BioNTech SE - Annual Report 2024 | FinancialReports.eu

A C T I N G T O G E T H E R — C R E A T I N G S Y N E R G I E S

BioNTech SE

Annual Report on Form 20-F

for the year ended December 31, 2024

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT

OF 1934

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ende d December 31 , 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-39081

BioNTech SE

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Federal Republic of Germany

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

An der Goldgrube 12

D-55131 Mainz

Germany

(Address of principal executive offices)

Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D. ,

c/o BioNTech SE

An der Goldgrube 12

D-55131 Mainz

Germany

+49 6131-9084-0 (Tel), +49 6131 9084-390 (Fax), [email protected] (E-mail)

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered, pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each Representing one ordinary share	BNTX	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Ordinary shares, no par value, with a notional amount attributable to each ordinary share of €1*	—	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC *

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital stock or common stock as of the close of business

covered by the annual report.

Ordinary shares, no par value, with a notional amount attributable to each share of €1 outstanding u p until March 3, 2025 , the most recent

practicable date , no par value: 239,970,804

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or

15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange

Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been

subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to

Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was

required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth

company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange

Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant

has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided

pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its

internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public

accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant

included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based

compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has

elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

Listed not for trading or quotation purposes, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares representing such ordinary shares

pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The American Depositary Shares are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as

amended, pursuant to a separate registration statement on Form F-6 (File No. 333-233898).

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL INFORMATION		Page — 4
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		5
PART I
ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	7
ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	7
ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	7
	A. [Reserved]	7
	B. Capitalization and Indebtedness	7
	C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	7
	D. Risk Factors	7
ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	94
	A. History and Development of the Company	94
	B. Business Overview	96
	C. Organizational Structure	185
	D. Property, Plant and Equipment	185
ITEM 4A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	188
ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	188
	A. Operating Results	189
	B. Liquidity and Capital Resources	193
	C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.	196
	D. Trend Information	196
	E. Critical Accounting Estimates	197
	F. Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022	197
ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	197
	A. Directors and Senior Management	197
	B. Compensation	201
	C. Board Practices	211
	D. Employees	217
	E. Share Ownership	218
	F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation	218
ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	218
	A. Major Shareholders	218
	B. Related Party Transactions	220
	C. Interests of Experts and Counsel	220

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	220
	A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	220
	B. Significant Changes	220
ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	220
	A. Offer and Listing Details	220
	B. Plan o f Distribution	220
	C. Markets	220
	D. Selling Shareholders	220
	E. Dilution	221
	F. Expenses of the Issue	221
ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	221
	A. Share Capital	221
	B. Memorandum and Articles of Association	221
	C. Material Contracts	226
	D. Exchange Controls	226
	E. Taxation	227
	F. Dividends and Paying Agents	237
	G. Statement by Experts	237
	H. Documents on Display	238
	I. Subsidiary Information	238
	J. Annual Report to Security Holders	238
ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	238
ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	239
	A. Debt Securities	239
	B. Warrants and Rights	239
	C. Other Securities	239
	D. American Depositary Shares	239
PART II
ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	241
ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	241
ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	241
ITEM 16.	[RESERVED]	242
ITEM 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	242
ITEM 16B.	Code of Ethics	242
ITEM 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	242
ITEM 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	243
ITEM 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	243
ITEM 16F.	Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	243

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

ITEM 16G.	Corporate Governance	243
ITEM 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	253
ITEM 16I.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	253
ITEM 16J.	Insider Trading Policies	253
ITEM 16K.	Cybersecurity	253
PART III
ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	255
ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	255
ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	255

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

GENERAL INFORMATION

In this Annual Report on Form 20-F, or the Annual Report, “BioNTech,” the “Group,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,”

and “our” refer to BioNTech SE and its consolidated subsidiaries, except where the context otherwise requires.

In response to the fact that our consolidated financial statements are published in Euro, the selected

consolidated financial data is presented in Euro as well. Amounts in U.S. dollar are translated into Euro using the

exchange rates as per period end or average exchange rates for the periods indicated as published by the

German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank).

All references in this Annual Report to “$” mean U.S. dollars and all references to “€” mean Euros.

This Annual Report contains references to our trademarks and to trademarks belong to other entities. Solely for

convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to, including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may

appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that their

respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend

our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or

sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

Our trademark portfolio includes, but is not limited to, Comirnaty , BioNTainer , FixVac , RiboCytokine , RiboMab ,

Recon and Neo-Stim , including logo versions of some of these trademarks. Brand names appearing in italics

throughout this report are trademarks owned by BioNTech. All other trademarks are the property of their

respective owners.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING

STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements concerning our business, operations and financial

performance and condition as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and

financial performance and condition. Any statements that are not of historical facts may be deemed to be

forward-looking statements. Many of the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report can be

identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “believes”, “estimates”, “anticipates”, “expects”, “plans”,

“intends”, “may”, “could”, “might”, “will”, “should”, “aims” or other similar expressions that convey uncertainty of

future events or outcomes.

These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and

other factors that could cause our actual results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, performance,

prospects, opportunities, achievements or industry results, as well as those of the markets we serve or intend to

serve, to differ materially from those expressed in, or suggested by, these forward-looking statements. These

forward-looking statements are based on assumptions regarding our present and future business strategies and

the environment in which we expect to operate in the future. Important factors that could cause those differences

include, but are not limited to:

• the extent to which COVID-19 vaccines continue to be necessary in the future and any effects of

reduced demand for our COVID-19 vaccine, including the write-down of inventory and costs relating to

contract manufacturing production capacities that become redundant or unutilized;

• our expected revenues and net profit related to sales of our COVID-19 vaccine (also referred to as

Comirnaty in the United States and in the European Union to the extent authorized for use), respectively,

in territories controlled by our collaboration partners, particularly for those figures that are derived from

preliminary estimates provided by our partners ;

• our pricing and coverage negotiations for our COVID-19 vaccine with governmental authorities, private

health insurers and other third-party payors after our initial sales to national governments;

• competition from other COVID-19 vaccines or related to our other product candidates, including those

with different mechanisms of action and different manufacturing and distribution constraints, on the basis

of, among other things, efficacy, cost, convenience of storage and distribution, breadth of approved use,

safety, side-effect profile and durability of immune response;

• the timing and ability of us and our collaborators to obtain regulatory approval for our COVID-19 vaccine

and our product candidates, and to commercialize our approved and investigational product candidates,

if approved;

• the pricing and reimbursement of our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates, if approved;

• the rate and degree of market acceptance of our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates, if

approved;

• the initiation, timing, progress, results, and cost of our research and development programs and our

current and future preclinical studies and clinical trials, including statements regarding: the timing of

initiation and completion of studies or trials and related preparatory work, the period during which the

results of the trials will become available, and our research and development programs ;

• our ability to identify research opportunities and discover and develop product candidates;

• our ability to utilize our resources on-hand and to focus on the development of product candidates that

will maximize shareholder value and our corporate pillars;

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

• our measures anticipated to be taken in connection with our strategic vision, including estimated FTE

increases and decreases;

• the ability and willingness of our third-party collaborators to continue research and development

activities relating to our product candidates;

• our expectations regarding the size of the patient populations for our product candidates, if approved for

commercial use;

• the impact of COVID-19 on our development programs, supply chain, collaborators and financial

performance;

• unforeseen safety issues and claims for personal injury or death arising from the use of our COVID-19

vaccine and other products and product candidates developed or manufactured by us;

• our estimates of our expenses, future revenue and capital requirements and our needs for or ability to

obtain additional financing;

• our ability to identify, recruit and retain key personnel;

• our and our collaborators’ ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property protection for our

proprietary and collaborative product candidates, our ability to protect and defend against potential

claims of others' intellectual property, and the scope of such protection;

• the development of and projections relating to our competitors or our industry;

• the amount of and our ability to use net operating losses and research and development credits to offset

future taxable income;

• our abil ity, and that of our collaboration partners, as applicable, to manage development and expansion;

• regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

• political uncertainty;

• our ability to effectively scale our production capabilities and manufacture our products, including our

COVID-19 vaccine, and our product candidates;

• our expectations with respect to the timing and amount of any dividends and any potential repurchases

of our outstanding American Depositary Shares, or ADSs;

• our expectations regarding the timing of customer payments for delivered COVID-19 vaccine;

• our ability to implement, maintain and improve effective internal controls; and

• o ther factors not known to us at this time.

The preceding list is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all of our forward-looking statements. The forward-

looking statements contained in this Annual Report speak only as of the date of this report, and unless otherwise

required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to update them in light of new information or future

developments or to release publicly any revisions to these statements in order to reflect later events or

circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Our business is subject to various risks, including those described below. You should consider carefully the risks

and uncertainties described below and in our future filings. If any such risks are realized, our business, financial

condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, risks and

uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely

affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or prospects.

Risk Factor Summary

• Demand for our COVID-19 vaccine, though difficult to predict, is expected to continue to decrease in the

near future. Changing market dynamics, including as a result of the political climate and public

sentiment, will impact our revenue , which currently depends heavily on sales of our COVID-19 vaccine,

and result in challenges relating to production of our COVID-19 vaccine.

• Our reported commercial revenue is partially based on preliminary estimates of COVID-19 vaccine sales

and costs from Pfizer Inc., or Pfizer, that are likely to change in future periods, which may impact our

reported financial results.

• We may be unsuccessful in adapting our COVID-19 vaccine or developing future versions of our

COVID-19 vaccine to protect against variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and, even if we are successful, a

market for vaccines against these variants may not develop.

• Significant adverse events may occur during our clinical trials or even after receiving regulatory

approval, which could delay or terminate clinical trials and delay or prevent regulatory approval or

market acceptance of any of our product candidates. Since commercialization, we have received, and

expect to continue to receive, product liability claims related to our COVID-19 vaccine.

• If we are unable to continue to increase our marketing and sales capabilities on our own or through third

parties, we may not be able to market and sell our product candidates effectively in the United States

and other jurisdictions, if approved, or generate product sales revenue.

• Other companies or organizations may challenge our intellectual property rights or may assert

intellectual property rights that prevent us from developing and commercializing our COVID-19 vaccine

or our product candidates and other technologies, or that negatively affect our results of operations.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

• Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, the products may not gain the market

acceptance among physicians, patients, hospitals, treatment centers and others in the medical

community necessary for commercial success.

• Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to

predict. If our operating results fall below expectations, the price of the ADSs representing our shares

could decline.

• If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and fail to remediate

such material weaknesses, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or to prevent

fraud.

• As a “foreign private issuer,” we are exempt from a number of rules under U.S. securities laws, as well

as Nasdaq rules, and we are permitted to file less information with the Securities and Exchange

Commission, or the SEC, than U.S. companies. This may limit the information available to holders of the

ADSs and may make our ordinary shares and the ADSs less attractive to investors.

• Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and delays

can occur for a variety of reasons outside of our control. Clinical trials of our product candidates may be

delayed, and certain programs may never advance in the clinic or may be more costly to conduct than

we anticipate, any of which can affect our ability to fund our company and would have a material adverse

impact on our business.

• mRNA drug development has substantial clinical development and regulatory risks due to limited

regulatory experience with mRNA immunotherapies.

• Our approved product and product candidates are based on novel technologies and they may be

complex and difficult to manufacture. We may encounter difficulties in manufacturing, product release,

shelf life, testing, storage, supply chain management or shipping. If we or any of the third-party

manufacturers we work with encounter such difficulties, our ability to supply materials for clinical trials or

any approved product could be delayed or stopped.

• If our efforts to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and/or enforce the intellectual property related to our

COVID-19 vaccine or our product candidates and technologies are not adequate, we may not be able to

compete effectively in our market.

• We have experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility in the market price of the

ADSs representing our ordinary shares.

• Our principal shareholders and management own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares and

will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to shareholder approval.

Risks Related to our COVID-19 Vaccine and the Commercialization of our Pipeline

Demand for our COVID-19 vaccine, though difficult to predict, is expected to continue to decrease in the

near future. Changing market dynamics will impact our revenue, which currently depends heavily on

sales of our COVID-19 vaccine, and result in challenges relating to production of our COVID-19 vaccine.

Prior to the commercialization of our COVID-19 vaccine, we had not sold or marketed any products in our

pipeline. As a result, a majority of our total revenues to date are attributable to sales of our COVID-19 vaccine.

However, we have experienced and we expect to continue to experience increasing reductions in demand for

COVID-19 vaccination generally, including for our vaccine, now that the virus has entered an endemic stage and

as a growing proportion of the population becomes vaccinated. We expect that future revenues from sales of our

COVID-19 vaccine will decrease as demand for vaccination wanes. Such revenues will depend on numerous

factors, including:

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

• the extent to which a COVID-19 vaccine, including any booster shot, continues to be necessary while

COVID-19 remains an endemic virus;

• competition from other COVID-19 vaccines, including those with different mechanisms of action and

different manufacturing and distribution constraints, on the basis of, among other things, efficacy, cost,

convenience of storage and distribution, breadth of approved use, side-effect profile and durability of

immune response;

• our ability to successfully and timely develop effective vaccines targeting new variants and mutations of

COVID-19;

• the extent to which changes in local, national and state government policy preferences in the United

States and other jurisdictions resulting from new elected leadership and evolving public sentiment affect

demand for COVID-19 vaccines or mRNA therapeutics and our ability to successfully commercialize our

product candidates, if approved;

• our ability to receive full regulatory approvals where we currently have emergency use authorizations or

equivalents;

• our ability to expand our geographic customer base;

• our pricing and reimbursement negotiations with governmental authorities, private health insurers and

other third-party payors after our initial sales to national governments, including the transition towards

ordinary-course insurance coverage in the public and private sectors;

• the ability of countries and jurisdictions to store and distribute doses of our COVID-19 vaccine to end

users at cold temperatures;

• the safety profile of our COVID-19 vaccine, including if previously unknown undesirable effects or

increased incidence or severity of known undesirable effects are identified with our COVID-19 vaccine;

• intellectual property litigation involving our COVID-19 vaccine and COVID-19 vaccines in general; and

• our manufacturing and distribution capabilities for our COVID-19 vaccine.

We cannot accurately predict the revenues our COVID-19 vaccine will generate in future periods or for how long

our COVID-19 vaccine will continue to generate material revenues, and we cannot ensure it will maintain its

competitive position. Uncertainty in the demand for our COVID-19 vaccine and difficulties in targeting appropriate

supply of our COVID-19 vaccines have in the past resulted, and may in the future result, in significant inventory

write-downs and cancellations of contract manufacturing orders. Our business and financial condition could be

materially affected by lowered COVID-19 vaccine revenues resulting from any of the above factors, or by

production and supply chain difficulties. In addition, if our revenues or market share of, or other financial metrics

relating to, our COVID-19 vaccine do not meet the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the market

price of the ADSs representing our ordinary shares may decline.

Our reported commercial revenue is based in part on preliminary estimates of COVID-19 vaccine sales

and costs from Pfizer that are likely to change in future periods, which may impact our reported financial

results.

Our reported commercial revenue is based in part on preliminary estimates from Pfizer and other assumptions

and judgments that we have made, which may be subject to significant uncertainties. Our commercial revenue

includes preliminary estimates in part due to a difference in Pfizer’s financial quarter for subsidiaries outside the

United States, which consequently creates an additional time lag between the recognition of revenues and the

receipt of payment. Although our revenue recognition policy is based on facts and circumstances known to us

and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, our actual results may

deviate from such reported revenue.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

We depend on Pfizer to determine and provide estimates of the costs and profits to be shared with us in the

countries where it is commercializing our COVID-19 vaccine under our collaboration agreement with Pfizer for

our COVID-19 vaccine, which we refer to as the Pfizer Agreement. Because the information supplied by Pfizer is

preliminary and subject to change, the commercial revenue we report based on such information is also subject

to finalization. This is particularly true for vaccine sales outside of the United States, where Pfizer has a different

reporting cycle than ours. As a result, we may not have the complete sales and costs results outside of the

United States for months not covered by the reporting period, but we are nonetheless required to report

estimated figures.

Pfizer has historically provided us with profit figures for our COVID-19 vaccine sales in the United States using

standard U.S. transfer prices and manufacturing and shipping cost variances (as far as those have been

identified) that could be subject to adjustment (e.g., due to changes in manufacturing costs or the price of our

COVID-19 vaccine). Pfizer has also provided estimated profits for COVID-19 vaccine sales outside of the United

States that were preliminary in nature for the last month of a quarter, as Pfizer’s subsidiaries outside of the

United States have a different reporting cycle than ours. These estimated figures have changed, and in the

future such estimated figures are likely to change, as we receive final data from Pfizer for the applicable period in

accordance with the reporting cycle of Pfizer’s ex-U.S. subsidiaries and as actual costs become known. Further,

to the extent that Pfizer does not provide such preliminary information in the future, our provisional sales figures

for territories outside of the United States will be subject to an even greater level of estimate and judgment. Any

changes to the preliminary data we report herein may have an impact on our reported revenues and expenses,

profitability or financial position.

We may be unsuccessful in adapting our COVID-19 vaccine or developing future versions of our

COVID-19 vaccine to protect against variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and even if we are successful, a

market for vaccines against these variants may not develop and our ability to continue to generate

income from sales of our COVID-19 vaccine is uncertain.

The COVID-19 disease itself is unpredictable and each variant comes with varying levels of transmissibility and

severity. Consequently, the burden of the disease may wane or dissipate such that our and other COVID-19

vaccines may be considered less essential from individual and public health perspectives.

Our COVID-19 vaccine was initially developed based upon the genetic sequence of the original SARS-CoV-2

virus that was first detected. The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve, and new strains of the virus or those

that are already in circulation may prove more transmissible or cause more severe forms of COVID-19 disease

than the predominant strains observed to date. Our vaccine may not be as effective in protecting against existing

and future variant strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as it is against the original virus or currently known strains of

the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We and Pfizer intend to continue to observe our COVID-19 vaccine, including variant-

adapted vaccine candidates, in global clinical trials. It is possible that subsequent data from these clinical trials

may not be as favorable as data we submitted to regulatory authorities to support our applications for emergency

use authorization or marketing or conditional marketing approval or that concerns about the safety of our variant-

adapted COVID-19 vaccines will arise from widespread use outside of clinical trials. While we continue to

monitor emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains, undertake investigations into the immunogenicity of our COVID-19

vaccine against new variants as they emerge and develop modified versions of our COVID-19 vaccine against

new variants, these efforts may be unsuccessful, and failure to timely and successfully adapt our vaccine to

variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus could lead to significant reputational harm and adversely affect our financial

results. Furthermore, variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines may not receive approval or emergency use

authorization in all jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business prospects. It is also possible that we

may expend significant resources adapting our COVID-19 vaccine to protect against certain variants of the

SARS-CoV-2 virus, but that a market for adapted vaccines does not develop for one or more variants or that

demand does not align with our projections or cost expenditures. Moreover, even if we are successful in

developing an adapted vaccine and there is a market for the new vaccine, new variants continue to emerge and

any adapted vaccine may not be as effective in protecting against such future variant strains.

If we discover safety issues with our products, including our COVID-19 vaccine, that were not known at

the time of approval, commercialization efforts for our products could be negatively affected, approved

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

products could lose their approval or sales could be suspended, we could be subject to product liability

claims and our business and reputation could be materially harmed.

Our COVID-19 vaccine and any other product candidates for which we receive approval or emergency use

authorization are subject to continuing regulatory oversight, including the review of additional safety information.

Billions of doses of our COVID-19 vaccine have been delivered worldwide, and our COVID-19 vaccine is being

more widely used by patients as an authorized product than it was used in clinical trials. As a result, undesirable

effects and other problems may be observed that were not seen or anticipated, or were not as prevalent or

severe, during clinical trials. We cannot provide assurance that newly discovered or developed safety issues will

not arise, and we have received, and expect to continue to receive, product liability claims relating to our

COVID-19 vaccine. With the use of any vaccine by a wide patient population, serious adverse events may occur

from time to time that did not arise in clinical trials or that initially appeared to be unrelated to the vaccine itself

and only with the collection of subsequent information were found to be causally related to the product. Safety

events that arise outside of a clinical trial setting are difficult to monitor, and given the widespread use of our

COVID-19 vaccine, we have experienced difficulty tracking potential treatment-related adverse events on a

global basis. Any safety issues could cause us to suspend or cease marketing of our approved products,

possibly subject us to substantial liabilities, and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and our financial

condition. The subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with a product could negatively affect

commercial sales of the product, result in restrictions on the product or lead to the withdrawal of the product from

the market. The reporting of adverse safety events involving our products or public speculation about such

events could cause the price of the ADSs representing our ordinary shares to decline or experience periods of

volatility.

Unexpected safety issues, including any that we have not yet observed in our clinical trials for our COVID-19

vaccine or in real world data, could lead to significant reputational damage for us and our product development

platforms going forward and other issues, including delays in our other programs, the need for re-design of our

clinical trials and the need for significant additional financial resources.

Failure to comply with continuing regulatory requirements by us or our collaboration partners could

adversely impact regulatory approvals for our products, result in product recalls or suspensions, and/or

subject us to fines and/or other types of liabilities.

If we or our collaborators fail to comply with applicable continuing regulatory requirements, including good

industry practices, such as good manufacturing practices, or GMP, we or our collaborators may be subject to

fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals for specific drugs, product recalls and seizures,

operating restrictions and/or criminal prosecutions. We and the manufacturers we engage to make our products

and the manufacturing facilities in which our products are made are subject to periodic review and inspection by

the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, and other regulatory authorities. If problems are identified

during a review or inspection, we or our collaborators may be the subject of adverse regulatory action, including

the issuance of untitled or warning letters, which could result in our inability to use the facility to make our

product or a determination that inventories are not safe for commercial sale. Any of these factors could adversely

affect our business prospects and our financial position could be materially harmed.

The successful commercialization of our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which

governmental authorities, private health insurers and other third-party payors provide coverage and

adequate reimbursement levels and implement pricing policies favorable to our product candidates.

Failure to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidates, if

approved, and/or delayed payments from government authorities could limit our ability to market those

products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

The availability and extent of reimbursement by governmental and private payors is essential for most patients to

be able to afford certain treatments, including our COVID-19 vaccine and other product candidates we may

develop and sell. In addition, because our mRNA product candidates represent an entirely new therapeutic

modality, we cannot accurately estimate how future products we may develop and sell would be priced, whether

reimbursement could be obtained, or any potential revenue. Sales of our product candidates will depend

substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates will be

paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit, and similar healthcare management

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organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers

and other third-party payors. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not

be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved

reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize

an adequate return on our investment in any of our products. Additionally, even if pricing terms with

governmental authorities are agreed upon, there may be delayed or denied payments.

There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement for newly approved

products in particular in the United States, including genetic medicines. In the United States, the principal

decisions about reimbursement for new medicines are typically made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid

Services, or CMS, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, as CMS

decides whether and to what extent a new medicine will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare. Private

payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree. It is difficult to predict what CMS will decide with respect to

reimbursement for novel products such as ours. Reimbursement agencies in Europe may be more conservative

than CMS. For example, a number of cancer drugs have been approved for reimbursement in the United States

but have not been approved for reimbursement in certain European countries.

Outside the United States, certain countries, including a number of member states of the European Union, set

prices and reimbursement for pharmaceutical products, with limited participation from the marketing

authorization holders. We cannot be sure that such prices and reimbursement will be acceptable to us or our

collaborators. If the regulatory authorities in these jurisdictions set prices or reimbursement levels that are not

commercially attractive for us or our collaborators, our revenues from sales by us or our collaborators, and the

potential profitability of our drug products, in those countries would be negatively affected. An increasing number

of countries are taking initiatives to attempt to reduce large budget deficits by focusing cost-cutting efforts on

pharmaceuticals for their state-run health care systems. These international price control efforts have impacted

all regions of the world but have been most drastic in the European Union. Additionally, some countries require

approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period

begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval

for a product in a particular country, but then may experience delays in the reimbursement approval of our

product or be subject to price regulations that would delay our commercial launch of the product, possibly for

lengthy time periods, which could negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the

product in that particular country.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the United States and abroad to cap or

reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and level of reimbursement for

new products approved and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product

candidates. The Inflation Reduction Act, or IRA, enacted in August 2022 allows HHS to negotiate the price of

certain drugs and biologics that CMS reimburses under Medicare Part B and Part D. The IRA’s negotiation

program will apply to high-expenditure single-source drugs that have been approved for at least 7 years (11

years for biologics), among other negotiation selection criteria. The negotiated prices, which will become

effective in 2026 for the first round of selected drugs, will be capped at a statutorily-determined ceiling price. The

IRA also penalizes drug manufacturers that increase prices of Medicare Part B and Part D drugs at a rate

greater than the rate of inflation. In addition, the law eliminates the “donut hole” under Medicare Part D beginning

in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost and requiring manufacturers to

subsidize, through a newly established manufacturer discount program, once the out-of-pocket maximum has

been reached. The IRA permits the Secretary of HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance,

as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. Manufacturers that fail to comply with the IRA may be subject to

various penalties, including civil monetary penalties. These IRA provisions have begun to take effect

progressively starting in 2023, although the drug negotiation provisions of the IRA are currently the subject of

legal challenges. The effects of the IRA on our business and the healthcare industry in general are not yet

known. These laws and regulations may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding

and otherwise affect the prices we may obtain for any of our products for which we may obtain regulatory

approval or the frequency with which any such product is prescribed or used. At the state level, legislatures are

increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological

product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product

access, and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage

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importing from other countries and bulk purchasing. Officials appointed by the new presidential administration to

oversee the implementation of the IRA may take a different approach, and the new administration and Congress

could also pursue statutory changes to the program, either of which could negatively affect our revenues.

We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any of our product candidates due to

the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and

additional legislative changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription

drugs, surgical procedures and other treatments, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers

are being erected to the entry of new products in the marketplace.

Government policies, including relating to manufacturing or export controls, and negative public

perception regarding vaccines and mRNA-based therapeutics could severely and adversely impact the

manufacturing and sales of our COVID-19 vaccine and other product candidates we may develop, if

approved.

There is a heightened risk that vaccines could be subject to export controls, adverse emergency actions or

supply requirements by governmental and other authorities. In the past, the European Union and other regions

have imposed, or threatened to impose, export controls that would limit or block the delivery of COVID-19

vaccines manufactured in or outside their territories in instances where manufacturers have been delayed or

have not fully satisfied their delivery obligations to such governments, which could have prohibited us from

delivering our COVID-19 vaccine to other jurisdictions. Vaccines are also at risk of being subject to adverse

emergency actions taken by governmental entities in certain countries, including intellectual property

expropriation, compulsory licenses, strict price controls or other actions, such as the requirement that specific

quantities of vaccine doses be set aside for designated purposes or geographic areas. Furthermore, changes in

governmental policy preferences and regulatory decision-making may have an adverse effect on our ability to

commercialize products or, if approved, product candidates.

Furthermore, public sentiment regarding commercialization of vaccines, the safety and efficacy of our COVID-19

vaccine, other COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, and other public perceptions and misinformation relating to

COVID-19, mRNA technology, and our and other COVID-19 vaccines may limit our ability to generate income

from sales of our COVID-19 vaccine and other product candidates we may develop and sell, including due to

changes in local, national and state government policies in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and cause

reputational damage.

We face significant competition with other makers of COVID-19 vaccines and may be unable to maintain

a competitive market share for our COVID-19 vaccine.

A number of vaccine manufacturers, academic institutions and other organizations currently have programs to

develop COVID-19 vaccine candidates, including vaccines developed by Moderna, Inc. and Novavax, Inc . Our

competitors pursuing vaccine candidates may have greater financial, product candidate development,

manufacturing and marketing resources than we do. Larger pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have

extensive experience in clinical testing and obtaining regulatory approval for their products, and may have the

resources to invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of their vaccine candidates.

Our efforts to continue successful commercialization of our COVID-19 vaccine may fail if competitors develop

and commercialize COVID-19 vaccines that are safer, more effective, produce longer immunity against

COVID-19, require fewer administrations, have fewer or less severe undesirable effects, have broader market

acceptance, are more convenient to administer or distribute or are less expensive than any vaccine candidate

that we have developed or we may develop.

