DONEGAL GROUP INC — Interim / Quarterly Report 2021

Nov 5, 2021

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission file number 0-15341

Donegal Group Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	23-2424711
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1195 River Road, P.O. Box 302 , Marietta , PA 17547

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

( 717 ) 426-1931

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbols	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock , $.01 par value	DGICA	The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Class B Common Stock , $.01 par value	DGICB	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 25,752,572 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 5,576,775 shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on October 31, 2021.

Table of Contents

DONEGAL GROUP INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q REPORT

PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	Page
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	30
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	31
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	31
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	31
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	31
Item 4.	Removed and Reserved	31
Item 5.	Other Information	31
Item 6.	Exhibits	32
Signatures		1

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	September 30, 2021
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost	$ 661,080,363	$	586,609,439
Available for sale, at fair value	520,490,593		555,136,017
Equity securities, at fair value	71,182,988		58,556,173
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value	4,693,721		20,900,155
Total investments	1,257,447,665		1,221,201,784
Cash	68,904,458		103,094,236
Accrued investment income	9,107,677		7,936,879
Premiums receivable	181,544,695		169,596,332
Reinsurance receivable	456,650,868		408,908,850
Deferred policy acquisition costs	70,396,767		59,156,958
Deferred tax asset, net	5,939,053		5,683,113
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	184,354,144		169,418,333
Property and equipment, net	3,299,347		4,390,377
Accounts receivable - securities	66,781		67,676
Federal income taxes recoverable	6,356,968		3,089,369
Goodwill	5,625,354		5,625,354
Other intangible assets	958,010		958,010
Other	1,363,087		1,393,053
Total assets	$ 2,252,014,874	$	2,160,520,324
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Losses and loss expenses	$ 1,050,163,161	$	962,007,437
Unearned premiums	598,632,054		537,189,598
Accrued expenses	10,346,512		29,115,198
Reinsurance balances payable	3,943,544		3,233,523
Borrowings under lines of credit	35,000,000		85,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders	—		4,436,301
Subordinated debentures	—		5,000,000
Accounts payable - securities	2,067,911		—
Due to affiliate	6,313,813		10,293,495
Other	7,414,463		6,470,652
Total liabilities	1,713,881,458		1,642,746,204
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $ .01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; no ne issued	—		—
Class A common stock, $ .01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 28,699,165 and 27,651,774 shares and outstanding 25,696,577 and 24,649,186 shares	286,992		276,518
Class B common stock, $ .01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares	56,492		56,492
Additional paid-in capital	303,844,499		289,149,567
Accumulated other comprehensive income	6,825,161		11,130,612
Retained earnings	268,346,629		258,387,288
Treasury stock, at cost	( 41,226,357	)	( 41,226,357	)
Total stockholders’ equity	538,133,416		517,774,120
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 2,252,014,874	$	2,160,520,324

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30, — 2021		2020
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$ 196,234,626		$ 184,925,733
Investment income, net of investment expenses	7,763,562		7,403,251
Net investment (losses) gains (includes $ 26,163 and $ 134,795 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)	( 1,570,476	)	3,268,459
Lease income	107,977		107,907
Installment payment fees	570,492		806,916
Total revenues	203,106,181		196,512,266
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses	148,142,237		120,881,041
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	31,778,000		29,605,000
Other underwriting expenses	30,101,717		29,480,706
Policyholder dividends	1,287,147		1,811,019
Interest	209,547		219,039
Other expenses, net	217,209		183,877
Total expenses	211,735,857		182,180,682
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense	( 8,629,676	)	14,331,584
Income tax (benefit) expense (includes $ 5,494 and $ 28,307 income tax expense from reclassification items)	( 1,917,698	)	2,494,586
Net (loss) income	$ ( 6,711,978	)	$ 11,836,998
(Loss) earnings per common share:
Class A common stock - basic and diluted	$ ( 0.22	)	$ 0.41
Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$ ( 0.20	)	$ 0.37

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30, — 2021		2020
Net (loss) income	$ ( 6,711,978	)	$ 11,836,998
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities:
Unrealized holding (loss) gain during the period, net of income tax (benefit) expense of ( $ 432,664 ) and $ 29,102	( 1,627,641	)	109,480
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of income tax expense of $ 5,494 and $ 28,307	( 20,669	)	( 106,488	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	( 1,648,310	)	2,992
Comprehensive (loss) income	$ ( 8,360,288	)	$ 11,839,990

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, — 2021	2020
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$ 575,974,891	$ 556,552,279
Investment income, net of investment expenses	22,926,320	21,951,679
Net investment gains (losses) (includes $ 476,188 and $ 571,123 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)	5,139,609	( 940,488	)
Lease income	323,782	326,379
Installment payment fees	1,857,420	2,433,395
Total revenues	606,222,022	580,323,244
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses	381,318,636	343,476,586
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	95,060,000	89,176,000
Other underwriting expenses	100,113,444	95,645,601
Policyholder dividends	4,210,667	5,336,677
Interest	739,163	871,461
Other expenses, net	962,278	994,115
Total expenses	582,404,188	535,500,440
Income before income tax expense	23,817,834	44,822,804
Income tax expense (includes $ 99,999 and $ 119,936 income tax expense from reclassification items)	3,835,928	6,575,907
Net income	$ 19,981,906	$ 38,246,897
Earnings per common share:
Class A common stock - basic	$ 0.66	$ 1.34
Class A common stock - diluted	$ 0.66	$ 1.33
Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$ 0.59	$ 1.21

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, — 2021	2020
Net income	$ 19,981,906	$	38,246,897
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities:
Unrealized holding (loss) gain during the period, net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($ 1,046,983 ) and $ 2,742,556	( 3,929,262	)	10,317,234
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of income tax expense of $ 99,999 and $ 119,936	( 376,189	)	( 451,187	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	( 4,305,451	)	9,866,047
Comprehensive income	$ 15,676,455	$	48,112,944

