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ELSIGHT LIMITED Governance Information 2017

Jun 6, 2017

64836_rns_2017-06-06_3f368bc8-683a-42fa-a9a0-3aa7cbf5cee1.pdf

Governance Information

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ELSIGHT LIMITED ACN 616 435 753 (Company)

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATEMENT

This Corporate Governance Statement is current as at 1 June 2017 and has been approved by the Board of the Company on that date.

This Corporate Governance Statement discloses the extent to which the Company will, as at the date it is admitted to the official list of the ASX, follow the recommendations set by the ASX Corporate Governance Council in its publication Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations 3[rd] Edition ( Recommendations ). The Recommendations are not mandatory, however the Recommendations that will not be followed have been identified and reasons provided for not following them along with what (if any) alternative governance practices the Company intends to adopt in lieu of the recommendation.

The Company has adopted a Corporate Governance Plan which provides the written terms of reference for the Company’s corporate governance duties.

Due to the current size and nature of the existing Board and the magnitude of the Company’s operations, the Board does not consider that the Company will gain any benefit from individual Board committees and that its resources would be better utilised in other areas as the Board is of the strong view that at this stage the experience and skill set of the current Board is sufficient to perform these roles. Under the Company’s Board Charter, the duties that would ordinarily be assigned to individual committees are currently carried out by the full Board under the written terms of reference for those committees.

The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan is available on the Company’s website www.el-sight.com

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
Principle 1: Lay solid foundations for management and oversight
Recommendation 1.1
A listed entity should have and disclose a charter which sets
out the respective roles and responsibilities of the Board, the
Chair and management, and includes a description of
those matters expressly reserved to the Board and those
delegated to management.
YES The Company has adopted a Board Charter that sets out the
specific roles and responsibilities of the Board, the Chair and
management and includes a description of those matters
expressly reserved to the Board and those delegated to
management.

1

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
The Board Charter sets out the specific responsibilities of the Board,
requirements as to the Board’s composition, the roles and
responsibilities of the Chairman and Company Secretary, the
establishment,
operation
and
management
of
Board
Committees, Directors’ access to Company records and
information, details of the Board’s relationship with management,
details of the Board’s performance review and details of the
Board’s disclosure policy.
A copy of the Company’s Board Charter, which is part of the
Company’s Corporate Governance Plan, is available on the
Company’s website.
Recommendation 1.2
A listed entity should:
(a) undertake appropriate checks before appointing a
person, or putting forward to security holders a
candidate for election, as a Director; and
(b) provide security holders with all material information
relevant to a decision on whether or not to elect or re-
elect a Director.
YES (a) The Company has guidelines for the appointment and
selection of the Board in its Corporate Governance Plan. The
Company’s
Nomination
Committee
Charter
(in
the
Company’s Corporate Governance Plan) requires the
Nomination Committee (or, in its absence, the Board) to
ensure appropriate checks (including checks in respect of
character, experience, education, criminal record and
bankruptcy history (as appropriate)) are undertaken before
appointing a person, or putting forward to security holders a
candidate for election, as a Director.
(b) Under the Nomination Committee Charter, all material
information relevant to a decision on whether or not to elect
or re-elect a Director must be provided to security holders in
the Notice of Meeting containing the resolution to elect or re-
elect a Director.
Recommendation 1.3
A listed entity should have a written agreement with each
Director and senior executive setting out the terms of their
appointment.
YES The Company’s Nomination Committee Charter requires the
Nomination Committee (or, in its absence, the Board) to ensure
that each Director and senior executive is a party to a written
agreement with the Company which sets out the terms of that
Director’s or senior executive’s appointment.

2

RECOMMENDATIONS (3[RD] EDITION) COMPLY Recommendation 1.4 The company secretary of a listed entity should be YES accountable directly to the Board, through the Chair, on all matters to do with the proper functioning of the Board.