Our COVID-19 vaccine is sensitive to temperature, shipping and storage conditions and could be subject

to risk of loss or damage.

Our COVID-19 vaccine is, and other product candidates we develop could be, sensitive to temperature, storage

and handling conditions. In particular, while we have improved the required shipping and storage conditions of

our COVID-19 vaccine, it must be shipped and stored at cold temperatures. Loss in supply of our COVID-19

vaccine and our product candidates could occur if the product or product intermediates are not stored or handled

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properly. Shelf life for our product candidates may vary by product, and it is possible that supply of our COVID-19

vaccine or our product candidates could be lost due to expiration prior to use. This has in the past led, and could

in the future lead, to additional manufacturing costs and delays in our ability to supply required quantities for

clinical trials or for commercial purposes. Such distribution challenges may make our COVID-19 vaccine a less

attractive product than other COVID-19 vaccines that do not require as cold storage, and our COVID-19 vaccine

may become increasingly less competitive as additional other vaccines become authorized for emergency use. If

we, our partners and customers are unable to adequately manage these issues, we may be exposed to product

liability claims and the market opportunity for our COVID-19 vaccine may be reduced, each of which could

adversely affect our business prospects and materially harm our financial condition.

We are developing other product candidates and services in an environment of rapid technological and

scientific change, and our failure to effectively compete would prevent us from achieving significant

market penetration. Most of our competitors have significantly greater resources than we do and we may

not be able to compete successfully.

The pharmaceutical market is intensely competitive and rapidly changing. Many large pharmaceutical and

biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies, and other public and private research

organizations are pursuing the development of novel drugs for the same diseases that we are targeting or expect

to target. Many of our competitors have:

• greater financial, technical and human resources than we have at every stage of the discovery,

development, manufacture and commercialization of products;

• more extensive experience in preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals

and manufacturing, marketing and selling drug products;

• product candidates that are based on previously tested or accepted technologies;

• products that have been approved or are in late stages of development; and

• collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions.

We will continue to face intense competition from products that have already been approved and accepted by

the medical community for the treatment of the conditions for which we may develop products in the future. We

also expect to face competition from new products that enter the market. There are a number of products

currently under development, which may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of

conditions for which we are trying, or may in the future try, to develop drugs. These drugs may be more effective,

safer, less expensive, or marketed and sold more effectively than any products we develop.

We anticipate competing with the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, many of which are currently

conducting research in the fields of infectious diseases, immuno-oncology, rare genetic diseases and cancer

immunotherapies. Some of these companies have greater financial and human resources than we currently

have. In addition to these large pharmaceutical companies, we may directly compete with fully-integrated

biopharmaceutical companies and other immunotherapy-focused oncology companies, as well as a number of

companies focused on immunotherapies or shared tumor antigen and neoantigen therapeutics, some of which

have entered into collaboration and funding agreements with larger pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies.

If we successfully develop other product candidates, and obtain approval for them, we will face competition

based on many different factors, including:

• the safety and effectiveness of our products relative to alternative therapies, if any;

• the ease with which our products can be administered and the extent to which patients accept relatively

new routes of administration;

• the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these products;

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• the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities;

• the price of any approved immunotherapy;

• reimbursement coverage; and

• intellectual property position.

Following our acquisition of InstaDeep Ltd., or InstaDeep, we also face competition in the rapidly growing and

developing artificial intelligence, or AI, industry. Our competitors may develop or commercialize products and

services with significant advantages over any products we develop based on any of the factors listed above or

on other factors. In addition, our competitors may develop collaborations with or receive funding from larger

pharmaceutical, biotechnology or technology companies, providing them with an advantage over us. Our

competitors therefore may be more successful in commercializing their products and services than we are, which

could adversely affect our competitive position and business. Competitive products and services may make any

products and services we develop obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of

developing and commercializing such products, if approved, and services.

The market opportunities for some of our product candidates may be small due to the rarity of the

disease, or limited to those patients who are ineligible for or have failed prior treatments. As the target

patient populations for some of our programs are small, we may be unable to achieve or maintain

profitability in future periods without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications.

The FDA often approves new cancer therapies initially only for use by patients with relapsed or refractory

advanced cancer. We expect to seek approval initially for some of our product candidates in this context.

Subsequently, for those products that prove to be sufficiently beneficial, we would expect to seek approval in

earlier lines of treatment and potentially as a first-line therapy, but there is no guarantee that our product

candidates, even if approved, would be approved for earlier lines of therapy, and, prior to any such approvals,

we may have to conduct additional clinical trials. We are also developing product candidates for the treatment of

rare diseases.

Our projections of the number of people who have or will have the diseases we may be targeting may prove to

be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases. The

number of trial participants may turn out to be lower than expected. Additionally, the potentially addressable

patient population for our product candidates may be limited or may not be amenable to treatment with our

product candidates. Even if we obtain significant market share for our products, if approved, because the

potential target populations may be small, we may be unable to achieve or maintain profitability in future periods

without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications.

If we are unable to continue to increase our marketing and sales capabilities on our own or through third

parties, we may not be able to market and sell our product candidates effectively in the United States

and other jurisdictions, if approved, or generate sufficient product sales revenue.

We have only relatively recently developed our sales, distribution or marketing capabilities in Germany and

Türkiye, and, other than for our COVID-19 vaccine, we have not historically designed our preclinical studies and

clinical trials with specific commercialization or marketing considerations in mind. In addition, with respect to our

COVID-19 vaccine, we rely heavily on the sales, distribution, and marketing capabilities of our partners, except

in Germany and Türkiye. To successfully commercialize any other products that may result from our

development programs, several of which are undergoing pivotal clinical trials, we will need to continue

developing sales and marketing capabilities in the United States, Europe and other regions, either on our own or

with others. We may enter into collaborations with other entities to utilize their mature marketing and distribution

capabilities, but we may be unable to enter into marketing agreements on favorable terms, if at all. If our current

and future collaborators do not commit sufficient resources to further commercialize our COVID-19 vaccine and

our future products, if any, and we are unable to develop the necessary marketing capabilities on our own, we

may be unable to generate sufficient product sales revenue to sustain our business. We compete with many

companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without continuing to

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grow our internal team or obtaining the support of third parties to perform marketing and sales functions, we may

be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

Our ability to achieve or maintain profitability in future periods depends in part on our and our

collaborators’ ability to penetrate global markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory

burdens and other risks and uncertainties associated with international operations that could materially

adversely affect our business.

Our ability to achieve or maintain profitability in future periods will depend in part on our ability and the ability of

our collaborators to commercialize any products that we or our collaborators may develop in markets throughout

the world. Commercialization of products in various markets could subject us to risks and uncertainties,

including:

• obtaining, on a country-by-country basis, the applicable marketing authorization from the competent

regulatory authority;

• the burden of complying with complex and changing regulatory, tax, accounting, labor and other legal

requirements in each jurisdiction that we or our collaborators pursue;

• reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

• differing medical practices and customs affecting acceptance in the marketplace;

• import or export licensing requirements;

• governmental controls, trade restrictions or changes in tariffs;

• economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability;

• production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing

capabilities abroad;

• longer accounts receivable collection times;

• longer lead times for shipping;

• language barriers;

• foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

• the impact of epidemics, pandemics and other public health developments, such as COVID-19, on

employees and the global economy;

• reimbursement, pricing and insurance regimes; and

• the interpretation of contractual provisions governed by local laws in the event of a contract dispute.

We do not have prior experience in all of these areas, and the experience we do have in some of these areas is

limited. Our collaborators may have limited experience in these areas as well. Failure to successfully navigate

these risks and uncertainties may limit or prevent market penetration for any products that we or our

collaborators may develop, which would limit their commercial potential and our revenues.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, the products may not gain the market

acceptance among physicians, patients, hospitals, treatment centers and others in the medical

community necessary for commercial success.

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Even with the requisite approvals, the commercial success of our products will depend in part on the medical

community, patients, and third-party or governmental payors accepting immunotherapies in general, and our

products in particular, as medically useful, cost-effective and safe.

Any product that we bring to the market may not gain market acceptance by physicians, trial participants, third-

party payors, and others in the medical community. Additionally, ethical and legal concerns and social

preferences about research involving mRNA could result in additional regulations restricting or prohibiting the

products and processes we may use. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may

not generate significant product sales revenue and may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in future

periods. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will

depend on a number of factors, including:

• the potential efficacy and potential advantages over alternative treatments;

• the ability to offer our products, if approved, at competitive prices;

• the prevalence and severity of any undesirable effects, including any limitations or warnings contained in

a product’s approved labeling;

• the prevalence and severity of any undesirable effects resulting from checkpoint inhibitors or other drugs

or therapies with which our products are administered;

• the relative convenience and ease of transportation, storage and administration;

• any restrictions on the use of our products, if approved, together with other medications;

• the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies, such as mRNA vaccines and

therapies, and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;

• the strength of marketing and distribution support and timing of market introduction of competitive

products;

• the extent to which changes in local, national and state government policy preferences in the United

States and other jurisdictions resulting from new elected leadership and evolving public sentiment affect

demand for COVID-19 vaccines or mRNA therapeutics and our ability to successfully commercialize our

product candidates, if approved;

• publicity concerning our products or competing products and treatments; and

• sufficient third-party insurance coverage or reimbursement, and patients’ willingness to pay out-of-pocket

in the absence of third-party coverage or adequate reimbursement.

Even if a potential product displays a favorable efficacy and safety profile in preclinical studies and clinical trials,

market acceptance of the product will not be known until after it is launched. Our efforts to educate the medical

community and third-party payors on the benefits of the products may require significant resources and may

never be successful. Our efforts to educate the marketplace may require more resources than are required by

the conventional technologies marketed by our competitors due to the complexity and uniqueness of our

programs.

In addition, for our products that are approved for marketing, we and/or our collaborator are subject to significant

regulatory obligations regarding the submission of safety and other post-marketing information and reports for

such product, and will need to continue to comply (or ensure that our third-party providers comply) with current

GMP and current good clinical practices, or GCP, for any clinical trials that we or a collaborator conduct post-

approval. In addition, there is always the risk that we or a collaborator or regulatory authority might identify

previously unknown problems with a product post-approval, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or

frequency. Compliance with these requirements is costly, and any such failure to comply or other issues with our

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product candidates identified post-approval could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial

condition and results of operations.

Coverage and reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our product

candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell our product candidates, if approved, profitably.

Successful sales of our product candidates, if approved, depend on the availability of coverage and adequate

reimbursement from third-party payors including governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and

Medicaid in the United States, managed care organizations and commercial payors, among others. Significant

uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any product candidates for which we obtain

regulatory approval. In addition, because certain of our product candidates represent new approaches to the

treatment of cancer, we cannot accurately estimate the potential revenue from our product candidates.

Patients who are provided medical treatment for their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse

all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement from

third-party payors is critical to new product acceptance.

Third-party payors decide which drugs and treatments they will cover and the amount of reimbursement.

Reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the

third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

• a covered benefit under its health plan;

• safe, effective and medically necessary;

• appropriate for the specific patient;

• cost-effective; and

• neither experimental nor investigational.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement of a product from a government or other third-party payor is a time-

consuming and costly process that could require us to provide to the payor supporting scientific, clinical and

cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products. Third-party payors could require us to conduct additional

studies, including post-marketing studies related to the cost effectiveness of a product, to qualify for

reimbursement, which could be costly and divert our resources. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product,

if the resulting reimbursement rates are insufficient, hospitals may not approve our product for use in their facility

or third-party payors may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients are unlikely to use

our product candidates unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant

portion of the cost of our product candidates. Separate reimbursement for the product itself may or may not be

available. Instead, the hospital or administering physician may be reimbursed only for providing the treatment or

procedure in which our product is used. Further, from time to time, CMS revises the reimbursement systems

used to reimburse healthcare providers, including the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule and Outpatient

Prospective Payment System, which may result in reduced Medicare payments. In some cases, private third-

party payors rely on all or portions of Medicare payment systems to determine payment rates. Changes to

government healthcare programs that reduce payments under these programs may negatively impact payments

from private third-party payors, and reduce the willingness of physicians to use our product candidates.

In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party

payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. Further,

one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payors will also provide

coverage for the product. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain

price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development.

We intend to seek approval to market our product candidates in the United States, the European Union and

other selected jurisdictions. If we obtain approval for our product candidates in any particular jurisdiction, we will

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be subject to rules and regulations in that jurisdiction. In some countries, particularly those in Europe, the pricing

of biologics is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental

authorities can take considerable time after obtaining marketing approval of a product candidate. Some of these

countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product

candidate to currently available therapies. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for

medicines, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on health care costs has become

very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products into the

marketplace. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert a commercial

pressure on pricing within a country.

The marketability of any product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale may

suffer if government and other third-party payors fail to provide coverage and adequate reimbursement. We

expect downward pressure on pharmaceutical pricing to continue. Further, coverage policies and third-party

reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained

for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and

reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

The advancement of healthcare reform legislation and changes to the regulatory environment in the

United States, the European Union and elsewhere may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain

marketing approval of and commercialize any product candidates we or our collaborators develop and

may adversely affect the prices for such product candidates.

In the United States, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare

costs. For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health

Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or the ACA, was passed, which substantially changed the way

health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacted the U.S.

pharmaceutical industry. The ACA, among other things, increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by

manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and extended the rebate program to individuals

enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, established annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of

certain branded prescription drugs, and promoted a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program.

Considerable uncertainty remains regarding the implementation and impact of the ACA.

In August 2022, the IRA was enacted, which sets forth meaningful changes to drug product reimbursement by

Medicare. The IRA is anticipated to have significant effects on the pharmaceutical industry and may reduce the

prices we can charge and reimbursement we can receive for our products in the United States, among other

effects. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare resulting from the IRA or other legislative or policy

changes or from other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers.

On August 16, 2024, the CMS announced the results of a first round of discounted prices effectively set by CMS

under the IRA, applicable to ten products of other manufacturers; those discounted prices, set to take effect for

calendar year 2026, were as high as 79% from 2023 list prices. Additional products will be discounted in future

years. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or the effect of forthcoming

guidance implementing the IRA, or what the impact of such changes on our products and product candidates

may be. Officials appointed by the new presidential administration to oversee the implementation of the IRA or

other statutes may take a different approach, and the new administration and Congress could also pursue

statutory changes to this or other programs, either of which could negatively affect our revenues.

The delivery of healthcare in the European Union, including the establishment and operation of health services

and the pricing and reimbursement of medicines, is almost exclusively a matter for national, rather than

European Union, law and policy. National governments and health service providers have different priorities and

approaches to the delivery of healthcare and the pricing and reimbursement of products in that context. In

general, however, the healthcare budgetary constraints in most EU member states have resulted in restrictions

on the pricing and reimbursement of medicines by relevant health service providers. Coupled with ever-

increasing European Union and national regulatory burdens on those wishing to develop and market products,

this could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval

activities, and affect our ability to commercialize any products for which we obtain marketing approval.

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We expect that additional healthcare reform measures or proposals will be adopted in the future, any of which

could limit the amounts that governments will pay for healthcare products and services, including public health

measures, which could result in reduced demand for our products and product candidates or additional pricing

pressures. In the event that the pricing structures for healthcare products, such as the product candidates we are

developing, change materially and limit payments for such product candidates, our business will be adversely

impacted as our products may no longer be commercially viable based on their expected net present value; we

may have invested significant resources in product candidates that cannot be commercially developed; or we

may determine that assets that have reached an early phase of development cannot or will not be taken into

further development, notwithstanding their clinical viability. In addition, development assets or clinical programs

that are part of our collaborations may no longer be deemed commercially viable to pursue based on our

collaborators’ assessments of the impact of any proposed, announced, or legislated pricing reforms.

We cannot predict what healthcare reform initiatives may be adopted in the future. Further legislative and

regulatory developments are likely, and we expect ongoing initiatives to increase pressure on drug pricing. Such

reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenues from our approved products and from product

candidates that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain regulatory approval, and may affect

our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates.

Drug marketing and reimbursement regulations in the European Union and elsewhere may materially

affect our ability to market and receive coverage for our products in the member states of the European

Union and elsewhere.

Our COVID-19 vaccine is currently approved in the United States, the European Union, and other jurisdictions,

and we intend to seek approval to market other product candidates in the United States, the European Union

and other selected jurisdictions. If we obtain approval for our products or product candidates in a particular

jurisdiction, we will be subject to rules and regulations in that jurisdiction. In some countries, particularly those in

the European Union, the pricing of biologics is subject to governmental control and other market regulations that

could put pressure on the pricing and usage of our products or product candidates. In these countries, pricing

negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after obtaining marketing approval of a

product candidate. In addition, market acceptance and sales of our product candidates will depend significantly

on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors for our product candidates

and may be affected by existing and future healthcare reform measures.

In addition, in most countries outside the United States, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before

it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing and reimbursement vary widely from

country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range

of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the

prices of medicinal products for human use. Reference pricing used by various member states and parallel

distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. A

member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct

or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. In some

countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of

any of our product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing

approval. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for

pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products.

Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the United States and,

generally, prices tend to be significantly lower in the European Union. Publication of discounts by third-party

payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of

publication and other countries. If pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels or if reimbursement of our products is

unavailable or limited in scope or amount, our revenues from sales by us or our collaborators and the potential

profitability of any of our product candidates in those countries would be negatively affected.

Risks Related to our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

Long-term sustainable profitability is difficult to achieve and maintain over time and is highly dependent

on various factors.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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Our ability to continue to generate revenues and achieve and maintain long-term sustainable profitability

depends on our ability, alone or with collaborators, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the

regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize, our product candidates. We continue to generate revenues

from sales of our COVID-19 vaccine and additional limited revenues from other transactions. While we expect to

maintain revenue from ongoing COVID-19 vaccine sales, future demand for COVID-19 vaccination is subject to

uncertainty. Although we anticipate COVID-19 vaccination rates to remain relatively stable in the near term,

variations driven by factors such as new virus variants, regional policy changes, and public health measures may

impact long-term demand. Consequently, our revenue projections are influenced by this inherent unpredictability.

The amount of long-term revenue from such sales, including the sales of our COVID-19 vaccine, is uncertain at

this time. Our ability to generate future revenues from pharmaceutical product sales and sales of our other

products and services depends heavily on our success in:

• completing research and preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates;

• seeking and obtaining U.S. and non-U.S. marketing approvals for product candidates for which we

complete clinical trials;

• seeking and obtaining market access and favorable pricing terms in the United States, the European

Union, and other key geographies;

• furthering the development of our own manufacturing capabilities and manufacturing relationships with

third parties in order to provide adequate (in amount and quality) products and services to support

clinical development and the market demand for our approved products and product candidates, if

approved;

• obtaining market acceptance of our approved products and product candidates as a treatment option;

• launching and commercializing products for which we obtain marketing approval and reimbursement,

either through collaborations or, if launched independently, by establishing a sales force, marketing and

distribution infrastructure;

• addressing any competing technological and market developments, in particular, declining demand for

any of our approved products;

• implementing additional internal systems and infrastructure;

• negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may

enter;

• managing our expenses;

• maintaining, defending, protecting, enforcing and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights,

including patents, trade secrets and know-how; and

• attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.

Additionally, we have incurred significant costs associated with the commercialization of our COVID-19 vaccine.

Our expenses could increase beyond our expectations if we are required by the FDA, the European Medicines

Agency, or EMA, or other regulatory agencies to perform clinical and other trials or make changes to our

manufacturing or quality systems in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Accordingly, such costs could

adversely affect our future ability to achieve and maintain profitability.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to

predict. If our operating results fall below expectations, the price of the ADSs representing our ordinary

shares could decline.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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Our financial condition and operating results have varied in the past and will continue to fluctuate from one

financial period to the next due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Factors relating to our business that may contribute to these fluctuations include the following, as well as other

factors described elsewhere in this report:

• the size and timing of orders for our COVID-19 vaccine;

• delays or failures in advancement of existing or future product candidates into the clinic or in clinical

trials;

• the occurrence of adverse events during our clinical trials or post marketing authorization;

• our ability to develop and manufacture our product candidates and commercialize and manufacture our

COVID-19 vaccine and, if approved, our product candidates, at commercial scale, including risks

associated with quality compliance, such as product design, manufacturing processes, supply chain

management, and compliance with regulatory requirements;

• our ability to manage our growth and spending;

• our ability to execute our corporate objectives;

• strategic decisions related to portfolio prioritization, which may result in certain potential one-time effects

and charges and other material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations;

• the outcomes of research programs, clinical trials, or other product development or approval processes

conducted by us and our collaborators;

• the ability of our collaborators to develop and successfully commercialize products developed from our

suite of therapeutic classes;

• our relationships, and any associated exclusivity terms, with collaborators;

• our contractual or other obligations to provide resources to fund our product candidates, and to provide

resources to our collaborators or to the collaborations themselves, including take-or-pay or similar

obligations;

• the extent to which we repurchase outstanding ADSs under any share repurchase plans we may enter

into in the future;

• risks associated with the international aspects of our business, including the conduct of clinical trials in

multiple l ocations, and the risks associated with potential international commercialization, including

regulatory approval, market competition, public sentiment and consumer demand, supply chain

disruptions, and changes to the law and regulatory policy in different jurisdictions, such as the United

States;

• our ability to minimize and manage product recalls or inventory losses caused by unforeseen events,

cold chain interruption, testing difficulties or decreased demand, and our ability to write down certain

inventory;

• our ability to report our financial results accurately and in a timely manner;

• our dependence on, and the need to attract and retain, key management and other personnel;

• our ability to obtain, protect, maintain, defend and enforce our intellectual property rights;

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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• our ability to prevent the theft or infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual

property, trade secrets, know-how or technologies;

• our and our collaborators’ ability to defend against claims of infringement of the intellectual property

rights of third parties;

• potential advantages that our competitors and potential competitors may have in securing funding,

obtaining the rights to critical intellectual property or developing competing technologies or products;

• our ability to obtain additional capital that may be necessary to expand our business;

• our collaborators’ ability to obtain and devote additional capital that may be necessary to develop and

commercialize products under our collaboration agreements, including our COVID-19 vaccine;

• our ability to minimize and manage product liability claims arising from the use of our COVID-19 vaccine

and our product candidates and other future products, if approved;

• business interruptions such as power outages, strikes, acts of terrorism or natural disasters;

• our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income;

• risks of counterparty defaults within our asset management portfolio; and

• increased or unpredictable pricing for the commodities we rely on, including as a result of inflation.

Each of the factors listed above may be affected by the changing impact of COVID-19 on the global community

and the global economy.

Due to the various factors mentioned above, and others, the results of any of our periods should not be relied

upon as indications of our future operating performance. Our operating results may fluctuate significantly from

one reporting period to the next, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be

a good indication of our future performance.

In any particular period, our operating results could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors,

which could cause the price of the ADSs to decline. While as a general matter we intend to periodically report on

the status of our product candidate pipeline, including articulating anticipated next steps in the form of

development plans or potential data readouts, we may not always be able to provide forward-looking guidance

on the timing of those next steps. In addition, we do not control the timing of disclosures of any milestones

related to any of our programs that are managed by our collaborators. Any disclosure by a collaborator of data

that are perceived as negative, whether or not such data are related to other data that we or others release, may

have a material adverse impact on the price of the ADSs or our overall valuation. The price of the ADSs may

decline as a result of unexpected clinical trial results in one or more of our programs, including adverse safety

events reported for any of our programs.

We have incurred significant losses in the past and we may incur significant losses in the future.

Prior to the first full year of commercialization of our COVID-19 vaccine, and for the year ended December 31,

2024 , we incurred significant losses due to our significant research and development expenses and our

investment in our manufacturing capabilities, and funded our operations primarily from private placements or

issuances of ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) in connection with our public offerings, generation of

proceeds under our collaboration agreements, secured bank loans and issuance of a convertible note.

We have experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, increasing reductions in demand for COVID-19

vaccination generally, including for our vaccine. We expect that future revenues from sales of our COVID-19

vaccine will decrease as demand for vaccination wanes. We plan to continue to invest heavily in research and

development as we make a strong drive to build out our global development organization and diversify our

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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therapeutic area footprint. Additionally, we plan to enhance capabilities through complementary acquisitions,

technologies, infrastructure and manufacturing. Even for those products for which we have obtained or may

obtain regulatory approval or emergency use authorization, our future revenues will depend upon the size of any

markets in which such products have received approval or authorization to market, our ability to achieve

sufficient market acceptance, reimbursement from third-party payors, and adequate market share in those

markets.

If achieved, profitability is difficult to maintain over time and is highly dependent on various factors. Our future

financial results will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures, the extent to which we experience

long-term success of our commercial products and our ability to obtain funding through revenue from commercial

sales, equity or debt financings, sales of assets, collaborations or grants.

As part of our capital allocation strategy, we expect to continue to incur significant and increasing operating

expenses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we and

our collaborators:

• continue, expand, or modify the research or development of our programs in preclinical development;

• continue, expand, or modify the scope of our clinical trials for our product candidates;

• initiate additional preclinical, clinical, or other trials for our product candidates, including under our

collaboration agreements;

• execute on our strategic decisions related to portfolio prioritization, which may result in certain potential

one-time effects and charges and other material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of

operations;

• continue to invest in our immunotherapy platforms to conduct research to identify novel technologies;

• change our manufacturing capacity or capability;

• change or add additional suppliers;

• make changes to our infrastructure in connection with our quality control, quality assurance, legal,

compliance and other groups to support our operations as a public company and our product

development and commercialization efforts, including changes to our sites globally;

• attract and retain skilled personnel;

• seek marketing approvals and reimbursement for our product candidates;

• develop our sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure for our COVID-19 vaccine and any other

products for which we may obtain marketing approval or emergency use authorization;

• seek to identify and validate additional product candidates;

• acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies;

• acquire other companies;

• make milestone or other payments under any in-license agreements;

• maintain, protect, defend, enforce and expand our intellectual property portfolio; and

• experience any delays or encounter issues with any of the above.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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The amount of, and our ability to use, net operating losses and research and development credits to

offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations and uncertainty. In addition, pending

and future tax audits within our Group, disputes with tax authorities and changes in tax law or fiscal

regulations could lead to additional tax liabilities. We are subject to routine tax audits by the respective

local tax authorities. Any additional tax liability could have an adverse effect on our business, financial

conditions, results of operations or prospects.

In Germany, we have unused German tax loss carryforwards for corporate taxes for German group entities with

pre tax group losses, though we generally have not recognized deferred tax assets related to such loss

carryforwards for International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, reporting purposes as of December 31,

2024 . Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses only to the extent that it is probable that taxable

profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. In general, net operating loss, or NOL,

carryforwards in Germany do not expire. Furthermore, under current German tax laws, certain substantial

changes in the Company’s ownership and business may further limit the amount of NOL carryforwards that can

be used annually to offset future taxable income.

For the German tax group, we incurred tax losses up to and including December 31, 2020 . Even though we

recognized deferred tax assets on a majority of German tax loss carry forwards in 2020 which were fully utilized

in 2021, they are, however, subject to review and possible adjustment by the German tax authorities. In addition,

the incurred tax losses up to and including December 31, 2024 also remain subject to review.

In addition, we have U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards due to our subsidiaries in the United States,

which may be subject to limitations on use after an ownership change.

We may not be able to utilize a material portion of our historic or current NOLs or credits in either Germany

(resulting from our German tax group or non-tax group entities in Germany) or the United States until these have

been finally assessed by the tax authorities or when the limitation period has passed. In addition, the rules

regarding the timing of revenue and expense recognition for tax purposes in connection with various transactions

are complex and uncertain in many respects, and, if challenged, our recognition may be subject to a revised

assessment. In the event any such challenge is sustained, our NOLs could be materially reduced or we could be

determined to be a material cash taxpayer for one or more years, which could have an adverse effect on our

business, financial conditions, results of operations or prospects.

