cash dividends, loans or advances, nor can they be distributed except under liquidation.

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, no appropriation was made to the general reserve fund by the Group’s wholly foreign owned PRC subsidiaries, and no appropriation was made to the statutory surplus fund by the Group’s VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries, respectively. No appropriation has been made by these companies to discretionary funds.

Field: Page; Sequence: 178; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 30 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(ii) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2021-08), which clarifies that an acquirer of a business should recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments, with early adoption permitted. The Group is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”, which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. This guidance also requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The new guidance is required to be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Group does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In July 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 improve financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In September 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The Board is issuing the amendments in this Update to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. Investors currently rely on the rate reconciliation table and other disclosures, including total income taxes paid, to evaluate income tax risks and opportunities. While investors find these disclosures helpful, they suggested possible enhancements to better (1) understand an entity’s exposure to potential changes in jurisdictional tax legislation and the ensuing risks and opportunities, (2) assess income tax information that affects cash flow forecasts and capital allocation decisions, and (3) identify potential opportunities to increase future cash flows. The Board decided that the amendments should be effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

1. Concentration and Risk

Concentration of customers

There are no customers from whom revenue individually represent more than 10% of the total revenue of the Group for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group adjusted the new property business scale and took actions to cease business cooperation with high credit risk developers to avoid further losses due to continuous downturn of real estate transactions market, which resulted in a significant increase of the percentage of two good credit developers’ revenue to the total revenue of the Group being more than 10 %, with the percentage to be 32 % and 14 %, respectively.

Concentration of credit risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, loans receivable and security deposit with real estate developers included under prepayments and other current assets.

As of December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments were held by reputable financial institutions, located in the PRC and Hong Kong, which management believes are of high credit quality and financially sound based on public available information.

Field: Page; Sequence: 179; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 31 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and are primarily derived from revenue earned from real estate developers. Security deposits with real estate developers are also unsecured and are the advance payment to real estate developers to obtain the exclusive selling right under Exclusive Sales Contracts without Sales Commitment Arrangements (see note 1). The risk with respect to accounts receivable and security deposit with real estate developers are managed by credit evaluations the Group performs on its customers and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.

The Group is exposed to default risk on its loans receivable. The Group assesses the allowance for credit loss related to loans receivable on a quarterly basis, either on an individual or collective basis.

Cash concentration

Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash mentioned below maintained at banks consist of the following:

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
RMB denominated bank deposits
with:
Financial Institutions
in the PRC	114,589	58,395
HKD denominated
bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in
the Hong Kong	334	628
U.S. dollar
denominated bank deposits with:
Financial Institutions in
the Hong Kong	57,421	74,552
Financial Institutions in
the PRC	10,401	10,324

The bank deposits with financial institutions in the PRC are insured by the government authority for up to RMB 500,000 . The bank deposits with financial institutions in Hong Kong are insured by the government authority for up to HK$ 500,000 . The Company has not experienced any losses in uninsured bank deposits and does not believe that it is exposed to any significant risks on cash held in bank accounts. To limit exposure to credit risk, the Company primarily places bank deposits with large financial institutions in the PRC and Hong Kong.

Currency risk

The Group’s operational transactions and its assets and liabilities are primarily denominated in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and international economic and political developments that affect the supply and demand of RMB in the foreign exchange market. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). Remittances from China in currencies other than RMB by the Group must be processed through the PBOC or other China foreign exchange regulatory bodies and require certain supporting documentation in order to execute the remittance.

Interest rate risk

The Group’s short-term bank borrowings bear interests at fixed rates. If the Group were to renew these loans upon maturity and the related banks only agree to offer variable rate for such renewal, the Group might then be subject to interest rate risk.

Field: Page; Sequence: 180; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 32 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Fair value measurement

The following table sets forth the Group’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy:

December 31, 2022

| Inputs | Inputs | Inputs | Fair
Value | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| RMB | RMB | RMB | RMB | |
| Assets | | | | |
| Short-term investments | | | | |
| -Wealth
management products | — | 2,000 | — | 2,000 |
| Total
Assets | — | 2,000 | — | 2,000 |

December 31, 2023

| Inputs | Inputs | Inputs | Fair
Value | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| RMB | RMB | RMB | RMB | |
| Assets | | | | |
| Short-term investments | | | | |
| -Wealth
management products | — | 15,312 | — | 15,312 |
| Total
Assets | — | 15,312 | — | 15,312 |

The Group values its investments in wealth management products issued by certain banks using quoted subscription or redemption prices published by these banks, and accordingly, the Group classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as level 2.

The Group’s short-term investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 were acquired close to the year-end dates and can be instantly redeemed or mature within one month .

There have no transfers between level 1, level 2 and level 3 categories.

1. Lease

The following table presents balances reported in the consolidated balance sheets related to the Group’s leases:

RMB	RMB
Right-of-use assets	2,207	183
L ease liabilities	2,035	140

The following table presents operating lease cost reported in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income related to the Group’s leases:

RMB	RMB
Operating lease
cost	714	1,170
Short-term
lease cost	7,821	4,691
Total	8,535	5,861

Field: Page; Sequence: 181; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 33 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows of the Group’s leases as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023 to the present value of its operating lease payments:

RMB		RMB
2023	1,295		—
2024	804		114
2025	—		19
2026	—		10
Total undiscounted operating
lease payments	2,099		143
Less:
imputed interest	( 64	)	( 3	)
Present
value of lease liabilities	2,035		140

As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term on these leases is approximately two years and the weighted-average discount rate used to measure the lease liabilities is approximately 3.56 %. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the operating lease cost was RMB 1,170 , including the amortization expenses of right-of-use assets RMB 1,118 and the interest expenses of lease liabilities RMB 52 .

1. Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable consist of the following:

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Accounts receivable
from real estate developers	1,023,787		927,973
Accounts
receivable from individual customers	4,283		911
	1,028,070		928,884
Less:
allowance for doubtful accounts	( 557,073	)	( 614,246	)
Accounts
receivable, net	470,997		314,638

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group pledged accounts receivable from real estate developers of RMB 44,889 and nil as security for bank loans of RMB 30,000 and nil respectively (see note 13).

The following table presents the movement of allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Balance at the
beginning of the year	210,146		710,168		557,073
Provision (Reversal) for the
year	500,336		( 82,825	)	57,423
Write-off	( 314	)	( 70,270	)	( 250	)
Balance
at the end of the year	710,168		557,073		614,246

The provision of allowance for doubtful accounts was included in general and administrative expenses.

Field: Page; Sequence: 182; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 34 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Prepayments and other assets, net

	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Loans receivable,
net	(1)	25,988	8,877
Security deposits with real
estate developers, net	(2)	66,978	19,345
Rental and other deposits,
net	(3)	5,672	3,836
Other receivables		93,358	94,667
Prepayments
and other assets, net		191,996	126,725
Current Portion		191,996	126,725
Total
prepayments and other assets, net		191,996	126,725

(1) Loans receivable, net

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Secured loans	12,070		6,719
Unsecured
loans	21,562		6,924
	33,632		13,643
Less:
allowance for doubtful loans	( 7,644	)	( 4,766	)
Loans
receivable, net	25,988		8,877
Current Portion	25,988		8,877
Total
loans	25,988		8,877

As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, loans receivable are primarily personal loans made to home purchasers, home owners, Registered Agents and the Group’s employees. These loans have an original term from 30 days to 3 years and carry interest rates between 4.4 %~ 13.2 % per annum.

On December 25, 2017, the Group entered into a one -year arrangement with an independent third party trust, under which the Group would refer home owners on their platform to obtain personal loans from the trust. The Group is entitled to a loan facilitation fee ranging from 0.8 % to 4 % of the amounts of completed loan transactions. The personal loans are secured by the homeowners’ properties. The Group provided guarantee on the principal and interest repayment of the loans to the trust and committed to purchase all the unpaid loans principal and accrued interests due from the homeowners upon the end of the arrangement on December 25, 2018. On December 25, 2018, the Group purchased from the trust, pursuant to the arrangement, unpaid secured loans at a consideration of RMB 21,424 , determined based on the outstanding principal and interest payable by the homeowners. These loans have been recorded in secured loans receivable of RMB 12,070 and RMB 6,719 on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, with an allowance for doubtful loans of RMB 5,347 and RMB 3,268 , respectively.