Recommendation 1.5

  • A listed entity should: PARTIALLY (a) have a diversity policy which includes requirements for the Board or a relevant committee of the Board to set measurable objectives for achieving gender diversity and to assess annually both the objectives and the entity’s progress in achieving them;

  • (b) disclose that policy or a summary or it; and

  • (c) disclose as at the end of each reporting period:

  • (i) the measurable objectives for achieving gender diversity set by the Board in accordance with the entity’s diversity policy and its progress towards achieving them; and

  • (ii) either:

    • (A) the respective proportions of men and women on the Board, in senior executive positions and across the whole organisation (including how the entity has defined “senior executive” for these purposes); or

EXPLANATION The Company has written agreements with each of its Directors and senior executives.

The Board Charter outlines the roles, responsibility and accountability of the Company Secretary. In accordance with this, the Company Secretary is accountable directly to the Board, through the Chair, on all matters to do with the proper functioning of the Board.

  • a) The Company has adopted a Diversity Policy which provides a framework for the Company to establish and achieve measurable diversity objectives, including in respect of gender diversity. The Diversity Policy allows the Board to set measurable gender diversity objectives, if considered appropriate, and to assess annually both the objectives if any have been set and the Company’s progress in achieving them.

  • b) The Diversity Policy is available, as part of the Corporate Governance Plan, on the Company’s website.

  • c)

    • (i) The Board does not presently intend to set measurable gender diversity objectives as a result of the Company’s size and the stage of the entity’s life.

    • (ii) The respective proportions of men and women on the Board, in senior executive positions and across the whole organisation (including how the entity has defined “senior executive” for these purposes) for each financial year will be disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report.

  • (B) if the entity is a “relevant employer” under the Workplace Gender Equality Act, the entity’s most recent “Gender Equality

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RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
Indicators”, as defined in the Workplace
Gender Equality Act.
Recommendation 1.6
A listed entity should:
(a) have and disclose a process for periodically evaluating
the performance of the Board, its committees and
individual Directors; and
(b) disclose, in relation to each reporting period, whether a
performance evaluation was undertaken in the
reporting period in accordance with that process.
YES (a) The Company’s Nomination Committee (or, in its absence,
the Board) is responsible for evaluating the performance of
the Board, its committees and individual Directors on an
annual basis. It may do so with the aid of an independent
advisor. The process for this is set out in the Company’s
Corporate Governance Plan, which is available on the
Company’s website.
(b) The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan requires the
Company
to
disclose
whether
or
not
performance
evaluations were conducted during the relevant reporting
period. The Company intends to complete performance
evaluations in respect of the Board, its committees (if any)
and
individual
Directors
for
each
financial
year
in
accordance with the above process.
Recommendation 1.7
A listed entity should:
(a) have and disclose a process for periodically evaluating
the performance of its senior executives; and
(b) disclose, in relation to each reporting period, whether a
performance evaluation was undertaken in the
reporting period in accordance with that process.
YES (a) The Company’s Nomination Committee (or, in its absence,
the Board) is responsible for evaluating the performance of
the Company’s senior executives on an annual basis. The
Company’s Remuneration Committee (or, in its absence, the
Board) is responsible for evaluating the remuneration of the
Company’s senior executives on an annual basis. A senior
executive, for these purposes, means key management
personnel (as defined in the Corporations Act) other than a
non-executive Director.
The applicable processes for these evaluations can be found
in the Company’s Corporate Governance Plan, which is
available on the Company’s website.
(b) The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan requires the
Company
to
disclose
whether
or
not
performance

