Earnings Release • Jan 26, 2021
Earnings Release
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Paris, January 26th, 2021
The Christian Dior group recorded revenue of 44.7 billion euros in 2020, down 17%. Organic revenue declined 16% compared to 2019. The Group showed good resilience in 2020 in an economic environment severely disrupted by the serious health crisis that led to the suspension of international travel and the closure of its stores and manufacturing sites in most countries over a period of several months.
With an organic revenue decline of only 3% in the fourth quarter, the Group saw a significant improvement in trends in all its activities compared to the first nine months of 2020. Fashion & Leather Goods in particular, enjoyed a remarkable performance, with double-digit growth in both the third and fourth quarters. While Europe is still affected by the crisis, the United States saw a good recovery and Asia grew strongly.
Profit from recurring operations, which amounted to 8.3 billion euros in 2020, declined only 28% over the year due to a return to growth in the second half, which was up 7%. Operating margin reached 18.6% in 2020. Group share of net profit amounted to 1.9 billion euros, down 34%.
Key highlights from 2020 include:
| Euro millions | 2019 | 2020 | % change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 53 670 | 44 651 | - 17 % |
| Profit from recurring operations | 11 492 | 8 300 | - 28 % |
| Group share of net profit | 2 938 | 1 933 | - 34 % |
| Operating free cash flow | 6 237 | 6 093 | - 2 % |
| Net Financial debt | 6 184 | 4 213 | - 32 % |
| Total equity | 35 717 | 36 244 | + 1 % |
| Euro millions | 2019 | 2020 | Change 2020 / 2019 | Change Q4 2020 / |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported | Organic* | Q4 2019 Organic* |
|||
| Wines & Spirits | 5 576 | 4 755 | - 15 % | - 14 % | - 11% |
| Fashion & Leather Goods |
22 237 | 21 207 | - 5 % | - 3 % | + 18% |
| Perfumes & Cosmetics | 6 835 | 5 248 | - 23 % | - 22 % | - 15% |
| Watches & Jewelry | 4 405 | 3 356 | - 24 % | - 23 % | - 2% |
| Selective Retailing | 14 791 | 10 155 | - 31 % | - 30 % | - 26% |
| Other activities and eliminations |
(174) | (70) | - | - | - |
| Total | 53 670 | 44 651 | - 17 % | - 16 % | - 3% |
* With comparable structure and constant exchange rates. For 2020, the currency effect was -1% and the structural impact was almost zero For the fourth quarter of 2020, the currency effect was -4% and the structural impact was almost zero
| Euro millions | 2019 | 2020 | % change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wines & Spirits | 1 729 | 1 388 | - 20 % |
| Fashion & Leather Goods | 7 344 | 7 188 | - 2 % |
| Perfumes & Cosmetics | 683 | 80 | - 88 % |
| Watches & Jewelry | 736 | 302 | - 59 % |
| Selective Retailing | 1 395 | (203) | - |
| Other activities and eliminations | (395) | (455) | - |
| Total | 11 492 | 8 300 | - 28 % |
The Wines & Spirits business group saw its organic revenue decline by 14% in 2020. Profit from recurring operations was down 20%. All Maisons showed great resilience and gained market share. After a significant drop in volumes in the second quarter, the Champagne business experienced improved trends in the second half, particularly in the United States. Beginning in June, Hennessy cognac recorded a strong recovery, driven notably by demand in the United States. 2020 saw the integration of the 2019 acquisitions Château d'Esclans and Château du Galoupet for the first time over a full year, establishing a strong position for Moët Hennessy in the growing market for high-end rosé wines. A new high-end rum, Eminente launched in the third quarter.
In 2020, the Fashion & Leather Goods, business group recorded a decrease in organic revenue of only 3% in an environment marked by the closure of stores over a period of several months. The second half saw a noteworthy rebound in activity, with double-digit organic revenue growth in both quarters. China recorded a strong recovery in revenue beginning in April and the United States in July. The brands' strict cost management made it possible to limit the decline in profit from recurring operations to 2%. Louis Vuitton, always driven by exceptional dynamism and creativity, was able very quickly to transform and revitalize its customer relations with a high quality and efficient digital service. Many innovations were unveiled throughout the year, such as the Pont 9 range and the 1854 canvas. The Maison's commitment to high quality craftsmanship and sustainability continues in the form of responsible creativity. A new workshop opened at Vendôme in France. Christian Dior Maison demonstrated remarkable momentum and gained market share in all regions thanks to its exceptional creativity. The Lady Dior bag has become a global icon, the women's collections of Maria Grazia Chiuri and the men's runway shows of Kim Jones were a huge success. The other fashion brands showed solid resilience during the year, notably Loewe with the creations of J. W. Anderson, Celine with the creations of Hedi Slimane, Fendi and Marc Jacobs.
