EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON INC

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 0-13468

EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Washington	91-1069248
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification Number)
1015 Third Avenue , Seattle , Washington	98104
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) : ( 206 ) 674-3400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	EXPD	NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

At August 5, 2019, the number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock was 170,720,139 .

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

	June 30, 2019
Assets:
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 1,082,650	$	923,735
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $ 13,391 at June 30, 2019 and $ 15,345 at December 31, 2018	1,382,070		1,581,530
Deferred contract costs	143,651		159,510
Other	103,089		70,041
Total current assets	2,711,460		2,734,816
Property and equipment, less accumulated depreciation and amortization of $ 465,983 at June 30, 2019 and $ 446,977 at December 31, 2018	499,233		504,105
Operating lease right-of-use assets	377,423		—
Goodwill	7,927		7,927
Deferred federal and state income taxes, net	33,617		40,465
Other assets, net	17,330		27,246
Total assets	$ 3,646,990	$	3,314,559
Liabilities:
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable	$ 811,144	$	902,259
Accrued expenses, primarily salaries and related costs	217,463		215,813
Contract liabilities	169,055		190,343
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	61,267		—
Federal, state and foreign income taxes	19,891		18,424
Total current liabilities	1,278,820		1,326,839
Noncurrent portion of operating lease liabilities	315,776		—
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, none issued	—		—
Common stock, par value $ 0.01 per share. Issued and outstanding: 170,040 shares at June 30, 2019 and 171,582 shares at December 31, 2018	1,701		1,716
Additional paid-in capital	12,433		1,896
Retained earnings	2,140,935		2,088,707
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	( 104,096	)	( 105,481	)
Total shareholders’ equity	2,050,973		1,986,838
Noncontrolling interest	1,421		882
Total equity	2,052,394		1,987,720
Total liabilities and equity	$ 3,646,990	$	3,314,559

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended June 30, — 2019	2018	Six months ended June 30, — 2019	2018
Revenues:
Airfreight services	$ 741,577	$ 801,761	$ 1,456,478	$ 1,532,988
Ocean freight and ocean services	543,809	530,008	1,112,450	1,050,891
Customs brokerage and other services	750,193	625,790	1,486,702	1,227,942
Total revenues	2,035,579	1,957,559	4,055,630	3,811,821
Operating Expenses:
Airfreight services	542,639	593,325	1,051,849	1,106,829
Ocean freight and ocean services	390,299	385,156	810,630	764,574
Customs brokerage and other services	440,946	336,532	877,342	662,034
Salaries and related	356,351	350,948	713,261	690,843
Rent and occupancy	40,897	38,071	82,420	74,984
Depreciation and amortization	12,677	13,576	26,070	27,498
Selling and promotion	11,643	10,788	22,719	21,753
Other	47,926	45,579	91,537	86,904
Total operating expenses	1,843,378	1,773,975	3,675,828	3,435,419
Operating income	192,201	183,584	379,802	376,402
Other Income (Expense):
Interest income	6,516	5,153	12,622	9,467
Other, net	2,262	1,167	3,927	1,791
Other income (expense), net	8,778	6,320	16,549	11,258
Earnings before income taxes	200,979	189,904	396,351	387,660
Income tax expense	47,449	48,958	102,710	110,514
Net earnings	153,530	140,946	293,641	277,146
Less net earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest	381	341	793	849
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 153,149	$ 140,605	$ 292,848	$ 276,297
Diluted earnings attributable to shareholders per share	$ 0.88	$ 0.79	$ 1.67	$ 1.54
Basic earnings attributable to shareholders per share	$ 0.90	$ 0.80	$ 1.71	$ 1.58
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding	174,466	178,603	174,953	179,120
Weighted average basic shares outstanding	171,003	174,754	171,425	175,324

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended June 30, — 2019	2018		2019		2018
Net earnings	$ 153,530	$	140,946	$	293,641	$ 277,146
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of $ 82 and $ 15,171 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and $ 439 and $ 9,660 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	( 769	)	( 26,051	)	596	( 17,200	)
Reclassification adjustments for foreign currency realized losses, net of tax of $ 145 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019	535		—		535	—
Other comprehensive income (loss)	( 234	)	( 26,051	)	1,131	( 17,200	)
Comprehensive income	153,296		114,895		294,772	259,946
Less comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interest	257		10		539	397
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$ 153,039	$	114,885	$	294,233	$ 259,549

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended June 30, — 2019	2018		2019		2018
Operating Activities:
Net earnings	$ 153,530	$	140,946	$	293,641	$	277,146
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash from operating activities:
Provisions for losses (recoveries) on accounts receivable	1,584		528		( 304	)	263
Deferred income tax expense	3,697		3,235		5,805		6,088
Stock compensation expense	23,824		18,002		37,206		29,269
Depreciation and amortization	12,677		13,576		26,070		27,498
Other, net	( 29	)	56		160		104
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable	( 28,187	)	( 46,876	)	202,290		53,771
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses	39,900		58,075		( 82,383	)	12,231
(Increase) decrease in deferred contract costs	( 13,010	)	( 20,019	)	18,249		( 16,612	)
Increase (decrease) in contract liabilities	13,003		20,294		( 23,722	)	12,893
(Decrease) increase in income taxes payable, net	( 49,606	)	( 38,059	)	( 32,613	)	( 18,550	)
(Decrease) increase in other, net	( 1,676	)	( 1,202	)	791		( 68	)
Net cash from operating activities	155,707		148,556		445,190		384,033
Investing Activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	( 12,987	)	( 12,113	)	( 22,422	)	( 25,909	)
Other, net	1,038		( 1,564	)	1,293		( 1,995	)
Net cash from investing activities	( 11,949	)	( 13,677	)	( 21,129	)	( 27,904	)
Financing Activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	32,287		95,363		59,477		121,760
Repurchases of common stock	( 190,589	)	( 235,572	)	( 234,923	)	( 407,932	)
Dividends Paid	( 85,184	)	( 79,180	)	( 85,184	)	( 79,180	)
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards	( 6,674	)	( 3,215	)	( 6,674	)	( 3,215	)
Net cash from financing activities	( 250,160	)	( 222,604	)	( 267,304	)	( 368,567	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	( 377	)	( 24,322	)	2,158		( 17,807	)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	( 106,779	)	( 112,047	)	158,915		( 30,245	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,189,429		1,132,901		923,735		1,051,099
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$ 1,082,650	$	1,020,854	$	1,082,650	$	1,020,854
Taxes Paid:
Income taxes	$ 97,715	$	85,612	$	134,968	$	124,131