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021

Balance, December 31, 2020	27,651,774	5,649,240	Class A Amount — $ 276,518	Class B Amount — $ 56,492	Additional Paid-In Capital — $ 289,149,567	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income — $ 11,130,612	$	258,387,288	$	( 41,226,357	)	Total Stockholders’ Equity — $ 517,774,120
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	33,336	—	334	—	419,454	—		—		—		419,788
Share-based compensation	346,124	—	3,461	—	4,719,388	—		—		—		4,722,849
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—		10,529,848		—		10,529,848
Cash dividends declared	—	—	—	—	—	—		( 5,000	)	—		( 5,000	)
Grant of stock options	—	—	—	—	109,184	—		( 109,184	)	—		—
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	—	—	—	( 4,207,115	)	—		—		( 4,207,115	)
Balance, March 31, 2021	28,031,234	5,649,240	$ 280,313	$ 56,492	$ 294,397,593	$ 6,923,497	$	268,802,952	$	( 41,226,357	)	$ 529,234,490
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	49,613	—	496	—	730,005	—		—		—		730,501
Share-based compensation	539,019	—	5,390	—	7,313,031	—		—		—		7,318,421
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—		16,164,036		—		16,164,036
Cash dividends declared	—	—	—	—	—	—		( 4,840,629	)	—		( 4,840,629	)
Grant of stock options	—	—	—	—	69,995	—		( 69,995	)	—		—
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—	1,549,974		—		—		1,549,974
Balance, June 30, 2021	28,619,866	5,649,240	$ 286,199	$ 56,492	$ 302,510,624	$ 8,473,471	$	280,056,364	$	( 41,226,357	)	$ 550,156,793
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	24,619	—	246	—	292,302	—		—		—		292,548
Share-based compensation	54,680	—	547	—	946,004	—		—		—		946,551
Net loss	—	—	—	—	—	—		( 6,711,978	)	—		( 6,711,978	)
Cash dividends declared	—	—	—	—	—	—		( 4,902,188	)	—		( 4,902,188	)
Grant of stock options	—	—	—	—	95,569	—		( 95,569	)	—		—
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	—	—	—	( 1,648,310	)	—		—		( 1,648,310	)
Balance, September 30, 2021	28,699,165	5,649,240	$ 286,992	$ 56,492	$ 303,844,499	$ 6,825,161	$	268,346,629	$	( 41,226,357	)	$ 538,133,416

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial

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Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020

Balance, December 31, 2019	26,203,935	5,649,240	Class A Amount — $ 262,040	Class B Amount — $ 56,492	Additional Paid-In Capital — $ 268,151,601	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income — $ 504,170	Retained Earnings — $ 223,267,573	$	( 41,226,357	)	Total Stockholders’ Equity — $ 451,015,519
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	28,924	—	289	—	376,539	—	—		—		376,828
Share-based compensation	67,087	—	671	—	1,242,315	—	—		—		1,242,986
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—	3,731,121		—		3,731,121
Cash dividends declared	—	—	—	—	—	—	( 5,363	)	—		( 5,363	)
Grant of stock options	—	—	—	—	118,525	—	( 118,525	)	—		—
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—	3,199,840	—		—		3,199,840
Balance, March 31, 2020	26,299,946	5,649,240	$ 263,000	$ 56,492	$ 269,888,980	$ 3,704,010	$ 226,874,806	$	( 41,226,357	)	$ 459,560,931
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	52,964	—	530	—	720,018	—	—		—		720,548
Share-based compensation	160,869	—	1,608	—	2,490,136	—	—		—		2,491,744
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—	22,678,778		—		22,678,778
Cash dividends declared	—	—	—	—	—	—	( 4,255,882	)	—		( 4,255,882	)
Grant of stock options	—	—	—	—	76,354	—	( 76,354	)	—		—
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—	6,663,215	—		—		6,663,215
Balance, June 30, 2020	26,513,779	5,649,240	$ 265,138	$ 56,492	$ 273,175,488	$ 10,367,225	$ 245,221,348	$	( 41,226,357	)	$ 487,859,334
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	22,662	—	226	—	273,689	—	—		—		273,915
Share-based compensation	604,920	—	6,050	—	8,358,388	—	—		—		8,364,438
Net income	—	—	—	—	—	—	11,836,998		—		11,836,998
Cash dividends declared	—	—	—	—	—	—	( 4,269,001	)	—		( 4,269,001	)
Grant of stock options	—	—	—	—	109,628	—	( 109,628	)	—		—
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	—	—	2,992	—		—		2,992
Balance, September 30, 2020	27,141,361	5,649,240	$ 271,414	$ 56,492	$ 281,917,193	$ 10,370,217	$ 252,679,717	$	( 41,226,357	)	$ 504,068,676

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30, — 2021	2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 19,981,906	$	38,246,897
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items	4,492,720		5,115,850
Net investment (gains) losses	( 5,139,609	)	940,488
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Losses and loss expenses	88,155,724		72,256,493
Unearned premiums	61,442,456		48,083,628
Premiums receivable	( 11,948,363	)	( 11,941,733	)
Deferred acquisition costs	( 11,239,809	)	( 2,269,695	)
Deferred income taxes	900,430		( 619,312	)
Reinsurance receivable	( 47,742,018	)	( 36,843,000	)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	( 14,935,811	)	( 31,916,191	)
Accrued investment income	( 1,170,798	)	( 1,557,230	)
Due to affiliate	( 3,979,682	)	( 3,613,903	)
Reinsurance balances payable	710,021		260,626
Current income taxes	( 3,267,599	)	( 4,490,180	)
Accrued expenses	( 18,768,686	)	( 3,869,386	)
Other, net	973,775		678,760
Net adjustments	38,482,751		30,215,215
Net cash provided by operating activities	58,464,657		68,462,112
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities, held to maturity	( 106,290,824	)	( 110,914,229	)
Purchases of fixed maturities, available for sale	( 118,899,756	)	( 143,743,351	)
Purchases of equity securities, available for sale	( 25,354,790	)	( 6,964,092	)
Maturity of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity	31,914,527		39,629,000
Available for sale	140,908,191		120,857,543
Sales of fixed maturities, available for sale	6,281,963		22,172,930
Sales of equity securities, available for sale	17,391,396		5,985,211
Net sales (purchases) of property and equipment	934,297		( 73,706	)
Net sales (purchases) of short-term investments	16,206,434		( 6,655,716	)
Net cash used in investing activities	( 36,908,562	)	( 79,706,410	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Cash dividends paid	( 14,184,118	)	( 12,605,480	)
Issuance of common stock	13,438,245		12,407,700
Payments on subordinated debentures	( 5,000,000	)	—
Borrowing under lines of credit	—		50,000,000
Payments on lines of credit	( 50,000,000	)	—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	( 55,745,873	)	49,802,220
Net (decrease) increase in cash	( 34,189,778	)	38,557,922
Cash at beginning of period	103,094,236		49,318,930
Cash at end of period	$ 68,904,458	$	87,876,852
Cash paid during period - Interest	$ 993,769	$	928,474
Net cash paid during period - Taxes	$ 6,200,000	$	10,800,000

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Unaudited)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1 - Organization

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986 . Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”), the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of Peninsula Indemnity Company and The Peninsula Insurance Company, and Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), and our affiliates write personal and commercial lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states.