The Perfumes & Cosmetics business group recorded a 22% decline in organic revenue in 2020. Profit from recurring operations was down 88%. In a sector suffering from the decline in international traveller spend and makeup, Group's major brands chose to be selective in their distribution and, unlike certain competitors, limited promotions and refused to sell indirectly to the Chinese parallel market, which presents major risks to the medium term desirability for brands that follow that route. The Perfumes and Cosmetics brands are showing good resilience resulting from the growth of skincare and online sales, particularly in Asia. Parfums Christian Dior saw a gradual improvement in the second half of the year, underpinned by the success of its new products Miss Dior Roses N'Roses and J'adore Infinissime in perfume, and Rouge Dior in makeup. Guerlain benefited from the remarkably dynamic skincare market, with the continued success of Abeille Royale and Orchidée Impériale. The new skincare brand Fenty Skin, developed by Rihanna, is off to a very promising start.
The Watches & Jewelry business group saw its organic revenue decline by 23% in 2020, with a strong improvement in trends in the fourth quarter, which fell only 2%. Profit from recurring operations was down 59%. Bvlgari was very responsive and quickly capitalized on the strong recovery in China. The Maison maintained a high pace of jewelry innovation with the successful launches of its Serpenti Viper, B.Zero1 Rock and Barocko collections. Chaumet inaugurated its new store at its historic address on Place Vendôme in Paris at the start of 2020 and strengthened its presence in China. In the watch sector, TAG Heuer celebrated its 160th anniversary with several limited editions in the Carrera collection and launched the third generation of its smartwatch in New York. The year 2021 marks the welcome to the Group of the prestigious American jeweler Tiffany.
The Selective Retailing business group saw organic revenue decline by 30% in 2020. Profit from recurring operations amounted to (203) million euros. Sephora demonstrated good resilience during the health crisis, which, nonetheless, lead to the closure of most of its stores for several months. The commitment and agility of its teams have enabled an acceleration of online sales, which reached historic levels in all markets, and the development of services such as Click & Collect and Live Shopping. Sephora has also strengthened its offering with new skincare and hair products. A new partnership has been signed with the American retailer Kohl's, whose stores are expected to accommodate 200 beauty spaces dedicated to Sephora in 2021. DFS saw a significant decline in its activity in most destinations due to the total suspension of international travel. While Hong Kong continues to feel the impact of the pandemic strongly, Macau saw improved trends in the latter part of the year. New services are being developed for its local customers and online sales have strengthened.
In a very turbulent context, the Christian Dior group is well-equipped to build upon the hoped-for recovery in 2021 and regain growth momentum for all its businesses. The Group will continue to pursue its strategy focused on developing its brands by building on strong innovation and investments as well as a constant quest for quality in their products and their distribution.
Driven by the agility of its teams, their entrepreneurial spirit and its well diversified presence across its activities and the geographic areas in which it operates, the Group enters 2021 with cautious confidence and once again, sets an objective of reinforcing its global leadership position in luxury goods.
At the Annual General Meeting of April 15, 2021, Christian Dior will propose a dividend of 6 euros per share. An interim dividend of 2 euros per share was paid on December 3 of last year. The balance of 4 euros will be paid on April 22, 2021.
The Board of Directors met on January 26th to approve the financial statements for 2020. Audit procedures have been carried out and the audit report is being issued. This financial release is available on our website www.dior-finance.com.
"This document may contain certain forward looking statements which are based on estimations and forecasts. By their nature, these forward looking statements are subject to important risks and uncertainties and factors beyond our control or ability to predict, in particular those described in Christian Dior's Annual Report which is available on the website (www.dior-finance.com). These forward looking statements should not be considered as a guarantee of future performance, the actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by them. The forward looking statements only reflect Christian Dior's views as of the date of this document, and Christian Dior does not undertake to revise or update these forward looking statements. The forward looking statements should be used with caution and circumspection and in no event can Christian Dior and its Management be held responsible for any investment or other decision based upon such statements. The information in this document does not constitute an offer to sell or an invitation to buy shares in Christian Dior or an invitation or inducement to engage in any other investment activities."