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	Common Stock — Shares	Par value		Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total shareholders’ equity	Noncontrolling interest		Total equity
Balance at March 31, 2019	171,648	$	1,716	$	3,978	$	2,222,562	$	( 103,986	)	$ 2,124,270	$	1,164	$	2,125,434
Exercise of stock options and release of restricted shares	1,002		11		25,602		—		—		25,613		—		25,613
Shares repurchased under provisions of stock repurchase plans	( 2,610	)	( 26	)	( 41,374	)	( 149,189	)	—		( 190,589	)	—		( 190,589	)
Stock compensation expense	—		—		23,824		—		—		23,824		—		23,824
Net earnings	—		—		—		153,149		—		153,149		381		153,530
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—		—		( 110	)	( 110	)	( 124	)	( 234	)
Dividends paid ($ 0.50 )	—		—		403		( 85,587	)	—		( 85,184	)	—		( 85,184	)
Balance at June 30, 2019	170,040	$	1,701	$	12,433	$	2,140,935	$	( 104,096	)	$ 2,050,973	$	1,421	$	2,052,394
Balance at March 31, 2018	174,308	$	1,743	$	1,198	$	2,041,520	$	( 64,992	)	$ 1,979,469	$	2,797	$	1,982,266
Exercise of stock options and release of restricted shares	2,360		24		92,124		—		—		92,148		—		92,148
Shares repurchased under provisions of stock repurchase plans	( 3,091	)	( 31	)	( 109,876	)	( 125,665	)	—		( 235,572	)	—		( 235,572	)
Stock compensation expense	—		—		18,002		—		—		18,002		—		18,002
Net earnings	—		—		—		140,605		—		140,605		341		140,946
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—		—		( 25,720	)	( 25,720	)	( 331	)	( 26,051	)
Dividends paid ($ 0.45 )	—		—		159		( 79,339	)	—		( 79,180	)	—		( 79,180	)
Balance at June 30, 2018	173,577	$	1,736	$	1,607	$	1,977,121	$	( 90,712	)	$ 1,889,752	$	2,807	$	1,892,559
	Common Stock
For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	Shares	Par value		Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings		Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total shareholders’ equity	Noncontrolling interest		Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2018	171,582	$	1,716	$	1,896	$	2,088,707	$	( 105,481	)	$ 1,986,838	$	882	$	1,987,720
Exercise of stock options and release of restricted shares	1,656		17		52,786		—		—		52,803		—		52,803
Shares repurchased under provisions of stock repurchase plans	( 3,198	)	( 32	)	( 79,858	)	( 155,033	)	—		( 234,923	)	—		( 234,923	)
Stock compensation expense	—		—		37,206		—		—		37,206		—		37,206
Net earnings	—		—		—		292,848		—		292,848		793		293,641
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—		—		1,385		1,385		( 254	)	1,131
Dividends paid ($ 0.50 )	—		—		403		( 85,587	)	—		( 85,184	)	—		( 85,184	)
Balance at June 30, 2019	170,040	$	1,701	$	12,433	$	2,140,935	$	( 104,096	)	$ 2,050,973	$	1,421	$	2,052,394
Balance at December 31, 2017	176,374	$	1,764	$	546	$	2,063,512	$	( 73,964	)	$ 1,991,858	$	2,515	$	1,994,373
Cumulative effect of accounting change	—		—		—		( 22,357	)	—		( 22,357	)	( 105	)	( 22,462	)
Exercise of stock options and release of restricted shares	2,956		30		118,515		—		—		118,545		—		118,545
Shares repurchased under provisions of stock repurchase plans	( 5,753	)	( 58	)	( 146,882	)	( 260,992	)	—		( 407,932	)	—		( 407,932	)
Stock compensation expense	—		—		29,269		—		—		29,269		—		29,269
Net earnings	—		—		—		276,297		—		276,297		849		277,146
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—		—		( 16,748	)	( 16,748	)	( 452	)	( 17,200	)
Dividends paid ($ 0.45 )	—		—		159		( 79,339	)	—		( 79,180	)	—		( 79,180	)
Balance at June 30, 2018	173,577	$	1,736	$	1,607	$	1,977,121	$	( 90,712	)	$ 1,889,752	$	2,807	$	1,892,559

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

A. Basis of Presentation

Expeditors International of Washington, Inc. (the Company) is a non-asset based provider of global logistics services operating through a worldwide network of offices and exclusive or non-exclusive agents. The Company’s customers include retailing and wholesaling, electronics, industrial and manufacturing companies around the world.

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. As a result, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) have been condensed or omitted. The Company believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company's Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 22, 2019.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. All dollar amounts in the notes are presented in thousands except for per share data or unless otherwise specified.

B. Revenue Recognition

The Company derives its revenues by entering into agreements that are generally comprised of a single performance obligation, which is that freight is shipped for and received by the customer. The Company's three principal services are the revenue categories presented in the consolidated statements of earnings: 1) airfreight services, 2) ocean freight and ocean services, and 3) customs brokerage and other services.

The Company typically satisfies its performance obligations as services are rendered over time. A typical shipment would include services rendered at origin, such as pick-up and delivery to port, freight services from origin to destination port and destination services, such as customs clearance and final delivery. The Company measures the performance of its obligations as services are completed over the life of a shipment, including services at origin, freight and destination. The Company fulfills nearly all of its performance obligations within a one to two month-period and contracts with customers have an original expected duration of less than one year. The Company satisfied nearly all performance obligations for the contract liabilities recorded as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

In 2019, the Company revised its presentation for revenue transfers between its geographic operating segments and services rendered at the destination, which moved certain revenues and directly related operating expenses for air and ocean transactions to destination services within customs brokerage and other services. These changes better align revenue reporting with the location where the services are performed, as well as the transactional reporting being developed as part of the Company’s new accounting systems and processes. The change in presentation had no impact on consolidated or segment net revenues or operating income. The 2019 results also include the effect of changing the presentation of certain import services from a net to a gross basis, which increased revenues and directly related operating expenses in customs brokerage and other services but did not change net revenues. The impact on reported consolidated and segment total revenues and expenses for these changes was immaterial and the prior year presentation has not been revised.

C. Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted new lease accounting guidance using a modified retrospective approach and recognizing a right-of-use (ROU) asset and lease liability on the balance sheet. On January 1, 2019, ROU assets and lease liabilities were recorded for all existing leases exceeding one-year terms and were measured at the present value of lease payments over the remaining lease term. The adoption of this accounting standard resulted in recording ROU assets and lease liabilities for operating leases of $ 343 million and $ 340 million, respectively, as of

January 1, 2019. The adoption of this standard had no impact on retained earnings on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

In recording the ROU asset and lease liability, the Company elected to apply the following practical expedients:

• Package of practical expedients not to reassess:

◦ Whether a contract is or contains a lease,

◦ Historical lease classification, and

◦ Initial direct costs.

• Use of hindsight when determining the lease term.

Additionally, the Company has elected to apply the short-term lease exemption for leases with a non-cancelable period of twelve months or less and has chosen not to separate nonlease components from lease components and instead to account for each as a single lease component.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. All ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date at the present value of lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets are adjusted for lease incentives and initial direct costs. The lease term includes renewal options exercisable at the Company's sole discretion when the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option. As most of the Company's leases do not have an implicit rate, the Company uses an estimated incremental borrowing rate based on market information available at the commencement date to determine the present value. Certain of our leases include variable payments, which may vary based upon changes in facts or circumstances after the start of the lease. The Company excludes variable payments from lease ROU assets and lease liabilities, to the extent not considered fixed, and instead expense variable payments as incurred. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in rent and occupancy expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of earnings.

D. Accounts Receivable

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is reviewed at least monthly for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments for services and advances. Additional allowances may be necessary in the future if the ability of customers to pay deteriorates. The Company has recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts in the amounts of $ 13,391 as of June 30, 2019 and $ 15,345 as of December 31, 2018. Additions and write-offs have not been significant in the periods presented.

E. Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of the assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. The Company uses estimates primarily in the following areas: accounts receivable valuation, accrual of costs related to ancillary services the Company provides, accrual of liabilities for the portion of the related exposure that the Company has self-insured, accrual of various tax liabilities including estimates associated with the U.S. enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the 2017 Tax Act), accrual of loss contingencies, calculation of share-based compensation expense and estimates related to determining the lease term when measuring ROU assets and lease liabilities. Actual results could be materially different from the estimated provisions and accruals recorded.

F. Recent Accounting Pronouncement

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued an Accounting Standards Update (ASU), which amends existing guidance for the accounting of credit losses on financial instruments. Under the ASU, the Company will record a valuation allowance for credit losses that are expected to be incurred over the financial asset’s contractual term. This standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2020 and is not expected to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements as the new credit loss model will primarily apply to the Company's accounts receivable, which are of short duration and for which the Company has not historically experienced significant credit losses. However, the Company is still evaluating the impact of the new prescribed model compared to its current methodology.

Note 2. Leases

The Company enters into lease agreements primarily for office and warehouse space in all districts where it conducts business. As of June 30, 2019, all of the Company's leases are operating leases.

Lease cost for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were all recorded under rent and occupancy expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of earnings and were comprised of the following:

	Three months ended June 30, 2019	Six months ended June 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$ 20,093	$ 40,048
Variable lease cost	6,483	12,877
Total lease cost	$ 26,576	$ 52,925

Variable lease cost includes short-term lease expenses, which are insignificant.

Maturities of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2019 are as follows:

2019	$
2020	74,341
2021	64,607
2022	58,276
2023	49,930
Thereafter	169,715
Total minimum lease payments	455,726
Less imputed interest	78,683
Lease liability	$ 377,043

At December 31, 2018, the last balance sheet presented before the adoption of the new accounting standard Topic 842 Leases , future minimum annual lease payments under all noncancelable leases were as follows:

2019	75,227
2020	62,974
2021	47,552
2022	38,352
2023	26,580
Thereafter	67,140
$	317,825

The weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate as of June 30, 2019 are as follows:

Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	7.63
Weighted-average discount rate	4.96 %

Other information related to the Company's operating leases are as follows:

	Three months ended June 30, 2019	Six months ended June 30, 2019
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 43,398	$ 62,034
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$ 20,046	$ 39,292

Note 3. Share-Based Compensation

The Company has historically granted the majority of its share-based awards during the second quarter of each fiscal year. In the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, the Company awarded 462 and 461 restricted stock units (RSUs), respectively, under the Omnibus Incentive Plan (2017 Plan), which was approved by shareholders in 2017. The RSUs were granted at a weighted-average fair value of $ 75.73 in 2019 and $ 69.58 in 2018. The RSUs vest annually over 3 years based on continued employment and are settled upon vesting in shares of the Company's common stock on a one -for- one basis. The value of an RSU award is based on the Company's stock price on the date of grant. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, 24 and 25 fully vested shares were granted to non-employee directors, respectfully.