In June 2021, the Group lent aggregately RMB 45,000 to certain real estate agent companies in Shenzhen, Suzhou and Shanghai at annual interest rate of 6.48 % with repayment terms of 12 months. As of December 31, 2021, the Group determined the remaining balance of the loans of RMB 25,000 was not recoverable and full provision of allowance for doubtful accounts was made. As of December 31, 2022, the remaining balance of the loans was fully collected and the Group reversed the previous provision of allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB 25,000 .

Field: Page; Sequence: 183; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 35 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following table sets forth the movement in the allowance for doubtful loans for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023:

2021	2022		2023
RMB	RMB		RMB
Balance at the
beginning of the year	4,997	31,694		7,644
Provision (reversal) for the
year	26,697	( 20,179	)	1,702
Written-offs	—	( 3,871	)	( 4,580	)
Balance
at the end of the year	31,694	7,644		4,766

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The allowance is based on the Group’s loan loss history, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. The allowance is calculated at portfolio-level since the loans portfolio is typically of smaller balance homogenous loans and is collectively evaluated for impairment. In estimating the allowance of the loan portfolio, the Group also considers qualitative factors such as current economic conditions and/or events in specific industries and geographical areas, including unemployment levels, trends in real estate values, peer comparisons, and other pertinent factors such as regulatory guidance.

The following table sets forth the aging of loans receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
1-29 days past
Due	3,000	2,847
30-89 days past Due	200	—
Over
90 days past Due	20,828	10,796
Total past
Due	24,028	13,643
Current	9,604	—
Total
loans	33,632	13,643

(2) Security deposits with real estate developers, net

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Security deposits with real
estate developers under Exclusive Sales Contract
-
Without Sales Commitment Arrangement	98,066		90,623
-
With Sales Commitment Arrangement	40,085		—
	138,151		90,623
Less:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	( 71,173	)	( 71,278	)
Security
deposits with real estate developers, net	66,978		19,345

An allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB 71,173 was made against the deposits under Exclusive Sales Contract without Sales Commitment Arrangement which were considered not recoverable during the year ended December 31, 2022.

An allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB 71,278 was made against the deposits under Exclusive Sales Contract without Sales Commitment Arrangement which were considered not recoverable during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table sets forth the movement in the allowance for doubtful security deposits with real estate developers for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year	60,975		71,173
Provision for the year	10,380		105
Written-offs	( 182	)	—
Balance at the end of the year	71,173		71,278

Field: Page; Sequence: 184; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 36 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(3) Rental and other deposits, net

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Rental and other
deposits	9,656		7,795
Less:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	( 3,984	)	( 3,959	)
Rental
and other deposits, net	5,672		3,836

As of December 31, 2023, an allowance of doubtful accounts of RMB 3,959 (2022: RMB 3,984 ) was mainly recognized against rental and other deposits subsequent to cease of Yuancui business.

The following table sets forth the movement in the allowance for doubtful rental and other deposits for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year	12,395		3,984
Written-offs	( 8,411	)	( 25	)
Balance at the end of the year	3,984		3,959

(4) Other receivables

The following table sets forth the movement in the allowance for other receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year	—	—
Provision for the year	—	142,060
Written-offs	—	( 142,060	)
Balance at the end of the year	—	—

1. Property, equipment and software, net

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Buildings	2,594		1,158
Leasehold improvements	57,162		46,310
Furniture and office equipment	2,738		2,547
Motor vehicles	1,633		1,357
Software	4,699		3,245
Total Property,
equipment and software	68,826		54,617
Less: Accumulated depreciation
and amortization	( 58,147	)	( 52,798	)
Impairment
loss	( 7,642	)	—
Total
Property, equipment and software, net	3,037		1,819

Depreciation and amortization expenses were RMB 5,929 , RMB 2,744 and RMB 697 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Impairment loss represents the carrying amounts of property, equipment and software relating to the business of Shanghai Yuancui Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Yuancui”) which was ceased during the year ended December 31, 2021(see note 22). The related property, equipment and software were disposed through Yuancui’s bankruptcy liquidation during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Field: Page; Sequence: 185; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 37 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Intangible assets, net

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Non-competed agreements	6,740		—
Trademarks	1,070		—
Total intangible
assets	7,810		—
Less: Accumulated amortization	( 2,158	)	—
Impairment
loss	( 5,652	)	—
Total
intangible assets, net	—		—

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company acquired intangible assets amounting to RMB 7,810 in connection with the acquisition of Yuancui, which were measured at fair value upon acquisition. The amortization expenses were RMB 1,766 , nil and nil , for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Yuancui business ceased during the year ended December 31, 2021 (see note 22), and the intangible assets were fully impaired accordingly. The related intangible assets were disposed through Yuancui’s bankruptcy liquidation during the year ended December 31, 2023.

1. Goodwill, net

RMB
Balance as of January 1,
2022	—
Additions	454
Balance as of December 31,
2022	454
Impairment
loss	( 454	)
Balance
as of December 31, 2023	—

In March 2022, the Group acquired a 78 % equity interest in Tuqiang. The excess of total consideration over net assets was recorded as goodwill which amounted to RMB 454 at the acquisition date (See note 22). Tuqiang business was ceased during the year ended December 31, 2023 (see note 22) and the related goodwill was fully impaired.

1. Equity method investment, net

| Balance
as of January 1, 2021 | 468,598 | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Additions | 84,566 | |
| Share of results | ( 47 | ) |
| Return of capital | ( 50,088 | ) |
| Impairment losses | ( 187,329 | ) |
| Disposal | ( 58,578 | ) |
| Balance
as of December 31, 2021 | 257,122 | |
| Additions | 33,154 | |
| Share of results | ( 2,020 | ) |
| Return of capital | ( 19,547 | ) |
| Impairment
losses | ( 62,623 | ) |
| Balance
as of December 31, 2022 | 206,086 | |
| Share of results | 442 | |
| Return of capital | ( 45,553 | ) |
| Impairment
losses | ( 15,279 | ) |
| Balance
as of December 31, 2023 | 145,696 | |

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Group made certain equity method investments. The Group does not have controlling financial interests over these investees, but it has ability to exercise significant influence over their financial and operating polices.

In connection with the Sales Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1, the Group invested into certain limited partnerships as a limited partner. The Group has determined that given the design of these limited partnerships, they are considered to be unconsolidated VIEs and the Group is not considered to be the primary beneficiary, as further described below.

Field: Page; Sequence: 186; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 38 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the limited partnerships were either involved in or invested by the Group for the purpose of the Sales Commitment Arrangements as a fund provider, details of which are disclosed in note 1. Under these arrangements, an initial deposit is required to be paid to the real estate developers prior to the commencement of the exclusive sales period. The limited partnerships are designed such that the investors (including the Group) would make their respective initial equity capital payments based on the initial deposit requirements. The investors are committed to provide additional capital funding in several tranches based on a funding schedule prepared considering of the forecast sale plan and actual progress of properties sales throughout the exclusive sale period.

The Group has determined that the total equity investment at risk of these limited partnerships is limited to the capital injected in these limited partnerships and does not include the commitments of the partners to contribute additional equity as the funding commitments are not reported as equity in the balance sheet of the limited partnerships. Capital investments of the partners are the only source of funding of these limited partnerships. In addition, the amount of paid-up capital at inception is limited to the funding requirements for the initial stage of the project. The Group has determined that the limited partnerships are VIEs as their total equity investments at risk are not considered to be sufficient to permit the limited partnerships to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support.

To determine whether the Group is the primary beneficiary of these limited partnerships, the Group has evaluated whether it has both

(i) the power to direct the activities of the limited partnerships that most significantly impact their economic performance; and

(ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the limited partnerships that could potentially be significant to these entities.

The Group determined that the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the limited partnerships include: (i) selecting real estate projects, (ii) negotiating the terms of sale commitment arrangement, (iii) monitoring the progress of property sales and (iv) for the limited partnerships under Non-Group Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1, managing the disposal of unsold properties, if any, at the end of the sales period that the limited partnerships are required to purchase from the property developer.