We have three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of i n surance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

At September 30, 2021, Donegal Mutual held approximately 41 % of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84 % of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 70 % of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80 % of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

In addition, Donegal Mutual has a 100 % quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company, or Southern Mutual. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the underwriting pool.

Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company, or Mountain States, with and into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual was the surviving company in the merger, and Mountain States’ insurance subsidiaries, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company (collectively, the “Mountain States insurance subsidiaries”), became insurance subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual upon completion of the merger. Upon completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual assumed all of the policy obligations of Mountain States and began to market its products together with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States Insurance Group in four Southwestern states. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100 % quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool. As a result, our consolidated financial results through December 31, 2020 excluded the results of the Mountain States Insurance Group operations in those Southwestern states.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues.

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2 - Basis of Presentation

Our financial information for the interim periods included in this Form 10-Q Report is unaudited; however, our financial information we include in this Form 10-Q Report reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of our management, are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for those interim periods. Our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations we expect for the year ending December 31, 2021.

We recommend you read the interim financial statements we include in this Form 10-Q Report in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to our financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

3 - Earnings (Loss) Per Share

We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that whenever our board of directors declares a dividend on our Class B common stock, our board of directors shall simultaneously declare a dividend on our Class A common stock that is payable to the holders of our Class A common stock at the same time and as of the same record date at a rate that is at least 10 % greater than the rate at which our board of directors declared a dividend on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method to compute our earnings (loss) per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings (loss) per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends we have declared and an allocation of our remaining undistributed earnings (loss) using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class. The table below presents for the periods indicated a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used to compute basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021				2020
	Class A		Class B		Class A	Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic (loss) earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net (loss) income	$ ( 5,592	)	$ ( 1,120	)	$ 9,768	$ 2,069
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	25,676		5,577		23,767	5,577
Basic (loss) earnings per share	$ ( 0.22	)	$ ( 0.20	)	$ 0.41	$ 0.37
Diluted (loss) earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net (loss) income	$ ( 5,592	)	$ ( 1,120	)	$ 9,768	$ 2,069
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation	25,676		5,577		23,767	5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options	—		—		170	—
Number of shares used in diluted computation	25,676		5,577		23,937	5,577
Diluted (loss) earnings per share	$ ( 0.22	)	$ ( 0.20	)	$ 0.41	$ 0.37

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	Nine Months Ended September 30, — 2021		2020
	Class A	Class B	Class A	Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$ 16,682	$ 3,300	$ 31,495	$ 6,752
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	25,265	5,577	23,494	5,577
Basic earnings per share	$ 0.66	$ 0.59	$ 1.34	$ 1.21
Diluted earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$ 16,682	$ 3,300	$ 31,495	$ 6,752
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation	25,265	5,577	23,494	5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive sec u rities:
Director and employee stock options	179	—	185	—
Number of shares used in diluted computation	25,444	5,577	23,679	5,577
Diluted earnings per share	$ 0.66	$ 0.59	$ 1.33	$ 1.21

We did not include outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of Class A common stock in our computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of our Class A common stock during the applicable periods.

2021	2020	2021	2020
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded	—	6,180,592	4,839,910	6,180,592

We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share for the three months ended September 30, 2021 because we sustained a net loss for this period.

4 - Reinsurance

Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual have participated in a pooling agreement since 1986 under which they pool their direct premiums written, and Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual then share the underwriting results of the pool in accordance with the terms of the pooling agreement. Atlantic States has an 80 % share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20 % share of the results of the pool. Donegal Mutual began placing the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the pool beginning with policies effective in 2021.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have a combined third-party reinsurance program. The coverage and parameters of the program are common to all of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual use several different reinsurers. They require their reinsurers to maintain an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries have in place for 2021:

• excess of loss reinsurance, under which the losses of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries are automatically reinsured, through a series of contracts, over a set retention of $ 2.0 million; and

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• catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover, through a series of reinsurance agreements, 100 % of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $ 15.0 million up to aggregate losses of $ 185.0 million per occurrence.

In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which each of our insurance subsidiaries recovers 100 % of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $ 2.0 million up to aggregate losses of $ 13.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provides additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance subsidiaries over a combined retention of $ 5.0 million.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchase facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures that exceeded the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.

5 - Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2021 were as follows:

	Amortized Cost	Gross Unrealized Gains	Gross Unrealized Losses	Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 93,686	$ 2,455	$ 829	$ 95,312
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	355,461	17,087	1,449	371,099
Corporate securities	194,188	13,496	644	207,040
Mortgage-backed securities	17,745	911	—	18,656
Totals	$ 661,080	$ 33,949	$ 2,922	$ 692,107

	Amortized Cost	Gross Unrealized Gains	Gross Unrealized Losses	Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 27,500	$ 206	$ 277	$ 27,429
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	57,221	2,048	67	59,202
Corporate securities	203,519	8,588	365	211,742
Mortgage-backed securities	218,273	4,590	745	222,118
Totals	$ 506,513	$ 15,432	$ 1,454	$ 520,491

At September 30, 2021, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 275.4 million and an amortized cost of $ 264.2 million. Our holdings at September 30, 2021 also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 154.9 million and an amortized cost of $ 148.5 million. With respect to both categories of those bonds at September 30, 2021, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10 % of our holdings of either bond category. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 47 % and 35 %, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on the carrying values of these investments at September 30, 2021. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at September 30, 2021 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held at September 30, 2021 are similar to general obligation bonds.