The Company also awarded 96 and 18 performance stock units (PSUs) in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, under the 2017 Plan. Outstanding PSUs include performance conditions to be finally measured in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. The final number of PSUs will be determined using an adjustment factor of up to 2 times or down to 0.5 of the targeted PSU grant. If the minimum performance thresholds are not achieved, no shares will be issued. Each PSU will convert to one share of the Company's common stock upon vesting.

RSUs and PSUs granted under the 2017 Plan have dividend equivalent rights, which entitle holders of the awards to the same dividend value per share as holders of common stock. Dividend equivalent rights are subject to the same vesting and other terms and conditions as the corresponding unvested RSUs and PSUs and are accumulated and paid in shares when the underlying awards vest.

The grant of employee stock purchase rights and the issuance of shares under the employee stock purchase plan are made in the third quarter of each fiscal year. No ne were issued during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.

The Company recognizes stock compensation expense based on the fair value of awards granted to employees and directors under the Company’s omnibus incentive, stock option, director restricted stock and employee stock purchase rights plans. This expense, adjusted for expected forfeitures, is recognized in net earnings on a straight-line basis over the service periods as salaries and related costs on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. RSUs and PSUs awarded to certain employees meeting specific retirement eligibility criteria at the time of grant are expensed immediately as there is no substantive service period associated with those awards. For RSU awards meeting retirement eligibility criteria, approximately $ 5,000 of stock compensation expense was recognized for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, and approximately $ 4,000 of stock compensation expense was recognized for three and six months ended June 30, 2018. For PSU awards meeting retirement eligibility criteria, approximately $ 5,000 of stock compensation expense was recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. There were no PSU awards granted meeting retirement eligibility criteria during 2018.

Note 4. Income Taxes

In December 2017, the 2017 Tax Act was enacted in the United States. Beginning January 1, 2018, foreign earnings of the Company's international subsidiaries are generally exempt from U.S. Federal income tax upon repatriation. Notwithstanding these changes, certain withholding taxes and foreign exchange gains and losses will continue to be applicable upon the repatriation of foreign earnings.

During 2018 and 2019, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the U.S. Department of Treasury (Treasury) issued additional guidelines and clarifying regulations related to the implementation of the 2017 Tax Act. The Company expects that additional guidance will continue to be issued in future periods. As this guidance is issued, the Company will continue to evaluate the information to determine whether any additional adjustments to its tax provisions are required.

The 2017 Tax Act included provisions for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) under which taxes on foreign income are imposed on the excess of a deemed return on tangible assets of certain foreign subsidiaries and for Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT) under which taxes are imposed on certain base eroding payments to affiliated foreign companies. The Company treats BEAT and GILTI as components of current income tax expense. Income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 had no tax expense related to GILTI.

In February 2018, the FASB issued amended guidance for reporting comprehensive income to reflect changes resulting from the 2017 Tax Act. The amendment, which had an effective date of January 1, 2019, provided the option to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Act within accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings. The Company elected to not reclassify stranded income tax effects from AOCI to retained earnings, including those related to implementation of the 2017 Tax Act.

Our consolidated effective income tax rate was 23.6 % and 25.9 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to 25.8 % and 28.5 % for the comparable periods in 2018. The effect of higher average foreign tax rates of our international subsidiaries, when compared to U.S. federal and state tax rates, were impacted by the following items. The effective tax rate in 2019 benefited from available U.S foreign tax credits associated with withholding taxes of our foreign operations, U.S. income tax deductions for Foreign-derived intangible income (FDII), and a state income tax refund. These benefits were partially offset by lower share-based compensation deductions in 2019 from stock option exercises when compared to the same periods in 2018 and higher state income tax expense when excluding the state income tax refund recorded during the second quarter of 2019. In addition, 2018 included higher income tax expense related to an estimated BEAT tax liability and an adjustment made to the provisional Transition Tax liability associated with enactment of the 2017 Tax Act.

As discussed above, some elements of the recorded impacts of the 2017 Tax Act could be impacted by further legislative action as well as additional interpretations and guidance issued by the IRS or Treasury. As a result, the amount of income tax recorded in the future may differ, possibly materially. For further information and discussion of the potential impact of the 2017 Tax Act, refer to Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements in the Company's 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Note 5. Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share

Diluted earnings attributable to shareholders per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding. Dilutive potential shares represent outstanding stock options, including purchase options under the Company's employee stock purchase plan, and unvested restricted stock units. Basic earnings attributable to shareholders per share is calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding without taking into consideration dilutive potential common shares outstanding.

The following table reconciles the numerator and the denominator of the basic and diluted per share computations for earnings attributable to shareholders:

	Three months ended June 30, — Net earnings attributable to shareholders	Weighted average shares	Earnings per share
2019
Basic earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 153,149	171,003	$ 0.90
Effect of dilutive potential common shares	—	3,463	—
Diluted earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 153,149	174,466	$ 0.88
2018
Basic earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 140,605	174,754	$ 0.80
Effect of dilutive potential common shares	—	3,849	—
Diluted earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 140,605	178,603	$ 0.79

	Six months ended June 30, — Net earnings attributable to shareholders	Weighted average shares	Earnings per share
2019
Basic earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 292,848	171,425	$ 1.71
Effect of dilutive potential common shares	—	3,528	—
Diluted earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 292,848	174,953	$ 1.67
2018
Basic earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 276,297	175,324	$ 1.58
Effect of dilutive potential common shares	—	3,796	—
Diluted earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 276,297	179,120	$ 1.54

Note 6. Shareholders' Equity

The Company has a Discretionary Stock Repurchase Plan approved by the Board of Directors that authorizes management to reduce issued and outstanding common stock down to 160,000 shares. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, 3,110 shares were repurchased at an average price of $ 73.45 per share, compared to 4,311 shares at an average price of $ 70.49 per share during the same period in 2018.

The Company also had a Non-Discretionary Stock Repurchase Plan to repurchase shares from the proceeds of stock option exercises and employee stock purchases. As of March 31, 2019, all shares authorized under this plan have been repurchased. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, 88 shares were repurchased at an average price of $ 74.03 , compared to 1,411 at an average price of $ 72.21 per share during the same period in 2018.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted entirely of foreign currency translation adjustments, net of related income tax effects, for all the periods presented.

On May 7, 2019 , the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual dividend of $ 0.50 per share payable on June 17, 2019 to shareholders of record as of June 3, 2019 . On May 8, 2018 , the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual dividend of $ 0.45 per share paid on June 15, 2018 to shareholders of record as of June 1, 2018 .

Note 7. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments, other than cash, consist primarily of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses. The carrying value of these financial instruments approximates their fair value. All highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents.

Cash and cash equivalents consist of the following:

	June 30, 2019 — Cost	Fair Value	December 31, 2018 — Cost	Fair Value
Cash and Cash Equivalents:
Cash and overnight deposits	$ 513,328	$ 513,328	$ 427,307	$ 427,307
Corporate commercial paper	530,565	530,991	467,300	467,760
Time deposits	38,757	38,757	29,128	29,128
Total cash and cash equivalents	$ 1,082,650	$ 1,083,076	$ 923,735	$ 924,195

The fair value of corporate commercial paper and time deposits is based on the use of market interest rates for identical or similar assets (Level 2 fair value measurement).

Note 8. Contingencies

The Company is involved in claims, lawsuits, government investigations and other legal matters that arise in the ordinary course of business and are subject to inherent uncertainties. Currently, in management's opinion and based upon advice from legal advisors, none of these matters are expected to have a significant effect on the Company's operations, cash flows or financial position. As of June 30, 2019, the amounts accrued for these claims, lawsuits, government investigations and other legal matters are not significant to the Company's operations, cash flows or financial position. At this time, the Company is unable to estimate any additional loss or range of reasonably possible losses, if any, beyond the amounts recorded, that might result from the resolution of these matters.