Based on these activities that the Group considered to be most significant, the Group evaluated who has the power to direct them beginning with an assessment of the parties involved in the ownership and governance structure of these limited partnerships. In this regard, each of the limited partnerships is sponsored by an investor that is unrelated to the Group. The investments of the sponsoring investor in the limited partnerships are generally in the form of both limited partnership interest and general partnership interest, with these partnership interests being held by two or more of the sponsoring investor’s-controlled subsidiaries. Under the limited partnership agreement, the general partner can make key management decisions for the limited partnership. In addition, the Group does not have any kick-out right or the unilateral ability to exercise any substantive participating rights. Accordingly, the Group has determined that the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance rests with the general partner and the other limited partners that are all under the common control of the sponsoring investor.

The Group’s obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the limited partnerships are limited to its committed capital investments or its rights to receive sharing of profit from the limited partnerships based on its proportionate share of the capital contributions.

Based on the analysis above, as the Group does not have the power to direct the activities of limited partnerships that most significantly impact their economic performance, the Group has concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of the limited partnerships established in connection with the Sales Commitment Arrangements. The Group determined that it has significant influence over these limited partnerships and therefore has accounted for its investments under the equity method.

Field: Page; Sequence: 187; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 39 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The Group considers, as a limited partner, that its maximum exposures to the losses from the limited partnerships are the maximum loss that could potentially be recorded through earnings in future periods as a result of its investments and other variable interests in the limited partnerships, regardless of the probability of the losses actually occurring. The Group’s maximum exposures to the losses from the limited partnerships as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 are set out below, which represent the aggregated amounts of the carrying amounts of the investments in limited partnerships and the maximum amount of additional capital commitments as stipulated in the respective partnership deeds. The Group does not have any other obligation or commitment to provide any guarantee, loan or other financial support to the limited partnerships.

RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of
December 31, 2022	454,803	300,019	754,822
Balance as of December 31,
2023	410,928	278,012	688,940

Impairment loss

In considering current property market conditions and the operating performance of the limited partnerships, the Group recognized other-than-temporary impairment loss of RMB 62,623 to the investment in Ningbo Meishan Yunde Investment Limited Partnership (“Yunde”) and Ningbo Meishan Muju Investment Limited Partnership (“Muju”) during the year ended December 31, 2022 and of RMB 15,279 to the investment in Ningbo Meishan Jiuchuan Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuchuan”), Ningbo Meishan Jiushi Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiushi”), Ningbo Meishan Jiuzhen Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuzhen”), Shenzhen Jiaxinda No.3 Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiaxinda”) and Shanghai Gefei Chengyun Investment Center Limited Partnership (“Gefei Chengyun”) during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Disposal

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the other investors of Ningbo Meishan Deyu Investment Limited Partnership (“Deyu”) and Ningbo Meishan Jiuyi Investment Limited Partnership (“Jiuyi”) withdrew all their capital invested after completing the properties sales projects. The Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi, which have been accounted for as consolidated subsidiaries of the Group (see note 22). Deyu was cancelled in September, 2022.

Field: Page; Sequence: 188; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 40 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The following equity method investees were either involved in or invested by the Group for the purpose of the Sales Commitment Arrangements as a fund provider or other transactions, details of which are disclosed in note 1. The Group’s effective interests to the equity method investees as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 are as below:

2022		2023
Name of the limited partnerships
Gefei Chengyun	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Jiushen Investment
Limited Partnership (“Jiushen”)	12	%	12	%
Tibet Shiguan Business Management
Limited Partnership (“Shiguan”)	27.6	%	—	***
Jiuchuan	10	%	10	%
Ningbo Meishan Decheng Investment
Limited Partnership (“Decheng”)	2	%	—	***
Yiwu Longshu Tianye Investment
Management Limited Partnership (“Longshutianye”)	26	%	26	%
Yiwu Longshu Qianli Investment
Management Limited Partnership (“Longshuqianli”)	16	%	—	***
Jiuyi	—	*	—	*
Jiuzhen	20	%	—	***
Yunde	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Deyan Investment
Limited Partnership (“Deyan”)	20	%	20	%
Ningbo Meishan Detong Investment
Limited Partnership (“Detong”)	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Derong Investment
Limited Partnership (“Derong”)	37	%	37	%
Jiushi	40	%	40	%
Ningbo Meishan Qixing Management
Limited Partnership (“Qixing”)	15.7	%	15.7	%
Shanghai Ruokun Management
Limited Partnership (“Ruokun”)	20	%	—	***
Deyu	—	*	—	*
Hangzhou Honggeng Investment
Limited Partnership (“Honggeng”)	20	%	—	***
Jiaxinda	10	%	10	%
Shanghai Fangjin Management
Limited Partnership (“Fangjin”）	49	%	—	***
Muju	30	%	—	***
Name of
other equity method investees
Shenzhen Chenji Zhaozhao Technology
Co., Ltd(“Chenji Zhaozhao”)	30	%**	—	***
Shanghai Tinghaozhu Space
Design Co., Ltd(“Tinghaozhu Space”)	40	%**	—	***

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

• During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi. Therefore, Deyu and Jiuyi become consolidated subsidiaries of the Group (see note 22).

** During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group invested the Chenji Zhaozhao and Tinghaozhu Space, both of which the Group does not have controlling financial interests over these investees, but has ability to exercise significant influence over their financial and operating polices accouting for 30% and 40% of their total equity, respectively.

*** During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group fully disposed its equity interests in the Shiguan, Decheng, Longshuqianli, Jiuzhen, Ruokun, Honggeng, Fangjin, Muju, Tinghaozhu Space and Chenji Zhaozhao through company cancellation or share transference.

Field: Page; Sequence: 189; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 41 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Group made additional investments into these equity method investments and received return of capital from these equity method investments, details of which are summarized below:

| | For
the Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 2021 | | 2022 | | | 2023 | | | |
| | Capital | Return
of | Capital | Return
of | | Capital | Return
of | | |
| | Investments | capital | Investments | capital | | Investments | capital | | |
| Name of
the limited partnerships | RMB | RMB | RMB | RMB | | RMB | RMB | | |
| Jiushen | 22,000 | ( 3,455 | ) | 6,350 | ( 18,500 | ) | — | ( 9,850 | ) |
| Jiuchuan | — | ( 2,800 | ) | — | — | | — | — | |
| Longshutianye | — | ( 1,666 | ) | — | — | | — | ( 663 | ) |
| Jiuzhen | — | ( 1,826 | ) | — | ( 414 | ) | — | — | |
| Yunde | 4,690 | ( 6,862 | ) | — | — | | — | — | |
| Deyan | — | ( 1,300 | ) | — | — | | — | ( 200 | ) |
| Detong | — | ( 48 | ) | — | — | | — | — | |
| Derong | 20,000 | — | | — | ( 1 | ) | — | — | |
| Jiushi | 500 | ( 31,371 | ) | — | — | | — | ( 32,650 | ) |
| Jiaxinda | — | ( 458 | ) | — | — | | — | — | |
| Fangjin | 490 | — | | — | ( 234 | ) | — | — | |
| Muju | 36,886 | ( 302 | ) | 23,814 | ( 398 | ) | — | — | |
| Name
of other equity method investees | | | | | | | | | |
| Chenji Zhaozhao | — | — | | 2,190 | — | | — | ( 2,190 | ) |
| Tinghaozhu
Space | — | — | | 800 | — | | — | — | |
| Total | 84,566 | ( 50,088 | ) | 33,154 | ( 19,547 | ) | — | ( 45,553 | ) |

Field: Page; Sequence: 190; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 42 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Summary of combined unaudited financial information for these equity method investees as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 are presented below:

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
Balance
sheet data:
Current assets	854,415	522,025
Non-current
assets	171,618	78,290
Total
assets	1,026,033	600,315
Current
liabilities	226,849	72,210
Total
liabilities	226,849	72,210
Equity	799,184	528,105
Total
liabilities and shareholders’ equity	1,026,033	600,315

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Operating data:
Revenue	4,094		5,569		13
Operating (loss)/income	( 4,253	)	( 14,412	)	1,188
Net (loss)/income	( 3,994	)	( 14,093	)	1,448

1. Long-term equity investment, net

In accordance with the Capital Injection and Share Transfer Agreement entered between the Group, Chengdu Haofangtong Technology Corporation Limited (“Haofangtong”) and the existing shareholders of Haofangtong dated July 7, 2018, the Group agreed to acquire 26 % equity interests of Haofangtong by (1) subscribing 4,029,543 newly issued shares (the “New Share Issuing”), which represents 7 % equity interests of Haofangtong, with a consideration of RMB 56,000 (2) an option to purchase 10,937,339 shares, representing 19 % equity interests of Haofangtong after New Share Issuing, from the existing shareholders for RMB 32,000 if Haofangtong and the existing shareholders of Haofangtong fulfill certain conditions under the agreement. Haofangtong’s principle activities are the development and sales of Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system for real estate agents.