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RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
evaluations were conducted during the relevant reporting
period. The Company intends to complete performance
evaluations in respect of the senior executives (if any) for
each financial year in accordance with the applicable
processes.
Principle 2: Structure the Board to add value
Recommendation 2.1
The Board of a listed entity should:
(a) have a nomination committee which:
(i)
has at least three members, a majority of whom are
independent Directors; and
(ii)
is chaired by an independent Director,
and disclose:
(iii) the charter of the committee;
(iv) the members of the committee; and
(v) as at the end of each reporting period, the number
of times the committee met throughout the period
and the individual attendances of the members at
those meetings; or
(b) if it does not have a nomination committee, disclose
that fact and the processes it employs to address Board
succession issues and to ensure that the Board has the
appropriate
balance
of
skills,
experience,
independence and knowledge of the entity to enable
it to discharge its duties and responsibilities effectively.
YES (a) The Company does not have a Nomination Committee. The
Company’s Nomination Committee Charter provides for the
creation of a Nomination Committee (if it is considered it will
benefit the Company), with at least three members, a
majority of whom are independent Directors, and which must
be chaired by an independent Director.
(b) The Company does not have a Nomination Committee as the
Board considers the Company will not currently benefit from
its establishment. In accordance with the Company’s Board
Charter, the Board carries out the duties that would ordinarily
be carried out by the Nomination Committee under the
Nomination Committee Charter, including the following
processes to address succession issues and to ensure the
Board has the appropriate balance of skills, experience,
independence and knowledge of the entity to enable it to
discharge its duties and responsibilities effectively:
(i)
devoting time at least annually to discuss Board
succession issues and updating the Company’s Board
skills matrix; and
(ii)
all Board members being involved in the Company’s
nomination process, to the maximum extent permitted
under the Corporations Act and ASX Listing Rules.

5

RECOMMENDATIONS (3[RD] EDITION) COMPLY Recommendation 2.2 A listed entity should have and disclose a Board skill matrix Partially setting out the mix of skills and diversity that the Board currently has or is looking to achieve in its membership.

EXPLANATION

Under the Nomination Committee Charter (in the Company’s Corporate Governance Plan), the Nomination Committee (or, in its absence, the Board) is required to prepare a Board skill matrix setting out the mix of skills and diversity that the Board currently has (or is looking to achieve) and to review this at least annually against the Company’s Board skills matrix to ensure the appropriate mix of skills and expertise is present to facilitate successful strategic direction.

The Company will establish a Board skills matrix setting out the mix of skills and diversity that the Board currently has or is looking to achieve in its membership.

The Board Charter requires the disclosure of each Board member’s qualifications and expertise. Full details as to each Director and senior executive’s relevant skills and experience are available in the replacement prospectus and will be available in the annual report

Recommendation 2.3

A listed entity should disclose:

  • (a) the names of the Directors considered by the Board to be independent Directors;

  • (b) if a Director has an interest, position, association or relationship of the type described in Box 2.3 of the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendation (3rd Edition), but the Board is of the opinion that it does not compromise the independence of the Director, the nature of the interest, position, association or relationship in question and an explanation of why the Board is of that opinion; and

  • (c) the length of service of each Director

YES

  • (a) The Board Charter requires the disclosure of the names of Directors considered by the Board to be independent. The Company will disclose those Directors it considers to be independent in its Annual Report and on its ASX website. The Board considers the following Directors are independent:

  • a. Major General (retired) Ami Shafran;

  • b. David Furstenberg;

  • c. Anton Uvarov; and

  • d. Howard Digby.

  • (b) There are no independent Directors who fall into this category. The Company will disclose in its Annual Report and ASX website any instances where this applies and an explanation of the Board’s opinion why the relevant Director is still considered to be independent.

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RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
(c) The Company’s Annual Report will disclose the length of
service of each Director, as at the end of each financial year.
Recommendation 2.4
A majority of the Board of a listed entity should be
independent Directors.
YES The Company’s Board Charter requires that, where practical, the
majority of the Board should be independent.
The Board currently comprises a total of five directors, of whom
four are considered to be independent. As such, independent
directors are currently an independent majority of the Board.
Recommendation 2.5
The Chair of the Board of a listed entity should be an
independent Director and, in particular, should not be the
same person as the CEO of the entity.
YES The Board Charter provides that, where practical, the Chair of the
Board should be an independent Director and should not be the
CEO/Managing Director.
The Chair of the Company is an independent Director and is not
the CEO/Managing Director.
Recommendation 2.6
A listed entity should have a program for inducting new
Directors
and
providing
appropriate
professional
development opportunities for continuing Directors to
develop and maintain the skills and knowledge needed to
perform their role as a Director effectively.
YES In accordance with the Company’s Board Charter, the
Nominations Committee (or, in its absence, the Board) is
responsible for the approval and review of induction and
continuing professional development programs and procedures
for Directors to ensure that they can effectively discharge their
responsibilities. The Company Secretary is responsible for
facilitating inductions and professional development.
Principle 3: Act ethically and responsibly
Recommendation 3.1
A listed entity should:
(a) have a code of conduct for its Directors, senior
executives and employees; and
(b) disclose that code or a summary of it.
YES (a) The Company’s Corporate Code of Conduct applies to the
Company’s Directors, senior executives and employees.
(b) The Company’s Corporate Code of Conduct (which forms
part of the Company’s Corporate Governance Plan) is
available on the Company’s website.