Note 9. Business Segment Information

The Company is organized functionally in geographic operating segments. Accordingly, management focuses its attention on revenues, net revenues 1 , operating income, identifiable assets, capital expenditures, depreciation and amortization and equity generated in each of these geographical areas when evaluating the effectiveness of geographic management. Transactions among the Company’s various offices are conducted using the same arms-length pricing methodologies the Company uses when its offices transact business with independent agents. Certain costs are allocated among the segments based on the relative value of the underlying services, which can include allocation based on actual costs incurred or estimated cost plus a profit margin.

Financial information regarding the Company’s operations by geographic area is as follows:

	UNITED STATES
For the three months ended June 30, 2019:
Revenues 2	$ 681,076	85,537	38,757	621,951	181,380	319,331	108,311	( 764	)	2,035,579
Net revenues 1	$ 294,983	35,201	16,714	134,397	48,893	98,655	33,222	( 370	)	661,695
Operating income	$ 87,923	8,858	2,346	64,453	15,513	9,315	3,799	( 6	)	192,201
Identifiable assets at period end	$ 1,819,718	176,151	73,197	580,311	193,771	581,518	229,692	( 7,368	)	3,646,990
Capital expenditures	$ 8,985	768	145	300	428	1,914	447	—		12,987
Depreciation and amortization	$ 7,687	459	380	1,384	496	1,775	496	—		12,677
Equity	$ 1,303,381	83,417	31,014	282,192	107,229	168,570	109,790	( 33,199	)	2,052,394
For the three months ended June 30, 2018:
Revenues 2	$ 598,076	84,244	42,618	680,227	179,528	330,775	114,005	( 71,914	)	1,957,559
Net revenues 1	$ 271,880	34,749	15,923	140,583	44,886	102,371	33,125	( 971	)	642,546
Operating income	$ 63,628	10,077	2,701	70,359	13,374	16,958	6,490	( 3	)	183,584
Identifiable assets at period end	$ 1,488,060	153,827	54,186	540,954	157,479	526,607	217,716	( 5,997	)	3,132,832
Capital expenditures	$ 6,032	2,191	167	559	695	1,225	1,244	—		12,113
Depreciation and amortization	$ 8,447	473	395	1,303	542	1,955	461	—		13,576
Equity	$ 1,196,226	56,702	26,625	250,513	112,259	157,493	127,032	( 34,291	)	1,892,559

	UNITED STATES
For the six months ended June 30, 2019:
Revenues 2	$ 1,340,859	176,947	72,936	1,254,804	358,559	632,021	220,986	( 1,482	)	4,055,630
Net revenues 1	$ 587,412	70,370	31,777	268,604	96,262	195,450	66,394	( 460	)	1,315,809
Operating income	$ 161,936	19,818	4,982	130,233	31,420	23,267	8,160	( 14	)	379,802
Identifiable assets at period end	$ 1,819,718	176,151	73,197	580,311	193,771	581,518	229,692	( 7,368	)	3,646,990
Capital expenditures	$ 15,900	996	238	644	604	2,896	1,144	—		22,422
Depreciation and amortization	$ 15,909	926	812	2,791	1,032	3,606	994	—		26,070
Equity	$ 1,303,381	83,417	31,014	282,192	107,229	168,570	109,790	( 33,199	)	2,052,394
For the six months ended June 30, 2018:
Revenues 2	$ 1,161,826	164,331	78,727	1,316,816	354,678	650,755	224,542	( 139,854	)	3,811,821
Net revenues 1	$ 549,065	65,196	30,668	277,791	89,292	201,006	66,326	( 960	)	1,278,384
Operating income	$ 133,276	19,095	5,071	140,282	28,506	36,236	13,928	8		376,402
Identifiable assets at period end	$ 1,488,060	153,827	54,186	540,954	157,479	526,607	217,716	( 5,997	)	3,132,832
Capital expenditures	$ 9,203	3,719	672	1,343	1,024	8,416	1,532	—		25,909
Depreciation and amortization	$ 17,212	871	763	2,679	1,125	3,931	917	—		27,498
Equity	$ 1,196,226	56,702	26,625	250,513	112,259	157,493	127,032	( 34,291	)	1,892,559

1 Net revenues are a non-GAAP measure calculated as revenues less directly related operating expenses attributable to the Company's principal services. The Company's management believes that net revenues are a better measure than total revenues when evaluating the Company's operating segment performance since total revenues earned as a freight consolidator include the carriers' charges for carrying the shipment, whereas revenues earned in other capacities include primarily the commissions and fees earned by the Company. Net revenue is one of the Company's primary operational and financial measures and demonstrates the Company's ability to concentrate and leverage purchasing power through effective consolidation of shipments from customers utilizing a variety of transportation carriers and optimal routings.

2 In 2019, the Company revised its process to record the transfer, between its geographic operating segments, of revenues and the directly related cost of transportation expenses for freight service transactions between Company origin and destination locations. This change better aligns revenue reporting with the location where the services are performed, as well as the transactional reporting being developed as part of the Company’s new accounting systems and processes. The change in presentation had no impact on consolidated or segment net revenues or operating income. The 2019 results also include the effect of changing the presentation of certain import services from a net to a gross basis, which increased segment revenues and directly related operating expenses but did not change net revenues. The impact of these changes on reported segment revenues was immaterial and prior year segment revenues have not been revised.

The following table presents the calculation of consolidated net revenues:

	Three months ended June 30, — 2019	2018	Six months ended June 30, — 2019	2018
Revenues	$ 2,035,579	$ 1,957,559	$ 4,055,630	$ 3,811,821
Expenses:
Airfreight services	542,639	593,325	1,051,849	1,106,829
Ocean freight and ocean services	390,299	385,156	810,630	764,574
Customs brokerage and other services	440,946	336,532	877,342	662,034
Net revenues	$ 661,695	$ 642,546	$ 1,315,809	$ 1,278,384

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

SAFE HARBOR FOR FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS UNDER PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995; CERTAIN CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS

Certain portions of this report on Form 10-Q including the sections entitled "Overview," "Expeditors' Culture and Strategy," "International Trade and Competition," "Seasonality," "Critical Accounting Estimates," "Results of Operations," "Income tax expense," "Currency and Other Risk Factors" and "Liquidity and Capital Resources" contain forward-looking statements. Words such as "will likely result," "expects", "are expected to," "would expect," "would not expect," "will continue," "is anticipated," "estimate," "project," "plan," "believe," "probable," "reasonably possible," "may," "could," "should," "intends," "foreseeable future" and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that refer to projections of future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in the Company's businesses, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. These statements must be considered in connection with the discussion of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Attention should be given to the factors identified and discussed in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2019.

Overview

Expeditors International of Washington, Inc. (herein referred to as "Expeditors," the "Company," "we," "us," "our") provides a full suite of global logistics services. Our services include air and ocean freight consolidation and forwarding, customs brokerage, warehousing and distribution, purchase order management, vendor consolidation, time-definite transportation services, temperature-controlled transit, cargo insurance, specialized cargo monitoring and tracking, and other logistics solutions. We do not compete for overnight courier or small parcel business. As a non-asset based carrier, we do not own or operate transportation assets.

We derive our revenues by entering into agreements that are generally comprised of a single performance obligation, which is that freight is shipped for and received by our customer. Each performance obligation is comprised of one or more of the Company's services. We typically satisfy our performance obligations as services are rendered over time. A typical shipment would include services rendered at origin, such as pick-up and delivery to port, freight services from origin to destination port and destination services, such as customs clearance and final delivery. Our three principal services are the revenue categories presented in our financial statements: 1) airfreight services, 2) ocean freight and ocean services, and 3) customs brokerage and other services. The most significant drivers of changes in gross revenues and related transportation expenses are volume, sell rates and buy rates. Volume has a similar effect on the change in both gross revenues and related transportation expenses in each of our three primary sources of revenue.

We generate the major portion of our air and ocean freight revenues by purchasing transportation services on a wholesale basis from direct (asset-based) carriers and then reselling those services to our customers on a retail basis. The difference between the rate billed to our customers (the sell rate) and the rate we pay to the carrier (the buy rate) is termed “net revenue” (a non-GAAP measure), “yield” or “margin.” By consolidating shipments from multiple customers and concentrating our buying power, we are able to negotiate favorable buy rates from the direct carriers, while at the same time offering lower sell rates than customers would otherwise be able to negotiate themselves.