Furthermore, our ability to use our NOLs or credits is conditioned upon our attaining profitability and generating

taxable income. Taxable income exceeding NOLs will be subject to taxation resulting tax liabilities. As described

above, we incurred significant net losses in every year since our inception other than 2018, 2021, 2022 and 2023

and anticipate that in the future, we may incur losses for the majority of the group entities. Our ability to utilize

our NOL or credit carryforwards in the United States and for some other group entities is uncertain, however we

do recognize deferred tax assets on NOLs and tax credit carryforwards in the United States, as the requirements

of IAS 12 are fulfilled.

Under German tax laws, we are obligated to withhold a percentage of wage tax and social security

contributions on personnel expenses if contract services providers are considered to be our internal

employees and remit those withholdings to German tax authorities and social security institutions. Late

payments may subject us to penalties and fees.

Under German tax and social security laws, we are obligated to withhold a percentage of payments we make to

third parties in consideration of the services provided, in case these are considered employment payments, and

remit those withholdings to German tax authorities and social security institutions. After a significant volume of

service providers were engaged to assist with research, development, manufacturing and supply of our

COVID-19 vaccine, we discovered after internal review that we and certain of our subsidiaries did not withhold,

report and remit certain German wage taxes and social security contributions in connection with certain contract

service providers engaged in a manner comparable to internal employees, which we notified tax authorities

about. If we do not properly and timely make required payments in the future, we could be subjected to fees,

administrative offenses or other proceedings or penalties.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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It is not possible to seek the refund of these wage taxes or social security contributions from either the German

tax authorities or social security institutions after filing returns. In Germany, employers are considered

secondarily liable for wage taxes.

In addition, value added taxes, or VAT, on invoices received by contract services providers who are considered

internal employees are considered non-deductible and must be repaid to the German tax authorities. It is

possible to reclaim the VAT repaid to the German tax authorities from the service provider. There is a possibility

that the relevant input VAT claims against the contract service providers may, in some instances, not be

enforceable as a result of a contract service provider no longer existing, the lapse of time or any other facts

preventing the enforcement of such claims.

We may require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this capital

on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product

development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations.

Our operating plans may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek

additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other

third-party funding, sales of assets, marketing and distribution arrangements, other collaborations and licensing

arrangements, or a combination of these approaches. We may require additional capital to obtain regulatory

approval for, and to commercialize, future product candidates. Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our

current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have

specific strategic considerations. Our spending will vary based on new and ongoing development and corporate

activities. Due to the high uncertainty of the length of time and activities associated with discovery and

development of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for

development, marketing and commercialization activities.

Our future funding requirements, both near and long term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited

to:

• the initiation, progress, timing, costs, and results of preclinical or nonclinical studies and clinical trials for

our product candidates;

• the amount and timing of revenues and associated costs from sales of our COVID-19 vaccine;

• the results of research and our other platform activities;

• the clinical development plans we establish for our product candidates;

• the terms of any agreements with our current or future collaborators, and the achievement of any

milestone payments under such agreements to be paid to us or our collaborators;

• the terms of any other strategic transactions, including relating to any acquisitions, into which we enter;

• the number and characteristics of product candidates that we develop or may in-license;

• the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the FDA, the EMA and

other comparable regulatory authorities;

• the cost of filing, prosecuting, obtaining, maintaining, protecting, defending and enforcing our patent

claims and other intellectual property rights, including actions for patent and other intellectual property

infringement, misappropriation and other violations brought by third parties against us regarding our

products or product candidates or actions by us challenging the patent or intellectual property rights of

others;

• the effect of competing technological and market developments, including other products that may

compete with one or more of our product candidates;

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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• the cost and timing of completion and further expansion of clinical and commercial scale manufacturing

activities sufficient to support all of our current and future programs, including the development of

modular production and clinical facilities in various markets via our BioNTainer network; and

• the cost of establishing sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for

which we may receive marketing approval and reimbursement in regions where we choose to

commercialize our products on our own.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities, revenue from

collaborations, and revenue from sales of our COVID-19 vaccine. While we are currently generating product

sales and royalty revenue to finance our operations, we cannot be certain that we will continue to generate

sufficient revenue from product sales and royalties to finance our operations. If we were to seek financing from

outside sources, that additional funding may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. Should our revenues

from product sales sufficiently decrease in the future, we expect to finance our future cash needs through a

combination of product sales, public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing

arrangements, and other marketing or distribution arrangements. Any fundraising efforts may divert our

management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and

commercialize our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in

sufficient amounts, at the right time, on favorable terms, or at all, including as a result of the impact that the shift

of COVID-19 towards an endemic phase and other global events, such as political upheavals and economic

downturns, may have on the capital markets.

Negative clinical trial data or setbacks, or perceived setbacks, in our programs or with respect to our technology

could impair our ability to raise additional financing on favorable terms, or at all. Moreover, the terms of any

financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our shareholders, and the issuance of additional

securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of the

ADSs representing our ordinary shares to decline. If we raise additional funds through public or private equity

offerings, the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that may adversely affect our

shareholders’ rights.

Further, to the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of ADSs, ordinary shares or securities

convertible or exchangeable into ordinary shares or ADSs, share ownership interests will be diluted. If we raise

additional capital through debt financing, we would be subject to fixed payment obligations and may be subject

to security interests in our assets and covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as

incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional capital

through marketing and distribution arrangements, sales of assets, collaborations, or licensing arrangements with

third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product candidates, technologies, future

revenue streams or research programs. We also could be required to seek collaborators for one or more of our

current or future product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or relinquish our rights

to product candidates or intellectual property that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize

ourselves. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts, at the right time, on favorable terms,

or at all, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of

one or more of our products or product candidates, or one or more of our other research and development

initiatives. Any of the above events could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition and

results of operations, cause the price of the ADSs to decline, and negatively impact our ability to fund operations.

We may encounter difficulties in developing and expanding our company and managing such

development and expansion, which could disrupt our operations.

To manage our anticipated development and expansion, we must continue to implement and improve our

managerial, operational, legal, compliance and financial systems, expand our facilities, and continue to recruit

and train additional qualified personnel. This includes our acquisition in January 2025 of Biotheus, Inc., or

Biotheus, a clinical-stage biotechnology company, as part of our oncology strategy, and our strategic initiatives

more generally. In addition, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away

from its day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these development activities.

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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As an evolving biotechnology company, we are actively pursuing drug classes, platforms and product candidates

in many therapeutic areas and across a wide range of diseases. Successfully developing products for, and fully

understanding the regulatory and manufacturing pathways to, all of these therapeutic areas and disease states

requires a significant depth of talent, resources and corporate processes in order to allow simultaneous

execution across multiple areas. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage this

simultaneous execution and the expansion of certain operations or recruit and train additional qualified

personnel. This may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure and/or give rise to operational mistakes, legal or

regulatory compliance failures, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity

among remaining employees. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may

divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our product candidates. If our

management is unable to effectively manage our expected development, our expenses may increase more than

expected, our ability to generate or increase our revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to effectively

implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to compete effectively and

commercialize our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on our ability

to effectively manage the current and future development of our company.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required

to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives. We are subject to financial reporting and other

requirements for which our accounting and other management systems and resources may not be

adequately prepared. We may fail to comply with the rules that apply to public companies, including

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which could result in sanctions or other penalties that

would harm the business.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. The U.S. federal securities laws,

including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and rules subsequently implemented by

the SEC and the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, have imposed various requirements on public

companies, including requirements to file annual and event-driven reports with respect to our business and

financial condition, and to establish and maintain effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate

governance practices. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to

these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations result in substantial legal and financial

compliance costs and have made some activities time-consuming and costly. We may not be able to produce

reliable financial statements or file these financial statements as part of a periodic report in a timely manner with

the SEC or comply with Nasdaq listing requirements. In addition, we could make errors in our financial

statements that could require us to restate our financial statements.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, we are required to furnish a report by our

management on our internal control over financial reporting, including the attestation report on internal control

over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To maintain compliance with

Section 404, we document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and

challenging. In this regard, we have needed to continue to dedicate internal resources, have engaged outside

consultants, and have adopted a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control

over financial reporting. We will continue to implement steps to improve control processes as appropriate,

validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented, and implement a continuous reporting and

improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that in the

future neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the

prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. This

could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our

financial statements.

Shareholder activism, the current political environment, and the current high level of government intervention

and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to

additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot

currently anticipate. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these

compliance initiatives.

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If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and fail to remediate

such material weaknesses, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or to prevent

fraud.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over financial reporting,

disclosure controls, and compliance with the other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules

promulgated by the SEC thereunder. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide

reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in

accordance with international financial reporting standards. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a

combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility

that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or

detected by the company’s internal controls on a timely basis .

If we fail to comply with the relevant rules and regulations or otherwise fail to prepare our financial statements in

accordance with international financial reporting standards, a material weakness may arise. If we are unable to

successfully remediate any material weaknesses, our financial statements could contain material misstatements

discovered in the future that could cause us to fail to meet our future reporting obligations and cause the price of

the ADSs to decline.

We have various international trade obligations, including customs value calculation, customs tariff

number classification and other related securities requirements. Late payments to customs authorities

may subject us to penalties and fees.

Our supply chain, production and distribution network across the globe creates an increasing level of complexity

in customs and foreign trade processes. The requirements for internal control systems are increasing and must

be developed simultaneously. The risk management system for customs and foreign trade, which we are

continuously improving, determines which stakeholders, goods, and means of transport should be examined and

to what extent. These risks include the potential for non-compliance with customs value calculation, customs

tariff number classification, trade restrictions, security regulations as well as the potential failure to facilitate

international trade. We have in the past discovered that certain of our and our subsidiaries’ customs value

calculations were not applied correctly, following which we notified the customs authorities of potential late

payments.

We are, and will likely continue to be, subject to various audits that arise from time to time, including customs

and potential future foreign trade audits. If we do not properly address our international trade and customs

requirements, we could be subjected to penalties and fees.

As a “foreign private issuer,” we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws, as

well as Nasdaq rules, and we are permitted to file less information with the SEC than U.S. companies.

This may limit the information available to holders of the ADSs and may make our ordinary shares and

the ADSs less attractive to investors.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC, and, consequently, we are

not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to companies organized within the United States. For

example, we are exempt from certain rules under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the

Exchange Act, that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of

proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act. In addition, our

officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of

the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, we are

not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S.

public companies. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning our company than

there is for U.S. public companies.

As a foreign private issuer, we file an Annual Report on Form 20-F within four months of the close of each

financial year ending December 31 and reports on Form 6-K relating to certain material events promptly after we

publicly announce these events. Additionally, we rely on a provision in Nasdaq’s Listed Company Manual that

allows us to follow German company law and European law applicable to European stock corporations in

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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general, the German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz), the Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 of

October 8, 2001 on the Statute for a European company (SE), or the SE Regulation, and the German Act on the

Implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 of October 8, 2001 on the Statute for a European

company (SE) (Gesetz zur Ausführung der Verordnung (EG) NR. 2157/2001 des Rates vom 8. Oktober 2001

über das Statut der Europäischen Gesellschaft (SE)) (SE-Ausführungsgesetz-SEAG), in particular with regard to

certain aspects of corporate governance. This allows us to follow certain corporate governance practices that

differ in significant respects from the corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. companies listed on

Nasdaq.

For example, we are exempt from regulations of Nasdaq that require a listed U.S. company to:

• have a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors;

• require non-management directors to meet on a regular basis without management present;

• adopt a code of conduct and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers

that should address certain specified items;

• have an independent compensation committee;

• have an independent nominating committee;

• solicit proxies and provide proxy statements for all shareholder meetings;

• review related party transactions; and

• seek shareholder approval for the implementation of certain equity compensation plans and issuances of

ordinary shares.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements.

We therefore continue to follow German corporate governance practices in lieu of the corporate governance

requirements of Nasdaq in certain respects. In particular, we follow German corporate governance practices in

connection with the distribution of annual and interim reports to shareholders, the application of our code of

conduct to our employees and the Supervisory Board, executive remuneration disclosure, proxy solicitation in

connection with shareholders’ meetings, and obtaining shareholder approval in connection with the

establishment of, or material amendment to, certain equity-based compensation plans.

Our audit committee is required to comply with the provisions of Section 301 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Rule

10A-3 of the Exchange Act, both of which are also applicable to U.S. companies listed on Nasdaq. As we are a

foreign private issuer, however, our audit committee is not subject to additional requirements of Nasdaq

applicable to listed U.S. companies, including an affirmative determination that all members of the audit

committee are “independent,” using more stringent criteria than those applicable to us as a foreign private issuer.

Due to the above exemptions for foreign private issuers, our shareholders will not be afforded the same

protections or information generally available to investors holding shares in public companies organized in the

United States, some investors may find the ADSs less attractive as a result, and there may be a less active

trading market for the ADSs.

We face risks related to catastrophic global events including natural disasters, political crises, or public

health epidemics and pandemics and other public health developments, that could adversely affect our

operations.

Our business could be adversely impacted by the effects of catastrophic global events, including natural

disasters such as an earthquake, fire, hurricane, tornado, flood or significant power outage; public health crises

such as the COVID-19 pandemic; political crises, such as terrorist attacks, war and other political instability,

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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including the ongoing geopolitical conflicts in eastern Africa, the Middle East and Ukraine, and resulting

sanctions imposed and retaliatory actions taken in response to such sanctions; or other catastrophic events.

F or example, prolonged or expanded conflicts, and political responses to global actions, could destabilize oil and

gas supply and demand patterns, increase energy volatility and have severe adverse effects on regional and

global supply chains and economies and our business. Our commercial production of our COVID-19 vaccine is

currently run on natural gas, although we believe our production could be powered by alternative fuel sources if

needed. We also continue to evaluate the impacts that energy shortages may have on our partners, suppliers

and service providers. Were any of these parties to experience significant impacts from this or any other energy

shortage, our business could be materially harmed. We cannot predict with certainty the impact that volatility in

energy prices could have on our or their operations, including on the manufacturing of our COVID-19 vaccine

and the manufacturing and testing of our product candidates.

Although we have generated revenues from sales of our COVID-19 vaccine, there remains uncertainty regarding

other potential effects of COVID-19 on our business. For example, if a new variant of COVID-19 emerges for

which existing vaccines, including our COVID-19 vaccine, are ineffective, infections may become even more

widespread, negatively impact our ability to enroll patients in clinical studies and complete clinical trials on the

timelines we currently anticipate, or result in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our products

and services or our ability to raise capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating

results and financial condition. Our suppliers, licensors or collaborators could also be disrupted by conditions

related to COVID-19 or other pandemics and epidemics, possibly resulting in disruption to our supply chain,

clinical trials, partnerships or operations.

Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us only from some business risks, which leaves us

exposed to significant uninsured liabilities.

We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter and insurance coverage is

becoming increasingly expensive. We do not know if we will be able to maintain existing insurance with

adequate levels of coverage, and any liability insurance coverage we acquire in the future may not be sufficient

to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. We currently maintain insurance coverage for losses

relating to property damage, business interruption, transportation, product liability, cyber matters, clinical trials,

and several other areas of coverage. For example, attracting and retaining qualified individuals to serve on our

Supervisory Board and our Management Board requires that we obtain and maintain adequate director and

officer liability insurance, which has increased in cost as our operations have evolved. We are dedicating

resources to exploring additional avenues for more adequate coverage as our business evolves. However, the

coverage or coverage limits of our insurance policies may not be adequate. If our losses exceed our insurance

coverage, our financial condition would be adversely affected. In the event of contamination or injury, we could

be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources. Clinical trials or

regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates could be suspended, which could adversely affect our

results of operations and business, including by preventing or limiting the development and commercialization of

any product candidates that we or our collaborators may develop.

Additionally, operating as a public company has made it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer

liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on

our Supervisory Board, our Management Board, or our board committees.

Adverse developments affecting financial institutions, companies in the financial services industry or

the financial services industry generally, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults

or non-performance, could adversely affect our operations and liquidity.

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect

financial institutions or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry

generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds, have in the past and may in the future lead to

market-wide liquidity problems.

There is no guarantee that the U.S. Department of Treasury, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and

Federal Reserve Board will provide access to uninsured funds in a timely fashion, or at all, in the event of the

closure of banks or financial institutions.

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While we maintain our cash and cash equivalents in multiple financial institutions worldwide, our access to our

cash and cash equivalents in amounts adequate to finance our operations could be significantly impaired by the

financial institutions with which we have arrangements directly facing liquidity constraints or failures. In addition,

investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial

financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or

systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire

financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any material decline in available funding or our ability to access our cash

and cash equivalents could adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, result in breaches of

our contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws, any of which could have

material adverse impacts on our operations and liquidity.

Risks Related to our Business

Our business is dependent on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization

of product candidates based on our technology platforms. If we and our collaborators are unable to

obtain approval for and effectively commercialize our product candidates for the treatment of patients in

their intended indications, our business would be significantly harmed.

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, the marketing approval process is

expensive, time-consuming and uncertain, and we may not be able to obtain approvals for the commercialization

of product candidates we may develop. Any product candidates we may develop and the activities associated

with their development and commercialization, including design, testing, manufacture, recordkeeping, labeling,

storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the

FDA and by comparable global health authorities. To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals required to

commercialize any of our product candidates, we and our collaborators must demonstrate through extensive

preclinical studies and clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for their intended use in

the relevant target population. Successful completion of clinical trials is a prerequisite to submitting a biologics

license application, or BLA, or a new drug application, or NDA, to the FDA, a Marketing Authorization

Application, or MAA, to the EMA, and similar marketing applications to comparable global regulatory authorities,

for each product candidate and, consequently, the ultimate approval and commercial marketing of any product

candidates.

Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product

candidate in a given jurisdiction. Although our COVID-19 vaccine has received emergency use authorization

and/or regulatory approvals in certain countries, it is possible that none of our other product candidates, or any

product candidates we may seek to develop in the future, will ever obtain regulatory approval. We have limited

experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals and may need to rely

on third-party contract research organizations, or CROs, regulatory consultants or collaborators to assist us in

this process. We expect to submit initial BLAs/MAAs for our mRNA-based product candidates in the United

States, the European Union and in other countries globally. In some of these jurisdictions, mRNA-based

medicinal products may be classified in different ways and may be subject to specific requirements. Securing

regulatory approval requires the submission of extensive quality, preclinical and clinical data and supporting

information to the various regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product

candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing regulatory approval also requires the submission of information about

the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the relevant regulatory

authority. Benefit and risk are regularly assessed, and any product candidates we develop may not be effective,

may be only moderately effective, or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other

characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals in the United States, the European Union and elsewhere is

expensive, may take many years if additional clinical trials are required, if approval is obtained at all, and can

vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product

candidates involved. Changes in marketing approval policies and standards of care during the development

period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for

each submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA,

EMA and comparable regulatory authorities in other countries have substantial discretion in the approval process

and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that the data are insufficient for approval and require

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additional preclinical, clinical or other trials. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from

preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Any

marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments

that render the approved product not commercially viable. Additional delays or non-approval may result if an FDA

panel of experts, referred to as an Advisory Committee, or other regulatory authority recommends non-approval

or restrictions on approval. In addition, we may experience delays or rejections based upon additional

government regulation from future legislation or administrative action, or changes in regulatory agency policy

during the period of product development, clinical trials, and the review process. Officials appointed by the new

U.S. presidential administration to oversee the agencies involved with approval of drugs and biologics may seek

to change regulatory requirements for approval or the approach to reviewing applications. Together with changes

of regulatory policy priorities and allocated resources, this could cause further delays, expense or non-approvals.

Regulatory agencies also may approve a product candidate for fewer or more limited indications or patient

populations than requested or may grant approval subject to the conduct of post-marketing studies. In addition,

regulatory agencies may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful

commercialization of our product candidates.

The FDA, EMA and other regulatory agencies review the Quality or Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls, or

CMC, section of regulatory filings. Any aspects found unsatisfactory by regulatory agencies may result in delays

in clinical trials and commercialization. In addition, the regulatory agencies typically conduct pre-approval

inspections at the time of a BLA, MAA or comparable filing. Any findings by regulatory agencies and failure to

comply with requirements may lead to delay in approval and failure to commercialize the potential mRNA product

candidate.

If we experience delays in obtaining, or if we fail to obtain, approval of any product candidates we may develop,

the commercial prospects for those product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate revenues will

be materially impaired. Additionally, even if we are successful in obtaining marketing approval for product

candidates, because our preclinical studies and clinical trials have not been designed with specific

commercialization considerations, the commercial prospects for those product candidates could be harmed, and

our ability to generate revenues could be materially impaired.

mRNA drug development carries substantial clinical development and regulatory risks due to limited

regulatory experience with mRNA immunotherapies.

To our knowledge, other than our and Moderna, Inc.’s COVID-19 vaccines, no mRNA immunotherapies have

been approved or received emergency use authorization or conditional marketing authorization to date by the

FDA or the EMA. Successful discovery and development of mRNA-based (and other) immunotherapies by either

us or our collaborators is highly uncertain and depends on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our or

their control. Our product candidates that appear promising in the early phases of development may fail to

advance, experience delays in the clinic or clinical holds, or fail to reach the market for many reasons, including:

• discovery efforts aimed at identifying potential immunotherapies may not be successful;

• nonclinical or preclinical study results may show product candidates to be less effective than desired or

have harmful or problematic side effects;

• clinical trial results may show the product candidates to be less effective than expected, including a

failure to meet one or more endpoints or have unacceptable side effects or toxicities;

• manufacturing or distribution failures or insufficient supply of GMP materials for clinical trials or higher

than expected cost could delay or set back clinical trials, or make our product candidates commercially

unattractive;

• our improvements in the manufacturing processes may not be sufficient to satisfy the clinical or

commercial demand of our product candidates or regulatory requirements for clinical trials;

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• changes that we make to optimize our manufacturing, testing or formulating of GMP materials could

impact the safety, tolerability and efficacy of our product candidates;

• pricing or reimbursement issues or other factors could delay clinical trials or make any immunotherapy

uneconomical or noncompetitive with other therapies;

• changing social and political preferences regarding vaccines and mRNA therapies;

• the failure to timely advance our programs or receive the necessary regulatory approvals, or a delay in

receiving such approvals, due to, among other reasons, slow or failure to complete enrollment in clinical

trials, withdrawal by trial participants from trials, failure to achieve trial endpoints, additional time

requirements for data analysis, data integrity issues, BLA, MAA or the equivalent application,

discussions with the FDA or the EMA, a regulatory request for additional nonclinical or clinical data, or

safety formulation or manufacturing issues may lead to our inability to obtain sufficient funding; and

• the proprietary rights, products and technologies of our competitors may prevent our immunotherapies

from being commercialized.

For administrative purposes, some mRNA-based medicinal products may be classified together with gene

therapy products by the FDA or other regulatory agencies . Unlike certain gene therapies that irreversibly alter

cell DNA and may be subsequently subject to specific safety concerns , most mRNA products are not designed to

localize to the cell nucleus or interact with the genome. Side effects observed in other gene therapies, however,

could negatively impact the perception of immunotherapies despite the differences in mechanism. In addition,

unclear or inconsistent regulatory classification of mRNA products may result in uncertainties regarding the

regulatory requirements and pathways for marketing approval. On the other hand, mRNA-based vaccines for the

prevention of infectious diseases, like our COVID-19 vaccine, are not currently classified as gene therapies in

most regions . The regulatory pathway for an individualized therapy, such as our Individualized Neoantigen

Specific Immunotherapy, or iNeST, an mRNA-based immunotherapy where each patient receives a different

combination of mRNAs, remains undetermined. The number and design of the clinical and preclinical studies

required for the approval of these types of medicines have not been established, may be different from those

required for advanced medicinal therapy products or therapies that are not individualized or may require safety

testing like gene therapy products. Moreover, the length of time necessary to complete clinical trials and submit

an application for marketing approval by a regulatory authority varies significantly from one pharmaceutical

product to the next and may be difficult to predict.

Our product candidates may not work as intended, may cause undesirable effects or may have other

properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an

approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

As with most medicinal products, use of our product candidates could be associated with undesirable effects or

adverse events which can vary in severity from minor reactions to death and in frequency from infrequent to

prevalent. The potential for adverse events is especially acute in the oncology setting, where patients may have

advanced disease, have impaired organ function, compromised immune and other systems and may be

receiving numerous other therapies. Undesirable side effects or unacceptable toxicities caused by our product

candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a

more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory

authorities. Results of our trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects.

If unacceptable side effects arise in the development of our product candidates, we, the FDA, competent

authorities of EU member states, ethics committees, the institutional review boards, or IRBs, at the institutions in

which our studies are conducted, or the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, could suspend or terminate our

clinical trials. The FDA or comparable regulatory authorities could also order us to cease clinical trials or deny

approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Treatment-related side effects could also

affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete any of our clinical trials or result in product

liability claims. In addition, these side effects may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating

medical staff. We expect to have to train medical personnel using our product candidates to understand the side

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effect profiles for our clinical trials and upon any commercialization of any of our product candidates. Inadequate

training in recognizing or managing the potential side effects of our product candidates could result in patient

injury or death. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

Clinical trials are strictly regulated and monitored by regulatory agencies, ethics committees, and

sponsors. Despite this rigorous oversight, unexpected events may occur that could adversely impact

patients’ safety and/or affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals and, if approved, commercialize

our product candidates.

In our ongoing and planned clinical trials, we have contracted, and are expected to continue to contract, with

academic medical centers and hospitals experienced in the assessment and management of toxicities arising

during clinical trials. Nonetheless, these centers and hospitals may have difficulty observing patients and treating

toxicities, which may be more challenging due to personnel changes, inexperience, shift changes, house staff

coverage or related issues. This could lead to more severe or prolonged toxicities or even patient deaths, which

could result in us or the FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authority delaying, suspending or

terminating one or more of our clinical trials, and which could jeopardize regulatory approval. The centers using

our products, if and when approved, could also have difficulty managing any adverse effects of our products, or

use medicines that do not adequately control such undesirable effects or that have a detrimental impact on the

efficacy of the treatment.

In addition, even if we successfully advance our product candidates into and through clinical trials, such trials will

likely only include a limited number of pa tients and limited d uration of exposure to our product candidates. As a

result, we cannot be assured that adverse effects of our product candidates will not be uncovered when a

significantly larger number of patients are exposed to the product candidate. Further, any clinical trials may not

be sufficient to determine the effects and safety consequences of taking our product candidates over a multi-year

period.

If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable effects

caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

• regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product;

• we may be required to recall a product or change the way such product is administered to patients;

• additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of the particular product or the manufacturing

processes for the product or any component thereof;

• regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a

contraindication;

• we may be required to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, or create a

Medication Guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

• we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;

• the product may become less competitive; and

• our reputation may be negatively impacted.

Any of the foregoing events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular

product candidate, if approved, and result in the loss of significant revenues to us, which would materially and

adversely affect our results of operations and business. In addition, if one or more of our product candidates or

our immunotherapy approach generally prove to be unsafe, our technology platforms and pipeline could be

affected, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of

operations and prospects.

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Preclinical development is uncertain. Our preclinical programs may experience delays or may never

advance to clinical trials, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or

commercialize these programs on a timely basis or at all and would have an adverse effect on our

business.

Much of our pipeline is in preclinical development and these programs could be delayed or not advance into the

clinic. Before we can initiate clinical trials for product candidates, we must complete extensive preclinical studies,

including IND-enabling Good Laboratory Practice toxicology testing, that support our planned Investigational

New Drug applications, or INDs, in the United States or similar applications in other jurisdictions. We must also

complete extensive work on CMC activities (including collecting yield, purity and stability data) to be included in

the IND filing. CMC activities for a new category of medicines such as mRNA therapies require extensive

manufacturing processes and analytical development, which are uncertain and lengthy. For instance, batch

failures have occurred as we scale up our manufacturing and may occur in the future. In addition, we have had

in the past, and may in the future have, difficulty identifying appropriate buffers and storage conditions to enable

sufficient shelf life of batches of our preclinical or clinical product candidates. If we are required to produce new

batches of our product candidates due to insufficient shelf life, it may delay the commencement or completion of

preclinical or clinical trials of such product candidates. For example, we cannot be certain of the timely

completion or outcome of our preclinical testing and studies and cannot predict if the FDA or other regulatory

authorities will accept the results of our preclinical testing or our proposed clinical programs or if the outcome of

our preclinical testing, studies and CMC activities will ultimately support the further development of our

programs. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit INDs or similar applications for our

preclinical programs on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of INDs or

similar applications will result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.

Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and delays

can occur for a variety of reasons outside of our control. Clinical trials of our product candidates may be

delayed, certain programs may never advance in the clinic or may be more costly to conduct than we

anticipate, and we may have difficulty recruiting patients to participate in clinical trials, any of which can

affect our ability to fund our company and would have a material adverse impact on our business.

Clinical testing is expensive and complex and can take many years to complete. Its outcome is inherently

uncertain. We may not be able to initiate, may experience delays in, or may have to discontinue clinical trials for

our product candidates. We and our collaborators also may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or

as a result of, any clinical trials that we or our collaborators conduct that could delay or prevent us or our

collaborators from successfully developing our product candidates, including:

• the FDA, other regulators, IRBs or ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to

commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site for any number of reasons,

including concerns regarding safety and aspects of the clinical trial design;

• we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on favorable terms with prospective

trial sites and prospective CROs, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may

vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

• we have optimized in the past and may in the future optimize our manufacturing processes, including

through changes to the scale and site of manufacturing, which may lead to additional studies (including

bridging and bioequivalence studies) or potentially significant changes in our clinical trial designs,

requiring additional cost and time, and, as a consequence, lead to a delay in plans for progressing one

or more product candidates;

• the outcome of our preclinical studies and our early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of

later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results;

• we may be unable to establish clinical endpoints that applicable regulatory authorities would consider

clinically meaningful;

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• in an effort to optimize product features, we have made in the past and may continue to make changes

to our product candidates after we commence clinical trials of a medicine which may require us to repeat

earlier stages of clinical testing or delay later-stage testing of the medicine;

• clinical trials of any product candidates may fail to show safety or efficacy, or may produce negative or

inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional nonclinical

studies or clinical trials, or we may decide to abandon product development programs;

• differences in trial design between early-stage clinical trials and later-stage clinical trials may make it

difficult to extrapolate the results of earlier clinical trials to later clinical trials;

• preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many

product candidates believed to have performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have

nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval;

• our product candidates may have undesirable effects or other unexpected characteristics. One or more

of such effects or events could cause regulators to impose a clinical hold on the applicable trial, or cause

us or our investigators, IRBs or ethics committees to suspend or terminate the trial of that product

candidate or any other of our product candidates for which a clinical trial may be ongoing;

• the number of trial participants required for clinical trials of any product candidates may be larger than

we anticipate, identification of trial participants for such trials may be limited, enrollment in these clinical

trials may be slower than we anticipate due to perceived adverse effects, limited patient populations,

competitive trials, risks related to COVID-19 or other reasons, or participants may withdraw from clinical

trials or fail to return for post-treatment follow-up at a higher rate than we anticipate;

• despite robust sponsor oversight, our and our collaborators’ third-party contractors may fail to comply

with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations in a timely manner, or at all, or may

deviate from the clinical trial protocol or withdraw from the trial, which may require the addition of new

clinical trial sites;

• regulators may elect to impose a clinical hold, or we, our investigators, IRBs or ethics committees may

elect to suspend or terminate clinical research or trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with

regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are being exposed to an unacceptable benefit-

risk ratio;

• with respect to infectious disease vaccine trials in particular, we have to wait for particular level of

infection in the placebo arm in order to assess protection provided by vaccine, and we cannot control the

rate of exposure or infection which can make timing uncertain;

• the cost of preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and clinical trials of any product candidates may

be greater than we anticipate;

• the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials may

be insufficient or inadequate;

• safety or efficacy concerns regarding our product candidates may result from any concerns arising from

nonclinical or clinical testing of other therapies targeting a similar disease state or other therapies, such

as gene therapy, that are perceived as similar to ours; and

• the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data, such as long-term

toxicology studies, or impose other requirements before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial.

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, the FDA or other regulatory

authorities, ethics committees, or the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, or if such

trial is recommended for suspension or termination by the DSMB. We may in the future be delayed in gaining

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clearance from the FDA or other regulators to initiate clinical trials through, among other things, the imposition of

a clinical hold in order to address comments from such regulators on our clinical trial design or other elements of

our clinical trials. A suspension or termination may be imposed due to a number of factors, including failure to

conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols; inspection of the

clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a

clinical hold; unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects; failure to demonstrate a benefit, or adequate

benefit-risk ratio, from using a product candidate; failure to establish or achieve clinically meaningful trial

endpoints; changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions; or lack of adequate funding to

continue the clinical trial. Many of the factors that cause or lead to a delay in the commencement or completion

of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. We could

also experience delays if physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling patients in

clinical trials of our product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments that have established safety and

efficacy profiles. We must also complete extensive work on CMC activities that require extensive manufacturing

processes and analytical development, which are uncertain and lengthy.

We expect the novel nature of our product candidates to create further challenges in obtaining regulatory

approval. For example, the FDA and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions have limited experience with

commercial development of several of our technologies. The FDA may require an Advisory Committee to

deliberate on the adequacy of the safety and efficacy data to support licensure. The opinion of the Advisory

Committee, although not binding, may have a significant impact on our ability to obtain licensure of the product

candidates based on the completed clinical trials, as the FDA often adheres to the Advisory Committee’s

recommendations. Accordingly, the regulatory approval pathway for our product candidates may be uncertain,

complex, expensive and lengthy, and approval may not be certain.

Moreover, the FDA and other regulatory authorities have indicated that, prior to commencing later stage clinical

trials for our mRNA-based product candidates, we will need to scale up and further refine assays to measure

and predict the potency of a given dose of these product candidates. Any delay in the scaling and refining of

assays that are acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities could delay the start of future clinical trials.

Further, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation

of data for our clinical trials or may change the requirements for approval even after they have reviewed and

commented on the design for our clinical trials.

Significant additional preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies or clinical trial delays for our product

candidates also could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, potentially impairing our

ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and harming our business and results of operations.

Any delays in the development, or the suspension of development, of our product candidates may harm our

business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

In addition, on June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court overturned the Chevron doctrine in the combined cases of

Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless Inc. v. Department of Commerce . The Chevron doctrine

gave deference to regulatory agencies in litigation against the FDA and other agencies. In addition, the Supreme

Court decided Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , which lengthened the

time in which some challenges to agency rules can be initiated. As a result of these cases, more plaintiffs may

bring lawsuits against the FDA to challenge longstanding decisions and policies of the FDA, which could

undermine the FDA’s authority, lead to uncertainties in the industry, and disrupt the FDA’s normal operations,

which could delay the FDA’s review of our marketing applications.

If we or our collaborators encounter difficulties enrolling participants in our clinical trials, our clinical

development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

We depend on enrollment of participants in our clinical trials for our product candidates. In the past, our

collaborators have found, and we or our collaborators may in the future find, it difficult to enroll trial participants in

our clinical studies, which could delay or prevent clinical studies of our product candidates. Identifying and

qualifying trial participants to participate in clinical studies of our product candidates is critical to our success.

The timing of our clinical studies depends on the speed at which we can recruit trial participants to participate in

testing our product candidates. Delays in enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or

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outcome of the planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our

ability to advance the development of our product candidates. If trial participants are unwilling to participate in

our studies because of negative publicity from adverse events in our trials or other trials of similar products, or

those related to specific a therapeutic area, or for other reasons, including competitive clinical studies for similar

patient populations, the timeline for recruiting trial participants, conducting studies, and obtaining regulatory

approval of potential products may be delayed. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in

advancing our product development, delays in testing the effectiveness of our product, or termination of the

clinical studies altogether.

We may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of trial participants, or those with required or

desired characteristics to achieve diversity in a study, to complete our clinical trials in a timely manner. Patient

and subject enrollment is affected by factors including:

• severity of the disease under investigation;

• complexity and design of the study protocol;

• size of the patient population;

• eligibility criteria for the study in question;

• proximity and availability of clinical study sites for prospective trial participants;

• availability of competing therapies and clinical trials, including between our own clinical trials;

• efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;

• patient referral practices of physicians;

• ability to monitor trial participants adequately during and after treatment;

• ability to recruit clinical trial investigators with the appropriate competencies and experience;

• clinicians’ and trial participants’ perceptions of the potential advantages and side effects of the product

candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs or treatments

that may be approved for the indications we are investigating;

• our ability to obtain and maintain participant informed consent;

• major changes in the approval status of competitor investigational products during the clinical trial

period; and

• the risk that trial participants enrolled in clinical trials will not complete a clinical trial.

In addition, our clinical trials may compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that are in the same

therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition will reduce the number and types of trial

participants available to us because some trial participants who might have opted to enroll in our trials may

instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by a third party. Since the number of qualified clinical investigators

is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our

competitors use, which will reduce the number of trial participants who are available for our clinical trials at such

clinical trial sites. Moreover, because in some cases our product candidates represent a therapeutic novelty in

contrast to more traditional methods for disease treatment and prevention, potential trial participants and their

doctors may be inclined to use conventional therapies or other investigational therapies rather than enroll trial

participants in any future clinical trial involving more novel product candidates. Additionally, if new product

candidates, such as gene editing therapies, show encouraging results, potential trial participants and their

doctors may be inclined to enroll trial participants in clinical trials using those product candidates. If such new

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product candidates show discouraging results or other adverse safety indications, potential trial participants and

their doctors may be less inclined to enroll trial participants in our clinical trials.

In particular, certain conditions for which we plan to evaluate our current product candidates are rare diseases

with limited patient pools from which to draw for clinical trials. The eligibility criteria of our clinical trials will further

limit the pool of available trial participants. Additionally, the process of finding and diagnosing patients may prove

costly. Each of the foregoing risks may continue to be affected by the spread of seasonal viral infections,

including COVID-19, as well as the potential for any new pandemic caused by an as-yet-unknown agent.

We, our collaborators, and other third parties on whom we rely conduct various activities, including

research, clinical trials, manufacturing and, where approved, marketing, in jurisdictions across the

globe. Such activities are subject to a variety of risks which could materially and adversely affect our

business.

Our activities increasingly span different jurisdictions. For example, clinical trials of our product candidates are

currently being conducted in several countries, and we plan to commercialize our product candidates, if

approved, globally. Accordingly, we are subject to additional risks related to operating in multiple countries,

including:

• differing regulatory requirements in such countries;

• unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers, price and exchange controls and other regulatory

requirements;

• increased difficulties in managing the logistics and transportation of storing and shipping product

candidates produced in Germany and shipping the product candidate to the patient abroad;

• import and export requirements and restrictions;

• restrictions on transfers of information, including certain technologies and personal data;

• economic weakness, including inflation, or changes to the political climate, public sentiment, and

government policy preferences in certain economies and markets;

• compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

• taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;

• currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and

other obligations incident to doing business in another country;

• difficulties staffing and managing operations outside of Germany;

• workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common;

• differing payor reimbursement regimes, governmental payors or patient self-pay systems, and price

controls;

• potential liability under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 or comparable regulations in other

jurisdictions;

• challenges enforcing our contractual and intellectual property rights, especially in those countries that do

not respect and protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as Germany and the United

States;

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• production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing

capabilities abroad; and

• business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or public health

epidemics or pandemics.

As part of our global operations, we and our collaborators rely on relationships with entities based in various

jurisdictions, including for clinical research and manufacturing activities and other regional operational needs.

Such relationships may involve the use of our or others’ intellectual property. We expect to continue to rely on

such entities, which include locally-based contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, and CROs, in the

future. For example, we and our collaborators rely on WuXi Biologics Co., Ltd. and its affiliates for outsourcing

activities related to manufacturing and the supply chain, research and development, certain IP, and

commercialization readiness for certain of our product candidates. Such entities are subject to evolving local

regulatory requirements, and may also be subject to U.S. and EU legislation, including the proposed U.S.

BIOSECURE Act , sanctions, trade restrictions, and/or other regulations. Such requirements could increase the

cost or reduce the supply of material available to us, delay the procurement or supply of such material, or have

an adverse affect on our ability to secure significant commitments from governments to purchase our potential

therapies.

The extent to which the COVID-19 virus continues to impact our operations, including our clinical trial operations,

in its endemic stage will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted

with confidence, including new outbreaks, new information which may emerge concerning the severity of

COVID-19 and the actions to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact, among others. In the future, similar events

could affect our ability to manufacture and commercialize our product candidates.

As noted above, we and our partners have conducted and are expecting in the future to conduct clinical trials for

our product candidates at clinical sites located outside of the United States. Although the FDA may accept data

from clinical trials outside the United States that are not conducted under an IND, acceptance of this data in

support of a marketing application or IND requires the clinical trial to have been conducted in accordance with

GCPs, and that the FDA is able to validate the data from the clinical trial through an onsite inspection if it deems

such inspection necessary. Where data from non-U.S. clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for

marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will not approve the application on the basis of non-U.S. data

alone unless those data are considered applicable to the U.S. patient population and U.S. medical practice, the

clinical trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence, and the data is considered valid

without the need for an onsite inspection by the FDA or, if the FDA considers such an inspection to be necessary,

the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection or other appropriate means. There can be no

assurance the FDA will accept data from clinical trials conducted outside of the United States in support of a

marketing application. If the FDA does not accept data from our clinical trials of our product candidates, it would

likely result in the need for additional clinical trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay or

permanently halt our development of a product candidate.

These and other risks associated with our international operations and our collaborations with our collaborators

may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or maintain profitable operations.

Interim top-line and preliminary data from studies or trials that we announce or publish from time to time

may change as more data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that

could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publish interim top-line or preliminary data from preclinical studies or clinical trials.

Interim data are subject to the risk that one or more of the outcomes may materially change as more data

become available. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses

of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully evaluate all data. As a result, the top-line

results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or

considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated.

Preliminary or top-line data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final

data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, interim and

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preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Additionally, interim data from

clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may

materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse differences

between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates,

calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could

impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular product

candidate or product and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to disclose publicly

regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and our

securityholders may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to

include in our disclosure. Any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant by

our securityholders or others with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise

regarding a particular product candidate or our business. If the top-line data that we report differ from actual

results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain

approval for, and commercialize, product candidates may be harmed, which could significantly harm our

business prospects.

Results of earlier studies and trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of future trial

results.

Success in preclinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. A

number of companies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries have suffered significant setbacks in

clinical trials, even after positive results in earlier preclinical studies or clinical trials. These setbacks have been

caused by, among other things, preclinical findings made while clinical trials were underway and safety or

efficacy observations made in clinical trials, including previously unreported adverse events. Notwithstanding any

potential promising results in earlier studies and trials, we cannot be certain that we will not face similar

setbacks. Even if our clinical trials are completed, the results may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval

for our product candidates. In addition, the results of our preclinical studies may not be predictive of the results of

outcomes in human clinical trials. For example, our tumor-specific cancer immunotherapy candidates and any

future product candidates may demonstrate different chemical, biological and pharmacological properties in

patients than they do in laboratory studies or may interact with human biological systems in unforeseen or

harmful ways. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired pharmacological

properties or safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical

trials. Even if we are able to initiate and complete clinical trials, the results may not be sufficient to obtain

regulatory approval for our product candidates.

Our planned clinical trials or those of our collaborators may be less efficacious or may reveal significant

adverse events not seen in our preclinical or nonclinical studies and may result in a safety profile that

could delay or terminate clinical trials, or delay or prevent regulatory approval or market acceptance of

any of our product candidates.

There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition for product candidates across categories of medicines

proceeding through clinical trials.

These product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy profile in later stages of clinical trials

despite having progressed through nonclinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in the

biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in later-stage clinical trials due to lack of efficacy

or unacceptable safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Most product candidates that

commence clinical trials are never approved as products and there can be no assurance that any of our current

or future clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support further clinical development of any of our product

candidates.

Many of our product candidates are being developed or are intended to be co-administered with other

developmental therapies or approved medicines. For example, autogene cevumeran (BNT122/RO7198457) is

being developed to be co-administered with checkpoint inhibitors. Such combinations may have additional side

effects, which may be difficult to predict in future clinical trials.

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If significant adverse events or other side effects are observed in any of our current or future clinical trials, we

may have difficulty recruiting trial participants to any of our clinical trials, trial participants may withdraw from

trials, or we may be required to abandon the trials or our development efforts of one or more product candidates

altogether. We, the FDA or other regulatory authorities, ethics committees or an IRB may impose a clinical hold

on, or suspend or terminate, clinical trials of a product candidate at any time for various reasons, including a

belief that participants in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or adverse side effects.

Some potential therapeutics developed in the biotechnology industry that initially showed therapeutic promise in

early-stage trials have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Even if

the side effects do not preclude the drug from obtaining or maintaining marketing approval, an unfavorable

benefit-risk ratio may inhibit market acceptance of the approved product due to its tolerability versus other

therapies. Any of these developments could materially harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

If we are not successful in discovering, developing and commercializing additional product candidates

beyond our current portfolio, our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives

would be impaired.

Although a substantial amount of our efforts focus on the clinical trials and potential approval of our existing

product candidates, a key element of our strategy is to discover, develop and potentially commercialize

additional products beyond our current portfolio to treat various conditions and in a variety of therapeutic areas.

We intend to do so by investing in our own drug and target discovery efforts, exploring potential collaborations

for the development of new products, and in-licensing technologies. Identifying new product candidates requires

substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any product candidates are ultimately

identified. Even if we identify product candidates that initially show promise, we may fail to develop and

commercialize such products successfully for many reasons, including the following:

• the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential product candidates;

• competitors may develop alternatives that render our product candidates obsolete;

• product candidates we develop may nevertheless be covered by third parties’ patents or other exclusive

rights;

• a product candidate may, on further study, be shown to have harmful side effects or other characteristics

that indicate it is unlikely to be effective or otherwise does not meet applicable regulatory criteria;

• we may discontinue the development of a product candidate;

• a product candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable

cost, or at all; and

• an approved product may not be accepted as safe and effective by trial participants, the medical

community or third-party payors.

If we are unsuccessful in identifying and developing additional products, our potential for growth may be

impaired.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key employees, consultants and advisors and to

attract, retain and motivate qualified senior management and scientific personnel.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries depends upon our

ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. We are highly

dependent upon members of our management and scientific teams. We may not be able to retain these persons

due to the competitive environment in the biotechnology industry, as well as a current global shortage of these

highly qualified individuals. The loss of any of these persons’ services may adversely impact the achievement of

our research, development, financing and commercialization objectives. We are also aware of physical threats

made against certain of these people. In response to these threats, we have deployed personal protection for

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such employees and increased our security generally. We currently do not have “key person” insurance on any

of our employees.

In addition, we rely on consultants, contractors and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist

us in formulating our research and development, regulatory approval and commercialization strategy. Our

consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under

consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. The loss of the services

of one or more of our current employees or advisors might impede the achievement of our research,

development, regulatory approval and commercialization objectives. In addition, we have flexibly grown our

workforce through the use of contractors and part-time workers. We may not be able to retain the services of

such personnel, which might result in delays in the operation of our business.

Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees, consultants and advisors for our business, including scientific

and technical personnel, will be critical to our success as well. Competition for skilled personnel, including in

mRNA research, clinical development, clinical operations, regulatory affairs, therapeutic area management,

manufacturing, and AI, is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain

personnel on favorable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology

companies and academic institutions for individuals with similar skill sets. In addition, adverse publicity, and the

failure to succeed in preclinical studies or clinical trials or in applications for marketing approval may make it

more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit or loss of services of certain

executives, key employees, consultants or advisors may impede the progress of our research, development and

commercialization objectives and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of

operations and prospects.

Our employees, principal investigators and consultants may engage in misconduct or other improper

activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading,

which could have an adverse effect on the results of our operations.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, principal investigators and

consultants, despite our robust efforts to prevent such misconduct through sponsor oversight. Misconduct by

these parties could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or the regulations applicable in the

European Union and other jurisdictions, to provide accurate information to the FDA, the EMA and other

regulatory authorities, to comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and

abroad, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. Such

misconduct also could involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials or

interactions with the FDA or other regulatory authorities, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause

serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is

not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and

prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us

from government investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with laws or

regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or

asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, results of

operations and prospects, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Employment-related disputes, including employee litigation and unfavorable publicity, could negatively

affect our future business.

From time to time we may be subject to claims by our employees or regulatory authorities with respect to

employment and workplace matters, including lawsuits or proceedings against us regarding injury, creating a

hostile workplace, discrimination, wage and hour disputes, sexual harassment or other employment issues. In

recent years, there has been an increase in the number of discrimination and harassment claims generally.

Coupled with the expansion of social media platforms and similar devices that allow individuals access to a

broad audience, these claims have had a significant negative impact on some businesses. Certain companies

that have faced employment- or harassment- related lawsuits have had to terminate management or other key

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personnel, and have suffered reputational harm that has negatively impacted their business. If we were to face

any employment-related claims, our business could be negatively affected.

The illegal distribution and sale by third parties of counterfeit versions of our COVID-19 vaccine, or, if

approved, our other product candidates, could have a negative impact on our financial performance or

reputation.

Third parties have in the past and may continue to illegally distribute and sell counterfeit versions of COVID-19

vaccines. Counterfeit products are frequently unsafe or ineffective, and may even be life-threatening. Counterfeit

medicines may contain harmful substances or the wrong dosage. However, to distributors and users, counterfeit

products may be visually indistinguishable from the authentic version.

Reports of adverse reactions to counterfeit products, increased levels of counterfeiting, or unsafe vaccines could

materially affect public confidence in our COVID-19 vaccine or other product candidates. It is possible that

adverse events caused by unsafe counterfeit vaccines will mistakenly be attributed to our COVID-19 vaccine, or,

if approved, our other product candidates. In addition, thefts of inventory at warehouses, plants or while in-

transit, which are subsequently improperly stored and which are sold through unauthorized channels, could

adversely impact patient safety, our reputation, and our business. Public loss of confidence in the integrity of our

COVID-19 vaccine or, if approved, our other product candidates, as a result of counterfeiting or theft could have

a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We and our collaborators or other contractors or consultants depend on information technology

systems, and any failure of these systems could harm our business. Security breaches, loss of data and

other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from

accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business,

results of operations and financial condition.

Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future collaborators, vendors, and other

contractors or consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural

disasters, terrorism, cybersecurity threats, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures. If any such

material system failure, accident or security breach were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it

could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a

loss of our trade secrets or other proprietary information or other similar disruptions. For example, the loss of

clinical trial data from one or more ongoing or completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our

regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. In addition,

because of our approach of running multiple clinical trials in parallel, any breach of our computer systems may

result in a loss of data or compromised data integrity across many of our programs in many stages of

development. Any such breach, loss or compromise of clinical trial participant personal data may also subject us

to civil fines and penalties, including under the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, relevant

law of an EU member state, HIPAA, and other relevant state and federal privacy laws in the United States or in

other jurisdictions. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to,

data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability,

our competitive position could be harmed, and the further development and commercialization of our product

candidates could be delayed.

While we have not experienced any material system failures, accidents or security breaches to date, in

December 2020, we were informed by the EMA that the agency was subject to a cyberattack and that some

documents relating to our regulatory submission for our COVID-19 vaccine candidate, which was stored on an

EMA server, had been unlawfully accessed. None of our systems were breached in connection with this incident

and we are unaware that any study participants were identified through the data being accessed.

We have put systems and procedures in place to minimize the likelihood of such incidents reoccurring; however,

we cannot guarantee that third parties will not be able to gain unauthorized access to or otherwise breach our

systems in the future. Any such unauthorized access or breach could adversely affect our business, results of

operations and financial condition.

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Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit

commercialization of our current or future product candidates.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of any of our current or future product

candidates in clinical trials, and an even greater risk related to any commercialized products, such as our

COVID-19 vaccine. We have received product liability claims against our COVID-19 vaccine, and expect to

receive additional product liability claims in the future. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims

that our products and/or our product candidates have caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities.

Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

• decreased demand for any product or product candidate that we may develop;

• loss of revenue;

• substantial monetary awards to patients, healthy volunteers or their children;

• significant time and costs to defend the related litigation;

• withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

• the inability to commercialize any products or product candidates that we may develop; and

• injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention.

We carry clinical trial insurance and product liability insurance, which we believe to be sufficient in light of our

current clinical programs and commercial operations. However, the amount of coverage we have obtained may

not be adequate, and we may seek to further increase insurance coverage limits as our pipeline moves towards

commercialization. As we evolve, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in

sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded

in class action lawsuits based on drugs or medical treatments that had unanticipated adverse effects. A

successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause the price of the ADSs to

decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and

business.

If our products become subject to a product recall it could harm our reputation, business and financial

results.

The FDA and similar governmental authorities in other jurisdictions have the authority to require the recall of

certain commercialized products. In the case of the FDA, the authority to require a recall of a biologic product

must be based on an FDA finding that a batch, lot of other quantity of the biologic product presents an imminent

or substantial hazard to the public health. In addition, some governmental bodies outside the United States have

the authority to require the recall of any product or product candidate in the event of material deficiencies or

defects in design or manufacture. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material

deficiency in a product is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of

manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues.

Recalls of any of our products or, if approved, our product candidates, would divert managerial and financial

resources and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. A recall

announcement could harm our reputation with customers and negatively affect our sales, if any.

Issues in the development and use of AI, combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may result

in reputational harm, liability or other adverse consequences to our business.

We are investing in AI technology systems, including through our acquisition of InstaDeep, and such systems are

complex and rapidly changing. We face significant competition from other companies with respect to our AI and

machine learning services, along with an evolving regulatory landscape. The introduction of AI into the

development and manufacturing of our product candidates, or the provision of services relating to AI

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technologies and applications, may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation,

intellectual property risks, confidentiality or security risks, ethical concerns or other complications that could harm

our business, reputation or financial condition.

Uncertainty around AI may require additional investment in the development and maintenance of proprietary

datasets and development of appropriate protections and safeguards for handling the use of customer data with

AI technologies, which may be costly and could impact our expenses. In addition, AI may create content that

appears correct but is inaccurate or flawed, and if created by third parties, may be mistakenly attributed to us.

Our customers or others may rely on or use this flawed content to their detriment, which may expose us to brand

or reputational harm, competitive harm or legal liability.

Our ability to effectively monitor and respond to the rapid and ongoing developments and expectations

relating to environmental, social and governance, or ESG, matters, including related social expectations

and concerns, may impose unexpected costs or result in reputational or other harm that could have a

material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations and

could cause the price of ADSs representing our ordinary shares to decline.

There are rapid and ongoing developments and changing, sometimes conflicting, expectations relating to ESG

matters and factors such as the environmental impact of our operations, access to our COVID-19 vaccine,

corporate governance, our product stewardship practices, management of business ethics, human rights due

diligence in our own operations and our supply chain, and workforce development. At the same time, ESG

matters, including climate change, are the subject of increased politicization, particularly in the United States.

These factors may result in increased regulatory, social or other scrutiny on us.

We believe we must address climate risks from our own contribution to climate change (inside-out perspective),

risks to our own operations due to physical effects of climate change as well as transition risks (outside-in

perspective), and interactions between both perspectives. To this end, we have set ourselves near-term

scienced-based emissions reduction targets for our own operations (scope 1, 2) and for our supply chain

(supplier engagement target for scope 3), validated by the Science Based Targets initiative, or SBTi, in early

February 2024.

Additionally, we are addressing increasingly complex regulatory requirements with respect to human rights risks.

These requirements include German legislation such as the Act on Corporate Due Diligence Obligations for the

Prevention of Human Rights Violations in Supply Chains (Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz – LkSG), potential

legislative planning by the European Union, and local or regional regulations. Regulatory frameworks require us

to identify, prevent, mitigate and ideally end the extent of any potential adverse impacts or violations throughout

our own operations and value chain.