7

RECOMMENDATIONS (3[RD] EDITION)

COMPLY

EXPLANATION

Principle 4 : Safeguard integrity in financial reporting

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
Principle 4: Safeguard integrity in financial reporting
Recommendation 4.1
The Board of a listed entity should:
(a) have an audit committee which:
(i)
has at least three members, all of whom are non-
executive Directors and a majority of whom are
independent Directors; and
(ii)
is chaired by an independent Director, who is not
the Chair of the Board,
and disclose:
(iii)
the charter of the committee;
(iv)
the relevant qualifications and experience of the
members of the committee; and
(v)
in relation to each reporting period, the number
of times the committee met throughout the
period and the individual attendances of the
members at those meetings; or
(b) if it does not have an audit committee, disclose that
fact and the processes it employs that independently
verify and safeguard the integrity of its financial
reporting, including the processes for the appointment
and removal of the external auditor and the rotation of
the audit engagement partner.
YES (a) The Company does not have an Audit and Risk Committee.
The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan contains an
Audit and Risk Committee Charter that provides for the
creation of an Audit and Risk Committee (if it is considered it
will benefit the Company), with at least three members, all of
whom must be independent Directors, and which must be
chaired by an independent Director who is not the Chair.
(b) The Company does not have an Audit and Risk Committee as
the Board considers the Company will not currently benefit
from its establishment. In accordance with the Company’s
Board Charter, the Board carries out the duties that would
ordinarily be carried out by the Audit and Risk Committee
under the Audit and Risk Committee Charter including the
following processes to independently verify and safeguard
the integrity of its financial reporting, including the processes
for the appointment and removal of the external auditor and
the rotation of the audit engagement partner:
(i)
the Board devotes time at Board meetings to fulfilling the
roles and responsibilities associated with maintaining the
Company’s internal audit function and arrangements
with external auditors; and
(ii) all members of the Board are involved in the Company’s
audit function to ensure the proper maintenance of the
entity and the integrity of all financial reporting.
Recommendation 4.2
The Board of a listed entity should, before it approves the
entity’s financial statements for a financial period, receive
from its CEO and CFO a declaration that the financial
YES The Company’s Audit and Risk Committee Charter requires the
CEO and CFO (or, if none, the person(s) fulfilling those functions)
to provide a sign off on these terms.

8

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
records of the entity have been properly maintained and
that the financial statements comply with the appropriate
accounting standards and give a true and fair view of the
financial position and performance of the entity and that
the opinion has been formed on the basis of a sound system
of risk management and internal control which is operating
effectively.
The Company intends to obtain a sign off on these terms for each
of its financial statements in each financial year.
Recommendation 4.3
A listed entity that has an AGM should ensure that its
external auditor attends its AGM and is available to answer
questions from security holders relevant to the audit.
YES The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan provides that the
Board must ensure the Company’s external auditor attends its
AGM and is available to answer questions from security holders
relevant to the audit.
Principle 5: Make timely and balanced disclosure
Recommendation 5.1
A listed entity should:
(a) have a written policy for complying with its continuous
disclosure obligations under the Listing Rules; and
(b) disclose that policy or a summary of it.
YES (a) The Board Charter provides details of the Company’s
disclosure policy. In addition, the Corporate Governance
Plan details the Company’s disclosure requirements as
required by the ASX Listing Rules and other relevant
legislation.
(b) The Corporate Governance Plan, which incorporates the
Board Charter, is available on the Company website.
Principle 6:Respect the rights of security holders
Recommendation 6.1
A listed entity should provide information about itself and its
governance to investors via its website.
YES Information about the Company and its governance is available
in the Corporate Governance Plan which can be found on the
Company’s website.
Recommendation 6.2 YES The Company has adopted a Shareholder Communications
Strategy which aims to promote and facilitate effective two-way
communication with investors.The Strategy outlines arange of