In most cases, we act as an indirect carrier. When acting as an indirect carrier, we issue a House Airway Bill (HAWB), a House Ocean Bill of Lading (HOBL) or a House Seaway Bill to customers as the contract of carriage. In turn, when the freight is physically tendered to a direct carrier, we receive a contract of carriage known as a Master Airway Bill for airfreight shipments and a Master Ocean Bill of Lading for ocean shipments.

Customs brokerage and other services involve providing services at destination, such as helping customers clear shipments through customs by preparing and filing required documentation, calculating and providing for payment of duties and other taxes on behalf of customers as well as arranging for any required inspections by governmental agencies, and import services such as arranging for delivery. These are complicated functions requiring technical knowledge of customs rules and regulations in the multitude of countries in which we have offices. We also provide other value added services at destination, such as warehousing and distribution, time-definitive transportation services and consulting.

In these transactions, we evaluate whether it is appropriate to record the gross or net amount as revenue. Generally, revenue is recorded on a gross basis when we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the services, when we assume risk of loss, when we have discretion in setting the prices for the services to the customers, and we have the ability to direct the use of the services provided by the third party. When revenue is recorded on a net basis, the amounts earned are determined using a fixed fee, a per unit of activity fee or a combination thereof. For revenues earned in other capacities, for instance, when we do not issue a HAWB, a HOBL or a House Seaway Bill or otherwise act solely as an agent for the shipper, only the commissions and fees earned for such services are included in revenues. In these transactions, we are not a principal and report only commissions and fees earned in revenue.

We manage our company along five geographic areas of responsibility: Americas; North Asia; South Asia; Europe; and Middle East, Africa and India (MAIR). Each area is divided into sub-regions that are composed of operating units with individual profit and loss responsibility. Our business involves shipments between operating units and typically touches more than one geographic area. The nature of the international logistics business necessitates a high degree of communication and cooperation among operating units. Because of this inter-relationship between operating units, it is very difficult to examine any one geographic area and draw meaningful conclusions as to its contribution to our overall success on a stand-alone basis.

Our operating units share revenue using the same arms-length pricing methodologies that we use when our offices transact business with independent agents. Certain costs are allocated among the segments based on the relative value of the underlying services, which can include allocation based on actual costs incurred or estimated cost plus a profit margin. Our strategy closely links compensation with operating unit profitability, which includes shared revenues and allocated costs. Therefore, individual success is closely linked to cooperation with other operating units within our network. The mix of services varies by segment based primarily on the import or export orientation of local operations in each of our regions.

Expeditors' Culture and Strategy

From the inception of our company, management has believed that the elements required for a successful global service organization can only be assured through recruiting, training, and ultimately retaining superior personnel. We believe that our greatest challenge is now and always has been perpetuating a consistent global corporate culture, which demands:

• Total dedication to providing superior customer service;

• Compliance with our policies and procedures and government regulations;

• Aggressive marketing of all of our service offerings;

• A positive, safe work environment that is inclusive and free from discrimination and harassment;

• Ongoing development of key employees and management personnel;

• Creation of unlimited advancement opportunities for employees dedicated to hard work, personal growth and continuous improvement;

• Individual commitment to the identification and mentoring of successors for every key position so that when change occurs, a qualified and well-trained internal candidate is ready to step forward; and

• Continuous identification, design and implementation of system solutions and differentiated service offerings, both technological and otherwise, to meet and exceed the needs of our customers while simultaneously delivering tools to make our employees more efficient and more effective.

We reinforce these values with a compensation system that rewards employees for profitably managing the things they can control. This compensation system has been in place since we became a publicly traded company. There is no limit to how much a key manager can be compensated for success. We believe in a “real world” environment where the employees of our operating units are held accountable for the profit implications of their decisions. If these decisions result in operating losses, management generally must make up these losses with future operating profits, in the aggregate, before any cash incentive compensation can be earned. Executive management, in limited circumstances, makes exceptions at the branch operating unit level. At the same time, our policies, processes and relevant training focus on such things as cargo management, risk mitigation, compliance, accounts receivable collection, cash flow and credit soundness in an attempt to help managers avoid the kinds of errors that might end a career.

We believe that our unique culture is a critical component to our continued success. We strongly believe that it is nearly impossible to predict all events that, individually or in the aggregate, could have a positive or a negative impact on our future operations. As a result, management's focus is on building and maintaining a global corporate culture and an environment where well-trained employees and managers are prepared to identify and react to changes as they develop and thereby help us adapt and thrive as major trends emerge.

Our business growth strategy emphasizes a focus on the right markets and, within each market, on the right customers that lead to profitable business growth. Expeditors' teams are aligned on the specific markets; on the targeted accounts within those markets; and on ways that we can continue to differentiate ourselves from our competitors.

Our ability to provide services to customers is highly dependent on good working relationships with a variety of entities including airlines, ocean carriers, ground transportation providers and governmental agencies. The significance of maintaining acceptable working relationships with these entities has gained increased importance as a result of ongoing concern over terrorism, security, changes in governmental regulation and oversight of international trade. A good reputation helps to develop practical working understandings that will assist in meeting security requirements while minimizing potential international trade obstacles, especially as governments promulgate new regulations and increase oversight and enforcement of new and existing laws. We consider our current working relationships with these entities to be satisfactory.

Our business is also highly dependent on the financial stability and operational capabilities of the carriers we utilize. Although airline profitability has improved, many air carriers remain highly leveraged with debt. Moreover, the ocean carrier industry has incurred substantial losses in recent years. Many carriers are highly leveraged with debt and certain carriers are facing significant liquidity challenges. This environment requires that we be selective in determining which carriers to utilize. Further changes in the financial stability, operating capabilities and capacity of asset-based carriers, capacity allotments available from carriers, governmental regulations, and/or trade accords could adversely affect our business in unpredictable ways.

International Trade and Competition

We operate in over 60 countries in the competitive global logistics industry and our activities are closely tied to the global economy. International trade is influenced by many factors, including economic and political conditions in the United States and abroad, currency exchange rates, and laws and policies relating to tariffs, trade restrictions, foreign investments and taxation. Periodically, governments consider a variety of changes to tariffs and trade restrictions and accords. Currently, the United States and China have significantly increased tariffs on certain imports and are engaged in trade negotiations. The United Kingdom and the European Union are negotiating the terms of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union. We cannot predict the outcome of these proposals or negotiations, or the effects they will have on our business. As governments implement higher tariffs on imports, manufacturers may accelerate, to the extent possible, shipments to avoid higher tariffs and, over time, may shift manufacturing to other countries. Doing business in foreign locations also subjects us to a variety of risks and considerations not normally encountered by domestic enterprises. In addition to being influenced by governmental policies and inter-governmental disputes concerning international trade, our business may also be negatively affected by political developments and changes in government personnel or policies in the United States and other countries, as well as economic turbulence, political unrest and security concerns in the nations and on the trade shipping lanes in which we conduct business and the future impact that these events may have on international trade, oil prices and security costs.

The global logistics services industry is intensely competitive and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. Our pricing and terms continue to be pressured by uncertainty in global trade and economic conditions, concerns over volatile fuel costs, disruptions in port services, political unrest and fluctuating currency exchange rates. We expect these operating and competitive conditions to continue.

Ocean carriers have incurred substantial operating losses in recent years, and many are highly leveraged with debt. These financial challenges have resulted in multiple carrier acquisitions and carrier alliance formations. Additionally, while overall global demand has recently increased, carriers continue to take delivery of new and larger ships, which creates additional capacity. Carriers also face new regulatory requirements that become effective in 2020 requiring reductions in the sulfur in marine fuel, which is expected to increase their operating and capital costs. When the market experiences seasonal peaks or any sort of disruption, the carriers often increase their pricing suddenly. This carrier behavior creates pricing volatility that could impact Expeditors' ability to maintain historical unitary profitability.

Currently, there is uncertainty as to how new regulatory requirements and changes in oil prices will continue to impact future buy rates. Because fuel is an integral part of carriers' costs and impacts both our cargo space buy rates and our sell rates to customers, we would expect our gross revenues and costs to be impacted as carriers adjust rates for the effect of changing fuel prices. To the extent that we are unable to pass through any increases to our customers, this could adversely affect our net revenues.