Finally, we are faced with increasing ESG related transparency and reporting obligations. These requirements

arise, for example, from the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive regulation, the European

Sustainability Reporting Standards, and the respective German implementation law, any potential SEC rules that

could require registrants to provide additional climate-related disclosures in future periods, and other possible

obligations.

Should we fail to meet our climate protection targets or if we are unable to adequately recognize and respond to

such developments and governmental, societal, investor and NGO expectations relating to such ESG matters,

we may have to pay substantial fines, forego corporate opportunities, become subject to additional scrutiny, incur

unexpected costs or experience damage to our reputation or our various brands. If any of these events were to

occur, there may be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of

operations, and the price of ADSs representing our ordinary shares may decline.

We have observed that in addition to the importance of their financial performance, companies are increasingly

being judged by their performance on ESG matters. A variety of organizations measure the performance of

companies on such ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. We may fail to

comply with standards or best practices put forth by such organizations or by governmental or regulatory bodies.

There can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully, or that we will successfully meet

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society’s expectations as to our proper role. Any failure or perceived failure by us in this regard could have a

material adverse effect on our reputation and on our business, the price of ADSs representing our ordinary

shares, financial condition, or results of operations, including the sustainability of our business over time.

Risks Related to the Manufacturing of our COVID-19 Vaccine, our Product Candidates and Future

Pipeline

Our COVID-19 vaccine and product candidates are based on novel technologies and they may be

complex and difficult to manufacture. We may encounter difficulties in manufacturing, product release,

shelf life, testing, storage, supply chain management or shipping. If we or any of the third-party

manufacturers we work with encounter such difficulties, our ability to supply materials for clinical trials

or any approved product could be delayed or stopped.

Th e manufacturing processes for our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates are novel and complex .

Due to the novel nature of this technology and the recency of our experience at larger scale production, we may

encounter difficulties in manufacturing, product release, shelf life, testing, storage and supply chain

management, or shipping. These difficulties could be due to any number of reasons, including, but not limited to,

complexities of producing batches at larger scale, equipment failure, choice and quality of raw materials and

excipients, analytical testing technology, and product instability. In an effort to optimize product features, we have

in the past and may in the future make changes to our product candidates in their manufacturing and stability

formulation and conditions. This has resulted in the past, and may in the future result, in our having to resupply

batches for preclinical, clinical, or commercial activities when there is insufficient product stability during storage

and insufficient supply. Insufficient stability or shelf life of our products or product candidates could materially

delay our or our collaborators’ ability to continue the clinical trial for that product candidate or require us to begin

a new clinical trial with a newly formulated drug product, due to the need to manufacture additional preclinical,

clinical or commercial supply.

Our rate of innovation is high, which has resulted in, and will continue to cause a high degree of, technology

change that can negatively impact product comparability during and after clinical development. Furthermore,

technology changes may drive the need for changes in, modification to, or the sourcing of, new manufacturing

infrastructure or may adversely affect third-party relationships.

The process to generate mRNA medicines is complex and, if not developed and manufactured under well-

controlled conditions, can adversely impact pharmacological activity. We may encounter difficulties in scaling up

our manufacturing process, thereby potentially impacting clinical and commercial supply. Additionally, for

individualized therapies, we may encounter issues with our ability to timely and efficiently manufacture product

given the on-demand requirements of such therapies, thereby potentially impacting clinical and commercial

supply.

As we continue developing new manufacturing processes for our drug substance and drug product, the changes

we implement to the manufacturing process may impact, in turn, specification and stability of the drug product.

Changes in our manufacturing processes may lead to failure of lots and this could lead to a substantial delay in

our clinical trials or an inability to supply sufficient commercial quantities of drug product. Our mRNA product

candidates may prove to have a stability profile that leads to an unfavorable shelf life. This poses risk in supply

requirements, wasted stock and higher cost of goods.

We are dependent on a number of equipment providers who are also implementing novel technology.

Further, we have developed our own custom manufacturing equipment for certain of our product

candidates. If such equipment malfunctions or we encounter unexpected performance issues, we could

encounter delays or interruptions to clinical and commercial supply.

Due to the number of different programs, we may in the future have cross contamination of products inside of our

factories, CROs, external CMOs, suppliers or in the clinic that affect the integrity of our products. Additionally, for

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some programs the manufacturing scale is extremely small compared to the standard volumes of supply, such

that we run the risk of contaminating the process each time we reopen a container to use remaining supplies.

As we scale the manufacturing output for particular programs, we plan to continuously improve yield, purity and

the pharmaceutical properties of our product candidates from IND-enabling studies through commercial launch,

including shelf life stability and solubility properties of drug product and drug substance. Due to continuous

improvement in manufacturing processes, we may switch processes for a particular program during

development. However, after the change in process, more time is required for pharmaceutical property testing,

such as six- or 12- month stability testing. That may require resupplying clinical or commercial material, or

making additional GMP batches to keep up with clinical trial demand before such pharmaceutical property

testing is completed.

We are utilizing a number of raw materials and excipients that are either new to the pharmaceutical industry or

are being employed in a novel manner . Some of these raw materials and excipients have not been scaled to a

level to support commercial supply and could experience unexpected manufacturing or testing failures, or supply

shortages. Such issues with raw materials and excipients could cause delays or interruptions to clinical and

commercial supply of our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates. Further, now and in the future, one or

more of our programs may have a single source of supply for raw materials and excipients. Some of our

suppliers are located in countries different from our manufacturing sites. Export restrictions could lead to

unplanned interruptions in manufacturing, thus impacting supply of both clinical and commercial material.

We have established a number of analytical assays, and may have to establish several more, to assess the

quality of our mRNA products and product candidates. We may identify gaps in our analytical testing strategy

that might prevent release of product or could require product withdrawal or recall. For example, we may

discover new impurities that have an impact on product safety, efficacy or stability. This may lead to an inability to

release mRNA products or product candidates until the manufacturing or testing process is rectified.

Our product and product intermediates are extremely temperature sensitive, and we may learn that any or all of

our products are less stable than desired. We may also find that transportation conditions negatively impact

product quality. This may require changes to the formulation or manufacturing process for one or more of our

products or product candidates and result in delays or interruptions to clinical or commercial supply. In addition,

the cost associated with such transportation services and the limited pool of vendors may also add additional

risks of supply disruptions. As we transport intermediate products with holding times in refrigeration (TIR) and

allowed times out of refrigeration (TOR) across long distances and crossing borders, traffic issues and customs

delays could lead to the loss of batches which would need to be replaced.

Certain of our product candidates are uniquely manufactured for each patient and we may encounter

difficulties in production, particularly with respect to scaling our manufacturing capabilities. If we or any

of the third-party manufacturers with whom we contract encounter these types of difficulties, our ability

to provide such product candidates for clinical trials or, if approved, products for patients could be

delayed or stopped, or we may be unable to maintain a commercially viable cost structure.

We custom design and manufacture certain product candidates that are unique and tailored specifically for each

patient. Manufacturing unique lots of these product candidates is susceptible to product loss or failure due to

issues with:

• logistics associated with the collection of a patient’s tumor, blood or other tissue sample;

• shipping such samples to a facility for genetic sequencing;

• next-generation sequencing of the tumor mRNA;

• biopsy of a sufficient quantity of cancerous tissue to allow for proper sequencing and identification of

tumor-specific mutations;

• identification of appropriate tumor-specific mutations;

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• the use of a software program, including proprietary and open source components, which is hosted in

the cloud and a part of our product candidate, to assist with the design of the patient-specific mRNA,

which software must be maintained and secured;

• effective design of the patient-specific mRNA that encodes for the required neoantigens;

• batch-specific manufacturing failures or issues that arise due to the uniqueness of each patient-specific

batch that may not have been foreseen;

• quality control testing failures;

• unexpected failures of batches placed on stability;

• shortages or quality control issues with single-use assemblies, consumables or critical parts sourced

from third-party vendors that must be changed out for each patient-specific batch;

• significant costs associated with individualized manufacturing that may adversely affect our ability to

continue development;

• successful and timely manufacture and release of the patient-specific batch;

• shipment issues encountered during transport of the batch to the site of patient care;

• the ability to define a consistent safety profile at a given dose when each participant receives a unique

treatment; and

• our reliance on single source suppliers.

We also continue to evolve our own custom manufacturing equipment. This equipment may not function as

designed, which may lead to deviations in the drug product being produced. This can lead to increased batch

failure and the inability to supply patients enrolled in the clinical trial. If our clinical development plans are

expanded, we may not be able to supply this expanded need reliably without significant investments due to the

custom nature of the equipment and single-use assemblies. In addition, there will be considerable time to scale

up our facilities or build new facilities before we can begin to meet any commercial demand if one or more of our

individualized product candidates are approved. This expansion or addition of new facilities could also lead to

product comparability issues, which can further delay introduction of new capacity.

For those of our product candidates that are manufactured for each individual patient, we are required to

maintain a chain of identity with respect to each patient’s tissue sample, the sequenced data derived from such

tissue sample, the results of such patient’s genomic analysis and the custom manufactured product for such

patient. Maintaining such a chain of identity is difficult and complex, and failure to do so could result in product

mix-up, adverse patient outcomes, loss of product, or regulatory action, including withdrawal of any approved

products from the market. Further, as our product candidates are developed through early-stage clinical studies

to later-stage clinical trials towards approval and commercialization, we expect that multiple aspects of the

complicated collection, analysis, manufacture and delivery processes will be modified in an effort to optimize

processes and results. These changes may not achieve the intended objectives, and any of these changes could

cause our product candidates to perform differently than we expect, potentially affecting the results of clinical

trials.

Our inability to manufacture sufficient or appropriate quantities of our COVID-19 vaccine or any of our

product candidates, or our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, could materially

and adversely affect our business.

Manufacturing is a vital component of our individualized immunotherapy approach, and we have invested

significantly in our manufacturing facilities, including the acquisition of a manufacturing site in Marburg, Germany,

the construction of a novel modular manufacturing facility that we refer to as a “BioNTainer,” and the construction

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of a facility to support manufacturing of our Individualized Vaccines Against Cancer candidates. All internal

manufacturing is performed under GMP guidelines. We also rely on a network of CMOs for the manufacture of

our COVID-19 vaccine. We do not rely on any external CMOs for the manufacture of our individualized product

candidates and at this time, and we have limited redundancy among our facilities. Due to the individualized

nature of our product candidates, we do not maintain product reserves. If any of our or our external CMOs’

manufacturing facilities, including our BioNTainer units, experience difficulties, including related to

manufacturing, product release, shelf life, testing, storage and supply chain management or shipping, our clinical

development programs may be delayed or suspended until we or our external CMOs can resume operations.

We may also be required to incur significant expenditures to resolve such difficulties.

We and our collaboration partner also have experienced, and continue to face the risk of, inventory write-downs

or redundant production capacities with respect to our COVID-19 vaccine. Planned new formulations of our

COVID-19 vaccine, including versions that could protect against new variants of COVID-19, have resulted or

may result in significant research and development expense that was not or may not be recouped. In addition,

we have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, redundant production capacities under our

agreements with CMOs due to planned new formulations, adaptations of our COVID-19 vaccine and increased

internal manufacturing capacities. Significant inventory write-downs or redundant manufacturing expenses would

negatively impact our results of operations.

Our facilities are subject to various regulatory requirements and may be subject to announced or unannounced

inspections by the FDA or other regulatory authorities at any time during the development or commercialization

phase. If we or our external CMOs cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications

and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory authorities in other

jurisdictions, we may not be able to rely on our or our external CMOs’ manufacturing facilities for the

manufacture of our product candidates. If the FDA, the EMA or another comparable regulatory authority finds our

or our external CMOs’ facilities inadequate for the manufacture of our COVID-19 vaccine or our product

candidates or otherwise deficient, including as a result of a site inspection, such facilities may be the subject of

adverse regulatory action, including the issuance of untitled or warning letters. If such facilities are subject to

enforcement action in the future or are otherwise inadequate, we may need to find alternative manufacturing

facilities, which would significantly delay or otherwise impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for

or market our COVID-19 vaccine or our product candidates.

Additionally, we may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints, labor disputes or unstable

political environments. If we were to encounter any of these difficulties, our ability to provide our product

candidates to patients in clinical trials, or to provide approved products for the treatment of patients, would be

jeopardized.

We are subject to regulatory and operational risks associated with the physical and digital infrastructure

at both our internal manufacturing facilities and at those of our external service providers.

The designs of our facilities are based on current standards for biotechnology facilities. They have been

reviewed and approved by local authorities and have also received GMP manufacturing licenses. We have

designed our facilities to incorporate a significant level of automation of equipment with integration of several

digital systems to improve efficiency of operations. We have attempted to achieve a high level of digitization for

clinical and commercial manufacturing facilities relative to industry standards. While this is meant to improve

operational efficiency, this may pose additional risk of process equipment malfunction and even overall

manufacturing system failure or shutdown due to internal or external factors including, but not limited to, design

issues, system compatibility or potential cybersecurity breaches. This may lead to a delay in supply or shutdown

of our facilities. Any disruption in our manufacturing capabilities could cause delays in our production capacity for

our drug substances or drug products, impose additional costs, or require us to identify, qualify and establish an

alternative manufacturing site, the occurrence of which could have a material adverse effect on our business,

financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

As we expand our development and commercial capacity, we may continue to establish additional manufacturing

capabilities in different jurisdictions, which may lead to regulatory delays or prove costly. If we fail to select the

correct location, complete the construction in an efficient manner, recruit required personnel, and/or generally

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manage our growth effectively, the development and production of our products or product candidates could be

delayed or curtailed. Additional investments may be needed if changes in our manufacturing process lead to

required changes in our infrastructure.

Our COVID-19 vaccine and certain of our product candidates rely on the availability of specialty raw

materials, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

Our product candidates require many specialty raw materials, some of which are manufactured by small

companies with limited resources and experience to support a commercial product, and suppliers may not be

able to deliver raw materials to our specifications. In addition, some such suppliers normally support blood-based

hospital businesses and generally do not have the capacity to support commercial products manufactured under

GMP by biopharmaceutical firms. These suppliers may be ill-equipped to support our needs, especially in non-

routine circumstances like an FDA inspection or medical crisis, such as widespread contamination. We also do

not have contracts with many of these suppliers, and we may not be able to contract with them on acceptable

terms or at all. Accordingly, we have experienced and we may in the future experience delays in receiving key

raw materials to support clinical or commercial manufacturing.

In addition, some raw materials are currently available from a single supplier, or a small number of suppliers . We

cannot be sure that these suppliers will remain in business or that they will not be purchased by one of our

competitors or another company that is not interested in continuing to produce these materials for our intended

purpose. In addition, the lead time needed to establish a relationship with a new supplier can be lengthy, and we

may experience delays in meeting demand in the event we must switch to a new supplier. The time and effort to

qualify a new supplier could result in additional costs, diversion of resources or reduced manufacturing yields,

any of which would negatively impact our operating results. Further, we may be unable to enter into agreements

with a new supplier on commercially reasonable terms or at all, which could have a material adverse impact on

our business.

We are subject to significant regulatory oversight with respect to manufacturing our products and

product candidates. Our manufacturing facilities or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party

manufacturers or suppliers may not meet regulatory requirements. Failure to meet GMP requirements

set forth in regulations promulgated by the FDA, the EMA and other comparable regulatory authorities

could result in significant delays in and costs of our products.

The manufacturing of immunotherapies for clinical trials or commercial sale is subject to extensive regulation.

GMP requirements govern manufacturing processes and procedures, including record-keeping, and the

implementation and operation of quality systems to control and assure the quality of products and materials used

in our products and product candidates. Poor control of the GMP production processes can lead to product

quality failures that can impact our ability to supply product, resulting in loss of potential product sales revenue,

cost overruns and delays to clinical timelines for our clinical programs, which could be extensive. Such

production process issues include but are not limited to:

• critical deviations in the manufacturing process;

• facility and equipment failures;

• contamination of the product due to an ineffective quality control strategy;

• facility contamination as assessed by the facility and utility environmental monitoring program;

• ineffective process, equipment or analytical change management, resulting in failed lot release criteria;

• raw material failures due to ineffective supplier qualification or regulatory compliance issues at critical

suppliers;

• ineffective product stability;

• failed lot release or facility and utility quality control testing;

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• ineffective corrective actions or preventative actions taken to correct or avoid critical deviations due to

our developing understanding of the manufacturing process as we scale; and

• failed or defective components or consumables.

We must supply all necessary documentation in support of a BLA or other marketing authorization application on

a timely basis and must adhere to the FDA’s, the EMA’s and other countries’ GMP requirements, which are

enforced, in the case of the FDA, in part through its facilities inspection program.

Regulatory authorities typically require representative manufacturing site inspections to assess adequate

compliance with GMPs and manufacturing controls as described in the filing. If either we or one of our third-party

manufacturing sites fail to provide sufficient quality assurance or control, approval to continue delivery of our

commercial product or to commercialize our product candidates may not be granted. Inspections by regulatory

authorities may be announced or unannounced and may occur at any time during the development or

commercialization phase. The inspections may be product-specific or facility-specific for broader GMP

inspections, or as a follow up to market or development issues that the regulatory agency may identify. Deficient

inspection outcomes may result in adverse regulatory action, including the issuance of untitled or warning letters,

which could influence our ability, or the ability of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers, to fulfill supply

obligations, impacting or delaying supply or delaying programs. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party

manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including,

but not limited to, clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals,

license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or products, operating restrictions, and criminal

prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products and product

candidates (including those of our collaborators) and our overall business operations.

The manufacturing process for any product is subject to the FDA’s, the EMA’s and other regulatory authorities’

approval processes, and we may need to contract with manufacturers whom we believe can meet applicable

regulatory authority requirements on an ongoing basis. If we or our third-party manufacturers are unable to

reliably manufacture to specifications acceptable to the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities, we or our

collaborators may not obtain or maintain the approvals we or they need to release and deliver such products.

Even if we or our collaborators obtain regulatory approval for any of our immunotherapies, there is no assurance

that either we or our CMOs will be able to manufacture our product candidates to specifications acceptable to

the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities, to produce it in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements

for the potential launch of the product, or to meet potential future demand. Any of these challenges could delay

completion of clinical trials, require bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase

clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates, impair commercialization efforts or increase our cost

of goods. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have an adverse effect on our business, financial

condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition, we may not have direct control over the ability of our CMOs to maintain adequate quality control,

quality assurance and qualified personnel. Furthermore, all of our CMOs are engaged with other companies to

supply or manufacture materials or products for such companies, which exposes our CMOs to regulatory risks

for the production of such materials and products. As a result, failure to meet the regulatory requirements for the

production of those materials and products may generally affect the regulatory status of our CMOs’ facilities, and

could result in the sanctions and other adverse outcomes described above. Our potential future dependence

upon others for the manufacture of our products, product candidates and raw materials may adversely affect our

future operating results and our ability to commercialize any products that receive regulatory approval on a

timely and competitive basis.

The FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities may require us to submit product samples of any lot of any

approved product together with the protocols showing the results of applicable tests at any time. Under some

circumstances, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require that we do not distribute a lot or lots until the

relevant agency authorizes such release. Deviations in the manufacturing process, including those affecting

quality attributes and stability, may result in unacceptable changes in the product that could result in lot failures

or product recalls. Our CMOs have, in the past, experienced lot failures and some may have experienced

product recalls. Lot failures or product recalls with respect to product produced by either our own facilities or

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those of our third-party manufacturers could cause us and our collaborators to delay clinical trials, product

launches or product supply, which could be costly to us and otherwise harm our business, financial condition,

results of operations and prospects.

We also may encounter problems hiring and retaining the experienced scientific, quality-control and

manufacturing personnel needed to operate our manufacturing processes and operations, which could result in

delays in production or difficulties in maintaining compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. While we

train and qualify all personnel around the appropriate handling of our products and materials, we may not be

able to control for or ultimately detect intentional sabotage or negligence by any employee or contractor.

Risks Related to our Reliance on Third Parties

We rely on third parties in the conduct of significant aspects of our preclinical studies and clinical trials

and intend to rely on third parties in the conduct of future clinical trials. If these third parties do not

successfully carry out their contractual duties, fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or

fail to meet expected deadlines, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product

candidates.

We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties, such as CROs, clinical data management

organizations, collaborators, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to conduct various and significant

elements of our clinical trials. Furthermore, we currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to

conduct certain research and preclinical testing activities. In some cases, these third parties may terminate their

engagements with us. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our discovery or product

development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these

activities but will not relieve us of our regulatory or contractual responsibilities. We are responsible for ensuring

that each of our preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol,

legal and regulatory requirements and scientific standards. For example, we are responsible for ensuring that

each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the

trial.

Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with GCP for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical

trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and

confidentiality of trial participants are protected. We are also required to register ongoing clinical trials and post

the results of completed clinical trials on a U.S. government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within

certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity, and civil and criminal sanctions. For

any violations of laws and regulations during the conduct of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, we could be

subject to warning letters or enforcement action that may include civil penalties up to and including criminal

prosecution.

We and our CROs are required to comply with regulations, including GCP, for conducting, monitoring, recording

and reporting the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are

scientifically credible and accurate and that the trial participants are adequately informed, among other things, of

the potential risks of participating in clinical trials. We are also responsible for ensuring that the rights of our

clinical trial participants are protected. These regulations are enforced by the FDA, the regulatory authorities of

the EU member states, and comparable regulatory authorities of other jurisdictions for any product candidates in

clinical development. The FDA enforces GCP regulations through periodic inspections of clinical trial sponsors,

principal investigators and trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCP, the clinical data

generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities of

other jurisdictions may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications.

We cannot be sure that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our future clinical trials will comply

with GCP. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product candidates produced in accordance with

the requirements of GMP regulations. Our failure or the failure of our CROs to comply with these regulations may

require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and could also subject us

to enforcement action.

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Although we have designed, and in the future intend to design the clinical trials for certain of our product

candidates, our collaborators will design the clinical trials that they are managing (in some cases, with our input)

and in the case of clinical trials controlled by us, we expect that CROs will conduct all of the clinical trials. As a

result, many important aspects of our development programs, including their conduct and timing, are outside of

our direct control. Our reliance on third parties to conduct future preclinical studies and clinical trials results in

less direct control over the management of data developed through preclinical studies and clinical trials than

would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with outside parties can also

potentially lead to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Outside parties may:

• have staffing difficulties;

• fail to comply with contractual obligations;

• experience regulatory compliance issues;

• undergo changes in priorities or become financially distressed;

• form relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors;

• make human errors; or

• be subject to cyberattacks.

These factors may materially adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our preclinical

studies and clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control. If the

CROs do not perform preclinical studies and clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us

or fail to comply with regulatory requirements, the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of

our product candidates may be delayed, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval and commercialize

our product candidates, or our development programs may be materially and irreversibly harmed. If we are

unable to rely on preclinical and clinical data collected by our CROs, we could be required to repeat, extend the

duration of, or increase the size of any clinical trials we conduct and this could significantly delay

commercialization and require significantly greater expenditures.

We also rely on other third parties to transport, store and distribute the required materials for our clinical trials. In

the past, certain of our third-party vendors have mishandled our materials, resulting in loss of full or partial lots of

material. Any further performance failure on the part of these third parties could result in damaged products and

could delay clinical development or marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop or

commercialization of our medicines, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential

product sales revenue, causing us to default on our contractual commitments, result in losses that are not

covered by insurance, and damage our reputation and overall perception of our products in the marketplace.

Our existing collaborations, or any future collaboration arrangements that we may enter into, may not be

successful, which could significantly limit the likelihood of receiving the potential economic benefits of

the collaboration and adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products and

product candidates.

We have entered into collaborations under which our collaborators have provided, and may in the future provide,

funding and other resources for developing and commercializing our products and product candidates. We

expect to enter into additional collaborations to access additional funding, capabilities and/or expertise in the

future. Our existing collaborations, and any future collaborations we enter into, may pose a number of risks,

including the following:

• collaborators may not perform or prioritize their obligations as expected;

• the clinical trials conducted as part of such collaborations may not be successful;

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• collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of any product candidates and

products that achieve regulatory approval or may elect not to continue or renew development or

commercialization of programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ focus or

available funding (for example, we are aware that there have been allegations that Fosun International

Ltd., an affiliate of our collaboration partner Fosun Pharma, is facing liquidity risks), or external factors,

such as an acquisition, that divert resources or create competing priorities;

• collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for clinical trials, stop a clinical trial,

abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials, or require a new formulation of a

product candidate for clinical testing;

• collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly

or indirectly with our product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more

likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically

attractive than ours;

• product candidates developed in collaborations with us may be viewed by our collaborators as

competitive with their own product candidates or products, which may cause collaborators to cease to

devote resources to the development or commercialization of our product candidates;

• a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our product candidates that

achieve regulatory approval may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of any

such product;

• disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation

or the preferred course of development of any product candidates, may cause delays or termination of

the research, development or commercialization of such product candidates, may lead to additional

responsibilities for us with respect to such product candidates, or may result in litigation or arbitration,

any of which would be time-consuming and expensive;

• collaborators may not properly maintain, protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights or may

use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our

intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;

• disputes may arise with respect to the ownership of intellectual property developed pursuant to our

collaborations;

• collaborators may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third

parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;

• collaborations may be terminated for the convenience of the collaborator and, if terminated, the

development of our product candidates may be delayed, and we could be required to raise additional

capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates;

• future relationships may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near- and

long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing shareholders, or disrupt our management

and business;

• we could face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, and the negotiation process is

time-consuming and complex; and

• our international operations through any future collaborations, acquisitions or joint ventures may expose

us to certain operating, legal and other risks not encountered in Germany or the United States.

If our collaborations do not result in the successful development and commercialization of programs, or if one of

our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone,

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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earn-out, royalty or other contingent payments, or otherwise yield the expected benefits under the collaborations.

As a result, our development of product candidates and commercialization efforts could be delayed and we may

need additional resources to develop and commercialize our product candidates. If one of our collaborators

terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to attract new collaborators and the perception of

us in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected. All of the risks relating to product

development, regulatory approval and commercialization described in this report apply to the activities of our

collaborators.

If we are not able to establish collaborations on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter

our research, development and commercialization plans.

Our research and product development programs and the potential commercialization of any product candidates

we develop alone or with collaborators will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses, and we expect

that we will continue to seek collaborative arrangements with others in connection with the development and

potential commercialization of current and future product candidates or the development of ancillary

technologies. We face significant competition in establishing relationships with appropriate collaborators. In

addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical

companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. Whether or not we reach a

definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the

collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed

collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include, among other things and as

applicable for the type of potential product or technology, an assessment of the opportunities and risks of our

technology, the design or results of studies or trials, the likelihood of approval, if necessary, of the FDA or

comparable regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product

candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the

potential of competing products and technologies and industry and market conditions generally.

Current or future collaborators may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar

indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive

than the one with us. Additionally, we may be restricted under existing collaboration agreements from entering

into future agreements on certain terms or for certain development activities with potential collaborators. For

example, we have granted exclusive rights or options to Pfizer for certain targets, and under the terms of our

respective collaboration agreements with them, we will be restricted from granting rights to other parties to use

our mRNA technology to pursue potential products that address those targets. Similarly, our collaboration

agreements have in the past and may in the future contain non-competition provisions that could limit our ability

to enter into collaborations with future collaborators.

Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate

collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do enter into additional collaboration

agreements, the negotiated terms may force us to relinquish rights that diminish our potential profitability from

development and commercialization of the subject product candidates or others. If we are unable to enter into

additional collaboration agreements, we may have to curtail the research and development of the product

candidate or technology for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay research and development

programs, delay potential commercialization timelines, reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities or

undertake research, development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our

expenditures to fund research, development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain

additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.

We have entered into in-licensing arrangements and may form or seek to enter into additional licensing

arrangements in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such licensing arrangements.