On September 5, 2018, the Group completed the transaction of subscripting 4,029,543 newly issued shares of Haofangtong. Management has determined that the consideration paid of RMB 56,000 represents the cost of (i) 7 % equity interests of Haofangtong and (ii) a purchase option in respect of an additional 19 % equity interests of Haofangtong from the existing shareholders for RMB 32,000 . The total consideration paid is allocated to the 7 % equity interest and the purchase option, based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

The Group has determined that it does not have significant influence in Haofangtong and that there is no readily determinable fair value of Haofangtong’s shares. The investments in the 7 % equity interests and the purchase option on additional equity interests are measured at their respective allocated costs, less impairment, with subsequent adjustments for observable price changes.

In December 2019, the Group determined that the decline in the fair value of the equity investments in Haofangtong, including the purchase option of additional equity interests, was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB 16,000 was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income for the year ended December 31, 2019. The fair value is based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

No impairment or adjustment for observable price changes on such investments was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Field: Page; Sequence: 191; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 43 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

In December 2021, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB 26,000 was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income for the year ended December 31, 2021, with the estimated fair value determined by management based on the valuation report prepared by an independent valuation firm.

In December 2022, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB 8,000 was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income for the year ended December 31, 2022, with the estimated fair value determined by management.

In December 2023, the Group determined a further decline in the value of the equity investments in Haofangtong was other than temporary and an impairment loss of RMB 3,000 was recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income for the year ended December 31, 2023, with the estimated fair value determined by management.

1. Short-term bank borrowings

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
Secured bank loans	72,500	—
Short-term borrowing	72,500	—

The weighted average interest rates of bank loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 are 6.6 % and 4.8 %, respectively. The details of security and guarantee of bank loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 are as below.

In July 2021, the Group borrowed a one-year loan of RMB 100,000 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank at annual interest rate of 7.50 %. The loan was secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Company, Jiushi (see note 23) and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai. The spouse of a shareholder of the Company is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 23). In December 2021, the Group repaid RMB 15,400 among the loan from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank borrowed in 2021. In July 2022, the Group fully repaid the remaining balance of a one -year loan of RMB 100,000 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank of RMB 84,600 .

In September 2022, the Group borrowed a 11 -month loan of RMB 42,500 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank at annual interest rate of 7.50 %. The loan was secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Company, Jiushi (see note 24) and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai. The spouse of a shareholder of the Company is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 24). The loans of RMB 42,500 from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank borrowed in 2022 were fully repaid in January 2023.

In March 2021, the Group borrowed a one -year loan of RMB 50,000 from Bank of China, at annual interest rate of 4.35 %. The Group pledged the accounts receivable due from real estate developers with the balance of RMB 84,333 as of December 31, 2021. The loan of RMB 50,000 from Bank of China was fully repaid in March 2022.

In August 2022, the Group borrowed a 6 -month loan of RMB 30,000 from Bank of China, at annual interest rate of 3.80 %. The Group pledged the accounts receivable due from real estate developers with the balance of RMB 44,889 as of December 31, 2022.The loan of RMB 30,000 from Bank of China was fully repaid in February 2023.

Field: Page; Sequence: 192; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 44 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

In June 2021, the Group borrowed a one -year loan of RMB 180 from Bank of Nanjing, at annual interest rate of 5.00 %. The loan of RMB 180 from Bank of Nanjing was fully repaid in June 2022.

The loan agreements with Bank of China, Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank and Bank of Nanjing contain certain financial and non-financial covenants. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group was in compliance with the relevant covenants.

1. Customers’ refundable fees

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Balance at the
beginning of the year	36,074		30,997		30,747
Cash received from customers	43,527		42,298		9,586
Cash refunded to customers	( 35,374	)	( 46,554	)	( 4,584	)
Revenue
(recognized) reversed	( 13,230	)	4,006		( 4,195	)
Balance
at the end of the year	30,997		30,747		31,554

Customers’ refundable fees represent the commission income received in advance (see note 2(v)).

1. Accrued expenses and other payables

	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Accrual for salary
and bonus		6,426	7,770
Other taxes and surcharge
payable		24,081	24,224
Down payments collected on
behalf of secondary property sellers	(1)	—	—
Amounts due to franchisees	(2)	218	218
Professional service fee		982	2,177
Amounts due to third parties
under collaborative agreements	(3)	41,444	29,652
Accrued expenses		10,406	6,723
Receipt in advance		12,551	8,532
Others		85,032	38,260
Accrued
expenses and other payables		181,140	117,556

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

(1) These amounts were held on behalf of home purchasers in respect of their down payments made for secondary property transactions for which legal title transfer from property sellers had not yet been completed. Too small to show up after in thousand and by rounding.

(2) The Group entered into franchise agreements with certain real estate agency companies which are granted with the right to use the Group’s brands, access of listings in the Group’s platform and other resources. These amounts as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 represent the commission received on behalf of the real estate agency companies and guarantee deposits.

(3) The amount represents funds provided by third parties under Collaborative Agreements (see note 1) for the parking space sales projects.

Field: Page; Sequence: 193; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 45 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Taxation

a) Income tax

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Hong Kong

Under the current Hong Kong Inland Revenue Ordinance, the Company’s Hong Kong subsidiary is subject to Hong Kong profits tax at the rate of 16.5 % on its taxable income generated from the operations in Hong Kong. A two-tiered Profits Tax rates regime was introduced since year 2018 where the first HK$ 2,000 of assessable profits earned by a company will be taxed at half the current tax rate 8.25 % whilst the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at 16.5 %. There is an anti-fragmentation measure where each group will have to nominate only one company in the group to benefit from the progressive rates. Payments of dividends by the subsidiary to the Company is not subject to withholding tax in Hong Kong.

PRC

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law (“EIT Law”) in the PRC, domestic companies are subject to EIT at a uniform rate of 25 %. The Company’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries are subject to the statutory income tax rate at 25 % unless otherwise specified. On October 31, 2017, Shenzhen Fangdd obtained a certificate from the Guangdong provincial government for a High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”) qualification and the certificate was renewed on December 11, 2020. This renewed certificate entitled Shenzhen Fangdd to enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 15 % for a period of three years from 2020 to 2022 if all the criteria for HNTE status could be satisfied in the relevant year.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside China with a “place of effective management” within China is considered a China resident enterprise for Chinese enterprise income tax purposes. A China resident enterprise is generally subject to certain Chinese tax reporting obligations and a uniform 25 % enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. The implementation rules to the New EIT Law provide that non-resident legal entities are considered PRC residents if substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., occurs within the PRC. Despite the present uncertainties resulting from the limited PRC tax guidance on the issue, the Company does not believe that the legal entities organized outside the PRC should be treated as residents for 2008 EIT law purposes. If the PRC tax authorities subsequently determine that the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC are deemed resident enterprises, the Company and its subsidiaries registered outside the PRC will be subject to the PRC income tax at a rate of 25 %. Dividends paid to non-PRC-resident corporate investor from profits earned by the PRC subsidiaries after January 1, 2008 would be subject to a withholding tax. The EIT law and its relevant regulations impose a withholding tax at 10 %, unless reduced by a tax treaty or agreement, for dividends distributed by a PRC-resident enterprise to its non-PRC-resident corporate investor for earnings generated beginning on January 1, 2008. As at December 31, 2022 and 2023, there was no retained earnings from consolidated level of all the foreign subsidiaries. And thus, the Company has not provided for deferred tax liabilities on undistributed earnings.