The global economic environment and trade growth remain uncertain. We cannot predict the impact of future changes in global trade on our operating results, freight volumes, pricing, changes in consumer demand, carrier stability and capacity, customers’ abilities to pay or on changes in competitors' behavior. Additionally, we cannot predict the direct or indirect impact that further changes in consumer purchasing behavior, such as online shopping, could have on our business. In response to governments implementing higher tariffs on imports, some customers have begun shifting manufacturing to other countries which could negatively impact us.

Seasonality

Historically, our operating results have been subject to seasonal demand trends with the first quarter being the weakest and the third and fourth quarters being the strongest; however, there is no assurance this seasonal trend will occur in the future. This pattern has been the result of, or influenced by, numerous factors, including weather patterns, national holidays, consumer demand, new product launches, economic conditions, governmental policies and inter-governmental disputes and a myriad of other similar and subtle forces. In addition, this historical quarterly trend has been influenced by the growth and diversification of our international network and service offerings.

A significant portion of our revenues is derived from customers in the retail and technology industries whose shipping patterns are tied closely to consumer demand, and from customers in industries whose shipping patterns are dependent upon just-in-time production schedules. Therefore, the timing of our revenues are, to a large degree, impacted by factors out of our control, such as a sudden change in consumer demand for retail goods, changes in trade tariffs, product launches and/or manufacturing production delays. Additionally, many customers ship a significant portion of their goods at or near the end of a quarter and, therefore, we may not learn of a shortfall in revenues until late in a quarter.

To the extent that a shortfall in revenues or earnings was not expected by securities analysts or investors, any such shortfall from levels predicted by securities analysts or investors could have an immediate and adverse effect on the trading price of our stock. We cannot accurately forecast many of these factors, nor can we estimate accurately the relative influence of any particular factor and, as a result, there can be no assurance that historical patterns will continue in future periods.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and judgments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on assumptions that we believe are reasonable. Our critical accounting estimates are discussed in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed on February 22, 2019. There have been no material changes to the critical accounting estimates previously disclosed in that report.

Results of Operations

The following table shows the revenues and directly related expenses for our principal services and total net revenues (a non-GAAP measure calculated as revenues less directly related operating expenses attributable to our principal services) and our expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, expressed as percentages of net revenues. Management believes that net revenues are a better measure than total revenues when analyzing and discussing management's effectiveness in managing our principal services since total revenues earned by Expeditors as a freight consolidator include the carriers’ charges to us for carrying the shipment, whereas revenues earned by Expeditors in our other capacities include primarily the commissions and fees actually earned by us. Net revenue is one of our primary operational and financial measures and demonstrates our ability to manage sell rates to customers with our ability to concentrate and leverage our purchasing power through effective consolidation of shipments from multiple customers utilizing a variety of transportation carriers and optimal routings. Using net revenue also provides a commonality for comparison among various services.

The table and the accompanying discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto in this quarterly report.

	Three months ended June 30, — 2019		2018		Six months ended June 30, — 2019		2018
	Amount	Percent of net revenues	Amount	Percent of net revenues	Amount	Percent of net revenues	Amount	Percent of net revenues
(in thousands)
Airfreight services:
Revenues	$ 741,577		$ 801,761		$ 1,456,478		$ 1,532,988
Expenses	542,639		593,325		1,051,849		1,106,829
Net revenues	198,938	30 %	208,436	32 %	404,629	31 %	426,159	33 %
Ocean freight services and ocean services:
Revenues	543,809		530,008		1,112,450		1,050,891
Expenses	390,299		385,156		810,630		764,574
Net revenues	153,510	23	144,852	23	301,820	23	286,317	23
Customs brokerage and other services:
Revenues	750,193		625,790		1,486,702		1,227,942
Expenses	440,946		336,532		877,342		662,034
Net revenues	309,247	47	289,258	45	609,360	46	565,908	44
Total net revenues	661,695	100	642,546	100	1,315,809	100	1,278,384	100
Overhead expenses:
Salaries and related costs	356,351	54	350,948	54	713,261	54	690,843	54
Other	113,143	17	108,014	17	222,746	17	211,139	17
Total overhead expenses	469,494	71	458,962	71	936,007	71	901,982	71
Operating income	192,201	29	183,584	29	379,802	29	376,402	29
Other income (expense), net	8,778	1	6,320	1	16,549	1	11,258	1
Earnings before income taxes	200,979	30	189,904	30	396,351	30	387,660	30
Income tax expense	47,449	7	48,958	8	102,710	8	110,514	8
Net earnings	153,530	23	140,946	22	293,641	22	277,146	22
Less net earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest	381	—	341	—	793	—	849	—
Net earnings attributable to shareholders	$ 153,149	23 %	$ 140,605	22 %	$ 292,848	22 %	$ 276,297	22 %

Airfreight services:

Airfreight services revenues decreased 8 % and 5 % during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared with the same periods for 2018, primarily due to 5 % and 4% declines in tonnage and lower average sell rates resulting from softening of market demand. Airfreight services expenses decreased 9 % and 5 % during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared with the same periods for 2018 principally as a result of 5% and 4% declines in tonnage and lower average buy rates due to increased carrier capacity relative to market demand .

Airfreight services net revenues decreased 5 % for the three months ended June 30, 2019, as compared with the same period for 2018. This was due to a 5% decline in tonnage and a 4% decline in net revenue per kilo . Europe and North Asia net revenues decreased 11 % and 8 %, respectively, primarily due to a 5% and 6% reduction in tonnage and lower net revenue per kilo of 10% and 6%, respectively. In addition, North America net revenues decreased by 1%, primarily due to a 5% reduction in tonnage. South Asia net revenues increased 6%, primarily due to a 4% increase in tonnage.

Airfreight services net revenues decreased 5 % for the six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared with the same period for 2018. This was due to 4% decline in tonnage and a decrease in net revenue per kilo . North America, North Asia and Europe net revenues decreased 6%, 9% and 5%, respectively, primarily due to a 4%, 8% and 3% reduction in tonnage.

The global airfreight market has been experiencing imbalances between carrier capacity and demand in certain lanes, which is resulting in lower buy and sell rates. These conditions are exacerbated by on-going inter- governmental trade disputes and uncertainties . Customers remain focused on improving supply-chain efficiency, reducing overall logistics costs by negotiating lower rates and utilizing ocean freight whenever possible. At the same time, customers are increasingly utilizing airfreight to improve speed to market. We expect these trends to continue in conjunction with carriers' efforts to manage available capacity and the evolution of consumer purchasing behavior, such as online shopping. These conditions could be affected by new product launches and customer responses to governmental trade policies during periods that have historically experienced higher demand. These conditions, should they continue to occur, could create a higher degree of volatility in volumes and, ultimately, buy and sell rates.

Ocean freight and ocean services:

Ocean freight consolidation, direct ocean forwarding and order management are the three basic services that constitute and are collectively referred to as ocean freight and ocean services. Ocean freight and ocean services revenues increased 3 % and 6 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared with the same periods in 2018, primarily due to 2% increases in container volume and higher average sell rates to customers . Ocean freight and ocean services expenses increased 1 % and 6 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, primarily due to increased volumes and higher average buy rates as overall market demand increased and carriers managed available capacity. These increases were partially offset by the effect of our revised presentation of services rendered at the destination, which decreased revenues and directly related operating expenses in ocean freight consolidation services but did not change net revenues.

Ocean freight and ocean services net revenues increased 6% and 5 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared with the same periods in 2018. The largest component of our ocean freight net revenue was derived from ocean freight consolidation, which represented 44 % of ocean freight net revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.

Ocean freight consolidation net revenues increased 4 % and 5% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared with the same period in 2018, primarily due to a 3% increase in net revenue per container and a 2% increase in volumes. Order management net revenues increased 9 % and 6 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, mostly resulting from higher volumes in North Asia and South Asia . Direct ocean freight forwarding net revenues increased 5 % for the three months ended June 2019 primarily due to increases in volumes in North Asia and Europe . Direct ocean freight forwarding net revenues increased 6 % for the six months ended June 2019 primarily due to increases in volumes in North America and North Asia .

North America ocean freight and ocean services net revenues increased 2 % and 4 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, primarily due to increases in net revenue per container and higher volumes. South Asia net revenues increased 31% and 24% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as export volumes, order management volumes and net revenue per container increased. North Asia net revenues increased 5% and 6% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, primarily due to increases in order management and direct ocean forwarding resulting from higher volumes.