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The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2020 were as follows:

	Amortized Cost	Gross Unrealized Gains	Gross Unrealized Losses	Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 77,435	$ 3,984	$ 223	$ 81,196
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	312,319	23,212	143	335,388
Corporate securities	173,270	18,172	206	191,236
Mortgage-backed securities	23,585	1,236	—	24,821
Totals	$ 586,609	$ 46,604	$ 572	$ 632,641

	Amortized Cost	Gross Unrealized Gains	Gross Unrealized Losses	Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 47,512	$ 424	$ 121	$ 47,815
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	66,287	2,690	12	68,965
Corporate securities	202,396	10,496	184	212,708
Mortgage-backed securities	218,763	6,902	17	225,648
Totals	$ 534,958	$ 20,512	$ 334	$ 555,136

At December 31, 2020, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 263.6 million and an amortized cost of $ 247.5 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $ 140.8 million and an amortized cost of $ 131.1 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10 % of that category at December 31, 2020. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 44 % and 39 %, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2020. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2020 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

We made reclassifications from available for sale to held to maturity of certain fixed maturities at fair value on November 30, 2013. We segregated within accumulated other comprehensive income the net unrealized losses of $ 15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassifications. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment to yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of $ 738,815 and $ 1.1 million in other comprehensive income (loss) during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, net unrealized losses of $ 5.3 million and $ 6.1 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive income.

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We show below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2021 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or pre p ay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties .

	Amortized Cost	Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$ 36,112	$ 36,838
Due after one year through five years	82,968	87,988
Due after five years through ten years	232,949	244,151
Due after ten years	291,306	304,474
Mortgage-backed securities	17,745	18,656
Total held to maturity	$ 661,080	$ 692,107
Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$ 22,414	$ 22,809
Due after one year through five years	120,648	126,744
Due after five years through ten years	113,678	116,556
Due after ten years	31,500	32,264
Mortgage-backed securities	218,273	222,118
Total available for sale	$ 506,513	$ 520,491

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at September 30, 2021 were as follows:

	Cost	Gross Gains	Gross Losses	Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$ 50,864	$ 20,576	$ 257	$ 71,183

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2020 were as follows:

	Cost	Gross Gains	Gross Losses	Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$ 42,410	$ 17,103	$ 957	$ 58,556

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Gross investment gains and losses before applicable income taxes for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30, — 2021		2020	Nine Months Ended September 30, — 2021	2020
	(in thousands)			(in thousands)
Gross investment gains:
Fixed maturities	$ 86		$ 159	$ 610	$ 811
Equity securities	—		3,131	5,287	5,617
	86		3,290	5,897	6,428
Gross investment losses:
Fixed maturities	82		22	156	240
Equity securities	1,574		—	601	7,128
	1,656		22	757	7,368
Net investment (losses) gains	$ ( 1,570	)	$ 3,268	$ 5,140	$ ( 940	)

We recognized $ 4.7 million of gains and $ 248,146 of losses on equity securities we held at September 30, 2021 in net investment gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. We recognized $ 5.6 million of gains and $ 3.6 million of losses on equity securities we held at September 30, 2020 in net investment losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at September 30, 2021 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months — Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	More Than 12 Months — Fair Value	Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 36,355	$ 566	$ 17,458	$ 540
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	77,320	1,327	6,532	189
Corporate securities	56,319	726	3,217	283
Mortgage-backed securities	75,372	742	133	3
Totals	$ 245,366	$ 3,361	$ 27,340	$ 1,015

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2020 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months — Fair Value	Unrealized Losses	More Than 12 Months — Fair Value	Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 29,144	$ 345	$ —	$ —
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	9,362	154	—	—
Corporate securities	26,143	115	8,230	276
Mortgage-backed securities	3,091	15	236	1
Totals	$ 67,740	$ 629	$ 8,466	$ 277

We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and the recognition of other-than-temporary declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt

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security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we consider the impairment to be other than temporary. We then recognize the amount of the impairment loss related to the credit loss in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairme n t loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. We held 139 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2021. Based upon our analysis of general market cond i tions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.

We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute realized investment gains and losses using the specific identification method.

We amortize premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.

6 - Segment Information

We evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments based upon the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries using statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) that various state insurance departments prescribe or permit. Our management uses SAP to measure the performance of our insurance subsidiaries instead of United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because they include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude.

Financial data by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

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	Three Months Ended September 30, — 2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$ 119,709		$ 103,436
Personal lines	76,526		81,490
GAAP premiums earned	196,235		184,926
Net investment income	7,764		7,403
Investment (losses) gains	( 1,570	)	3,268
Other	677		915
Total revenues	$ 203,106		$ 196,512
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense:
Underwriting (loss) income:
Commercial lines	$ ( 10,962	)	$ ( 1,703	)
Personal lines	( 4,976	)	6,427
SAP underwriting (loss) income	( 15,938	)	4,724
GAAP adjustments	864		( 1,576	)
GAAP underwriting (loss) income	( 15,074	)	3,148
Net investment income	7,764		7,403
Investment (losses) gains	( 1,570	)	3,268
Other	250		513
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense	$ ( 8,630	)	$ 14,332

	Nine Months Ended September 30, — 2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$ 344,234		$ 307,080
Personal lines	231,741		249,472
GAAP premiums earned	575,975		556,552
Net investment income	22,926		21,952
Investment gains (losses)	5,140		( 940	)
Other	2,181		2,759
Total revenues	$ 606,222		$ 580,323
Income before income tax expense:
Underwriting (loss) income:
Commercial lines	$ ( 17,437	)	$ 2,203
Personal lines	608		19,528
SAP underwriting (loss) income	( 16,829	)	21,731
GAAP adjustments	12,101		1,186
GAAP underwriting (loss) income	( 4,728	)	22,917
Net investment income	22,926		21,952
Investment gains (losses)	5,140		( 940	)
Other	480		894
Income before income tax expense	$ 23,818		$ 44,823

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7 - Borrowings

Lines of Credit

In August 2020 , we entered into a credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) that related to a $ 20.0 million unsecured demand line of credit. The line of credit has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At September 30, 2021, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $ 20.0 million at interest rates equal to the then-current LIBOR rate plus 2.00 % .

Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States h a s the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. Atlantic States has a fixed-rate cash advance of $ 35.0 million that was outstanding at September 30, 2021. The cash advance carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74 % and is due in August 2024. In March 2020, Atlantic States issued $ 50.0 million of debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for a cash advance in the same amount that carried a fixed interest rate of 0.83 %. Atlantic States obtained this contingent liquidity funding in light of uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Atlantic States repaid this advance when it became due in March 2021. The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at September 30, 2021.

FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned	1,575,600
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $ 41,831,206 )	41,155,784
Borrowing capacity currently available	5,504,094

S ubordinated Debentures

In September 2021, upon receipt of approval from the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services, MIC O repaid in full the $ 5.0 million surplus note held previously by Donegal Mutual, along with accrued interest of $ 178,082 .