Field: Page; Sequence: 194; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 46 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Loss before provision for income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023:

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Cayman	( 1,403	)	( 156,373	)	( 10,675	)
Hong Kong SAR	( 4,692	)	( 4,539	)	( 5,917	)
BVI	( 33	)	( 12	)	( 1	)
PRC,
excluding Hong Kong SAR	( 1,187,962	)	( 71,177	)	( 78,400	)
	( 1,194,090	)	( 232,101	)	( 94,993	)

The Group had minimal current income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, as most of the companies in the Group either made a loss or had tax loss carried forwards to net against taxable income in the respective years.

Income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following:

2021	2022	2023
RMB	RMB	RMB
Current income
tax expense (benefit)	5,483	7,487	( 1,889	)
Deferred
income tax expense	3,424	—	—
	8,907	7,487	( 1,889	)

The actual income tax expense (benefit) reported in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 differs from the amount computed by applying the PRC statutory income tax rate of 25 % to loss before income taxes due to the following:

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Loss before tax	( 1,194,090	)	( 232,101	)	( 94,993	)
Income tax computed at PRC
statutory tax rate	( 298,523	)	( 58,025	)	( 23,748	)
Effect of preferential tax
rate*	68,988		( 6,364	)	—
Tax rate differential not
subject to PRC income tax	758		39,482		3,172
Non-deductible expense	47,393		44,424		14,424
Change in valuation allowance	188,892		59,700		6,339
Additional deduction for research
and development expenses	( 839	)	( 981	)	—
Tax-exempted income	( 220	)	( 92	)	—
Late payment surcharge on
uncertain tax position	2,661		2,197		( 2,118	)
Others**	( 203	)	( 72,853	)	42
	8,907		7,487		( 1,889	)

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

• Shenzhen Fangdd enjoys a preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2014 to 2022 if all the criteria for HNTE status could be satisfied in the relevant years. Please refer to Note 16 – a) PRC section for details.

** It was expected that Shenzhen Fangdd would not satisfy all the criteria for HNTE status in the foreseeable future years since 2023, so its enacted future income tax rate was changed from 15% to 25% when considering the deferred income tax assets.

Field: Page; Sequence: 195; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 47 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

b) Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 are as follows:

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Net operating
loss carry forward	103,285		108,064
Allowance for doubtful accounts	172,898		218,645
Payroll and accrued expenses	4,157		4,157
Deductible advertisement expenses	1,024		6,190
Long-term equity investment
impairment	74,988		79,558
Intangible assets*	28,031		24,490
Estimated
accounts payable write-off benefit	—		( 50,383	)
Gross deferred
tax assets	384,382		390,721
Less:
Valuation allowance	( 384,382	)	( 390,721	)
Net
deferred tax assets	—		—

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page

• In December 2020, Shenzhen Fangdd transferred certain internal developed software to another subsidiary of the Group at a consideration of RMB 141.5 million which resulted a difference between the financial statement carrying amounts of the intangible asset and the respective tax base.

The movements of the valuation allowance are as follows:

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Balance at the
beginning of the year	( 135,790	)	( 324,682	)	( 384,382	)
Changes
of valuation allowances	( 188,892	)	( 59,700	)	( 6,339	)
Balance
at the end of the year	( 324,682	)	( 384,382	)	( 390,721	)

As of December 31, 2023, the valuation allowance of RMB 390,721 was related to the deferred income tax asset of subsidiaries of the Company. These entities were in a cumulative loss position, which is a significant negative indicator to overcome that sufficient income will be generated over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible or utilized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible or utilized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

The net operating losses carry forwards of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries amounted to RMB 419,904 as of December 31, 2023, of which RMB 9,168 , RMB 28,619 , RMB 204,340 , RMB 80,351 and RMB 97,427 will expire if unused by December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively.

Field: Page; Sequence: 196; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 48 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of total unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 is as follows:

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Beginning balance	( 23,840	)	( 28,575	)	( 30,772	)
Additions	( 4,735	)	( 2,197	)	2,118
Ending
balance	( 28,575	)	( 30,772	)	( 28,654	)

RMB 30,772 and RMB 28,654 of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 are related to uncertainty with regards to the deductibility of certain business expenses incurred as well as recognition of certain income for tax purpose. Those, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 were included in other non-current liabilities. The Company is currently unable to provide an estimate of a range of total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that is reasonably possible to change significantly within the next twelve months. The accrued interest and penalties were recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as components of income tax expense.

According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years for tax underpayment due to computational errors made by the taxpayer or the withholding agent. The statute of limitations is extended to five years under special circumstances where the underpayment of taxes is more than RMB 100 . In the case of transfer pricing issues, the statute of limitations is 10 years. There is no statute of limitations for tax evasions.

17. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares

All of the Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares immediately upon the completion of the Company’s initial public offering on November 1, 2019.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares consist of the following:

| Balance
as of January 1, 2019 | 102,743 | | 446,889 | | 2,193,512 | | 2,743,144 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Redemption
value accretion | 3,041 | | 15,642 | | 97,625 | | 116,308 | |
| Foreign
currency translation adjustment | 2,747 | | 11,870 | | 59,017 | | 73,634 | |
| Conversion
of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares to Class A Ordinary Shares | ( 108,531 | ) | ( 474,401 | ) | ( 2,350,154 | ) | ( 2,933,086 | ) |
| Balance
as of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 | — | | — | | — | | — | |

Since the date of incorporation, the Company has completed four rounds of financing by issuing preferred shares, namely, Series A-1 and A-2 preferred shares issued in 2013 (the Series A-1 preferred shares and Series A-2 preferred shares are collectively referred as “Series A preferred shares”), Series B preferred shares issued in 2014, and Series C preferred shares issued in 2015. Series A-1 preferred shares are non-redeemable convertible preferred shares while the other series preferred shares are redeemable and convertible.

Field: Page; Sequence: 197; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 49 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

On October 25, 2013, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series A Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 259,257,900 shares of Series A preferred shares, of which 111,110,000 series A-1 preferred shares were issued at par value and 148,147,900 series A-2 preferred shares were issued at a price of US$ 0.07 per share with total consideration of US$ 9,830 (equivalent to approximately RMB 58,980 ) (see note 17 for the detail of Series A-1 preferred shares). The issuance of the Series A preferred shares was completed in 2013.

On June 12, 2014, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series B Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 177,834,496 shares of Series B preferred shares at a price of US$ 0.25 per share with total consideration of US$ 45,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB 276,764 ). The issuance of the Series B preferred shares was completed in 2014.

On June 30, 2015, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement with the Series C Investors and pursuant to which, the Company issued 286,959,017 shares of Series C preferred shares at a price of US$ 0.78 per share with total consideration of US$ 223,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB 1,364,046 ). The issuance of the Series C preferred shares was completed in 2015. Pursuant to the agreement with Series C Investor, the Company repurchased on 29,596,670 ordinary shares with consideration of US$ 23,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB 140,612 ), and 9,007,682 Series A-1 preferred shares with consideration of US$ 7,000 (equivalent to approximately RMB 42,000 ).

On October 8, 2019, the Company granted an option to acquire 172,908,894 Class A ordinary shares at par value to its Series C preferred shareholder, Greyhound Investment Ltd., in exchange for, among other things, the shareholder’s consent to amend the qualified IPO definition in the Company’s shareholders’ agreement and articles of association to authorize the offering the Company then contemplated. The option granted to Greyhound Investment Ltd. is exercisable on the earlier of (i) 61 calendar days after the completion of the offering, and (ii) February 14, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the fair value of the option granted to Greyhound Investment Ltd. on October 8, 2019 of RMB 642,174 was recorded as a deemed dividend. Greyhound Investment Ltd. exercised the option on January 7, 2020.

The Company had classified the Series A-2 Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares and Series C Preferred Shares as mezzanine equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for periods prior to their conversion to Class A ordinary shares on November 1, 2019 as they were contingently redeemable at the option of the holders after a specified time period.

The Company has determined that conversion and redemption features embedded in the Redeemable Preferred Shares are not required to be bifurcated and accounted for as a derivative, as the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded conversion and redemption features are clearly and closely related to that of the Preferred Shares. The Preferred Shares are not readily convertible into cash as there is not a market mechanism in place for trading of the Company’s shares.