Condensed consolidated accounts for 2020 are included in the PDF version of the press release.
| 2020 | Wines & Spirits |
Fashion & Leather Goods |
Perfumes & Cosmetics |
Watches & Jewelry |
Selective retailing |
Other activities & eliminations |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Quarter | 1 175 | 4 643 | 1 382 | 792 | 2 626 | (22) | 10 596 |
| Second Quarter | 810 | 3 346 | 922 | 527 | 2 218 | (26) | 7 797 |
| Total First Half | 1 985 | 7 989 | 2 304 | 1 319 | 4 844 | (48) | 18 393 |
| Third Quarter | 1 364 | 5 945 | 1 370 | 947 | 2 332 | (3) | 11 955 |
| Nine months | 3 349 | 13 934 | 3 674 | 2 266 | 7 176 | (51) | 30 348 |
| Fourth Quarter | 1 406 | 7 273 | 1 574 | 1 090 | 2 979 | (19) | 14 303 |
| Total 2020 | 4 755 | 21 207 | 5 248 | 3 356 | 10 155 | (70) | 44 651 |
| 2020 | Wines & Spirits |
Fashion & Leather Goods |
Perfumes & Cosmetics |
Watches & Jewelry |
Selective retailing |
Other activities & eliminations |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Quarter | -14% | -10% | -19% | -26% | -26% | - | -17% |
| Second Quarter | -33% | -37% | -40% | -52% | -38% | - | -38% |
| Total First Half | -23% | -24% | -29% | -39% | -33% | - | -28% |
| Third Quarter | -3% | +12% | -16% | -14% | -29% | - | -7% |
| Nine months | -15% | -11% | -25% | -30% | -31% | - | -21% |
| Fourth Quarter | -11% | +18% | -15% | -2% | -26% | - | -3% |
| Total 2020 | -14% | -3% | -22% | -23% | -30% | - | -16% |
| 2019 | Wines & Spirits |
Fashion & Leather Goods |
Perfumes & Cosmetics |
Watches & Jewelry |
Selective retailing |
Other activities & eliminations |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Quarter | 1 349 | 5 111 | 1 687 | 1 046 | 3 510 | (165) | 12 538 |
| Second Quarter | 1 137 | 5 314 | 1 549 | 1 089 | 3 588 | (133) | 12 544 |
| Total First Half | 2 486 | 10 425 | 3 236 | 2 135 | 7 098 | (298) | 25 082 |
| Third Quarter | 1 433 | 5 448 | 1 676 | 1 126 | 3 457 | 176* | 13 316 |
| Nine months | 3 919 | 15 873 | 4 912 | 3 261 | 10 555 | (122) | 38 398 |
| Fourth Quarter | 1 657 | 6 364 | 1 923 | 1 144 | 4 236 | (52) | 15 272 |
| Total 2019 | 5 576 | 22 237 | 6 835 | 4 405 | 14 791 | (174) | 53 670 |
* Includes all Belmond revenue for the period April to September 2019.
For the purposes of its financial communication, in addition to the accounting aggregates defined by IAS / IFRS, the Christian Dior group uses alternative performance measures established in accordance with the AMF's position DOC-2015-12.
The table below lists these measures and the reference to their definition and their reconciliation with the aggregates defined by IAS / IFRS in published documents.
| Measures | Reference to published documents |
|---|---|
| Operating free cash-flow | AR (consolidated financial statements, consolidated cash-flow statement) |
| Net financial debt | AR (Notes 1.22 and 19 of the appendix to the consolidated financial statements) |
| Gearing | AR (Part 7, Comments on Consolidated Balance Sheet) |
| Organic growth | AR (Part 1, Comments on the Consolidated Income Statement) |
AR : 2020 Annual Report
| (EUR millions, except for earnings per share) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018(a) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue Cost of sales |
44,651 15,871 |
53,670 (18,123) |
46,826 (15,625) |
|
| Gross margin | 28,780 | 35,547 | 31,201 | |
| Marketing and selling expenses General and administrative expenses Income/(loss) from joint ventures and associates |
(16,790) (3,648) (42) |
(20,206) (3,877) 28 |
(17,752) (3,471) 23 |
|
| Profit from recurring operations | 8,300 | 11,492 | 10,001 | |
| Other operating income and expenses | (333) | (231) | (126) | |
| Operating profit | 7,967 | 11,261 | 9,875 | |
| Cost of net financial debt Interest on lease liabilities Other financial income and expenses |
(38) (281) (292) |
(116) (290) (170) |
(136) - (279) |
|
| Net financial income/(expense) | (611) | (577) | (415) | |
| Income taxes | (2,385) | (2,874) | (2,518) | |
| Net profit before minority interests | 4,970 | 7,810 | 6,942 | |
| Minority interests | (3,037) | (4,872) | (4,368) | |
| Net profit, Group share | 1,933 | 2,938 | 2,574 | |
| Basic Group share of net earnings per share (EUR) Number of shares on which the calculation is based |
10.72 180,410,580 |
16.29 180,318,638 |
14.30 180,001,480 |
|
| Diluted Group share of net earnings per share (EUR) Number of shares on which the calculation is based |
10.70 180,410,580 |
16.27 180,318,638 |
14.25 180,172,099 |
(a) The financial statements as of December 31, 2018 has not been restated to reflect the application of IFRS 16 Leases. See Note 1.2 to the 2019 consolidated financial statements regarding the impact of the application of IFRS 16.