8 - Share–Based Compensation

We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, and use a fair-value-based method for the recording of related compensation expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the dividend yield and the expected volatility.

We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $ 181,595 and $ 219,051 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $ 38,135 and $ 46,001 , respectively. We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $ 778,763 and $ 863,592 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $ 163,540 and $ 181,354 , respectively. At September 30, 2021, we had $ 852,888 of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans that we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately 1.4 years.

We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 of $ 764,956 and $ 8.1 million, respectively. We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 of $ 12.2 million and $ 11.2 million, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $ 16,655 and $ 163,245 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $ 437,790 and $ 232,123 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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9 - Fair Value Measurements

We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of the inputs, or assumptions, we use in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and

Level 3 – unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly-traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services and include these investments in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our fixed maturity investments as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.

We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that could be realized if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. These pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to verify that the estimates we obtain from the pricing services are representative of fair values based upon our investment personnel’s general knowledge of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel regularly monitor the market, current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, interest rates, security types and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel periodically review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. At September 30, 2021, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at September 30, 2021, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. We classify these items as Level 1.

The carrying values we report in our balance sheet for premium receivables and reinsurance receivables and payables for premiums and paid losses and loss expenses approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts we report in our balance sheets for our subordinated debentures and borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.

We evaluate our assets and liabilities to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period.

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The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fi x ed maturity and equity securities at September 30 , 2021 :

	Fair Value Measurements Using — Fair Value	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 27,429	$ —	$ 27,429	$ —
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	59,202	—	59,202	—
Corporate securities	211,742	—	211,742	—
Mortgage-backed securities	222,118	—	222,118	—
Equity securities	71,183	68,893	2,290	—
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy	$ 591,674	$ 68,893	$ 522,781	$ —

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in a v ailable-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2020:

	Fair Value Measurements Using — Fair Value	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
		(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 47,815	$ —	$ 47,815	$ —
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	68,965	—	68,965	—
Corporate securities	212,708	—	212,708	—
Mortgage-backed securities	225,648	—	225,648	—
Equity securities	58,556	54,152	4,404	—
Totals	$ 613,692	$ 54,152	$ 559,540	$ —

10 - Income Taxes

At September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. Tax years 2016 through 2020 remained open for examination at September 30, 2021. We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of our tax assets. We established a valuation allowance of $ 7.9 million for our net state operating loss carryforward. We have determined that we are not required to establish a valuation allowance for our other deferred tax assets of $ 28.1 million and $ 26.7 million at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, because it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and the implementation of tax planning strategies.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. The CARES Act amended net operating loss provisions in effect prior to its enactment. The CARES Act allows for the carryback of losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 to each of the five taxable years preceding the taxable year of such loss. As a result, we filed amended tax returns in 2020 to carry back net operating losses from taxable year 2018 to past tax years. We recorded a tax benefit of $ 1.6 million in the first quarter of 2020 in anticipation of a refund of taxes we paid in prior years as a result of the carryback.

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11 - Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

The establishment of appropriate liabilities for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liabilities for losses and loss expenses will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liabilities for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30, — 2021	2020
	(in thousands)
Balance at January 1	$ 962,007	$	869,674
Less reinsurance recoverable	( 404,818	)	( 362,768	)
Net balance at January 1	557,189		506,906
Incurred related to:
Current year	407,193		353,798
Prior years	( 25,874	)	( 10,321	)
Total incurred	381,319		343,477
Paid related to:
Current year	183,165		169,610
Prior years	149,910		139,024
Total paid	333,075		308,634
Net balance at end of period	605,433		541,749
Plus reinsurance recoverable	444,730		400,181
Balance at end of period	$ 1,050,163	$	941,930

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $ 25.9 million and $ 10.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our insurance sub s idiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2021 development represented 4.6 % of the December 31, 2020 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity in nearly all lines of business. The majority of the 2021 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2020 development represented 2.0 % of the December 31, 2019 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected severity in nearly all lines of business, with the exception of modest higher-than-expected severity in commercial automobile. The majority of the 2020 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO.

Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider the material lines of business of our insurance subsidiaries to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation.

Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, the IBNR reserves of our insurance subsidiaries include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

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The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an expected loss ratio for each line of business our insurance subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries’ expectation of losses at the time our insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies and before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.

The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss e x penses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of the estimates each of these methods produce.

The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns and economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.

Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date at which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to predict loss frequency accurately and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.

Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business.

12 - Impact of New Accounting Standards

In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amends previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delays the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We are a smaller reporting company and are in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In December 2019, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies accounting for income taxes. The guidance eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The guidance was effective January 1, 2021, using the retrospective method or modified retrospective method for certain changes and the prospective method for all other changes, and permits early adoption. Our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2021 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

We recommend that you read the following information in conjunction with the historical financial information and the footnotes to that financial information we include in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We also recommend you read Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We combine our financial statements with those of our insurance subsidiaries and present our financial statements on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.

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Our insurance subsidiaries make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to the liabilities of our insurance subsidiaries for property and casualty insurance losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts of these liabilities may differ from the estimates we provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current consolidated results of operations.

Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liabilities for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses.

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Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements on bodily injury claims. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and 2021. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, supply chain disruption, the rate of plaintiff attorney involvement in claims and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liabilities for losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at September 30, 2021. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of operations would be approximately $6.1 million.

The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of their liabilities for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

Excluding the impact of severe weather events and the COVID-19 pandemic, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and the number of claims outstanding at period ends relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years due to various factors such as rising medical loss costs and increased litigation trends. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries’ internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liabilities for losses and loss expenses.

Atlantic States’ participation in the pool with Donegal Mutual exposes Atlantic States to adverse loss development on the business of Donegal Mutual that the pool includes. However, pooled business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share proportionately any adverse risk development relating to the pooled business. The business in the pool is homogeneous and each company has a pro-rata share of the entire pool. Since the predominant percentage of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company according to its participation level under the terms of the pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.

Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries operate together as the Donegal Insurance Group and share a combined business plan designed to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual offer are generally complementary, thereby allowing Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier products compared to

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standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, because the pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of the predominant percentage of the business Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly and each company shares the underwriting results according to each company’s participation percentage, each company realizes its percentage share of the underwriting results of the pool.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 consisted of the following:

	(in thousands)
Commercial lines:
Automobile	$ 164,141	$ 151,813
Workers’ compensation	122,733	118,037
Commercial multi-peril	153,265	126,299
Other	17,291	13,212
Total commercial lines	457,430	409,361
Personal lines:
Automobile	115,619	120,861
Homeowners	24,454	20,976
Other	7,930	5,991
Total personal lines	148,003	147,828
Total commercial and personal lines	605,433	557,189
Plus reinsurance recoverable	444,730	404,818
Total liabilities for losses and loss expenses	$ 1,050,163	$ 962,007

We have evaluated the effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we consider in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We established the range of reasonably likely changes based on a review of changes in accident-year development by line of business and applied those changes to our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves as a whole. The range we selected does not necessarily indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or the most likely scenario. The following table sets forth the estimated effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we considered in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries:

Percentage Change in Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at September 30, 2021	Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at September 30, 2021(1)	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at December 31, 2020	Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at December 31, 2020(1)
(dollars in thousands)
(10.0)%	$544,890	8.9%	$501,470	8.5%
(7.5)	560,026	6.7	515,400	6.4
(5.0)	575,161	4.4	529,330	4.3
(2.5)	590,297	2.2	543,259	2.1
Base	605,433	—	557,189	—
2.5	620,569	(2.2)	571,119	(2.1)
5.0	635,705	(4.4)	585,048	(4.3)
7.5	650,840	(6.7)	598,978	(6.4)
10.0	665,976	(8.9)	612,908	(8.5)

(1) Net of income tax effect.

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Non-GAAP Information

We prepare our consolidated financial statements on the basis of GAAP. Our insurance subsidiaries also prepare financial statements based on statutory accounting principles state insurance regulators prescribe or permit (“SAP”). SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because the SAP financial measures include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude. Our calculation of non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar measures other companies use, so investors should exercise caution when comparing our non-GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures other companies use.

Because our insurance subsidiaries do not prepare GAAP financial statements, we evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments utilizing SAP financial measures that reflect the growth trends and underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries. The SAP financial measures we utilize are net premiums written and statutory combined ratio.

Net Premiums Written

We define net premiums written as the amount of full-term premiums our insurance subsidiaries record for policies effective within a given period less premiums our insurance subsidiaries cede to reinsurers. Net premiums earned is the most comparable GAAP financial measure to net premiums written. Net premiums earned represent the sum of the amount of net premiums written and the change in net unearned premiums during a given period. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as revenue over the terms of their policies, which are one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding 12-month period compared to the comparable period one year earlier.

The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended September 30, — 2021	2020	2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Net premiums earned	$ 196,235	$ 184,926	$	575,975	$ 556,552
Change in net unearned premiums	780	(4,146	)	46,507	16,168
Net premiums written	$ 197,015	$ 180,780	$	622,482	$ 572,720

Statutory Combined Ratio

The combined ratio is a standard measurement of underwriting profitability for an insurance company. The combined ratio does not reflect investment income, net investment gains or losses, federal income taxes or other non-operating income or expense. A combined ratio of less than 100% generally indicates underwriting profitability.

The statutory combined ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure that is based upon amounts determined under SAP. We calculate our statutory combined ratio as the sum of:

• the statutory loss ratio, which is the ratio of calendar-year net incurred losses and loss expenses, excluding anticipated salvage and subrogation recoveries, to net premiums earned;

• the statutory expense ratio, which is the ratio of expenses incurred for net commissions, premium taxes and underwriting expenses to net premiums written; and

• the statutory dividend ratio, which is the ratio of dividends to holders of workers’ compensation policies to net premiums earned.

The calculation of our statutory combined ratio differs from the calculation of our GAAP combined ratio. In calculating our GAAP combined ratio, we do not deduct installment payment fees from incurred expenses, and we base the expense ratio on net premiums earned instead of net premiums written. Differences between our GAAP loss ratio and our statutory loss ratio result from anticipating salvage and subrogation recoveries for our GAAP loss ratio but not for our statutory loss ratio.

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Combined Ratios

The following table presents comparative details with respect to our GAAP and statutory combined ratios for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:

2021	2020	2021	2020
GAAP Combined Ratios (Total Lines)
Loss ratio (non-weather)	66.3 %	56.3 %	59.8 %	54.1 %
Loss ratio (weather-related)	9.2	9.1	6.4	7.6
Expense ratio	31.5	31.9	33.9	33.2
Dividend ratio	0.7	1.0	0.7	1.0
Combined ratio	107.7 %	98.3 %	100.8 %	95.9 %
Statutory Combined Ratios
Commercial lines:
Automobile	111.9 %	109.9 %	106.7 %	110.5 %
Workers’ compensation	109.0	86.8	96.0	85.9
Commercial multi-peril	116.9	109.2	106.5	98.1
Other	64.0	93.5	67.2	79.5
Total commercial lines	109.4	102.4	101.1	97.3
Personal lines:
Automobile	102.0	89.0	95.4	88.6
Homeowners	117.5	97.7	107.4	99.3
Other	65.4	84.0	72.2	76.5
Total personal lines	105.2	91.9	98.2	91.6
Total commercial and personal lines	107.7	97.7	100.0	94.7

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Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2020

Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the third quarter of 2021 were $196.2 million, an increase of $11.3 million, or 6.1 %, compared to $184.9 million for the third quarter of 2020, primarily reflecting the inclusion of the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group in the underwriting pool beginning with policies effective in 2021, as well as new business growth and renewal premium increases.

Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2021 were $197.0 million, an increase of $16.2 million, or 9.0%, from the $180.8 million of net premiums written for the third quarter of 2020. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $17.3 million, or 17.6%, for the third quarter of 2021 compared to the third quarter of 2020. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to the inclusion of the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group in the underwriting pool beginning with policies effective in 2021, as well as new business growth and renewal premium increases. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $1.1 million, or 1.3%, for the third quarter of 2021 compared to the third quarter of 2020. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to net attrition as a result of measures our insurance subsidiaries have implemented to improve underwriting profitability, partially offset by the impact of premium rate increases our insurance subsidiaries have implemented. Net premiums written for the third quarter of 2020 reflected premium reductions MICO’s policyholders requested following the July 1, 2020 effective date of no-fault reform legislation in the state of Michigan.

Investment Income. Our net investment income was $7.8 million for the third quarter of 2021, compared to $7.4 million for the third quarter of 2020. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in average invested assets.