We are a party to licenses that give us rights to third-party intellectual property, including patents and patent

applications, that are necessary or useful for our business. For example, we have obtained licenses from Acuitas

Therapeutics, Inc., or Acuitas, CellScript LLC, or CellScript, and its affiliate, mRNA RiboTherapeutics, Inc ., to

patent rights claiming certain uses of modified RNA, as well as licenses from certain other parties for intellectual

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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property useful in pharmaceutical formulations. We may enter into additional licenses to third-party intellectual

property in the future.

The success of products developed based on in-licensed technology will depend in part on the ability of our

current and future licensors to prosecute, obtain, maintain, protect, enforce and defend patent protection for our

in-licensed intellectual property. Our current and future licensors may not successfully prosecute the patent

applications we license. Even if patents were issued in respect of these patent applications, our licensors may

fail to maintain these patents, may determine not to pursue litigation against other companies that are infringing

these patents, or may pursue such litigation less aggressively than we would. Without protection for the

intellectual property we license, other companies might be able to offer substantially identical products for sale,

which could adversely affect our competitive business position and harm our business prospects. In addition, we

sublicense our rights under various third-party licenses to our collaborators. Any impairment of these sublicensed

rights could result in reduced revenues under our collaboration agreements or result in termination of an

agreement by one or more of our collaborators.

Disputes may also arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license

agreement, including:

• the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

• whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe, misappropriate or otherwise

violate the intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

• our right to sublicense patent and other intellectual property rights to third parties under collaborative

relationships;

• our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed intellectual property and technology in

relation to our development and commercialization of our product candidates, and what activities satisfy

those diligence obligations;

• the ownership of inventions, trade secrets, know-how and other intellectual property resulting from the

joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our collaborators;

• the priority of invention of patented technology; and

• the amounts to be paid pursuant to certain program milestones being achieved or to royalty obligations,

including the triggering of royalty obligations and amounts to be paid pursuant thereto.

If disputes over intellectual property that we have in-licensed or other related contractual rights prevent or impair

our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on favorable terms, we may be unable to successfully

develop and commercialize the affected product candidates.

We are generally also subject to all of the same risks with respect to protection of intellectual property that we

license, as we are for intellectual property that we own, which are described below. If we, our co-owners or our

licensors fail to adequately protect, defend, maintain or enforce this intellectual property, our ability to

commercialize products could suffer.

We and our collaborators rely on third parties to manufacture certain of our clinical product supplies,

and we may have to rely on third parties to produce and process our product candidates, if approved.

Although we expect to continue using our own clinical manufacturing facilities where available, we also rely on

outside vendors to manufacture supplies and process our product candidates. We only manufacture our

COVID-19 vaccine on a commercial scale and may not be able to achieve commercial-scale manufacturing and

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processing for our other product candidates, if approved, and may be unable to create an inventory of mass-

produced, off-the-shelf product to satisfy demands for our product candidates, if approved.

We do not yet have sufficient information to reliably estimate the cost of the commercial manufacturing and

processing of our product candidates, and the actual cost to manufacture and process our product candidates

could materially and adversely affect the commercial viability of our product candidates. As a result, we may not

be able to develop commercially viable products other than our COVID-19 vaccine.

In addition, our reliance on a limited number of CMOs exposes us to the following risks:

• we may be unable to identify manufacturers on acceptable terms or at all because the number of

potential manufacturers is limited and the FDA or other regulatory authorities may have questions

regarding any replacement contractor. This may require new testing and regulatory interactions. In

addition, a new manufacturer would have to be educated in, or develop substantially equivalent

processes for, production of our products after receipt of regulatory authority questions, if any;

• our CMOs might be unable to timely formulate and manufacture our product or produce the quantity and

quality required to meet our clinical and commercial needs, if any;

• CMOs may not be able to execute our manufacturing procedures appropriately;

• our future CMOs may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business

for the time required to supply our clinical trials or to successfully produce, store and distribute our

products;

• manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA, the U.S. Drug

Enforcement Administration and corresponding state agencies and by regulatory authorities in other

jurisdictions to ensure strict compliance with GMP and other government regulations and corresponding

standards in other jurisdictions. We do not have control over CMOs’ compliance with these regulations

and standards;

• we may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to any improvements made in the

manufacturing process for our products;

• our CMOs could breach or terminate their agreement with us; and

• our CMOs would also be subject to the same risks we face in developing our own manufacturing

capabilities, as described above.

Each of these risks could delay our clinical trials, the approval, if any, of our COVID-19 vaccine or product

candidates by the FDA or regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions or the commercialization of our COVID-19

vaccine or product candidates, or result in higher costs or deprive us of potential product sales revenue. In

addition, we will rely on third parties to perform release tests on our COVID-19 or our product candidates prior to

delivery to patients. If these tests are not appropriately done and test data are not reliable, patients could be put

at risk of serious harm.

Certain of our collaborators currently rely on CMOs located outside of the United States to manufacture their

clinical materials, and we expect to rely on CMOs located outside of the United States in the future . Such ex-

U.S. CMOs may be subject to or affected by U.S. legislation, executive orders, regulations, or investigations,

including but not limited to the proposed BIOSECURE Act, the Department of Justice’s Final Rule issued on

December 27, 2024 implementing the Executive Order on Preventing Access to Americans’ Bulk Sensitive

Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern, sanctions, trade

restrictions and other U.S. and other regulatory requirements, which could increase the cost or reduce the supply

of material available to us, delay the procurement or supply of such material, delay or impact clinical trials, have

an adverse effect on our ability to secure significant commitments from governments to purchase our potential

therapies and adversely affect our financial condition and business prospects.

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We are dependent on single source suppliers for some of the components and materials used in, and the

processes required to develop, our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates.

We currently depend on single source suppliers for some of the components and materials used in, and

manufacturing processes required to develop, our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates. We cannot

ensure that these suppliers or service providers will remain in business, or have sufficient capacity or supply to

meet our needs, or that they will not be purchased by one of our competitors or another company that is not

interested in continuing to work with us. Our use of single source suppliers of raw materials, components, key

processes and finished goods exposes us to several risks, including disruptions in supply, price increases or late

deliveries. There are, in general, relatively few alternative sources of supply for substitute components. These

vendors may be unable or unwilling to meet our future demands for our clinical trials or commercial sale.

Establishing additional or replacement suppliers for these components, materials and processes could take a

substantial amount of time and it may be difficult to establish replacement suppliers who meet regulatory

requirements. Any disruption in supply from any single source supplier or service provider could lead to supply

delays or interruptions which would damage our business, financial condition, results of operations and

prospects.

If we have to switch to a replacement supplier, the manufacture and delivery of our product candidates could be

interrupted for an extended period, which could adversely affect our business. Establishing additional or

replacement suppliers for any of the components or processes used in our COVID-19 vaccine and our product

candidates, if required, may not be accomplished quickly. If we are able to find a replacement supplier, the

replacement supplier would need to be qualified and may require additional regulatory authority approval, which

could result in further delay. While we seek to maintain adequate inventory of the single source components and

materials used in our COVID-19 vaccine and our product candidates, any interruption or delay in the supply of

components or materials, or our inability to obtain components or materials from alternate sources at acceptable

prices in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demand for our COVID-19 vaccine and product

candidates.

In addition, as part of the FDA’s approval of our product candidates, we will also require FDA review of the

individual components of our process, which include the manufacturing processes and facilities of our single

source suppliers.

Our reliance on these suppliers, service providers and manufacturers subjects us to a number of risks that could

harm our reputation, business and financial condition, including, among other things:

• delays to the development timelines for our product candidates;

• interruption of supply resulting from modifications to or discontinuation of a supplier’s operations;

• delays in product shipments resulting from uncorrected defects, reliability issues, or a supplier’s variation

in a component;

• a lack of long-term supply arrangements for key components with our suppliers;

• inability to obtain adequate supply in a timely manner, or to obtain adequate supply on commercially

reasonable terms;

• difficulty and cost associated with locating and qualifying alternative suppliers for our components in a

timely manner;

• production delays related to the evaluation and testing of components from alternative suppliers, and

corresponding regulatory qualifications;

• delay in delivery due to our suppliers’ prioritizing other customer orders over ours;

• damage to our reputation caused by defective components produced by our suppliers; and

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• fluctuation in delivery by our suppliers due to changes in demand from us or their other customers.

If any of these risks materialize, costs could significantly increase and our ability to meet demand for our

products could be impacted.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If our efforts to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and/or enforce the intellectual property related to our

COVID-19 vaccine or our product candidates and technologies are not adequate, we may not be able to

compete effectively in our market.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend and enforce patent

and other intellectual property, including trade secret and know-how, protection for our COVID-19 vaccine and

for our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses, as well as our ability to operate, develop,

manufacture and commercialize our COVID-19 vaccine or one or more of our product candidates without

infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property or other proprietary rights of our

competitors or any other third parties, including any non-practicing entities or patent assertion entities. We

generally seek to protect our intellectual property position by filing and/or licensing patent applications in the

European Union, the United States and elsewhere related to our product candidates, proprietary technologies

(including methods of manufacture) and their uses that are important to our business. Our patent applications

cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until,

patents issue from such applications, and then only to the extent that the issued claims cover third parties’

activities in the countries in which they are performed. We cannot be certain that the claims in any of our patent

applications will be considered patentable by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO,

courts in the United States or the patent offices and courts in other jurisdictions, including Europe, nor can we be

certain that any claim in our issued patents will not be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged. Accordingly,

there can be no assurance that our patent applications or those of our licensors will result in additional patents

being issued or that issued patents will adequately cover our COVID-19 vaccine or our product candidates, or

otherwise afford sufficient protection against competitors with similar technology, nor can there be any assurance

that issued patents will not be infringed, designed around, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, we

may not be able to apply for patents on certain aspects of our current or future products or product candidates,

proprietary technologies and their uses in a timely fashion, at a reasonable cost, in all jurisdictions, or at all, and

any potential patent protection we obtain may not be sufficient to prevent substantial competition.

Even claims of issued patents may later be found invalid or unenforceable, or may be modified or revoked in

proceedings before various patent offices or in courts in the United States, Europe or other jurisdictions. The

degree of future protection for our intellectual property and other proprietary rights is uncertain. Only limited

protection may be available and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any

competitive advantage. If we do not adequately obtain, maintain, protect, defend and enforce our intellectual

property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our products, product candidates and

proprietary technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could have a

material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The patent application process is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance

that we or any of our current or future licensors or collaborators will be successful in prosecuting, obtaining,

protecting, maintaining, enforcing or defending patents and patent applications necessary or useful to protect our

products or product candidates, proprietary technologies (including methods of manufacture) and their uses.

These risks and uncertainties include, from time to time, the following:

• the USPTO and various other governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of

procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patenting process, the

noncompliance with which can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application or a

finding that a patent is unenforceable, and partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant

jurisdiction;

• patent applications may not result in any patents being issued;

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• claims of issued patents that we own (solely or jointly) or have in-licensed may be challenged,

invalidated, modified, revoked, circumvented, found to be unenforceable or otherwise may not provide

any competitive advantage;

• other parties may have designed around our patent claims or developed technologies that may be

related or competitive to our COVID-19 vaccine or to our product candidates or other technologies, may

have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that overlap or

conflict with our patent filings, either by claiming the same or overlapping methods, products, reagents,

tools or devices or by claiming subject matter that could dominate one or more of our patent claims;

• any successful opposition to claims of any patents owned by or in-licensed to us could deprive us of

rights necessary for the development and exploitation of our COVID-19 vaccine or our product

candidates and other technologies, or the successful commercialization of any product candidates and

other technologies that we may develop;

• because patent applications in the United States and most other jurisdictions are confidential for a period

of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we, our co-owners or our licensors were the first to file any

patent application related to our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses;

• a court or patent office proceeding, such as a derivative action or interference, can be provoked or

instituted by a third party or a patent office, and might determine that one or more of the inventions

described in our patent filings, or in those we licensed, was first invented by someone else, so that we

may lose rights to such invention(s);

• a court or other patent proceeding, such as an inter partes review, post grant review or opposition, can

be instituted by a third party to challenge the inventorship, scope, validity and/or enforceability of our

patent claims and might result in invalidation or revision of one or more of our patent claims, or in a

determination that such claims are unenforceable;

• there may be significant pressure on the U.S. government and international governmental bodies to limit

the scope of patent protection both inside and outside the United States for disease treatments that

prove successful, as a matter of public policy regarding worldwide health concerns; existing legislation

(for example, in the United States, the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, etc.) may

be interpreted, and new legislation may be passed, to permit third-party use of patented technologies

relating to a public health concern, with little or no compensation to the patent holder(s); and

• countries other than the United States may have patent laws less favorable to patentees than those

upheld by U.S. courts, allowing competitors a better opportunity to create, develop and market

competing product candidates.

The patent position of biopharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and

factual questions, and has been the subject of much litigation in recent years. The standards that the USPTO

and its counterparts use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change.

Similarly, the ultimate degree of protection that will be afforded to biotechnology inventions, including ours, in the

United States and other countries, remains uncertain and is dependent upon the scope of the protection decided

upon by patent offices, courts and lawmakers. Moreover, there are periodic changes in patent law, as well as

discussions in the U.S. Congress and in other jurisdictions about modifying various aspects of patent law. There

is no uniform, worldwide policy regarding the subject matter and scope of claims granted or allowable in

pharmaceutical or biotechnology patents. In certain countries, for example, methods for the medical treatment of

humans are not patentable. More generally, the laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights

to the same extent as U.S. or EU laws, and those countries may lack adequate rules and procedures for

granting, maintaining, protecting, defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights.

Furthermore, the patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file,

prosecute, maintain, protect, defend, enforce or license all necessary or desirable patents or patent applications,

as applicable, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is possible that we will fail to identify patentable

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aspects of our research and development output in time to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into non-

disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of

our research and development output, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific

collaborators, CROs, CMOs, consultants, advisors and other third parties, if any of these parties were to breach

such agreements and improperly disclose such output before a patent application is filed, this could jeopardize

our ability to seek patent protection. We also rely to a certain extent on trade secrets, know-how, and technology,

which are not protected by patents, to maintain our competitive position. If any trade secret, know-how or other

technology not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our

business and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, priority date, scope, term, validity or

enforceability so that any patents that may issue or that we may license may be challenged in the courts or

patent offices in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions. Once granted, patents may remain open to a

variety of challenges, including opposition, interference, re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review,

nullification or derivation action in court or before patent offices or similar proceedings, and furthermore, may be

challenged as a defense in any enforcement action that we might bring. Such challenges may result in loss of

exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, terminated, disclaimed, invalidated, assigned to others or held

unenforceable, any or all of which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or

identical products, or limit the scope and/or term of patent protection of our products and product candidates

and/ or eliminate it altogether, thus hindering or removing our ability to limit third parties from making, using or

selling products or technologies that are similar or identical to ours, and/or reduce or eliminate royalty payments

to us from our licensees. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of

new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates

are commercialized. Furthermore, our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being

issued which protect our technology or our product(s) or product candidates, or which effectively prevent others

from commercializing competitive technologies and products. As a result, our intellectual property may not

provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

Our ability to enforce our owned and in-licensed patent and other intellectual property rights depends on our

ability to detect infringement, misappropriation and other violation of such patents and other intellectual property.

It may be difficult to detect infringers, misappropriators and other violators who do not advertise the components

or methods that are used in connection with their products and services. Moreover, it may be difficult or

impossible to obtain evidence of infringement, misappropriation or other violation in a competitor’s or potential

competitor’s product or service, and in some cases we may not be able to introduce obtained evidence into a

proceeding or otherwise utilize it to successfully demonstrate infringement. We may not prevail in any lawsuits

that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially

meaningful.

Furthermore, patents or other intellectual property rights that we may be able to secure for our COVID-19

vaccine or our other COVID-19 vaccine candidates could be restricted or preempted if governments determine

that they will not enforce, or will require compulsory licensing of, technologies useful to address the spread of

COVID-19.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our owned or in-licensed patents could put our patents at risk of

being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties

to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or

otherwise unenforceable. Such challenges may result in loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity, or in patent

claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using

or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of

our technology and product candidates. If any of our owned or in-licensed patents covering our product

candidates or other technologies are narrowed, invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court found that valid,

enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our product candidates or other technologies,

our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to protect,

enforce or defend our rights. If we initiate lawsuits to protect, defend or enforce our patents, or litigate against

third-party claims, such proceedings would be expensive and would divert the attention of our management,

technical personnel, and other employees even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.

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The degree of future protection for our intellectual property and other proprietary rights is uncertain, and we

cannot ensure that:

• any of our patents, or any of our pending patent applications, if issued, or those of our licensors, will

include claims having a scope sufficient to protect our product(s), our product candidates and other

technologies;

• any of our pending patent applications or those of our licensors may issue as patents;

• others will not or may not be able to make, use, offer to sell or sell products that are the same as or

similar to our own but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or license;

• we will be able to successfully commercialize our products on a substantial scale, if approved, before the

relevant patents that we own or license expire;

• we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of the patents and pending patent applications

that we own or license;

• we, our co-owners or our licensors were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

• others will not develop similar or alternative products or technologies that do not infringe the patents we

own or license;

• any of the claims of patents we own or license will be found to ultimately be valid and enforceable;

• any patents issued to us or our licensors will provide a basis for an exclusive market for our

commercially viable product candidates and other technologies or will provide us with any competitive

advantages;

• a third party may not challenge the claims of patents we own or license and, if challenged, a court would

hold that such patent claims are valid, enforceable and infringed;

• we may develop or in-license additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

• the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on our ability to issue patents, or otherwise on our

business;

• our competitors do not conduct research, development, testing or commercialization activities in

countries where we do not have enforceable patent rights and then use the information learned from

such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

• we will develop additional proprietary technologies, product(s) or product candidates that are separately

patentable; and

• our, or our collaborators’, development and commercialization activities, including our manufacturing

processes, or products will not infringe patents of our competitors or any other third parties, including

any non-practicing entities or patent assertion entities.

Other companies or organizations may challenge our intellectual property rights or the intellectual

property rights of our partners or may assert intellectual property rights that prevent us or our partners

from developing and commercializing our COVID-19 vaccine or our product candidates and other

technologies.

We practice in new and evolving scientific fields, the continued development and potential use of which has

resulted in many different patents and patent applications from organizations and individuals seeking to obtain

intellectual property protection in the fields. We own and in-license patent applications and issued patents that

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describe and/or claim certain technologies, including products, reagents, formulations, tools and methods

including uses and manufacturing methods, or features or aspects of any of these. These issued patents and

pending patent applications claim certain compositions of matter and methods relating to the discovery,

development, testing, manufacture and commercialization of therapeutic modalities and our delivery

technologies, including lipid nanoparticles, or LNPs. If we, our co-owners or our licensors are unable to obtain,

maintain, protect, defend or enforce patent protection with respect to our products, product candidates and other

technology and any other products, product candidates and technology that we may develop, our business,

financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

As the scientific fields mature, our known competitors and other third parties, many of whom have substantially

greater resources than we do and many of whom have made significant investments in competing technologies,

may seek or may have already obtained patents, and they have filed and will continue to file patent applications

claiming inventions in the fields in the United States and elsewhere. This may limit, interfere with or eliminate our

and our partners’ ability to make, use, sell, import or otherwise exploit our COVID-19 vaccine or our product

candidates or other technologies. There is uncertainty about which patents will issue, and, if they do, as to when,

to whom and with what claims. With respect to both in-licensed and owned intellectual property, we cannot

predict whether the patent applications we and our licensors are currently pursuing will issue as patents in any

particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will provide sufficient protection from

competitors.

We, our co-owners, our partners or our licensors may in the future become a party to patent proceedings or

priority disputes in the United States, Europe or other jurisdictions. In the United States, the Leahy-Smith

America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, includes a number of significant changes that affect the way

patent applications are prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include allowing third-party

submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of

a patent through USPTO-administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review

and derivation proceedings. We expect that our competitors and other third parties will institute litigation and

other proceedings, such as interference, reexamination and opposition proceedings, as well as inter partes and

post-grant review proceedings against us and the patents and patent applications that we own and in-license.

Additionally, we face ongoing COVID-19 vaccine-related patent litigation. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., or

Alnylam, has brought litigation against us and Pfizer regarding U.S. Patent Nos. 11,245,933; 11,382,979;

11,633,479; 11,633,480; 11,612,657; and 11,590,229, the latter five of which are continuations of the ‘933 Patent.

In addition, CureVac SE, or CureVac, has brought litigation against us in Germany regarding three European

patents, 1857122B1, or EP’122, 3708668B1, or EP’668, and 4023755B1, or EP’755, and three German utility

models, DE202015009961, DE202015009974, and DE202021004130, or the CureVac IP. BioNTech filed a

nullity action in the Federal Patent Court of Germany seeking a declaration that EP’122 is invalid, initiated

cancellation actions against the CureVac IP in the German Patent and Trademark Office, and filed opposition

proceedings in the European Patent Office, or EPO, seeking the revocation of EP’668 and EP’755. In the United

States, CureVac asserts seven U.S. patents against us and Pfizer: U.S. Patent Nos. 11,135,312; 11,149,278;

10,760,070; 11,286,492; 11,345,920; 11,596,686, and 11,667,910. BioNTech and Pfizer also initiated

proceedings seeking the revocation of EP’122, EP’668, and EP’755 in the Business and Property Courts of

England and Wales. ModernaTX, Inc., or Moderna, has brought litigation against us and Pfizer regarding

European patents 3590949B1, or EP’949, and 3718565B1, or EP’565, in Germany, England and Wales, the

Netherlands, Ireland, and Belgium, and regarding U.S. Patent Nos. 10,898,574, 10,702,600, and 10,933,127 in

the United States. BioNTech and Pfizer also initiated proceedings seeking the revocation of EP’949 and EP’565

in the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales and have filed opposition proceedings in the EPO

seeking the revocation of EP’949 and EP’565. BioNTech and Pfizer have filed petitions for inter partes review

before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board in the United States with respect to U.S. Patent Nos. 10,702,600 and

10,933,127. Arbutus Biopharma Corp., or Arbutus, and Genevant Sciences GmbH, or Genevant, have brought

litigation against us and Pfizer in the United States regarding U.S. Patent Nos. 9,504,651; 8,492,359;

11,141,378; 11,298,320; and 11,318,098. Promosome initiated litigation against us and Pfizer in the United

States regarding U.S. Patent No. 8,853,179; it has since been dismissed with prejudice. Promosome LLC, or

Promosome, has initiated litigation against us and Pfizer in the Unified Patent Court (Munich Division) regarding

one European patent, EP 2 401 365. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA and GlaxoSmithKline LLC, or collectively,

GSK, have brought litigation against us and Pfizer in the United States regarding U.S. Patent Nos. 11,638,693;

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11,638,694; 11,666,534; 11,766,401; 11,786,467; 11,759,422; 11,655,475; and 11,851,660. We cannot guarantee

that we will not become subject to additional COVID-19 vaccine patent infringement lawsuits in the future. In

addition, should Pfizer not prevail in any of the ongoing COVID-19 vaccine patent infringement lawsuits to which

it is a party, Pfizer may seek to require us to indemnify Pfizer for losses suffered therefrom as well as any losses

from future COVID-19 vaccine patent infringement lawsuits in which it does not prevail. We believe we have

strong defenses against each of these claims and intend to vigorously defend ourselves in each proceeding, but

we can make no assurances regarding the ultimate outcome of any of these matters.

We expect that we will continue to be subject to similar proceedings or priority disputes, including oppositions, in

Europe or other jurisdictions relating to patents and patent applications in our portfolio .

If we, our co-owners, our partners or our licensors are unsuccessful in any interference proceedings or other

priority or validity disputes, including any derivations, post-grant review, inter partes review or oppositions, to

which we or they are subject, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights through the narrowing or loss of

one or more patents owned or in-licensed, or our owned or in-licensed patent claims may be narrowed,

invalidated or held unenforceable. In many cases, the possibility of appeal exists for either us or our opponents,

and it may be years before final, unappealable rulings are made with respect to these patents in certain

jurisdictions. The timing and outcome of these and other proceedings is uncertain and may adversely affect our

business if we are not successful in defending the patentability and scope of our pending and issued patent

claims. Even if our rights are not directly challenged, disputes could lead to the weakening of our intellectual

property rights. Our defense against any attempt by third parties to circumvent or invalidate our intellectual

property rights could be costly to us, could require significant time and attention of our management, technical

personnel and other employees and could have a material adverse impact on our business and our ability to

successfully compete against our current and future competitors.

There are many issued and pending patent filings that claim aspects of technologies that we may need for our

mRNA products or product candidates, or other product candidates, including patent filings that relate to relevant

delivery technologies. There are also many issued patents that claim targeting genes or portions of genes that

may be relevant for immunotherapies we wish to develop. In addition, as evidenced by the lawsuits brought

against Moderna, Pfizer and us, there may be additional issued and pending patent applications that may be

asserted against us in a court proceeding or otherwise based upon the asserting party’s belief that we may need

such patents for the development, manufacturing, testing and commercialization of our COVID-19 vaccine or of

our product candidates. Thus, it is possible that one or more organizations, ranging from our competitors to non-

practicing entities or patent assertion entities, has or will hold patent rights to which we may need a license, or

hold patent rights which could be asserted against us. Such licenses may not be available on commercially

reasonable terms or at all, or may be non-exclusive. If those organizations refuse to grant us a license to such

patent rights on reasonable terms, if we fail to invalidate relevant patents, or if a court or other governing body

determines that we need such patent rights that have been asserted against us and we are not able to obtain a

license on reasonable terms or at all, we may be unable to perform research and development or other activities

or market products covered by such patents, and we may need to cease the development, manufacture, testing

and commercialization of one or more of the product candidates we may develop. Any of the foregoing could

result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

We may not be successful in obtaining, maintaining, protecting or defending the necessary intellectual

property rights to allow us to identify and develop product candidates, and test product components and

manufacturing processes for our development pipeline.

We currently have rights to certain intellectual property through our owned and in-licensed patents and other

intellectual property rights relating to identification, development and testing of our product candidates or other

technologies. As our activities may involve additional product candidates or services that could require the use of

intellectual property and other proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business could depend in

part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use such intellectual property and proprietary rights. In addition, our

product candidates may require specific formulations to work effectively and efficiently and these intellectual

property and other proprietary rights may be held by others. We may be unable to secure such licenses or

otherwise acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual

property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary, on reasonable terms, or at all, for product

candidates and other technologies that we may develop. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual

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property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies

to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These

established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources, and greater

clinical development and commercialization capabilities.

We sometimes collaborate with academic institutions and/or utilize services of CROs and CMOs in certain

aspects of our research or development under written agreements with these parties. These agreements may

not ensure protection of intellectual property rights in developed technology, or may fail to provide us with

sufficient control of or access to such intellectual property rights. For example, agreements with these academic

institutions typically provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology

resulting from the collaboration. However, these institutions may not honor our option and right of first negotiation

for intellectual property rights or we may otherwise be unable to negotiate a license within the specified time

frame or under terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual

property rights to other parties, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program or otherwise continue to

develop certain product candidates or other technologies. CROs and/or CMOs may control certain technologies

that were utilized in and/or developed through work on our behalf, and may not pursue protection of such

technologies, or may provide us with only non-exclusive rights in such technologies, so that relevant

technologies may be shared with other parties including our competitors. In any relationship with a third party,

there is a risk of disagreement over intellectual property rights (including inventorship or ownership of, rights to

protect and/or enforce, and/or rights to use) in utilized or developed technologies.

Moreover, some of our owned patents and patent applications are, and may in the future be, co-owned with third

parties. If we are unable to obtain, or continue to maintain, exclusive rights to any such third-party co-owners’

interest in such patents or patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third

parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technologies. In

addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patents in order to enforce such patents

against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material

adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, third parties that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We

also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to

make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-

party intellectual property rights or maintain, protect, defend or enforce the existing intellectual property rights we

have, we may have to abandon the development and commercialization of the relevant program or product

candidate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations

and prospects.