The Company has determined that there was no beneficial conversion feature attributable to any of the Preferred Shares because the initial effective conversion prices of these Preferred Shares were higher than the fair value of the Company’s ordinary shares at the relevant commitment dates.

In addition, the carrying values of the Preferred Shares are accreted from the share issuance dates to the redemption value on the earliest redemption dates. The accretions are recorded against retained earnings, or in the absence of retained earnings, additional charges are recorded by increasing the accumulated deficit.

The rights, preferences and privileges of the Preferred Shares are as follows:

Redemption Rights

At any time on or after June 12, 2019 if there is no Qualified Initial Public Offering (’‘Qualified IPO’’), each of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Series A-2 Preferred Shares and Series B Preferred Shares may request a redemption of the Preferred Shares of such series.

Field: Page; Sequence: 198; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 50 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

At any time after the earlier of (a) the fifth anniversary of the commitment date of the series C preferred shares purchase agreement (“Closing Date”) (if there is no Qualified IPO) or (b) any redemption initiated by the holders of Series A-2 Shares or Series B Shares pursuant to above, each of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Series C Preferred Shares may request a redemption of the Preferred Shares of such series.

The price at which each Preferred Share shall be redeemed equal to 150 % of its Original Issue Price, plus any dividend which have been declared (but which remain unpaid) in respect of the Preferred Shares, as adjusted for share split, share dividends, combination, recapitalizations and similar events with respect to each series.

The Company accretes changes in the redemption value over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date of the Preferred Shares using effective interest method. Changes in the redemption value are considered to be changes in accounting estimates.

Conversion Rights

Each Preferred Share is convertible, at the option of the holder, at any time after the date of issuance of such Preferred Shares according to a conversion ratio, subject to adjustments for dilution, including but not limited to stock splits, stock dividends and capitalization and certain other events. Each Preferred Share is convertible into a number of ordinary shares determined by dividing the applicable original issuance price by the conversion price. The conversion price of each Preferred Share is the same as its original issuance price and no adjustments to conversion price have occurred. At December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, each Preferred Share is convertible into one ordinary share.

Each Preferred Share shall automatically be converted into ordinary shares, at the then applicable preferred share conversion price upon (i) closing of a Qualified Initial Public Offering (’‘Qualified IPO’’) or (ii) each Series B Preferred Share shall automatically be converted into Ordinary Shares upon the affirmative written consent of the holders of 75 % or more of then outstanding Series B Preferred Shares.

Voting Rights

Each Preferred Share shall be entitled to that number of votes corresponding to the number of ordinary shares on an as-converted basis. Preferred Shares shall vote together with the holders of Ordinary Shares, and not as a separate class or series with respect to certain specified matters. Otherwise, the holders of Preferred Shares and ordinary shares shall vote together as a single class.

Dividend Rights

No dividends shall be declared or paid on the Ordinary Shares, Series A Preferred Shares and the Series B Shares unless and until a dividend in like amount is paid at the same time on each outstanding Series C Preferred Share calculated on an as-converted basis.

No dividends shall be declared or paid on the Ordinary Shares and Series A Preferred Shares unless and until a dividend in like amount is paid at the same time on each outstanding Series B Preferred Share (calculated on an as-converted basis).

Liquidation Preferences

In the event of any liquidation including deemed liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, holders of the Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive a per share amount equal to 150 % of the original preferred share issue price of the respective series of Preferred Shares, as adjusted for share dividends, share splits, combinations, recapitalizations or similar events, plus all accrued and declared but unpaid dividends thereon, in the sequence of Series C Preferred Shares, Series B Preferred Shares, Series A-2 Preferred Shares and Series A-1 Preferred Shares. After such liquidation amounts have been paid in full, any remaining funds or assets of the Company legally available for distribution to shareholders shall be distributed on a pro rata, pari passu basis among the holders of the Preferred Shares, on an as-converted basis, together with the holders of the ordinary shares.

Field: Page; Sequence: 199; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 51 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The modifications of the rights, preferences and privileges of the Preferred Shares are not considered substantial, and are thus accounted for as a modification rather than an extinguishment of the Preferred Shares. Where there is a transfer of value between ordinary shareholders and Preferred Shares holders as a result of such modifications, the transfer of value is accounted for as deemed dividends, recorded as additions/reductions in accumulated deficit and reductions/additions in the Preferred Shares carrying amounts.

1. Ordinary shares and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

Ordinary shares

Upon incorporation in 2013, the Company’s authorized ordinary shares were 2,000,000,000 shares with a par value of US$ 0.0000001 each and issued 975,308,700 ordinary shares at par value. The number of authorized ordinary shares was increased from 2,000,000,000 to 2,275,948,587 as of December 31, 2018 after the issuance of Series A-1, A-2, B and C Preferred Shares.

Immediately prior to the completion of Company’s initial public offering on November 1, 2019, its authorized share capital was changed to US$ 500 divided into 5,000,000,000 shares of a par value of US$ 0.0000001 each, comprising of (i) 3,380,061,942 Class A ordinary shares, (ii) 619,938,058 Class B ordinary shares of a par value, and (iii) 1,000,000,000 shares of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. 619,938,058 ordinary shares beneficially owned by the Company’s founders, Yi Duan, Xi Zeng and Jiancheng Li were re-designated into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis and remaining 325,773,972 ordinary shares were re-designated into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis. All outstanding preferred shares were converted into 715,043,731 Class A ordinary shares.

Upon the completion of Company’s initial public offering and exercise of the overallotment options, the Company issued 150,000,000 and 12,504,475 Class A ordinary shares at price of US$ 0.52 per Class A ordinary share, respectively. The total net proceeds received were US$ 71,596 (equivalent to approximately RMB 498,436 ).

On October 14, 2022, the Company’s authorized share capital was changed to US$ 5,000 divided into 50,000,000,000 shares of a par value of US$ 0.0000001 each, comprising of (i) 30,000,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of a par value, (ii) 10,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of a par value, and (iii) 10,000,000,000 shares of such class or classes (however designated) as the board of directors may determine in accordance with the amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Upon the completion of Company’s the offering on December 8, 2022, the Company issued 375,000,000 Class A ordinary shares at price of US$ 0.0017 per Class A ordinary share and 75,000 Class C ordinary shares at price of US$ 0.0036 per Class C ordinary share, respectively. The total net proceeds received were US$ 450 (equivalent to approximately RMB 3,136 ).

On February 21, 2023, 129,519,698 Class A ordinary shares were issued to Mr. Jiancheng Li upon the conversion of the same number of Class B ordinary shares held by him on February 21, 2023.

On March 3, 2023, the company additionally offered and issued 120,811,500 Class A ordinary shares at an offering price of US$ 0.0017 per Class A ordinary share. The total net proceeds received were US$ 23 (equivalent to approximately RMB 158 ).

Field: Page; Sequence: 200; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 52 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

On February 10, 2023, the Company received a convertible promissory note payment of US$ 21 million, under which the Company would sell and issue a convertible promissory note in a principal amount of US$ 21 million to an investor through private placement. The Note will mature in six months following the issuance, bearing interest at the rate of 8 % per annum which shall be payable on the maturity date. At any time after the issuance and before the maturity date, the Note is convertible, in whole but not in part, into class A ordinary shares of the Company at the option of the holder thereof at a price equal to 64 % of the higher of the following (adjusted by the ADS-to-share ratio): (i) the average closing price of the Company’s American depositary shares (the “ADSs”) for the last 5 days preceding the date of the conversion notice and (ii) US$ 0.47 . Each ADS currently represents 375 Class A Ordinary Shares. To maintain a stable corporate structure following the potential conversion of the Note, the Company had simultaneously entered into a share subscription agreement, under which the Company has agreed to sell and issue up to 7,875,000 class C ordinary shares of the Company with the same rights, privileges and restrictions approved by the board of directors on November 29, 2022 to ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company, if the Company receives a conversion notice from the Note holder. The per share purchase price would be calculated based on the average closing price of the Company’s ADSs for the 30 trading days prior to the closing notice date and adjusted by the ADS-to-share ratio.

On March 9, 2023, the Company entered into a note conversion agreement with the holder of the convertible promissory note in a principal amount of US$ 21 million. Pursuant to the Note Conversion Agreement, the Noteholder has converted the outstanding balance of the Note into an aggregate of 18,750,000,000 Class A ordinary shares of the Company at an amended conversion price of US$ 0.00112 per share. Concurrently with the conversion of the Note, the Company has issued 5,625,000 Class C ordinary shares of the Company, at a purchase price of US$ 0.00271 per share, to ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company.