We expect that pricing volatility will continue as customers solicit bids, react to governmental trade policies, and carriers adapt to changes in capacity and market demand, merge or create alliances with other carriers. Carriers also face new regulatory requirements that become effective in 2020 to reduce the use of sulfur in marine fuel, which is expected to increase their operating and capital costs which could result in higher costs for us. These conditions could result in lower margins.

Customs brokerage and other services:

Customs brokerage and other services revenues increased 20 % and 21 % and expenses increased 31 % and 33 %, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared with the same periods in 2018, primarily as a result of higher volumes in customs brokerage and road freight and increased costs in import services . The 2019 results include the effect of changing our presentation of certain import services from a net to a gross basis and our revised presentation of destination services, which increased revenues and directly related operating expenses in customs brokerage and other services but did not change net revenues.

Customs brokerage and other services net revenues increased 7 % and 8 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared with the same periods in 2018, primarily as a result of an increase in customs brokerage, road freight and distribution volumes. Customers continue to seek out customs brokers, such as Expeditors, with sophisticated computerized capabilities critical to an overall logistics management program, including rapid responses to changes in the regulatory and security environment.

North America net revenues increased 13 % and 14 % for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 , respectively, as compared with the same periods for 2018 , primarily as a result of higher volumes in customs brokerage, road fre ight and distribution services.

Overhead expenses:

Salaries and related costs increased 2% and 3% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared with the same periods in 2018, principally due to an increase in the number of employees, primarily in North America and Europe, and higher share-based compensation and sales commissions which were partially offset by a reduction in bonus expense. The number of employees increased primarily to support increased activity in our business operations.

Historically, the relatively consistent relationship between salaries and net revenues has been the result of a compensation philosophy that has been maintained since the inception of our company: offer a modest base salary and the opportunity to share in a fixed and determinable percentage of the operating profit of the business unit controlled by each key employee. Using this compensation model, changes in individual incentive compensation occur in proportion to changes in our operating income, creating an alignment between branch and corporate performance and shareholder interests.

Bonuses to field management were up 3% in the six months ended June 30, 2019, when compared to the same period in 2018, while branch operating income increased 2%. Bonuses to executive management were down 6%. The effect of the increase in consolidated operating income of 1% for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was offset by a 3% reduction made to senior executive management bonus allocations, as well as unused allocations available for future investments in the development of key personnel.

Our management compensation programs have always been incentive-based and performance driven. Salaries and related costs as a percentage of net revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 remained unchanged at 54% , as compared to the same periods in 2018.

Because our management incentive compensation programs are also cumulative, generally no management bonuses can be paid unless the relevant business unit is, from inception, cumulatively profitable. Any operating losses must be offset in their entirety by operating profits before management is eligible for a bonus. Executive management, in limited circumstances, makes exceptions at the branch operating unit level. Since the most significant portion of management compensation comes from the incentive bonus programs, we believe that this cumulative feature is a disincentive to excessive risk taking by our managers. The outcome of any higher risk transactions, such as overriding established credit limits, would be known in a relatively short time frame. Management believes that when the potential and certain impact on the bonus is fully considered in light of the short operating cycle of our services, the potential for short-term gains that could be generated by engaging in risky business practices is sufficiently mitigated to discourage excessive and inappropriate risk taking. Management believes that both the stability and the long-term growth in revenues, net revenues and net earnings are a result of the incentives inherent in our compensation programs.

Other overhead expenses increased 5% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared with the same periods in 2018. The increase in expenses was due to renting additional space, occupancy costs, technology-related fees and consulting expenses, partially offset by lower depreciation and amortization expense . Other overhead expenses as a percentage of net revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, remained unchanged at 17%, compared to the same periods in 2018. We will continue to make important investments in people, processes and technology, as well as to invest in our strategic efforts to explore new areas for profitable growth.

Income tax expense:

Our consolidated effective income tax rate was 23.6% and 25.9% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, as compared to 25.8% and 28.5% for the comparable periods in 2018. The effect of higher average foreign tax rates of our international subsidiaries, when compared to U.S. federal and state tax rates, were impacted by the following items. The effective tax rate in 2019 benefited from available U.S foreign tax credits associated with withholding taxes of our foreign operations, U.S. income tax deductions for Foreign-derived intangible income (FDII), and a state income tax refund. These benefits were partially offset by lower share-based compensation deductions in 2019 from stock option exercises when compared to the same periods in 2018 and higher state income tax expense when excluding the state income tax refund recorded during the second quarter of 2019. In addition, 2018 included higher income tax expense related to an estimated BEAT tax liability and an adjustment made to the provisional Transition Tax liability associated with enactment of the 2017 Tax Act.

Some elements of the recorded impacts of the 2017 Tax Act could be impacted by further legislative action as well as additional interpretations and guidance issued by the IRS or Treasury. As a result, the amount of income tax recorded in the future may differ, possibly materially. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Currency and Other Risk Factors

The nature of our worldwide operations necessitates dealing with a multitude of currencies other than the U.S. dollar. This results in our being exposed to the inherent risks of volatile international currency markets and governmental interference. Some of the countries where we maintain offices and/or agency relationships have strict currency control regulations, which influence our ability to hedge foreign currency exposure. We try to compensate for these exposures by accelerating international currency settlements among our offices and agents. We may enter into foreign currency hedging transactions where there are regulatory or commercial limitations on our ability to move money freely around the world or the short-term financial outlook in any country is such that hedging is the most time-sensitive way to mitigate short-term exchange losses. Any such hedging activity during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was insignificant. We had no foreign currency derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, net foreign currency losses were approximately $2 million and $4 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, net foreign currency gains were approximately $5 million and $1 million, respectively.

International air and ocean freight forwarding and customs brokerage are intensely competitive and are expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. There are a large number of entities competing in the international logistics industry, including new technology-based competitors entering the industry, many of which have significantly more resources than us; however, our primary competition is confined to a relatively small number of companies within this group. Expeditors must compete against both the niche players and larger entities. The industry continues to experience consolidations into larger firms striving for stronger and more complete multinational and multi-service networks. However, regional and local brokers and forwarders remain a competitive force.

The primary competitive factors in the international logistics industry continue to be price and quality of service, including reliability, responsiveness, expertise, convenience, and scope of operations. We emphasize quality customer service and believe that our prices are competitive with those of others in the industry. Customers regularly solicit bids from competitors in order to improve service, pricing and contractual terms such as seeking longer payment terms, higher or unlimited liability limits and performance penalties. Increased competition and competitors' acceptance of expanded contractual terms could result in reduced revenues, reduced margins, higher operating costs, higher claims or loss of market share, any of which would damage our results of operations and financial condition.

Larger customers utilize more sophisticated and efficient procedures for the management of their logistics supply chains by embracing strategies such as just-in-time inventory management. We believe that this trend has resulted in customers using fewer service providers with greater technological capacity and more consistent global coverage. Accordingly, sophisticated computerized customer service capabilities and a stable worldwide network have become significant factors in attracting and retaining customers. Developing and maintaining these systems and a worldwide network has added a considerable indirect cost to the services provided to customers. Smaller and middle-tier competitors, in general, do not have the resources available to develop customized systems and a worldwide network.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal source of liquidity is cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $156 million and $445 million , respectively, as compared with $149 million and $384 million for the same periods in 2018. The increase of $7 million and $61 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, was primarily due to higher earnings and changes in working capital, principally as a result of the excess of customer collections over customer billings offset by an increase in taxes paid during 2019. At June 30, 2019, working capital was $1,433 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $1,083 million. Other than our recorded lease liabilities, we had no long-term obligations or debt at June 30, 2019. Management believes that our current cash position and operating cash flows will be sufficient to meet our capital and liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future, including meeting any contingent liabilities related to standby letters of credit and other obligations.

As a customs broker, we make significant cash advances for a select group of our credit-worthy customers. These cash advances are for customer obligations such as the payment of duties and taxes to customs authorities in various countries throughout the world. Increases in duty rates could result in increases in the amounts we advance on behalf of our customers. Cash advances are a “pass through” and are not recorded as a component of revenue and expense. The billings of such advances to customers are accounted for as a direct increase in accounts receivable from the customer and a corresponding increase in accounts payable to governmental customs authorities. As a result of these “pass through” billings, the conventional Days Sales Outstanding or DSO calculation does not directly measure collection efficiency. For customers that meet certain criteria, we have agreed to extend payment terms beyond our customary terms. Management believes that it has established effective credit control procedures, and historically has experienced relatively insignificant collection problems.