The lifespans of our patents may not be sufficient to effectively protect our products or product

candidates, technologies and business.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after

its first effective non-provisional filing date, assuming maintenance fees are timely paid after the patent has

issued. Most other jurisdictions also provide a 20-year nominal patent term, though many require payment of

regular, often annual, annuities to maintain pendency of an application or viability of an issued patent. In some

jurisdictions, one or more options for extension of a patent term may be available, but even with such

extensions, the lifespan of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product

candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses are obtained, once the patent term has expired, we may be

subject to competition from third parties that can then use the inventions included in such patents to create

competing products and technologies. In addition, although upon issuance in the United States a patent’s life

can be increased based on certain delays caused by the USPTO, this increase can be reduced or eliminated

based on certain delays caused by the patent applicant during patent prosecution. The USPTO can also require,

in certain circumstances, that the expiration date of a subject patent be shortened by the filing of a terminal

disclaimer over one or more patents that may expire sooner than the subject patent. Given the amount of time

required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such

product candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. If any patents that

we own or in-license expire, we would not be able to stop others from using or commercializing similar or

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identical technology and products, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. Any of

the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions,

results of operations and prospects.

If we do not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for any product candidates we may

develop, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any product candidates we

may develop, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug

Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Action of 1984, or Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-

Waxman Amendments permit a patent extension term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost

during the FDA regulatory review process for a drug product subject to the provisions of the Hatch-Waxman Act.

A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of

product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method

for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, we may not be granted an extension

because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process,

failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise

failing to satisfy applicable requirements. For example, we did not extend any patent for our COVID-19 vaccine.

Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If

we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our

competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business,

financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

If we fail to comply, or are viewed to have failed to comply, with our obligations in the agreements under

which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to

our business relationships with our licensors or other third parties, we could lose license rights that are

important to our business or suffer monetary losses.

We are heavily reliant upon licenses to certain intellectual property and other proprietary rights from third parties

that are important or necessary to the development and commercialization of our technology and product(s) or

product candidates, and we expect to enter into similar license agreements in the future. Licensing of intellectual

property is important to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues and is

complicated by the rapid pace of scientific discovery in our industry. Our licenses may not provide exclusive

rights to use such intellectual property and technology in all relevant fields of use and in all territories in which we

may wish to develop, test, or commercialize our technology and products in the future. As a result, we may not

be able to prevent competitors from developing and commercializing competitive products in territories included

in any or all of our licenses.

Where we obtain licenses from, or collaborate with, third parties, in some circumstances we may not have the

right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, enforcement and defense of patents and patent

applications covering the technology that we license from, or that arises through collaboration with, such third

parties, or such activities, if controlled by us, may require the input of such third parties. In some cases, patent

prosecution (including preparation and filing) of our in-licensed intellectual property or of intellectual property

developed through collaboration, is controlled solely by the licensor or collaborator. We may also require the

agreement and/or cooperation of our licensors and collaborators to protect, enforce, utilize, or defend any in-

licensed patent rights, and such agreement and/or cooperation may not be provided. Therefore, we cannot be

certain that these patents and patent applications will be prepared, filed, prosecuted, maintained, protected,

enforced or defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Any patents or patent

applications that we in-license may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented, invalidated or held unenforceable,

or our licensors may not properly maintain such patents or patent applications and they may expire. If our

licensors fail to obtain, maintain, defend, protect or enforce the intellectual property we license from them, we

could lose our rights to the intellectual property and our competitors could market competing products using the

inventions in such intellectual property. In certain cases, we control the prosecution of patents included from in-

licensed technology. In the event we breach any of our obligations related to such prosecution, we may incur

significant liability to our collaborators. If we and our licensors or collaborators disagree over IP protection

strategies for relevant technologies, disputes may arise, and we could lose access to or control over protection

of technologies important to our business. If so, we may not be able to adequately protect our product(s) or

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product candidates, including not being able to prevent a competitor or other third party from developing the

same product(s) or product candidates for the same or a different use. Any of the foregoing could have a

material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and

prospects.

Moreover, we may disagree from time to time with licensors or collaborators regarding, among other things, the

interpretation of each party’s obligations or the amounts payable under our agreements. For example, we were

in discussions with the University of Pennsylvania, or UPenn, and the National Institutes of Health, or the NIH,

concerning royalties and other related amounts allegedly owed on sales of our COVID-19 vaccine since

commercialization. UPenn subsequently filed suit against us in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania in connection with this dispute. On December 20, 2024, we entered into a Settlement Agreement

with the NIH pursuant to which we agreed, among other things, to pay $791.5 million to the NIH. On December

23, 2024, we entered into a binding Term Sheet with UPenn pursuant to which we agreed to enter into a

separate settlement agreement with UPenn, which would provide, among other things, that we pay $400.0

million as royalties for calendar years 2020-2023 to UPenn. For more information regarding our settlement with

the NIH and UPenn, s ee Note 12.2 of our con solidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual

Report.

If we are found to have failed to satisfy obligations or materially breached any of our agreements, such as

licenses to third-party intellectual or any disagreements between us and our licensors, a licensor could

potentially have the right or reason to terminate the license, to exercise the option of a non-exclusive license,

which would allow our competitors to have access to the same intellectual property and technology licensed to

us. Our existing license agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various

diligence, milestone and royalty payment, exclusivity and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our

obligations under these agreements, including royalty payments, or we are subject to a bankruptcy, the licensor

may have the right to terminate the license agreement, in which event we would not be able to develop, market

and commercialize product(s) or product candidates covered by the license agreement. In spite of our best

efforts and even if we disagree, our licensors might still conclude that we have materially breached our license

agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing our ability to develop, test

and commercialize the product(s) or product candidates covered by these license agreements. In the event that

any of our license agreements were to be terminated by the licensor, we may need to negotiate new or

reinstated agreements, which may not be available to us on equally favorable terms, or at all. If these license

agreements are rightfully terminated, or if the underlying patents or other intellectual property fail to provide the

intended exclusivity, competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market and

commercialize, products similar or identical to ours, and our licensors may be able to seek additional judicial

remedies. In addition, we may seek to obtain additional licenses from our licensors and, in connection with

obtaining such licenses, we may agree to amend our existing license agreements in a manner that may be more

favorable to the licensors, including by agreeing to terms that could enable third parties (potentially including our

competitors) to receive licenses to a portion of the intellectual property that is subject to our existing licenses.

Failure to prevail with respect to any contractual disagreements could result in a material adverse effect on our

competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations or prospects, particularly if discussions

result in legal or other dispute resolution proceedings.

We are generally also subject to all of the same risks with respect to protection of intellectual property that we

license, as we are for intellectual property that we own, which are described in this section. If we, our co-owners

or our licensors fail to adequately protect this intellectual property, our ability to develop, test, market and

commercialize our product(s) or product candidates could suffer. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property

that we have in-licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on

commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop, test, market and commercialize the

affected product(s) or product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial

condition, results of operations and prospects.

Some of our in-licensed intellectual property has been discovered through government-funded

programs and thus may be subject to federal regulations such as “march-in” rights and certain reporting

requirements, and compliance with such regulations may limit our exclusive rights and our ability to

contract with manufacturers.

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Certain intellectual property rights that have been in-licensed, including patent applications and patents that we

in-license from the University of Pennsylvania, the Louisiana State University, the Broad Institute, the NIH,

Genevant, and CellScript, have been generated through the use of U.S. government funding and are therefore

subject to certain federal regulations. The U.S. government may have certain rights to intellectual property

embodied in our current or future product candidates pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, or the Bayh-Dole

Act. These U.S. government rights may include a non-exclusive, non-transferable, irrevocable worldwide license

to use inventions covered by that Act for any governmental purpose. In addition, the U.S. government may have

the right, under certain limited circumstances, to require the licensor to grant exclusive, partially exclusive or

non-exclusive licenses to any of these inventions to a third party if it determines that (i) adequate steps have not

been taken to commercialize the invention, (ii) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety

needs or (iii) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations (also

collectively referred to as “march-in rights”). The U.S. government may also have the right to take title to these

inventions if the licensor fails to disclose the invention to the government or fails to file an application to register

the intellectual property within specified time limits. Any exercise by the government of such rights could harm

our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Intellectual property

generated under a government-funded program is also subject to certain reporting requirements, compliance

with which may require us to expend substantial resources.

In addition, the U.S. government requires that any products embodying any such inventions or produced through

the use of any such inventions be manufactured substantially in the United States. This preference for U.S.

industry may be waived by the federal agency that provided the funding if the owner or assignee of the

intellectual property can show that reasonable but unsuccessful efforts have been made to grant licenses on

similar terms to potential licensees that would be likely to manufacture the products substantially in the United

States or that under the circumstances domestic manufacture is not commercially feasible. We may not be able

to obtain a waiver of this preference for U.S. industry, and this preference may limit our ability to contract with

non-U.S. product manufacturers for products covered by such intellectual property. To the extent any of our

owned or in-licensed future intellectual property is generated through the use of U.S. government funding, the

provisions of the Bayh-Dole Act may similarly apply. If we or our licensors are unable to secure an exemption to

these manufacturing requirements, if we comply with them, or if we are unable to comply with them, we may

experience a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of

operations and prospects.

Our current proprietary position for certain products and product candidates depends upon our owned

or in-licensed patent filings covering components, manufacturing-related methods, formulations and/or

methods of use, which may not adequately prevent a competitor or other third party from using the same

product candidate for the same or a different use.

Composition of matter patent protection is generally considered to be desirable because it provides protection

without regard to any particular method of use or manufacture or formulation. While we have pursued or

obtained patent protection covering components of certain product candidates and tests, manufacturing-related

methods, formulations and/or methods of use, we have not yet obtained patent protection for all components of

certain product candidates and tests, manufacturing-related methods, formulations and/or methods of use. For

instance, we do not currently have any claims in our owned or in-licensed issued U.S. patents that cover the

overall construct used in our iNeST product candidates. We also cannot be certain that claims in any future

patents issuing from our pending owned or in-licensed patent applications or our future owned or in-licensed

patent applications will cover the composition of matter, tests, manufacturing-related methods, formulations and/

or methods of use of our current or future product candidates. Method of use patents protect the use of a product

for the specified method and formulation patents cover formulations to deliver therapeutics. These types of

patents do not prevent a competitor or other third party from developing, testing, marketing or commercializing a

similar or identical product for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method or from developing

a different formulation that is outside the scope of the patented formulation. Moreover, with respect to method of

use patents, even if competitors or other third parties do not actively promote their product for our targeted

indications or uses for which we may obtain patents, physicians may recommend that patients use these

products off-label, or patients may do so themselves. Although off-label use may infringe or contribute to the

infringement of method of use patents, the practice is common and this type of infringement is difficult to prevent

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or enforce. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in the United

States or abroad.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our

product(s) and product candidates, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third

parties in order to develop, test or market our product(s) and product candidates.

Because our products and product candidates are still in early stages of development, testing or

commercialization, and one or more features of the products or product candidates, or related technologies such

as their manufacture, formulation, testing or use, may still change, we cannot be confident that we are aware of

all third-party intellectual property that might be relevant to products that we eventually hope to commercialize.

Furthermore, even if all aspects of our product(s) or product candidates, or of other technology, were known, it is

possible that third-party intellectual property, which may or may not currently be public, could develop in a

manner (for example, through issuance of additional patents) that could impede our ability to make or use

relevant products or product candidates, or other technology. Various third-party competitors practice in relevant

spaces, and may have issued patents, or patent applications that will issue as patents in the future, that will

impede or preclude our ability to commercialize products. Furthermore, while U.S. patent laws provide a “safe

harbor” to our clinical product candidates under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1), which exempts from patent infringement

activities related to pursuing FDA approval for a drug product, that exemption expires when an NDA or BLA is

submitted. Accordingly, after such submission (including for certain formulations of our COVID-19 vaccine), the

271(e)(1) safe harbor may no longer provide the same level of protection from third party patent infringement

claims for that product. We may become exposed to lawsuits from third parties who consider our COVID-19

vaccine to infringe their patents. More generally, given the uncertainty of clinical trials, we cannot be certain of

the timing of their completion and it is possible that we might want to submit an NDA or BLA at a time when one

or more relevant third-party patents is in force. Thus, it is possible that at the time that we commercialize our

product candidates, one or more third parties may have issued patent claims that cover such products or critical

features of their production, testing or use. We may not be able to commercialize our products if patents issued

to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights cover, or may be alleged to cover, our products or

elements thereof, or their methods of manufacture, testing or use at the time that we seek to commercialize

them. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop, test or commercialize product candidates unless

we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned,

successfully design around their claims, or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right

holder(s). Such litigation or licenses could be costly, licenses could not be available on commercially reasonable

terms or at all, and design-around could be prohibitively expensive or impossible.

Additionally, with respect to our products, product candidates and related technologies that may play a role in

addressing a pandemic or other public health emergency, it is unclear whether governments around the world

will protect vaccine manufacturers for liability from infringement of third party intellectual property, at least during

the period of such public health emergency. Thus, it is possible that third parties may assert intellectual property

rights against us relating to our COVID-19 vaccine, and that we will not be successful in arguing that

commercialization of our COVID-19 vaccine is exempted from infringement and/or liability for infringement (for

example, under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1), discussed above, or under the Public Readiness and Emergency

Preparedness Act, or the PREP Act, etc.). Furthermore, even if such commercialization was deemed protected

from infringement during the period of the pandemic crisis, now that various global and U.S. agencies have

declared an end to the global COVID-19 public health emergency, any such exemption may be terminated so

that continuing commercialization could expose us to liability, and might even be precluded if third party(ies) who

hold relevant intellectual property rights are able to secure injunction(s) or are unwilling to license to us on

commercially feasible terms.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents that cover, or applications that will

mature into patents that cover, one or more aspects of our platform or product(s) and product candidates. Given

that, in most jurisdictions, a patent application is confidential when initially filed, and typically remains so until it is

published about 18 months after the initial filing, it may not be possible for us to identify certain relevant filings in

time to avoid using the technology that they claim. Additionally, the claims of pending patent applications can,

subject to certain limitations, be amended over time, so that even patent applications whose claims did not cover

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our products or activities when published could be amended to cover one or more aspects of our platform or

product candidates over time, and we might not be aware that such amendment had been made.

We may be involved in lawsuits or other legal proceedings to protect or enforce our intellectual property

or the intellectual property of our licensors, or to defend against third-party claims that we infringe,

misappropriate or otherwise violate such third party’s intellectual property, each of which could be

expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other

intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement

lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, ex parte reexaminations, post-grant review, and inter partes review

proceedings before the USPTO and corresponding European and other non-U.S. patent offices.

Competitors and other third parties may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property

rights or those of our licensors. To prevent infringement, misappropriation or other unauthorized use, we may be

required to file claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In certain instances, we have instituted and

may in the future institute inter partes review proceedings against issued U.S. patents and opposition

proceedings against European patents owned by third parties. We have a number of opposition proceedings

ongoing at the EPO against third-party patents related to mRNA technologies. As the biotechnology and

pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our products, product

candidates and services may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, our owned or in-licensed patents may be challenged and a court

may decide that a patent we own or in-license is not valid, is unenforceable and/or is not infringed. If we or any

of our potential future collaborators were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent

directed at one of our product(s) and/or product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is

invalid and/or unenforceable in whole or in part. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims

alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge include an alleged

failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including novelty, non-obviousness, enablement or written

description. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could include an allegation that someone connected with

prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO or made a misleading statement during

prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the USPTO, even outside the context of litigation.

Similar mechanisms for challenging the validity and enforceability of a patent exist in ex-U.S. patent offices and

may result in the revocation, cancellation or amendment of any ex-U.S. patents we hold in the future. The

outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable, and prior art could render

our patents or those of our licensors invalid. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or

unenforceability, we could lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on a product and/or product

candidate. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our competitive position,

business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

Third parties, including our competitors to non-practicing entities or patent assertion entities, may assert that we

are employing their intellectual property and other proprietary technology without authorization. There may be

third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, testing, methods of manufacture

or methods for treatment related to the use, development, testing, manufacture or commercialization of our

COVID-19 vaccine or product candidates. F or example, BioNTech SE and certain of our wholly owned

subsidiaries are defendants in litigations initiated by CureVac, Alnylam, Moderna, Arbutus, Genevant, GSK, and

Promosome regarding Comirnaty . See “Legal Proceedings” in this Annual Report. As patent applications can

take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued

patents that our product(s) and/or product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents

in the future and claim that our technologies infringe upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held by a

court of competent jurisdiction to cover the testing or manufacturing processes of any of our product(s) and/or

product candidates, any molecules formed during the testing and manufacturing processes or any final product

itself, the holders of any such patents may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block

our ability to develop, test and commercialize such product and/or product candidate unless we obtained a

license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire. Similarly, if any third-party patents were held

by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for testing or manufacture or

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methods of use, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability

to develop, test and commercialize the applicable product and/or product candidate unless we obtained a license

or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable

terms, or at all, or may be non-exclusive.

Interference or derivation proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may

be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of

our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to

license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer

us a license on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or if a non-exclusive license is offered and our

competitors gain access to the same intellectual property and technology. Our defense of litigation, interference,

derivation or similar proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our

management, technical personnel and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation

could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds we need to continue our clinical trials and

research programs, to license necessary technology from third parties or to enter into development or

manufacturing collaborations that would help us bring our product(s) and/or product candidates to market.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to our intellectual property rights may

cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our management, technical personnel and other

employees from their normal responsibilities. Such proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses

and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution

activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such proceedings adequately.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such proceedings more effectively than we can

because of their greater resources in one or more aspects, or for other reasons. Uncertainties resulting from the

initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the

marketplace.

In the event of a successful claim of infringement, misappropriation or other violation against us, we may have to

pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties,

redesign our infringing products, or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may not be made

available on commercially favorable terms, if at all, or may require substantial time and expense.

Such licenses are likely to be non-exclusive and, therefore, our competitors may have access to the same

intellectual property and technology licensed to us. If we fail to obtain a required license and are unable to

design around a patent, we may be unable to effectively market some of our technology and product(s) and/or

product candidates, which could limit our ability to generate revenues or achieve or maintain profitability and

possibly prevent us from generating revenue sufficient to sustain our operations. Moreover, certain of our

collaborations provide, and we expect additional collaborations to provide, that royalties payable to us for

licenses to our intellectual property may be offset by amounts paid by our collaborators to third parties for

licenses to such third parties’ intellectual property in the relevant fields, which could result in significant

reductions in our revenues from products developed through collaborations.

In addition, in connection with certain license and collaboration agreements, we have agreed to indemnify certain

third parties for certain costs incurred in connection with litigation relating to intellectual property rights or the

subject matter of the agreements. The cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to intellectual

property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property

litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this

type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim

proceedings or developments in any litigation or other intellectual property proceedings. If securities analysts or

investors perceive these results to be negative, the price of the ADSs representing our ordinary shares could

decline.

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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document

submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent

protection could be reduced or eliminated for non- compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other governmental fees on patents and

applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the

United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents or applications. We have systems in place to

remind us to pay these fees and we employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees

due to non-U.S. patent agencies; however, we cannot guarantee that we will successfully pay these fees. The

USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural,

documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ

reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be

cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are

situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application,

resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. We are also dependent on our

licensors to take the necessary action to comply with these requirements with respect to our in-licensed

intellectual property, and we cannot guarantee that they will do so. In such an event, our competitors might be

able to enter the market with similar or identical products or technology, and this would have a material adverse

impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in patent law in the United States or in other countries could diminish the value of patents in

general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other biotechnology companies, our success is heavily dependent on our intellectual property

rights, particularly patents that we own and in-license. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology

industry involve both technological and legal complexity, and therefore obtaining and enforcing biotechnology

patents is costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. Moreover, there are periodic changes in patent law.

For example, after March 2013, under the America Invents Act, the United States transitioned to a first inventor

to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a

patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to

invent the claimed invention. The America Invents Act also includes a number of significant changes that have

affected the way patent applications are prosecuted and also affect patent litigation. Such legislation and its

implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications

and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our

business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, decisions by courts and governmental bodies in the United States and other jurisdictions may affect

the value of patent applications, issued patents or other intellectual property that we own or in-license. For

example, recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain

circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing

uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created

uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress,

the federal courts, the USPTO and other administrative agencies, and their equivalents in other jurisdictions, the

laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a material adverse

effect on our existing patent portfolio and our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, defend or enforce our intellectual

property in the future.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position

would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patent protection for some of our technology, product(s) and product candidates, we also

seek to rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to maintain our competitive position and

protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any

other elements of our product discovery development, testing, manufacturing and commercialization processes

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that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade

secrets and know-how may be difficult to protect.

We seek to protect these trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary technology, in part, by entering into non-

disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees,

corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, CMOs, consultants, advisors and other third

parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees

and consultants and require all of our employees and key consultants who have access to our trade secrets,

proprietary know-how, information or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements. We cannot guarantee

that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade

secrets or proprietary technology and processes. To the extent we become involved in litigation that may require

discovery of our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary technology, we seek to secure protective orders

from the court that bind the parties with access to the discovered information. Despite our best efforts, we cannot

be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that

competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent

information and techniques. Any of these parties who may have access to our trade secrets, know-how and

other proprietary technology may breach such agreements or orders. For example, a former employee of our

COVID-19 vaccine collaborator, Pfizer, has reportedly misappropriated trade secrets on our COVID-19 vaccine.

We may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally

disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret or know-how is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the

outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or

unwilling to protect trade secrets and know-how. In addition, we cannot be certain that our proprietary technical

information and related confidential documents that we have shared with our collaborators and/or have

submitted to governmental agencies including regulatory agencies for evaluation and supervision of

pharmaceutical products will be kept confidential. For example, certain documents relating to our COVID-19

vaccine were unlawfully accessed after a cyberattack on the EMA in December 2020. If any of our trade secrets

or know-how were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we

would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If we are

unable to prevent unauthorized material disclosure of our intellectual property to third parties, we may not be

able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our

business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that we have wrongfully hired an employee from a competitor, or that our

employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential

information of third parties, including alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We have received confidential and proprietary information from third parties in the course of our research and

other collaborations with others in the industry, academic institutions and other third parties. In addition, many of

our employees, consultants and advisors are currently or were previously employed at universities or other

biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try

to ensure that our employees, consultants, independent contractors and advisors do not use the confidential or

proprietary information, trade secrets or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims

that we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential or proprietary information, trade secrets or

know-how of these third parties, or that our employees, consultants, independent contractors or advisors have

inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information, trade secrets or know-how of such

individual’s current or former employer. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary

damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Litigation may be necessary to defend

against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in

substantial cost and be a distraction to our management, technical personnel and other employees. Claims that

we or our employees, consultants or advisors have misappropriated the confidential or proprietary information,

trade secrets or know-how of third parties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial

condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other

intellectual property.

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In the future, we may be subject to claims that current or former employees, consultants, independent

contractors, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an

inventor or co-inventor. While it is our policy to require our employees, consultants, independent contractors,

collaborators and other third parties who may be involved in the conception, development or reduction to

practice of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be

unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives, develops or reduces to

practice such intellectual property that we regard as our own. In addition, certain such agreements, even if

successfully executed may distribute ownership or control of intellectual property rights between or among

parties, for example based on subject matter, relationship to other intellectual property, and/or one or more

aspects of development of the intellectual property; after the agreements are in place disputes may arise over

such distribution principles or over proper treatment of particular developed intellectual property in accordance

with them. Disagreements may be difficult or impossible to resolve, may be expensive to address, and may

result in our failing to secure or maintain ownership in or control of intellectual property necessary or important to

our business.

The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be

breached. For example, we may have inventorship or ownership disputes arise from conflicting obligations of

employees, consultants, independent contractors, collaborators or other third parties who are involved in

developing and commercializing our product(s) and/or product candidates. Litigation may be necessary to

defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such

claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as

exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material

adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Even if we are successful in defending

against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management, technical

personnel and other employees.

Furthermore, the laws of some other countries do not protect intellectual property and other proprietary rights or

establish ownership of inventions to the same extent or in the same manner as the U.S. laws. A majority of our

employees work in Germany and are subject to German employment law. Ideas, developments, discoveries and

inventions made by such employees are subject to the provisions of the German Act on Employees’ Inventions,

which regulates the ownership of, and compensation for, inventions made by employees. We face the risk that

disputes can occur between us and our employees or former employees pertaining to alleged non-adherence to

the provisions of this act that may be costly to defend and take up our management’s, technical personnel’s and

other employees’ time and efforts whether we prevail or fail in any such dispute. There is a risk that the

compensation we provided to employees who assign patents to us may be deemed to be insufficient and we

may be required under German law to increase the compensation due to such employees for the use of the

patents. In those cases, where employees’ rights have not been assigned to us, we may need to pay

compensation for the use of those patents. If we are required to pay additional compensation or face other

disputes under the German Act on Employees’ Inventions, our business, results of operations and financial

condition could be adversely affected.

We will not seek to protect our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world, and

we may not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where

we seek protection.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product(s) and/or product candidates in all countries throughout the

world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United

States, particularly those in Asia, including China, can be less extensive than those in the United States. In

addition, the laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as laws in

Germany and the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our

inventions in all countries outside the United States to the same extent as within the United States, or from

selling or importing products made using our inventions in and to the United States or other jurisdictions.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop

their own product candidates and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have

patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete

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with our product(s) and/or product candidates, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be

effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights

in certain jurisdictions, particularly outside of Europe and the United States. The legal systems of certain

countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and

other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it

difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our patents and other intellectual

property or development, testing, marketing and commercialization of competing products in violation of our

owned or in-licensed intellectual property and other proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our

intellectual property rights in such jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and

attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted

narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against

us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may

not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the

world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we

develop or in-license. In particular, the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property in

China, where we derive net sales and maintain collaboration partnerships including licensing, are still evolving

and historically, have not protected and may not protect in the future, intellectual property rights to the same

extent as laws developed in Europe, including Germany, and the United States. Consequently, the time required

to enforce our intellectual property rights in the legal regime of China may be lengthy and delay our recovery.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses

to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or

government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially

diminish the value of such patent. If we or any of our licensors is forced to grant a license to third parties with

respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business,

financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition

in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or

declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these

trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential collaborators or

customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours

or collaborators may fail to use our trade names or trademarks appropriately or at all, thereby impeding our

ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade

name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other trademarks or trademarks that incorporate

variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to

establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete

effectively and our business may be adversely affected. We may license our trademarks and trade names to

third parties, such as distributors and collaborators. Though these license agreements may provide guidelines

for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse or failure to use

of our trademarks and trade names by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in or diminish the goodwill

associated with our trademarks, and trade names. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related

to trademarks, trade names, trade secrets, know-how, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property

may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our

business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual

property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our

competitive advantage. For example:

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• others may be able to make COVID-19 vaccines or therapies, and/or individualized cancer

immunotherapies that are similar to our COVID-19 vaccine and/or any product candidates we may

develop and commercialize or utilize similar technologies that are not covered by the claims of the

patents that we now or may in the future own or have exclusively in-licensed;

• we, our co-owners or our licensors or future collaborators might not have been the first to make the

inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own or have exclusively

in-licensed;

• we, our co-owners or our licensors or future collaborators might not have been the first to file patent

applications covering certain of our or their inventions;

• others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our

technologies without infringing our owned or in-licensed intellectual property rights;

• it is possible that our pending patent applications or those that we may own or in-license in the future will

not lead to issued patents;

• claims of issued patents that we own or have exclusively in-licensed may be held invalid or

unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

• our competitors might conduct research, development, testing or commercialization activities in

countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities

to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

• we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

• the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business; and

• we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third

party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition,

results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

We may not be able to develop or obtain approval for companion diagnostics required for

commercialization of some of our product candidates.