9

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
A listed entity should design and implement an investor
relations
program
to
facilitate
effective
two-way
communication with investors.
ways in which information is communicated to shareholders and
is available on the Company’s website as part of the Company’s
Corporate Governance Plan.
Recommendation 6.3
A listed entity should disclose the policies and processes it
has in place to facilitate and encourage participation at
meetings of security holders.
YES Shareholders are encouraged to participate at all general
meetings and AGMs of the Company. Upon the despatch of any
notice of meeting to Shareholders, the Company Secretary shall
send out material stating that all Shareholders are encouraged to
participate at the meeting.
Recommendation 6.4
A listed entity should give security holders the option to
receive communications from, and send communications
to, the entity and its security registry electronically.
YES The Shareholder Communication Strategy provides that security
holders can register with the Company to receive email
notifications when an announcement is made by the Company
to the ASX, including the release of the Annual Report, half yearly
reports and quarterly reports. Links are made available to the
Company’s website on which all information provided to the ASX
is immediately posted.
Shareholders queries should be referred to the Company
Secretary at first instance.
Principle 7: Recognise and manage risk
Recommendation 7.1
The Board of a listed entity should:
(a) have a committee or committees to oversee risk, each
of which:
(i)
has at least three members, a majority of whom
are independent Directors; and
(ii)
is chaired by an independent Director,
and disclose:
(iii)
the charter of the committee;
YES (a) The Company does not have a Risk Committee. The
Company’s Corporate Governance Plan contains an Audit
and Risk Committee Charter that provides for the creation of
an Audit and Risk Committee (if it is considered it will benefit
the Company), with at least three members, all of whom must
be independent Directors, and which must be chaired by an
independent Director.
A copy of the Corporate Governance Plan is available on the
Company’s website.
(b) The Company does not have an Audit and Risk Committee as
theBoard consider the Companywill notcurrently benefit

10

RECOMMENDATIONS (3[RD] EDITION) COMPLY

EXPLANATION

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  • (iv) the members of the committee; and

    • from its establishment. In accordance with the Company’s Board Charter, the Board carries out the duties that would ordinarily be carried out by the Audit and Risk Committee under the Audit and Risk Committee Charter including the following processes to oversee the entity’s risk management framework:
  • (v) as at the end of each reporting period, the number of times the committee met throughout the period and the individual attendances of the members at those meetings; or

  • (b) if it does not have a risk committee or committees that satisfy (a) above, disclose that fact and the process it employs for overseeing the entity’s risk management framework.

the Board devotes time at Board meetings to fulfilling the roles and responsibilities associated with overseeing risk and maintaining the entity’s risk management framework and associated internal compliance and control procedures.

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
(iv)
the members of the committee; and
(v)
as at the end of each reporting period, the
number of times the committee met throughout
the period and the individual attendances of
the members at those meetings; or
(b) if it does not have a risk committee or committees that
satisfy (a) above, disclose that fact and the process it
employs for overseeing the entity’s risk management
framework.
from its establishment. In accordance with the Company’s
Board Charter, the Board carries out the duties that would
ordinarily be carried out by the Audit and Risk Committee
under the Audit and Risk Committee Charter including the
following processes to oversee the entity’s risk management
framework:
the Board devotes time at Board meetings to fulfilling the roles
and responsibilities associated with overseeing risk and
maintaining the entity’s risk management framework and
associated internal compliance and control procedures.
Recommendation 7.2
The Board or a committee of the Board should:
(a) review the entity’s risk management framework with
management at least annually to satisfy itself that it
continues to be sound; and
(b) disclose in relation to each reporting period, whether
such a review has taken place.
YES (a) The Audit and Risk Committee Charter requires that the Audit
and Risk Committee (or, in its absence, the Board) should, at
least annually, satisfy itself that the Company’s risk
management framework continues to be sound.
(b) The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan requires the
Company to disclose at least annually whether such a review
of the company’s risk management framework has taken
place.
Recommendation 7.3
A listed entity should disclose:
(a) if it has an internal audit function, how the function is
structured and what role it performs; or
(b) if it does not have an internal audit function, that fact
and the processes it employs for evaluating and
continually improving the effectiveness of its risk
management and internal control processes.
YES (a) The Audit and Risk Committee Charter provides for the Audit
and Risk Committee to monitor the need for an internal audit
function. The Company has no internal audit function.
(b) The Board devotes time at Board meetings to evaluating and
continually improving the effectiveness of its risk management
and internal control processes.
Recommendation 7.4
A listed entity should disclose whether it has any material
exposure
to
economic,
environmental
and
social
YES The Audit and Risk Committee Charter requires the Audit and Risk
Committee (or, in its absence, the Board) to assist management
determine whether the Company has any material exposure to