| (EUR millions) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net profit before minority interests | 4,970 | 7,810 | 6,942 |
| Translation adjustments | (1,645) | 298 | 270 |
| Amounts transferred to income statement | (11) | 1 | (1) |
| Tax impact | (10) | 11 | 15 |
| (1,666) | 309 | 284 | |
| Change in value of hedges of future foreign currency cash flows | 73 | (16) | 3 |
| Amounts transferred to income statement | (123) | 25 | (279) |
| Tax impact | (112) | (3) | 79 |
| (162) | 6 | (197) | |
| Change in value of the ineffective portion of hedging instruments | (209) | (211) | (271) |
| Amounts transferred to income statement | 232 | 241 | 148 |
| Tax impact | (9) | (7) | 31 |
| 14 | 23 | (92) | |
| Gains and losses recognized in equity, transferable to income statement | (1,814) | 338 | (5) |
| Change in value of vineyard land | (3) | 42 | 8 |
| Amounts transferred to consolidated reserves | - | - | - |
| Tax impact | 3 | (11) | (2) |
| - | 31 | 6 | |
| Employee benefit obligations: change in value resulting from actuarial gains and losses | (20) | (167) | 28 |
| Tax impact | 6 | 39 | (5) |
| (14) | (128) | 23 | |
| Gains and losses recognized in equity, not transferable to income statement | (14) | (97) | 29 |
| Comprehensive income | 3,141 | 8,050 | 6,966 |
| Minority interests | (1,926) | (5,019) | (4,400) |
| Comprehensive income, Group share | 1,215 | 3,031 | 2,566 |
| (EUR millions) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018(a) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brands and other intangible assets | 16,143 | 16,335 | 16,376 |
| Goodwill | 14,508 | 14,500 | 12,192 |
| Property, plant and equipment | 17,575 | 17,878 | 14,463 |
| Right‑of‑use assets | 12,515 | 12,409 | - |
| Investments in joint ventures and associates | 990 | 1,074 | 638 |
| Non‑current available for sale financial assets | 739 | 915 | 1,100 |
| Other non-current assets | 845 | 1,546 | 985 |
| Deferred tax | 2,323 | 2,274 | 1,932 |
| Non‑current assets | 65,640 | 66,932 | 47,686 |
| Inventories and work in progress | 13,016 | 13,717 | 12,485 |
| Trade accounts receivable | 2,756 | 3,450 | 3,222 |
| Income taxes | 401 | 406 | 461 |
| Other current assets | 3,847 | 3,264 | 4,864 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 20,358 | 6,062 | 8,553 |
| Current assets | 40,377 | 26,898 | 29,585 |
| Total assets | 106,017 | 93,830 | 77,271 |
| (EUR millions) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018(a) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Equity, Group share | 11,270 | 10,880 | 14,240 |
| Minority interests | 24,974 | 24,837 | 22,132 |
| Equity | 36,244 | 35,717 | 36,372 |
| Long‑term borrowings | 14,065 | 5,450 | 6,353 |
| Non‑current lease liabilities | 10,665 | 10,373 | - |
| Non‑current provisions and other liabilities | 3,288 | 3,811 | 3,269 |
| Deferred tax | 5,079 | 5,094 | 4,633 |
| Purchase commitments for minority interests' shares | 10,992 | 10,735 | 9,281 |
| Non‑current liabilities | 44,088 | 35,462 | 23,536 |
| Short‑term borrowings | 11,005 | 7,627 | 5,550 |
| Current lease liabilities | 2,164 | 2,172 | - |
| Trade accounts payable | 5,098 | 5,814 | 5,314 |
| Income taxes | 721 | 729 | 542 |
| Current provisions and other liabilities | 6,698 | 6,308 | 5,957 |
| Current liabilities | 25,685 | 22,651 | 17,363 |
| Total liabilities and equity | 106,017 | 93,830 | 77,271 |
(a) The financial statements as of December 31, 2018 has not been restated to reflect the application of IFRS 16 Leases. See Note 1.2 to the 2019 consolidated financial statements regarding the impact of the application of IFRS 16.