On July 19, 2023, the company was offering to certain investors (i) an aggregate of 4,285,711,875 Class A ordinary shares at an offering price of US$ 0.0019 per Class A ordinary share, (ii) certain regular warrants, or the Regular Warrants, to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,285,711,875 Class A ordinary shares, and (iii) certain reset warrants, or the Reset Warrants, that permit cashless exercise of up to an aggregate of 10,714,279,875 Class A ordinary shares. Consequently, on July 19, 2023, 4,285,711,875 Class A ordinary shares were offered and issued at an offering price of US$ 0.00187 per Class A ordinary share. The total net proceeds received were US$ 6,471 (equivalent to approximately RMB 46,245 ) and on August 7, 2023, 8,169,637,500 Class A ordinary shares were cashlessly offered and issued pursuant to the reset warrants.

On July 21, 2023, the company issued 1,371,427 Class C ordinary shares of the Company, at a purchase price of US$ 0.00223 per share, to ZX INTERNATIONAL LTD, a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Xi Zeng, the chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company.

On July 24, 2023, the company announced that it will change the ratio of the American depositary shares (“ADSs”) representing its Class A ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing three hundred and seventy-five (375) Class A ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing five thousand six hundred and twenty-five ( 5,625 ) Class A ordinary shares.

In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, the holders of Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share, the holders of Class C ordinary shares is entitled to 10,000 votes per share, while the holders of Class A ordinary shares entitle to one vote per share. Each Class B and each Class C ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B or Class A ordinary shares under any circumstances.

Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares

Series A-1 Preferred Shares are not redeemable and are convertible to Ordinary Shares at a 1-to-1 initial conversion ratio at the option of the holder at any time after the date of issuance. The liquidation preference of Series A-1 Preferred Shares is preferable to Ordinary Shares but subordinated to redeemable convertible preferred shares as disclosed in Note 17.

On November 1, 2019, all Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares upon the Company’s completion of IPO.

Field: Page; Sequence: 201; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 53 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Share-Based Compensation

On December 21, 2018, the Group adopted the 2018 Share Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”).

Under the 2018 Plan, the Board of Directors has approved that a maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards granted under the 2018 Plan shall be 260,454,163 shares.

All stock options granted under the 2018 Plan are not exercisable until the consummation of the Group’s IPO and certain of the option granted to employees are required to render service to the Group in accordance with a stipulated service schedule under which an employee earns an entitlement to vest in 30 % of his option grants at the end of each of the first two years and 40 % at the end of the third year of completed service.

Prior to the completion of the IPO, the stock options granted to the employees and directors shall be forfeited upon the termination of employment of the employees and directors.

Options granted under the 2018 Plan during the year of 2021, grantees are entitled to vest the option at the end of the first year of completed service.

The following table sets forth the stock options activities for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023:

		US$		US$
Outstanding as of January 1, 2021	93,464,488		0.0000001	2.98	1.38
-Grant to Employees	94,543,900		0.0000001
-Exercised	( 50,219,050	)	0.0000001
-Forfeited	( 7,633,050	)	0.0000001
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	130,156,288		0.0000001	4.02	0.44
-Exercised	( 49,409,787	)	0.0000001
-Forfeited	( 6,615,475	)	0.0000001
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	74,131,026		0.0000001	2.69	0.59
-Exercised	( 5,561,075	)	0.0000001
-Forfeited	( 2,860,950	)	0.0000001
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	65,709,001		0.0000001	1.85	0.52
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023	65,553,376		0.0000001	1.84	0.52

Options granted to Grantees were measured at fair value on the dates of grant using the Binomial Option Pricing Model with the following assumptions:

Expected volatility	60 %	48.56 %
Risk-free interest rate (per annum)	2.8 %	1.25 %
Exercise multiple	2.2	2.2
Expected dividend yield	0 %	0 %
Contractual term (in years)	5	5

Field: Page; Sequence: 202; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 54 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The expected volatility was estimated based on the historical volatility of the Company and comparable peer public companies with a time horizon close to the expected term of the Group’s options. The risk-free interest rate was estimated based on the yield to maturity of U.S. treasury bonds denominated in US$ for a term consistent with the expected term of the Group’s options in effect at the option valuation date. The exercise multiple is estimated as the ratio of fair value of underlying shares over the exercise price as of the time the option is exercised, based on a consideration of empirical studies on the actual exercise behavior of employees. The expected dividend yield is zero as the Group has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its shares, and the Group does not anticipate any dividend payments in the foreseeable future. The expected term is the contract life of the option.

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Company recognized RMB 47,067 , RMB 16,724 and RMB 105 share-based compensation expenses relating to the 2018 Plan.

On April 28, 2020, the Company and all Grantees entered into certain agreements pursuant to which Grantees agreed not to exercise any stock option, in whole or in part, for a 12-month period commencing from April 28, 2020. There were no other changes to the terms of the relevant stock option grants. The Company determined that the agreements between the Company and the Grantees constitutes a modification to the terms of the option grants with no incremental fair value for the underlying awards. Accordingly, there was no impact on the total compensation cost or the pattern for which the relevant compensation charges are recognized.

As of December 31, 2023, RMB 18 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested share options is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1 year.

1. Revenue information

Revenue consists of the following:

2021	2022	2023
RMB	RMB	RMB
Base commission from transactions	821,899	201,907	269,640
Innovation initiatives and other value-added services	120,481	44,041	15,317
	942,380	245,948	284,957

As the Group generates substantially all of its revenues from customers domiciled in the PRC, no geographical segments are presented. All of the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC.

Innovation initiatives and other value-added services primarily consists of sales incentive income, franchise income, financial services income, loan facilitation services, parking space transaction services, income from software as a service (“SaaS”) platform participants and revenue from other value-added services rendered to the Registered Agents and market participants.

Field: Page; Sequence: 203; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 55 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Loss per share

The following table sets forth the basic and diluted net loss per share computation and provides a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator for the periods presented:

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Numerator:
Net loss	( 1,202,997	)	( 239,588	)	( 93,104	)
Net loss(income) attributable to noncontrolling interests	31,832		( 4,450	)	1,351
Numerator for basic and diluted net loss per share calculation	( 1,171,165	)	( 244,038	)	( 91,753	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares	2,022,446,988		2,078,624,721		20,765,256,643
Denominator for basic and diluted net loss per share calculation	2,022,446,988		2,078,624,721		20,765,256,643
Net loss per ordinary share
—Basic and diluted	( 0.58	)	( 0.12	)	( 0.004	)

The potentially dilutive securities that have not been included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive are as follows:

2021	2022	2023
Share options to employees	130,156,288	74,131,026	65,709,001
Total	130,156,288	74,131,026	65,709,001

1. Business combination

Acquisition of Yuancui

Yuancui mainly engages in the provision of comprehensive operational solution for real estate agencies including application software to manage their businesses, brand authorization and operation training to real estate agencies. On October 30, 2020, the Company completed the subscription for newly issued ordinary shares of Yuancui for a cash consideration of RMB 20,000 and acquired equity interest from the shareholders of Yuancui for a cash consideration of RMB 10,000 . Upon the completion of the transactions, the Company held 51 % equity interest in Yuancui and it became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company.

Field: Page; Sequence: 204; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 56 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition is summarized as follows:

RMB
Net assets acquired (i)	16,408
Identifiable and amortizable intangible assets (note 8)
-Non-competed agreements	6,740
-Trademarks	1,070
Goodwill	31,188
Deferred tax liabilities	( 1,953	)
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	( 23,453	)
Total	30,000

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash consideration from RMB 20,000 from subscription of new shares.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Yuancui derived by the purchase consideration, adjusted for a discount for control premium.

Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies expected from the combined operations of Yuancui and the Company, the assembled workforce and its knowledge and experience in the managing real estate agencies in China in the PRC. The Company did not expect the goodwill recognized to be deductible for income tax purposes.

In June 2021, the Group injected further cash capital of RMB 8,563 and the Group’s equity interest in Yuancui increased to 70.0 %.