11

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
sustainability risks and, if it does, how it manages or intends
to manage those risks.
economic, environmental and social sustainability risks and, if it
does, how it manages or intends to manage those risks.
The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan requires the
Company to disclose whether it has any material exposure to
economic, environmental and social sustainability risks and, if it
does, how it manages or intends to manage those risks. The
Company will disclose this information in its Annual Report and on
its ASX website as part of its continuous disclosure obligations.
Principle 8: Remunerate fairly and responsibly
Recommendation 8.1
The Board of a listed entity should:
(a) have a remuneration committee which:
(i)
has at least three members, a majority of whom
are independent Directors; and
(ii)
is chaired by an independent Director,
and disclose:
(iii)
the charter of the committee;
(iv)
the members of the committee; and
(v)
as at the end of each reporting period, the
number of times the committee met throughout
the period and the individual attendances of
the members at those meetings; or
(b) if it does not have a remuneration committee, disclose
that fact and the processes it employs for setting the
level and composition of remuneration for Directors
and senior executives and ensuring that such
remuneration is appropriate and not excessive.
YES (a) The Company does not have a Remuneration Committee.
The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan contains a
Remuneration Committee Charter that provides for the
creation of a Remuneration Committee (if it is considered it
will benefit the Company), with at least three members, a
majority of whom must be independent Directors, and which
must be chaired by an independent Director.
(b) The Company does not have a Remuneration Committee as
the Board considers the Company will not currently benefit
from its establishment. In accordance with the Company’s
Board Charter, the Board carries out the duties that would
ordinarily be carried out by the Remuneration Committee
under the Remuneration Committee Charter including the
following processes to set the level and composition of
remuneration for Directors and senior executives and ensuring
that such remuneration is appropriate and not excessive:
(i)
the Board devotes time at appropriate Board meetings to
assess the level and composition of remuneration for
Directors and senior executives;

12

RECOMMENDATIONS (3RD EDITION) COMPLY EXPLANATION
(ii) items that are usually required to be discussed by a
Remuneration Committee are marked as separate
agenda items at Board meetings when required; and
(iii) the Board may seek external advice and benchmarking
to inform their decisions.
Recommendation 8.2
A listed entity should separately disclose its policies and
practices regarding the remuneration of non-executive
Directors and the remuneration of executive Directors and
other senior executives and ensure that the different roles
and responsibilities of non-executive Directors compared to
executive Directors and other senior executives are
reflected
in
the
level
and
composition
of
their
remuneration.
YES The Company’s Corporate Governance Plan requires the Board
to disclose its policies and practices regarding the remuneration
of Directors and senior executives, which is disclosed on the
Company’s website.
Recommendation 8.3
A listed entity which has an equity-based remuneration
scheme should:
(a) have a policy on whether participants are permitted to
enter into transactions (whether through the use of
derivatives or otherwise) which limit the economic risk of
participating in the scheme; and
(b) disclose that policy or a summary of it.
NO (a) The Company has an equity based remuneration scheme. The
Company does not have a policy on whether participants are
permitted to enter into transactions (whether through the use
of derivatives or otherwise) which limit the economic risk of
participating in the scheme.
(b) The Company will seek to develop a policy that addresses the
use of derivatives or otherwise, which limit the economic risk of
participating in the scheme.

13