| (EUR millions) | Number | Share | Share | Christian | Cumulative | Revaluation reserves | Net | Total equity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| of shares | capital | premium account |
Dior treasury shares |
translation adjustment |
Available for sale financial assets |
Hedges of future foreign currency cash flows and cost of hedging |
Vineyard land |
Employee benefit commitments |
profit and other reserves |
Group share |
Minority interests |
Total | |
| As of Dec. 31, 2017 | 180,507,516 | 361 | 194 | (72) | 154 | - | 53 | 461 | (45) | 11,661 | 12,769 | 19,932 | 32,701 |
| Gains and losses recognized in equity |
89 | - | (106) | 1 | 8 | (8) | 32 | 24 | |||||
| Net profit | 2,574 | 2,574 | 4,368 | 6,942 | |||||||||
| Comprehensive income Expenses related to bonus shares and similar plans |
- | - | - | 89 | - | (106) | 1 | 8 | 2,574 40 |
2,566 40 |
4,400 47 |
6,966 87 |
|
| (Acquisition)/disposal of Christian Dior treasury shares |
38 | (14) | 24 | - | 24 | ||||||||
| Capital increase in subsidiaries |
- | - | 50 | 50 | |||||||||
| Interim and final dividends paid |
(973) | (973) | (1,937) | (2,910) | |||||||||
| Changes in control of consolidated entities Acquisition and disposal |
(4) | (4) | 36 | 32 | |||||||||
| of minority interests' shares Purchase commitments |
(136) | (136) | (174) | (310) | |||||||||
| for minority interests' shares As of Dec. 31, 2018 |
180,507,516 | 361 | 194 | (34) | 243 | - | (53) | 462 | (35) | (46) 13,102 |
(46) 14,240 |
(222) 22,132 |
(268) 36,372 |
| Impact of changes in accounting standards(a) |
(12) | (12) | (17) | (29) | |||||||||
| As of January 1, 2019 | 180,507,516 | 361 | 194 | (34) | 243 | - | (53) | 462 | (35) | 13,090 | 14,228 | 22,115 36,343 | |
| Gains and losses | |||||||||||||
| recognized in equity | 119 | - | 10 | 10 | (46) | 93 | 147 | 240 | |||||
| Net profit | 2,938 | 2,938 | 4,872 | 7,810 | |||||||||
| Comprehensive income Expenses related to bonus |
- | - | - | 119 | - | 10 | 10 | (46) | 2,938 | 3,031 | 5,019 | 8,050 | |
| shares and similar plans (Acquisition)/disposal of |
34 | 34 | 42 | 76 | |||||||||
| Christian Dior treasury shares Capital increase in subsidiaries |
17 | (12) - |
6 - |
- 95 |
6 95 |
||||||||
| Interim and final dividends paid |
(6,386) | (6,386) | (2,263) (8,649) | ||||||||||
| Changes in control of consolidated entities |
1 | 1 | 26 | 27 | |||||||||
| Acquisition and disposal of minority interests' shares |
(1) | - | (30) | (30) | 9 | (21) | |||||||
| Purchase commitments for minority interests' shares |
(2) | (2) | (206) | (208) | |||||||||
| As of Dec. 31, 2019 | 180,507,516 | 361 | 194 | (17) | 362 | - | (43) | 471 | (81) | 9,632 | 10,880 | 24,837 35,717 | |
| Gains and losses recognized in equity |
(640) | - | (73) | - | (5) | (718) | (1,111) | (1,829) | |||||
| Net profit | 1,933 | 1,933 | 3,037 | 4,970 | |||||||||
| Comprehensive income | - | - | - | (640) | - | (73) | - | (5) | 1,933 | 1,215 | 1,926 | 3,141 | |
| Expenses related to bonus shares and similar plans |
26 | 26 | 36 | 62 | |||||||||
| (Acquisition)/disposal of Christian Dior treasury shares |
- | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Capital increase in subsidiaries |
- | - | 54 | 54 | |||||||||
| Interim and final dividends paid |
(830) | (830) | (1,733) (2,563) | ||||||||||
| Changes in control of consolidated entities |
(13) | (13) | (11) | (24) | |||||||||
| Acquisition and disposal of minority interests' shares |
(88) | (88) | (28) | (116) | |||||||||
| Purchase commitments for minority interests' shares |
80 | 80 | (107) | (27) | |||||||||
| As of Dec. 31, 2020 | 180,507,516 | 361 | 194 | (17) | (278) | - | (116) | 471 | (86) | 10,740 | 11,270 | 24,974 36,244 |
(a) The impact of changes in accounting standards arose from the application of IFRS 16 Leases as of January 1, 2019. See Note 1.2 to the 2019 consolidated financial statements regarding the impact of the application of IFRS 16.