In considering property market conditions and the operating performance of Yuancui, the Group ceased all businesses of Yuancui during 2021 and the goodwill recognized from the acquisition was fully impaired.

Acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi

The Company invested in Jiuyi and Deyu as a limited partner during 2018 and 2019, respectively, in connection with certain properties sales projects under the Sales Commitment Arrangements as described in note 1. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the other investors of Deyu and Jiuyi withdrew all their capital invested after completing the properties sales projects. The Group became the sole investor of Deyu and Jiuyi, which have been accounted for as consolidated subsidiaries of the Group.

The acquisition of Deyu and Jiuyi that constitute business combinations are summarized as follows:

RMB
Net assets acquired (Note)	58,578

Note: Net assets acquired primarily included cash and deposits with real estate developers.

In relation to the revaluation of previously held interests, no material gain or loss was recognized by the Company recognized in the consolidated income statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, for the other acquisitions that constitute business combinations.

Field: Page; Sequence: 205; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 57 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

Acquisition of Tuqiang

Tuqiang mainly engages in the provision of internet information services for real estate developers and agencies. On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the acquirement 78 % equity interest in Tuqiang. Upon the completion of the transactions, the Company held 78 % equity interest in Tuqiang and it became a consolidated subsidiary of the Company.

The allocation of the purchase price as of the date of acquisition is summarized as follows:

RMB
Net assets acquired(i)	( 968	)
Goodwill	454
Noncontrolling interests (ii)	114
Total	( 400	)

i. Net assets acquired primarily included cash, accounts receivables from real estate developers and accrued expenses undertaken.

ii. Fair value of the noncontrolling interests was estimated based on the equity value of Tuqiang derived by the purchase consideration.

Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies expected from the combined operations of Tuqiang and the Company, the assembled workforce and its knowledge and experience in the managing real estate agencies in China in the PRC. The Company did not expect the goodwill recognized to be deductible for income tax purposes.

In considering property market conditions and the operating performance of Tuqiang, the Group ceased all businesses of Tuqiang during 2023 and the goodwill recognized from the acquisition was fully impaired.

1. Commitments and Contingencies

Capital commitment

As a limited partner of those equity method investees disclosed in note 11, the Group is committed to make further capital injection into the limited partnership in accordance with the respective partnership deeds. Such capital investment commitment amounted to RMB 300,019 and RMB 278,012 as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Lease commitment

The following table sets forth our contractual obligation as of December 31, 2023：

Total	2024	2025
RMB	RMB	RMB
Operating lease commitments for lease expense under lease agreements	897	897	—
Total	897	897	—

Field: Page; Sequence: 206; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 58 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Related Party Balance and Transactions

2021	2022	2023
RMB	RMB	RMB
Transactions with related parties
(1) Base commission income and Sales incentive income shared with related parties under Self-Commitment and Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Jiufeng	95	31	—
Jiuzhen	179	4,022	—
Deyan	251	—	—
Jiushi	4	—	—
Chongkai	100	69	—
Muju	—	875	286
	629	4,997	286

2021	2022	2023
RMB	RMB	RMB
(2) Other income shared with related parties
Chenji Zhaozhao	—	184	100
Tinghaozhu Space	—	1,285	—
	—	1,469	100
	629	6,466	386

Under the respective Non-Group Commitment Agreements, the equity method investees above are parties under tri-party agreements pursuant to which they directly advanced the deposits to the real estate developers for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

During the years ended December 31,2021, 2022 and 2023, these related parties entered an Exclusive Sales Contracts which is required to directly advance deposit to the real estate developers while neither the Group nor these related parties is required to purchase any unsold unit of properties at the end of the exclusive sales period.

Field: Page; Sequence: 207; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 59 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group borrowed bank loan secured by real estate owned by one of equity method investment of the Group, Jiushi and real estate owned by Suzhou Chaxiaobai Culture & Media Co., Ltd. (“Suzhou Chaxiaobai”). The spouse of a shareholder of the Group is the controlling shareholder of Suzhou Chaxiaobai (see note 13). The loan from Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank was fully repaid in January, 2023.

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
Amounts due to related parties
(1) Payables for income shared under Non-Group Collaborative Agreements (see note 1)
Gefei Chengyun	10,759	10,759
Jiufeng	242	242
Jiuchuan	9,403	9,403
Longshutianye	10,140	10,140
Yunde	9,383	9,383
Detong	3,274	3,274
Qixing	964	—
Jiushi	65	65
	44,230	43,266

2022	2023
RMB	RMB
(2) Payables for Base Commission Income shared with related parties under Exclusive Sales Contracts without Sales Commitment Arrangement
Derong	9,733	9,733
Jiushen	29	29
Jiufeng	495	495
	10,257	10,257
(3) Other payables
Jiushen	790	790
Shanghai Chongkai Enterprise Management (LLP) (“Chongkai”)	3,689	3,689
Jiufeng	149	149
Muju	5,561	—
Jiuzhen	3,981	—
Chenji Zhaozhao	191	—
	14,361	4,628
Total	68,848	58,151

Jiuchuan, Decheng, Longshutianye, Longshuqianli, Yunde, Gefei chengyun, Jiushen, Detong, Derong, Qixing, Jiuzhen, Deyan, Jiushi , Muju, Chenji Zhaozhao and Tinghaozhu Space are equity method investees of the Group.

Jiusheng and Jiufeng are subsidiaries of Jiushen.

Chongkai is a company owned by two of the founders and certain management of the Group.

Field: Page; Sequence: 208; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 60 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. Parent only financial information

The following condensed parent company financial information of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2023, there were no material contingencies, significant provisions of long-term obligations, mandatory dividend or redemption requirements of redeemable shares or guarantees of Fangdd Network Group Ltd., except for those, which have been separately disclosed in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(a) Condensed Balance Sheets

2022		2023
RMB		RMB
Assets
Current asset
Cash and cash equivalents	22,710		61,230
Total current asset	22,710		61,230
Non-current asset
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	1,533,937		1,592,432
Total non-current asset	1,533,937		1,592,432
Total assets	1,556,647		1,653,662
Liabilities
Current liability
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	27,225		27,867
Total current liability	27,225		27,867
Total liabilities	27,225		27,867
Equity
Class A ordinary shares	1		17
Additional paid-in capital	5,051,631		5,243,416
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	( 393,841	)	( 398,160	)
Accumulated deficit	( 3,128,369	)	( 3,219,478	)
Total shareholders’ equity	1,529,422		1,625,795
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	1,556,647		1,653,662

Field: Page; Sequence: 209; Value: 1

F- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo 61 Field: /Sequence

Field: /Page

Fangdd Network Group Ltd.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

(b) Condensed Statements of Results of Operations

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
General and administrative expenses	( 13,058	)	( 167,076	)	( 10,923	)
Total operating expenses	( 13,058	)	( 167,076	)	( 10,923	)
Loss from operations	( 13,058	)	( 167,076	)	( 10,923	)
Equity loss of subsidiaries and the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	( 626,570	)	( 244,039	)	( 80,934	)
Other income:
Interest income (expense), net	2,462		957		( 983	)
Other income, net	—		9,247		1,730
Loss before income tax	( 637,166	)	( 400,911	)	( 91,110	)
Net loss	( 637,166	)	( 400,911	)	( 91,110	)
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	( 637,166	)	( 400,911	)	( 91,110	)

(c) Condensed statements of cash flows

2021		2022		2023
RMB		RMB		RMB
Net cash used in operating activities	( 18,400	)	( 5,064	)	( 6,797	)
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Investments in and amounts due from subsidiaries, the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries	( 128,192	)	—		( 142,060	)
Investment in short-term investments	—		( 168,198	)	—
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments	—		18,826		—
Net cash used in investing activities	( 128,192	)	( 149,372	)	( 142,060	)
Cash flows provided by financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	—		3,136		46,632
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory note, net of issuance
costs	—		—		145,064
Net cash provided by financing activities	—		3,136		191,696
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	—		11,036		( 4,319	)
Net (decrease) inc rease in cash and cash equivalents	( 146,592	)	( 140,264	)	38,520
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year	309,566		162,974		22,710
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year	162,974		22,710		61,230

F-62

Field: Rule-Page

Field: /Rule-Page