Our business historically has been subject to seasonal fluctuations and this is expected to continue in the future. Cash flows fluctuate as a result of this seasonality. Historically, the first quarter shows an excess of customer collections over customer billings. This results in positive cash flow. The increased activity associated with periods of higher demand (typically commencing late second or early third quarter and continuing well into the fourth quarter) causes an excess of customer billings over customer collections. This cyclical growth in customer receivables consumes available cash.

Cash used in investing activities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $12 million and $21 million , respectively, as compared with $14 million and $28 million in the same period of 2018, primarily for capital expenditures. Capital expenditures in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were related primarily to continuing investments in technology and building and leasehold improvements. Occasionally, we elect to purchase buildings to house staff and to facilitate the staging of customers’ freight. Total anticipated capital expenditures in 2019 are currently estimated to be $50 million. This includes routine capital expenditures and investments in technology.

Cash used in financing activities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $250 million and $267 million , respectively, as compared with $223 million and $369 million for the same period in 2018. We use the proceeds from stock option exercises, employee stock purchases and available cash to repurchase our common stock on the open market to limit the growth in issued and outstanding shares. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we used cash to repurchase 2.6 million and 3.2 million shares, respectively, to reduce the number of total outstanding shares, compared to 3.1 million and 5.8 million shares in the same periods in 2018.

We follow established guidelines relating to credit quality, diversification and maturities of our investments to preserve principal and maintain liquidity. Historically, our investment portfolio has not been adversely impacted by disruptions occurring in the credit markets. However, there can be no assurance that our investment portfolio will not be adversely affected in the future.

We cannot predict what impact ongoing uncertainties in the global economy and political uncertainty may have on our operating results, freight volumes, pricing, amounts advanced on behalf of our customers, changes in consumer demand, carrier stability and capacity, customers’ abilities to pay or on changes in competitors' behavior.

We maintain international unsecured bank lines of credit. At June 30, 2019, we were contingently liable for $69 million from standby letters of credit and guarantees. The standby letters of credit and guarantees relate to obligations of our foreign subsidiaries for credit extended in the ordinary course of business by direct carriers, primarily airlines, and for duty and tax deferrals available from governmental entities responsible for customs and value-added-tax (VAT) taxation. The total underlying amounts due and payable for transportation and governmental excises are properly recorded as obligations in the books of the respective foreign subsidiaries, and there would be no need to record additional expense in the unlikely event the parent company is required to perform.

We typically enter into short-term unconditional purchase obligations with asset-based providers reserving space on a guaranteed basis. The pricing of these obligations varies to some degree with market conditions. We only enter into agreements that management believes we can fulfill.

Our foreign subsidiaries regularly remit dividends to the U.S. parent company after evaluating their working capital requirements and funds necessary to finance local capital expenditures. In some cases, our ability to repatriate funds from foreign operations may be subject to foreign exchange controls. At June 30, 2019, cash and cash equivalent balances of $559 million were held by our non-United States subsidiaries, of which $7 million was held in banks in the United States. Earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are not considered to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the United States.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks are primarily related to foreign exchange risk and changes in short-term interest rates. The potential impact of our exposure to these risks is presented below:

Foreign Exchange Risk

We conduct business in many different countries and currencies. Our business often results in revenue billings issued in a country and currency that differs from that where the expenses related to the service are incurred. In the ordinary course of business, we create numerous intercompany transactions and may have receivables, payables and currencies that are not denominated in the local functional currency. This brings foreign exchange risk to our earnings. The principal foreign exchange risks to which Expeditors is exposed include Chinese Yuan, Euro, Mexican Peso, Canadian Dollar and British Pound.

Foreign exchange rate sensitivity analysis can be quantified by estimating the impact on our earnings as a result of hypothetical changes in the value of the U.S. dollar, our functional currency, relative to the other currencies in which we transact business. All other things being equal, an average 10% weakening of the U.S. dollar, throughout the six months ended June 30, 2019 , would have had the effect of raising operating income approximately $25 million . An average 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar, for the same period, would have the effect of reducing operating income approximately $20 million . This analysis does not take into account changes in shipping patterns based upon this hypothetical currency fluctuation. For example, a weakening in the U.S. dollar would be expected to increase exports from the United States and decrease imports into the United States over some relevant period of time, but the exact effect of this change cannot be quantified without making speculative assumptions.

We currently do not use derivative financial instruments to manage foreign currency risk and only enter into foreign currency hedging transactions in limited locations where regulatory or commercial limitations restrict our ability to move money freely. Any such hedging activity throughout the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was insignificant. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, foreign currency losses were approximately $2 million and $4 million , respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, foreign currency gains were approximately $5 million and $1 million, respectively. We had no foreign currency derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. We instead follow a policy of accelerating international currency settlements to manage foreign exchange risk relative to intercompany billings. As of June 30, 2019, we had approximately $48 million of net unsettled intercompany transactions. The majority of intercompany billings are resolved within 30 days.

Interest Rate Risk

At June 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1,083 million, of which $569 million was invested at various short-term market interest rates. Other than our recorded lease liabilities, we had no long-term obligations or debt at June 30, 2019. A hypothetical change in the interest rate of 10 basis points at June 30, 2019 would not have a significant impact on our earnings. In management’s opinion, there has been no material change in our interest rate risk exposure in the second quarter of 2019.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Controls

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

We are developing a new accounting system, which is being implemented on a worldwide basis over the next several years. This system is expected to improve the efficiency of certain financial and transactional processes and reporting. This transition affects the processes that constitute our internal control over financial reporting and requires testing for operating effectiveness.

In 2018, we adopted new accounting standard Topic 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customer s. The adoption of this standard resulted in changes to existing processes and systems. In particular, to capture information to measure the progress of completion of performance obligations under contracts with customers on an on-going basis and these changes are continuing in 2019 as further enhancements to our accounting information systems are introduced. In 2019, we adopted the new accounting standard Topic 842 Leases . The adoption of this accounting standard resulted in continued changes to existing processes and systems, including the implementation of a new leasing tracking and accounting system, processes and procedures associated with properly identifying and classifying leases, and the calculation and recording of leasehold right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

Our management has confidence in our internal controls and procedures. Nevertheless, our management, including Expeditors’ Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors or intentional fraud. An internal control system, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of such internal controls are met. Further, the design of an internal control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all internal control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all of our control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Expeditors is involved in claims, lawsuits, government investigations and other legal matters that arise in the ordinary course of business and are subject to inherent uncertainties. Currently, in management's opinion and based upon advice from legal advisors, none of these matters are expected to have a significant effect on our operations, cash flows or financial position. As of June 30, 2019, the amounts accrued for these claims, lawsuits, government investigations and other legal matters are not significant to our operations, cash flows or financial position. At this time, we are unable to estimate any additional loss or range of reasonably possible losses, if any, beyond the amounts recorded, that might result from the resolution of these matters.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, careful consideration should be given to the risk factors under Item 1A Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2019. There have been no material changes in Expeditors' risk factors from those disclosed under Item 1A Risk Factors in our annual report on Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2019.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period — April 1-30, 2019	—	Average price paid per share — $ —	—	11,815,733
May 1-31, 2019	2,299,800	73.45	2,299,800	10,361,303
June 1-30, 2019	309,900	69.95	309,900	10,040,008
Total	2,609,700	$ 73.03	2,609,700	10,040,008

In November 2001, Expeditors' Board of Directors authorized a Discretionary Stock Repurchase Plan for the purpose of repurchasing our common stock in the open market to reduce the issued and outstanding stock down to 200 million shares. In February 2014, the Board of Directors authorized repurchases down to 190 million shares of common stock. In February and August 2015, May 2016 and November 2018, the Board of Directors further authorized repurchases down to 188 million, 180 million, 170 million and 160 million, respectively. The maximum number of shares available for repurchase under this plan will increase as the total number of outstanding shares increases. This authorization has no expiration date. In the second quarter of 2019, 2,610 shares of common stock were repurchased under the Discretionary Stock Repurchase Plan.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

(a) Not applicable.

(b) Not applicable.

Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

Exhibit Number	Description
10.72	Form of Performance Share Award Agreement used in connection with performance share units granted under Expeditors' 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	EXPEDITORS INTERNATIONAL OF WASHINGTON, INC.
August 7, 2019	/s/ JEFFREY S. MUSSER
	Jeffrey S. Musser, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
August 7, 2019	/s/ BRADLEY S. POWELL
	Bradley S. Powell, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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