| (EUR millions) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018(a) |
|---|---|---|---|
| I. OPERATING ACTIVITIES |
|||
| Operating profit | 7,967 | 11,261 | 9,875 |
| (Income)/loss and dividends received from joint ventures and associates | 64 | (10) | 5 |
| Net increase in depreciation, amortization and provisions | 3,478 | 2,700 | 2,278 |
| Depreciation of right‑of‑use assets | 2,572 | 2,408 | - |
| Other adjustments and computed expenses | (91) | (266) | (214) |
| Cash from operations before changes in working capital | 13,990 | 16,092 | 11,944 |
| Cost of net financial debt: interest paid | (62) | (137) | (130) |
| Lease liabilities: interest paid | (290) | (239) | - |
| Tax paid | (2,397) | (2,845) | (2,308) |
| Change in working capital | (369) | (1,154) | (1,086) |
| Net cash from operating activities | 10,873 | 11,718 | 8,420 |
| II. INVESTING ACTIVITIES | |||
| Operating investments | (2,478) | (3,294) | (3,038) |
| Purchase and proceeds from sale of consolidated investments | (536) | (2,478) | (17) |
| Dividends received | 12 | 8 | 18 |
| Tax paid related to non‑current available for sale financial | |||
| assets and consolidated investments | - | (1) | (145) |
| Purchase and proceeds from sale of non‑current available for sale financial assets | 63 | (104) | (400) |
| Net cash from/(used in) investing activities | (2,939) | (5,869) | (3,582) |
| III. FINANCING ACTIVITIES | |||
| Interim and final dividends paid | (2,685) | (8,796) | (2,964) |
| Purchase and proceeds from sale of minority interests | (163) | (48) | (519) |
| Other equity-related transactions | 39 | 88 | 65 |
| Proceeds from borrowings | 17,499 | 2,837 | 1,528 |
| Repayment of borrowings | (5,024) | (2,310) | (2,174) |
| Repayment of lease liabilities | (2,302) | (2,187) | - |
| Purchase and proceeds from sale of current available for sale financial assets | 69 | 2,060 | 48 |
| Net cash from/(used in) financing activities | 7,433 | (8,358) | (4,016) |
| IV. EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES | (1,052) | 39 | 67 |
| Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (I+II+III+IV) | 14,315 | (2,469) | 889 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 5,886 | 8,355 | 7,466 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | 20,201 | 5,886 | 8,355 |
| Total tax paid | (2,527) | (2,997) | (2,513) |
(a) The financial statements as of December 31, 2018 has not been restated to reflect the application of IFRS 16 Leases. See Note 1.2 to the 2019 consolidated financial statements regarding the impact of the application of IFRS 16.
The following table presents the reconciliation between "Net cash from operating activities" and "Operating free cash flow" for the fiscal years presented:
| (EUR millions) | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Net cash from operating activities | 10,873 | 11,718 | 8,420 |
| Operating investments | (2,478) | (3,294) | (3,038) |
| Repayment of lease liabilities | (2,302) | (2,187) | - |
| Operating free cash flow(a) | 6,093 | 6,237 | 5,382 |
(a) Under IFRS 16, fixed lease payments are treated partly as interest payments and partly as principal repayments. For its own operational management purposes, the Group treats all lease payments as components of its "Operating free cash flow", whether the lease payments made are fixed or variable. In addition, for its own operational management purposes, the Group treats operating investments as components of its "Operating free cash flow".
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