Net Investment (Losses) Gains. Net investment losses for the third quarter of 2021 were $1.6 million, compared to net investment gains of $3.3 million for the third quarter of 2020. The net investment losses and gains for the third quarters of 2021 and 2020, respectively, resulted primarily from the net change in unrealized gains and losses within our equity securities portfolio at September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We did not recognize any impairment losses in our investment portfolio during the third quarter of 2021 or 2020.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 75.5% for the third quarter of 2021, an increase from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 65.4% for the third quarter of 2020. We attribute this increase primarily to increased frequency of personal automobile claims compared to the third quarter of 2020, when lower driving activity resulted from COVID-19 related shutdowns, higher severity of workers’ compensation losses and elevated fire losses, including $6.0 million from three individual losses that exceeded our per-risk reinsurance retention amount, that primarily impacted the loss ratios for our homeowners and commercial multi-peril lines of business. Weather-related losses of $18.0 million, or 9.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2021, decreased from $16.9 million, or 9.1 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2020. Weather-related loss activity for the third quarter of 2021 was higher than our previous five-year average of $16.4 million for third quarter weather-related losses. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 76.3% for the third quarter of 2021, compared to 68.2% for the third quarter of 2020, primarily due to an increase in the commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation loss ratios. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries increased to 75.0% for the third quarter of 2021, compared to 61.1% for the third quarter of 2020. We attribute this increase primarily to an increase in the personal automobile and homeowners’ loss ratios. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately $4.3 million during the third quarter of 2021. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced unfavorable loss reserve development of approximately $542,000 during the third quarter of 2020.

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 31.5% for the third quarter of 2021, compared to 31.9% for the third quarter of 2020. The decrease in the expense ratio primarily reflected a decrease in our underwriting-based incentive costs for our agents and employees, offset partially by higher technology systems-related expenses during the third quarter of 2021 compared to the third quarter of 2020.

Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 107.7% and 98.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We attribute the increase in the combined ratio primarily to an increase in the loss ratio for the third quarter of 2021 compared to the third quarter of 2020.

Interest Expense. Our interest expense for the third quarter of 2021 was $209,547, compared to $219,039 for the third quarter of 2020. We attribute the decrease to lower average borrowings under our lines of credit during the third quarter of 2021 compared to the third quarter of 2020.

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Income Tax (Benefit) Expense. We recorded an income tax benefit of $1.9 million for the third quarter of 2021. We recorded income tax expense of $2.5 million for the third quarter of 2020, representing an effective tax rate of 17.4%. The income tax benefit and expense for the third quarters of 2021 and 2020 represented estimates based on our projected annual taxable income and effective tax rates.

Net (Loss) Income and (Loss) Income Per Share. Our net loss for the third quarter of 2021 was $6.7 million, or $.22 per share of Class A common stock and $.20 per share of Class B common stock, compared to net income of $11.8 million, or $.41 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.37 per share of Class B common stock, for the third quarter of 2020. We had 25.7 million and 24.1 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020

Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the first nine months of 2021 were $576.0 million, an increase of $19.4 million, or 3.5%, compared to $556.6 million for the first nine months of 2020, primarily reflecting the inclusion of the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group in the underwriting pool beginning with policies effective in 2021, as well as new business growth and renewal premium increases.

Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 were $622.5 million, an increase of $49.8 million, or 8.7%, from the $572.7 million of net premiums written for the first nine months of 2020. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $61.5 million, or 18.7%, for the first nine months of 2021 compared to the first nine months of 2020. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to the inclusion of the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group in the underwriting pool beginning with policies effective in 2021, as well as new business growth and renewal premium increases. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $11.7 million, or 4.8%, for the first nine months of 2021 compared to the first nine months of 2020. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to net attrition as a result of measures our insurance subsidiaries have implemented to improve underwriting profitability, partially offset by the impact of premium rate increases our insurance subsidiaries have implemented.

Investment Income. Our net investment income was $22.9 million for the first nine months of 2021, compared to $22.0 million for the first nine months of 2020. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in average invested assets.

Net Investment Gains (Losses). Net investment gains for the first nine months of 2021 were $5.1 million, compared to net investment losses of $940,488 for the first nine months of 2020. The net investment gains for the first nine months of 2021 resulted primarily from unrealized gains within our equity securities portfolio at September 30, 2021. The net investment losses for the first nine months of 2020 resulted primarily from realized losses on sales of equity securities, offset partially by unrealized gains in the fair value of equity securities held at September 30, 2020. We did not recognize any impairment losses in our investment portfolio during the first nine months of 2021 or 2020.

Losses and Loss Expenses . Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 66.2% for the first nine months of 2021, an increase from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 61.7% for the first nine months of 2020. We attribute this increase primarily to increased frequency of personal automobile claims compared to the first nine months of 2020, when lower driving activity resulted from COVID-19 related shutdowns, and elevated fire losses that primarily impacted the loss ratios for our homeowners and commercial multi-peril lines of business. Weather-related losses of $36.6 million, or 6.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2021, decreased from $42.5 million, or 7.6 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2020. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 66.4% for the first nine months of 2021, compared to 63.1% for the first nine months of 2020, primarily due to an increase in the commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation loss ratios. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries increased to 66.5% for the first nine months of 2021, compared to 59.8% for the first nine months of 2020. We attribute this increase primarily to an increase in the personal automobile and homeowners’ loss ratios. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately $25.9 million and $10.3 million during the first nine months of 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 33.9% for the first nine months of 2021, compared to 33.2% for the first nine months of 2020. The increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected an increase in technology systems-related expenses, higher agency growth incentive and underwriting-based incentive costs for our agents during the first nine months of 2021 compared to the first nine months of 2020.

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Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 100.8% and 95.9% for the first nine months of 2021 and 2020, respectively. We attribute the increase in the combined ratio primarily to an increase in the loss ratio for the first nine months of 2021 compared to the first nine months of 2020.

Interest Expense. Our interest expense for the first nine months of 2021 was $739,163, compared to $871,461 for the first nine months of 2020. We attribute the decrease to lower average borrowings under our lines of credit during the first nine months of 2021 compared to the first nine months of 2020.

Income Taxes. We recorded income tax expense of $3.8 million for the first nine months of 2021, representing an effective tax rate of 16.1%. We recorded income tax expense of $6.6 million for the first nine months of 2020, representing an effective tax rate of 14.7%. The income tax expense and effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2021 represented an estimate based on our projected annual taxable income. Income tax expense for the first nine months of 2020 included a $1.6 million income tax benefit related to the anticipated carryback of 2018 net operating losses to past tax years with higher statutory income tax rates than are currently in effect, as allowed under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act that was enacted in March 2020.

Net Income and Income Per Share. Our net income for the first nine months of 2021 was $20.0 million, or $.66 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.59 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $38.2 million, or $1.33 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $1.21 per share of Class B common stock, for the first nine months of 2020. We had 25.7 million and 24.1 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of an entity’s ability to secure enough cash to meet its contractual obligations and operating needs as such obligations and needs arise. Our major sources of funds from operations are the net cash flows we generate from our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results, investment income and investment maturities.

Our operations have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow to fund our commitments and add to our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns and enhancing our liquidity. The impact of the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States has historically been cash-flow positive because of the consistent underwriting profitability of the pool. Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States settle their respective obligations to each other under the pool monthly, thereby resulting in cash flows substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from each company writing the business directly. We have not experienced any unusual variations in the timing of claim payments associated with the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We maintain significant liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of readily marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a “laddering” approach, so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective, thereby providing an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Our operating activities provided net cash flows in the first nine months of 2021 and 2020 of $58.5 million and $68.5 million, respectively.

At September 30, 2021, we had no outstanding borrowings under our line of credit with M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at interest rates equal to the then-current LIBOR rate plus 2.00%. At September 30, 2021, Atlantic States had $35.0 million in outstanding advances with the FHLB of Pittsburgh that carry a fixed interest rate of 1.74%. In September 2021, upon receipt of approval from the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services, MICO repaid in full the $5.0 million surplus note held previously by Donegal Mutual, along with accrued interest of $178,082.

We estimate the timing of claim payments associated with the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries based on historical experience and expectations of future payment patterns. We show these liabilities net of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses to reflect expected future cash flows related to such liabilities. Amounts Atlantic States assumes pursuant to the pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ gross liabilities for losses and loss expenses, and amounts Atlantic States cedes pursuant to the pooling agreement represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses. We include cash settlement of Atlantic States’ assumed liabilities from the pool in monthly settlements of pooled activity, as we net amounts ceded to and assumed from the pool. Although Donegal Mutual and we do not anticipate any changes in the pool participation levels in the foreseeable future, any such change would be prospective in nature and therefore would not impact the timing of expected payments by Atlantic States for its percentage share of pooled losses occurring in periods prior to the effective date of such change.

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We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities.

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the SEC and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 or 2020. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through September 30, 2021.

On October 21, 2021, our board of directors declared quarterly cash dividends of 16.0 cents per share of our Class A common stock and 14.25 cents per share of our Class B common stock, payable on November 15, 2021 to our stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 1, 2021. We are not subject to any restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are state law restrictions on the payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries to us. Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are our principal source of cash for payment of dividends to our stockholders. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk based capital (“RBC”) requirements that limit their ability to pay dividends to us. Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2020 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin. Our insurance subsidiaries paid $5.0 million in dividends to us during the first nine months of 2021. Amounts remaining available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities in 2021 are $28.0 million from Atlantic States, $300,000 from Southern, $5.9 million from Peninsula and $12.2 million from MICO, or a total of approximately $46.4 million.

At September 30, 2021, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.

Equity Price Risk

Our portfolio of marketable equity securities, which we carry on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value, has exposure to the risk of loss resulting from an adverse change in prices. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of equity securities.

Credit Risk

Our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, our portfolio of short-term investments is subject to credit risk, which we define as the potential loss in market value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities. We also limit the percentage and amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in the securities of any one issuer.

Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and casualty insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies. We bill the majority of this business directly to the insured, although we bill a portion of our commercial business through licensed insurance agents to whom our insurance subsidiaries extend credit in the normal course of business.

Because the pooling agreement does not relieve Atlantic States of primary liability as the originating insurer, Atlantic States is subject to a concentration of credit risk arising from the business it cedes to Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of other major unaffiliated authorized reinsurers.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our market risk generally represents the risk of gain or loss that may result from the potential change in the fair value of the securities we hold in our investment portfolio as a result of fluctuations in prices and interest rates and, to a lesser extent, our debt obligations. We manage our interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the average duration of our investment portfolio and the approximate duration of our liabilities, i.e., policy claims of our insurance subsidiaries and our debt obligations.

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There have been no material changes to our quantitative or qualitative market risk exposure from December 31, 2020 through September 30, 2021.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at September 30, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and our disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information we disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to affect materially, our internal control over financial reporting.

Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

We base all statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historic facts on our current expectations. Such statements are forward-looking in nature (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) and necessarily involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements we make may be identified by our use of words such as “will,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and similar expressions. Our actual results could vary materially from our forward-looking statements. The factors that could cause our actual results to vary materially from the forward-looking statements we have previously made include, but are not limited to, prolonged economic challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the availability and cost of labor and materials, adverse and catastrophic weather events, our ability to maintain profitable operations, the adequacy of the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries, the availability and successful operation of the information technology systems our insurance subsidiaries utilize, the successful development of new information technology systems to allow our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively, business and economic conditions in the areas in which we and our insurance subsidiaries operate, interest rates, competition from various insurance and other financial businesses, terrorism, the availability and cost of reinsurance, legal and judicial developments including those related to COVID-19 business interruption coverage exclusions, adverse litigation and other industry trends that could increase our loss costs, changes in regulatory requirements, changes in our A.M. Best rating, our ability to integrate and manage successfully the companies we may acquire from time to time and the other risks that we describe from time to time in our filings with the SEC. We disclaim any obligation to update such statements or to announce publicly the results of any revisions that we may make to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

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Part II. Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

None.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition, and, therefore, the value of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, are subject to a number of risks. For a description of certain risks, we refer to “Risk Factors” in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K that we filed with the SEC on March 5, 2021. There have been no material changes in the risk factors we disclosed in that Form 10-K Report during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure.

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No.	Description
10.1	Donegal Group Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.	(a)
Exhibit 31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer	Filed herewith
Exhibit 31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer	Filed herewith
Exhibit 32.1	Statement of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code	Filed herewith
Exhibit 32.2	Statement of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(a) We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the description of such plan in Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on April 15, 2021 filed on March 15, 2021.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

November 5, 2021	DONEGAL GROUP INC. — By:	/s/ Kevin G. Burke
		Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer
November 5, 2021	By:	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
		Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President
		and Chief Financial Officer