Administration of some of our product candidates may require the use of immuno-assays and bioinformatic tools

in which patients are screened for optimal target antigens of our product candidates. If safe and effective use of

a biologic product depends on an in vitro diagnostic, then the FDA generally requires approval or clearance of

the diagnostic, known as a companion diagnostic, concurrently with approval of the therapeutic product. To date,

the FDA has generally required in vitro companion diagnostics intended to select the patients who will respond to

cancer treatment to obtain a pre-market approval, or PMA, for that diagnostic, which can take up to several

years, simultaneously with approval of the biologic product. Similarly, in the European Union, an in vitro

companion diagnostic may be placed on the market only if it conforms to certain “essential requirements” and

bears the Conformité Européene Mark, or CE Mark. The conformity assessment process to obtain the CE Mark

can be lengthy and we may fail to demonstrate such conformity. Further, the applicable regulatory framework for

in vitro diagnostics in the EU changed in May 2022 when a new EU regulation with stricter regulatory

requirements for in vitro diagnostics became applicable.

For our individualized immunotherapy candidates, the FDA and comparable regulatory authorities outside of the

United States may require the development and regulatory approval of a companion diagnostic assay as a

condition to approval. The FDA may require PMA supplemental approvals for use of that same companion

diagnostic as a condition of approval of additional individualized therapeutic candidates. We do not have

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experience or capabilities in developing or commercializing companion diagnostics and plan to rely in large part

on third parties to perform these functions. Companion diagnostic assays are subject to regulation by the FDA

and other comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions as medical devices and require separate

regulatory approval prior to the use of such diagnostic assays with our individualized therapeutic candidates. If

we, or any third parties that we engage to assist us, are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostic

assays for use with our individualized therapeutic candidates, or are unable to obtain regulatory approval or

experience delays in either development or obtaining regulatory approval, we may be unable to identify patients

with the specific profile targeted by our product candidates for enrollment in our clinical trials. Accordingly, further

investment may be required to further develop or obtain the required regulatory approval for the relevant

companion diagnostic assay, which would delay or substantially impact our ability to conduct additional clinical

trials or obtain regulatory approval.

Because we are developing some of our product candidates for the treatment of diseases in which there

is little clinical experience and, in some cases, using new endpoints or methodologies, the FDA, the EMA

or other regulatory authorities may not consider the endpoints of our clinical trials to provide clinically

meaningful results.

There may not be pharmacologic therapies approved to treat the underlying causes of many diseases that we

may address in the future. For instance, we and our collaborators are applying our technology to develop

therapeutics in indications such as certain rare diseases, including some for which no or few clinical trials have

been attempted. As a result, any future design and conduct of clinical trials of product candidates for the

treatment of certain rare diseases may take longer, be more costly, or be less effective as part of the novelty of

development in these diseases. Even if we decide to conduct clinical trials and the FDA does find our success

criteria to be sufficiently validated and clinically meaningful, we may not achieve the pre-specified endpoint to a

degree of statistical significance in any pivotal or other clinical trials we or our collaborators may conduct for our

programs. Further, even if we do achieve the pre-specified criteria, our trials may produce results that are

unpredictable or inconsistent with the results of the more traditional efficacy endpoints in the trial. The FDA also

could give overriding weight to other efficacy endpoints over a primary endpoint, even if we achieve statistically

significant results on that endpoint, if we do not do so on our secondary efficacy endpoints. The FDA also weighs

the benefits of a product against its risks and the FDA may view the efficacy results in the context of safety as

not being supportive of licensure. Other regulatory authorities in Europe and other jurisdictions may make similar

findings with respect to these endpoints.

The FDA, the EMA or other comparable regulatory authorities may disagree with our regulatory plan and

we may fail to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates.

If the results of our clinical trials are sufficiently compelling, we or our collaborators intend to discuss with the

FDA and regulatory authorities in other countries the submission of a BLA or respective applications in other

countries for our product candidates. However, we do not have any agreement or guidance from the FDA that

our regulatory development plans will be sufficient for submission of a BLA for any of our product candidates.

The FDA, the EMA or other regulatory agencies may grant accelerated approval for our product candidates and,

as a condition for accelerated approval, the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory agencies may require a sponsor of

a drug or biologic receiving accelerated approval to perform post-marketing studies to verify and describe the

predicted effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical endpoint, and the drug or biologic may be

subject to withdrawal procedures by the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory agencies that are more accelerated

than those available for regular approvals. In addition, the standard of care may change with the approval of new

products in the same indications that we are studying. This may result in the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory

agencies requesting additional studies to show that our product candidate is superior to the new products.

Our clinical trial results may also not support approval. In addition, our product candidates could fail to receive

regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

• the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation

of our clinical trials;

• we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory

authorities that our product candidates are safe and effective for any of their proposed indications;

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• the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA, the EMA

or comparable regulatory authorities for approval, including due to the heterogeneity of patient

populations;

• we may be unable to demonstrate that our product candidates’ clinical and other benefits outweigh their

safety risks;

• the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from

preclinical studies or clinical trials;

• the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to the satisfaction of

the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory authorities to support the submission of a BLA or other

comparable submissions or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere;

• the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory authorities will inspect our manufacturing facilities and may

not approve our facilities or our manufacturing processes and controls;

• the approval policies or regulations of the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory authorities may

significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval; and

• appointees of the new presidential administration in the United States may seek to change regulatory

requirements for the approval of products or the approach to the review of product applications.

We may not be able to file INDs with the FDA, clinical trial applications with the competent authorities of

the member states of the European Union or similar applications with other comparable regulatory

authorities to commence additional clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to,

one or more of these regulatory authorities may not permit us to proceed.

The timing of filing on our product candidates is dependent on further preclinical, clinical and manufacturing

success. We cannot be sure that submission of an IND or IND amendment with the FDA, a clinical trial

application with the regulatory authorities of the EU member states or similar application with other comparable

regulatory authorities will result in the FDA, the regulatory authorities of the EU member states or any

comparable regulatory authority allowing testing and clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not

arise that result in the suspension or termination of such clinical trials. Additionally, even if such regulatory

authorities agree with the design and implementation of the clinical trials set forth in an IND, clinical trial

application or similar applications, we cannot guarantee that such regulatory authorities will not change their

requirements in the future.

We may seek Orphan Drug Designation for some or all of our product candidates across various

indications, but we may be unable to obtain such designations or to maintain the benefits associated

with Orphan Drug Designation, including market exclusivity, which may cause our revenue, if any, to be

reduced.

Our strategy includes filing for Orphan Drug Designation where available for our product candidates. Under the

U.S. Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant Orphan Drug Designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare

disease or condition, which is defined as one occurring in a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the

United States, or a patient population of 200,000 or greater in the United States where there is no reasonable

expectation that the cost of developing the drug or biologic will be recovered from sales in the United States. In

the United States, Orphan Drug Designation entitles a party to financial incentives, such as opportunities for

grant funding toward clinical trial costs, tax advantages, and user-fee waivers. In addition, if a product that has

Orphan Drug Designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such

designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any

other applications, including a full new drug application or a BLA, to market the same drug or biologic for the

same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the

product with orphan drug exclusivity or where the original manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient product

quantity. Similar rules apply in the European Union with respect to drugs or biologics designated as orphan

medicinal products.

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In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be limited if we seek approval for an indication

broader than the orphan-designated indication or may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for

designation was materially defective. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that

exclusivity may not protect the product effectively from competition because different drugs with different active

moieties may receive and be approved for the same condition, and only the first applicant to receive approval will

receive the benefits of marketing exclusivity. Even after an orphan-designated product is approved, the FDA can

subsequently approve a later drug with the same active moiety for the same condition if the FDA concludes that

the later drug is clinically superior if it is shown to be safer, more effective, or makes a major contribution to

patient care. Similar considerations apply in the European Union with respect to drugs or biologics designated as

orphan medicinal products. Orphan Drug Designation neither shortens the development time or regulatory

review time of a drug, nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process. In addition,

while we may seek Orphan Drug Designation for our product candidates, we may never receive such

designations.

We may seek Breakthrough Therapy or Fast Track designation for one or more of our product

candidates, but we may not receive such designations. Even if we do, it may not lead to a faster

development or regulatory review or approval process, and it may not increase the likelihood that such

product candidates will receive marketing approval.

We may seek a Breakthrough Therapy Designation in the United States for one or more of our product

candidates. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or

more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence

indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more

clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For

drugs that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA

and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing

the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Drugs designated as breakthrough therapies by

the FDA are also eligible for priority review if supported by clinical data at the time of the submission of the BLA.

Designation as a breakthrough therapy is at the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that one of

our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and

instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy

Designation for a drug may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs

considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and it would not assure ultimate approval by the

FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may

later decide that the product candidate no longer meets the conditions for qualification or it may decide that the

time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

We may also seek Fast Track Designation in the United States for some of our product candidates. If a therapy

is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the therapy demonstrates the potential

to address significant unmet medical needs for this condition, the drug sponsor may apply for Fast Track

Designation. The FDA has broad discretion whether or not to grant this designation, and even if we believe a

particular product candidate is eligible for this designation, we cannot be sure that the FDA would decide to grant

it. Even if we do receive Fast Track Designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review

or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw Fast Track Designation if it

believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast Track

Designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures.

We expect some of the product candidates we develop will be regulated as biologics in the United States

and therefore they may be subject to competition from biosimilars approved through an abbreviated

regulatory pathway.

The ACA includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or the BPCIA,

which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable

with an FDA-approved reference biological product. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product

may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first approved

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by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years

from the date on which the reference product was first approved.

During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference

product if the FDA approves a BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and

data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of the other

company’s product. The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its

ultimate impact, implementation and meaning are subject to uncertainty.

We believe that any of our product candidates approved as a biological product under a BLA should qualify for a

12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to

congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider our product candidates to be reference

products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than

anticipated. Other aspects of the BPCIA, some of which may impact the BPCIA exclusivity provisions, have also

been the subject of recent litigation. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be

substituted for any one of our reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for

non-biological products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that

are still developing.

Some of our product candidates are classified as gene therapies by the FDA and the EMA, and the FDA

has indicated that our product candidates will be reviewed within its Center for Biologics Evaluation and

Research, or CBER. Even though our mRNA product candidates are designed to have a different

mechanism of action from gene therapies, the association of our product candidates with gene therapies

could result in increased regulatory burdens, impair the reputation of our product candidates, or

negatively impact our platform or our business.

There have been few approvals of gene therapy products in the United States and other jurisdictions, and there

have been well-reported significant adverse events associated with their testing and use. Gene therapy products

have the effect of introducing new DNA and potentially irreversibly changing the DNA in a cell. In contrast, mRNA

is highly unlikely to localize to the nucleus, be reverse transcribed or integrated into the genome. Consequently,

we expect that our products or product candidates will have a different potential side effect profile from gene

therapies because they lack risks associated with altering cell DNA irreversibly. Further, we may avail ourselves

of ways of mitigating side effects in developing our products and product candidates to address safety concerns

that are not available to other products or product candidates classified as gene therapies, such as lowering the

dose of our products or product candidates during repeat dosing or stopping treatment to potentially ameliorate

undesirable side effects.

Regulatory requirements governing gene and cell therapy products have evolved and may continue to change in

the future, and the implications for mRNA-based therapies is unknown. For example, the FDA has established

the Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies within CBER to consolidate the review of gene therapy and

related products, and convenes the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee to advise CBER

on its review. In the European Union, mRNA has been characterized as a gene therapy medicinal product. In

certain countries, mRNA therapies have not yet been classified or any such classification is not known to us.

Notwithstanding the differences between our mRNA product candidates and gene therapies, the classification of

some of our mRNA product candidates as gene therapies in the United States, the European Union and

potentially other counties could adversely impact our ability to develop our product candidates, and could

negatively impact our platform and our business. For instance, a potential future clinical hold on gene therapy

products across the field due to risks associated with altering cell DNA irreversibly could apply to our mRNA

product candidates irrespective of the mechanistic differences between gene therapies and mRNA.

Adverse events reported with respect to gene therapies or genome editing therapies could adversely impact one

or more of our programs. Although our mRNA product candidates are designed not to make any permanent

changes to cell DNA, regulatory agencies or others could believe that adverse effects of gene therapy products

caused by introducing new DNA and irreversibly changing the DNA in a cell could also be a risk for our approved

mRNA products or investigational therapies, and as a result may delay one or more of our trials or impose

additional testing for long-term side effects. Any new requirements and guidelines promulgated by regulatory

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review agencies may have a negative effect on our business by lengthening the regulatory review process,

requiring us to perform additional or larger studies, or increasing our development costs, any of which could lead

to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent advancement or approval and

commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval studies, limitations or

restrictions. As we advance our product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory agencies

and advisory committees and comply with applicable requirements and guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be

required to delay or discontinue development of some or all of our product candidates.

The regulatory landscape that will govern our product candidates is uncertain. Regulations relating to

more established gene therapy and cell therapy products are still developing, and changes in regulatory

requirements could result in delays or discontinuation of development of our product candidates or

unexpected costs in obtaining regulatory approval.

The regulatory requirements to which our product candidates will be subject are not entirely clear. Even with

respect to more established products that fit into the categories of gene therapies or cell therapies, the regulatory

landscape is still developing. For example, regulatory requirements governing gene therapy products and cell

therapy products have changed frequently and may continue to change in the future. Moreover, there is

substantial, and sometimes uncoordinated, overlap in those responsible for regulation of existing gene therapy

products and cell therapy products. Although the FDA decides whether individual gene therapy protocols may

proceed, the review process and determinations of other reviewing bodies can impede or delay the initiation of a

clinical study, even if the FDA has reviewed the study and approved its initiation. Conversely, the FDA can place

an IND application on clinical hold even if such other entities have provided a favorable review. Furthermore,

gene therapy clinical trials are also subject to review and oversight by an institutional biosafety committee, a

local institutional committee that reviews and oversees basic and clinical research conducted at the institution

participating in the clinical trial. In addition, adverse developments in clinical trials of gene therapy products

conducted by others may cause the FDA or other regulatory bodies to change the requirements for approval of

any of our product candidates.

Complex regulatory environments exist in other jurisdictions in which we might consider seeking regulatory

approvals for our product candidates, further complicating the regulatory landscape. For example, in the

European Union, a special committee called the Committee for Advanced Therapies was established within the

EMA in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 on advanced-therapy medicinal products, or ATMPs, to

assess the quality, safety and efficacy of ATMPs, and to follow scientific developments in the field. ATMPs

include gene therapy products as well as somatic cell therapy products and tissue engineered products.

These various regulatory review committees and advisory groups and new or revised guidelines that they

promulgate from time to time may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional

studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or

prevent approval and commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations

or restrictions. As the regulatory landscape for our CAR-T-cell immunotherapy product candidates is new, we

may face even more cumbersome and complex regulations than those emerging for gene therapy products and

cell therapy products. Furthermore, even if our product candidates obtain required regulatory approvals, such

approvals may later be withdrawn as a result of changes in regulations or the interpretation of regulations by

applicable regulatory agencies.

Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential

product to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient product sales revenue to maintain our

business.

We may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates under applicable

international regulatory requirements.

The denial or delay of such approval would delay commercialization of our product candidates and adversely

impact our potential to generate revenue, our business and our results of operations.

Approval by the FDA in the United States, if obtained, does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other

countries or jurisdictions. In order to market our products or product candidates in any other jurisdiction, we must

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establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis

regarding safety and efficacy. In addition, clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by

regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guarantee regulatory

approval in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product

testing and validation and additional administrative review periods.

Seeking regulatory approval in other jurisdictions could result in difficulties and costs for us and require

additional preclinical studies or clinical trials which could be costly and time-consuming. Regulatory requirements

can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those

countries. The European Union and other jurisdictions’ regulatory approval processes involve all of the risks

associated with the FDA approval. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in certain markets or to

obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in certain markets are delayed, our target

market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will be unrealized.

Certain jurisdictions may have submission requirements for drug clinical trial and marketing applications that

require us or our partners to submit substantial detailed materials related to non-clinical and clinical development

and manufacturing and quality control to drug regulators or testing laboratories. This can include confidential

standard operating procedures or executed batch records for the production of biological products or other

records or documents that set forth detailed information about the manufacturing process. If these materials are

disclosed, lost, or diverted to third parties or competitors during the application preparation process, this could

negatively affect our ability to protect our intellectual property.

Our partners in different countries are subject to local regulatory requirements on the manufacturing and

distribution of drugs and the implementation of clinical and non-clinical research. These include but are not

limited to good manufacturing, distribution, laboratory, clinical practice, and pharmacovigilance rules. If these

companies do not comply with applicable standards, they could become the subjects of investigations and

enforcement, including orders to cease the activities pending remediation that is acceptable to the government.

Such an order or other similar enforcement could interfere with our clinical development activities both in that

jurisdiction and others, if it impacts supply or the quality and transfer of data.

A third-party investigational product candidate used in combination with our product candidates may be

unable to obtain regulatory approval, which may delay commercialization of our product candidates.

We are developing several of our product candidates to be used in combination with our and third-party product

candidates. Even if any product candidate we develop were to receive marketing approval or be commercialized

for use in combination with other existing products, we would continue to be subject to the risks that the FDA, the

EMA or comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions could revoke approval of the product used in

combination with our product or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with any of those

existing products. If the products or product candidates we use in combination with our product candidates are

replaced as the standard of care for the indications we choose for any of our product candidates, the FDA, the

EMA or comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions may require us to conduct additional clinical trials.

The occurrence of any of these risks could result in our own products, if approved, being removed from the

market or being less successful commercially. We also plan to evaluate current and future product candidates in

combination with one or more product candidates that have not yet been approved for marketing by the FDA, the

EMA or comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. We will not be able to market any product

candidate we develop in combination with an unapproved product candidate if that unapproved product

candidate does not ultimately obtain marketing approval. In addition, unapproved product candidates face the

same risks described with respect to our product candidates currently in development and clinical trials, including

the potential for serious adverse effects, delay in their clinical trials and lack of FDA, EMA or comparable

regulatory authority approval.

If the FDA, the EMA or comparable regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions do not approve these other

product candidates or revoke their approval of, or if safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues arise with,

the products or product candidates we choose to evaluate in combination with any product candidate we

develop, we may be unable to obtain approval of or market any product candidate we develop.

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Our COVID-19 vaccine and any other product candidates for which we receive approval or emergency

use authorization are subject to continuing regulatory oversight, and we will be subject to ongoing

regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional

expense. We may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience

unanticipated problems with our products or product candidates.

Our COVID-19 vaccine and any other product candidates for which we receive approval or emergency use

authorization are subject to continuing regulatory oversight, including the review of additional safety information,

and the applicable regulatory authority may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing

of our product or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market

surveillance. For example, the holder of an approved BLA is obligated to monitor and report adverse events and

any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the BLA. The holder of an approved BLA must also submit

new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product

labeling or manufacturing process. Similar requirements apply to holders of (conditional) approvals in other

countries. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in

addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws. In other countries, advertising and promotional

material may be subject to similar rules.

If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our product candidates, a

regulatory agency may:

• issue adverse public statements about our business or products;

• issue a warning letter asserting that we are in violation of the law;

• seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;

• suspend or withdraw regulatory approval or revoke a license;

• suspend any ongoing clinical studies;

• refuse to approve a pending BLA (or comparable approval) or supplements to a BLA (or comparable

approval) submitted by us;

• seize product; or

• refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and

resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described

above may inhibit our ability to commercialize any approved products and generate revenues.

If any of our products or product candidates cause undesirable side effects, it could delay or prevent their

regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential, or result in significant negative consequences following any

potential marketing approval. Products or product candidates we may develop may be associated with an

adverse immune response or other serious adverse events, undesirable side effects or unexpected

characteristics. In addition to serious adverse events or side effects caused by any of our products or product

candidates, the administration process or related procedures also can cause undesirable side effects. If any

such events occur, the clinical trials of any of our product candidates could be suspended or terminated.

If in the future we are unable to demonstrate that such adverse events were caused by factors other than our

product candidate, the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development

of, or deny approval of, any of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Even if we are able to

demonstrate that all future serious adverse events are not product-related, such occurrences could affect patient

recruitment or the ability of enrolled trial participants to complete the trial. Moreover, if we elect, or are required,

to delay, suspend or terminate any clinical trial of any of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of

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such product candidates, if approved, may be harmed and our ability to generate product sale revenues from

any of these product candidates may be delayed or eliminated. Any of these occurrences may harm our ability to

identify and develop product candidates, and may harm our business, financial condition, result of operations

and prospects significantly.

Additionally, following regulatory approval of a product candidate, the FDA or other regulatory authority could

require us to adopt a REMS or a risk management plan to ensure that the benefits of treatment with such

product candidate outweigh the risks for each potential patient, which may include, among other things, a

medication guide outlining the risks of the product for distribution to patients, a communication plan to health

care practitioners, extensive patient monitoring, or distribution systems and processes that are highly controlled,

restrictive, and more costly than what is typical for the industry.

Furthermore, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by any product that we develop,

several potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

• regulatory authorities may suspend or withdraw approvals or revoke licenses of such product;

• regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label;

• regulatory authorities may make unfavorable statements about the safety of our products;

• we may be required to change the way a product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials;

• we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients and their children; and

• our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of any products we may

identify and develop and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of

operations and prospects.

Upon the successful approval of a product candidate, we will continue to face significant regulatory oversight of

its manufacturing and distribution. Product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees

and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with

GMP and adherence to commitments made in the BLA or comparable approval. If we or a regulatory agency

discovers previously unknown problems with a product such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or

frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose

restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the

product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false

claims laws, and other healthcare laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such

laws, we could face substantial penalties.

We may be subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the U.S. federal government and by

authorities in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions in which we conduct our business.

Our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our prescribers, customers and purchasers, subject to

various federal and state fraud and abuse laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the federal Health

Care Program Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal civil and criminal False Claims Act, and the Physician Payments

Sunshine Act and regulations. Many states and other jurisdictions have similar laws and regulations, some of

which may be broader in scope. These laws will impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and

educational programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy laws enacted by both the federal

government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that will affect our operations include,

but are not limited to the following:

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• The U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from

knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration (including any kickback,

bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, in return for the purchase,

recommendation, leasing or furnishing of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare

program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to

arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand, and prescribers, purchasers,

and formulary managers on the other. The ACA amends the intent requirement of the federal Anti-

Kickback Statute to provide that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this

statute or specific intent to violate it;

• The U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit,

among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false

or fraudulent claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid or other government payors. The

ACA provides, and recent government cases against pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers

support, the view that federal Anti-Kickback Statute violations and certain marketing practices, including

off-label promotion, may implicate the False Claims Act;

• The U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created

new federal criminal statutes that prohibit a person from knowingly and willfully executing a scheme or

making false or fraudulent statements to defraud any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the

payor (e.g., public or private);

• HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and

their implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and

transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization by entities

subject to the rule, such as health plans, health care clearinghouses and health care providers;

• The U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or

misbranding of drugs, biologics and medical devices;

• The U.S. Public Health Service Act, which prohibits, among other things, the introduction into interstate

commerce of a biological product unless a biologics license is in effect for that product;

• Federal transparency laws, including the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, which require

disclosure of payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians and teaching hospitals, and

ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their

immediate family members and applicable group purchasing organizations;

• U.S. state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, state laws that require drug manufacturers

to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare

providers or marketing expenditures, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health

information in certain circumstances which are also applicable to us, and many of them differ from each

other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts in

certain circumstances;

• The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, which prohibits, among other things, U.S.

companies and their employees and agents, as well as non-U.S. companies that are registered with the

SEC, from authorizing, promising, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper

payments or anything else of value to foreign government officials, employees of public international

organizations and foreign government owned or affiliated entities, candidates for foreign political office,

and foreign political parties or officials thereof; and

• Similar statutes, healthcare laws and regulations in the European Union and other jurisdictions, including

reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers.

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Due to the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is

possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our

operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other government regulations

that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion

from participation in government health care programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment, and the

curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our

business and our results of operations.

The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation,

endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the European Union. The

provision of benefits or advantages to physicians is also governed by the national anti-bribery laws of European

Union member states and other jurisdictions, such as the U.K. Bribery Act 2010. Infringement of these laws

could result in substantial fines and imprisonment.

Payments made to physicians in certain EU member states must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements

with physicians often must be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his or

her competent professional organization or the regulatory authorities of the individual EU member states. These

requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes, or professional codes of conduct, applicable in

the EU member states. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public

reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

We are subject to certain anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other

trade laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.

Among other matters, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and

regulations, which are collectively referred to as “trade laws,” prohibit companies and their employees, agents,

CROs, legal counsel, accountants, consultants, contractors and other collaborators from authorizing, promising,

offering, providing, soliciting, or receiving directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of

value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. Violations of trade laws can result in substantial criminal

fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of

contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences. We have direct or indirect interactions

with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities and other

organizations. We plan to engage third parties for clinical trials and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses,

intellectual property (including patents) and other regulatory approvals, and we can be held liable for the corrupt

or other illegal activities of our personnel, agents or collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have

prior knowledge of such activities.

We are subject to stringent privacy laws, information security policies and contractual obligations

governing the use, processing, and cross-border transfer of personal information and our data privacy

and security practices.

We receive, generate and store significant and increasing volumes of sensitive information, such as employee,

personal and patient data.

We are subject to a variety of local, state, national and international laws, directives and regulations that apply to

the collection, use, storage, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data,

collectively referred to as “data processing”, in the different jurisdictions in which we operate, including

comprehensive regulatory systems in the United States and Europe. Legal requirements relating to data

processing continue to evolve and may result in ever-increasing public scrutiny and escalating levels of

enforcement, sanctions and increased costs of compliance.

Compliance with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial

costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our

business. Moreover, complying with these various laws could require us to take on more onerous obligations in

our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate

in certain jurisdictions. Failure to comply with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could

result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and/or

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adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Claims that we have violated

individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws, or breached our contractual obligations,

even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, could result in adverse

publicity and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The collection and use of personal data in the European Union had previously been governed by the provisions

of the EU Data Protection Directive, which EU member states were required to implement. While the Data

Protection Directive did not apply to organizations based outside the European Union, the GDPR has expanded

its reach to include any business, regardless of its location, that targets goods or services to residents in the

European Union or that “monitors” their behavior in the European Union. The GDPR imposes strict requirements

on controllers and processors of personal data, including special protections for “sensitive information” which

includes health and genetic information of patients residing in the European Union. The GDPR also imposes

strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European Union to the United States and other countries.

In addition, the GDPR provides that EU member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting

the processing of personal data, including genetic, biometric or health data.

Since we are located in the European Union, we are subject to the GDPR. Additionally, as the GDPR applies

extraterritorially, we are also subject to the GDPR even where our data processing activities occur outside of the

European Union if such activities involve the personal data of individuals located in the European Union and the

above-mentioned applicable law triggers apply. GDPR regulations have imposed additional responsibility and

liability in relation to the personal data that we process and we may be required to put in place additional

mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new data protection rules. This may be onerous and may interrupt or

delay our development activities, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and

prospects.

Other jurisdictions outside the European Union are similarly introducing or enhancing privacy and data security

laws, rules and regulations, which could increase our compliance costs and the risks associated with non-

compliance. In particular, in China, where some of our clinical data are originated, the cybersecurity, data

privacy, data protection, or other data-related laws and regulations, including the Human Genetic Resources

Regulation (which regulates transfer human genetic data generated in clinical research to foreign or foreign

controlled parties), may require approvals or filings prior to transferring those data to foreign-owned entities or

overseas, and these regimes are continually evolving, meaning their interpretation and application may be

uncertain. In the United States, we may be subject to restrictions and requirements under the Department of

Justice’s Final Rule issued on December 27, 2024 implementing the Executive Order on Preventing Access to

Americans’ Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern,

signed on February 28, 2024. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission and security of

personal information by companies have also been subject to increasing regulatory focus. As such, we cannot

assure you that we will be compliant with such new regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify

and terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by the government authorities and become subject to fines

and other government sanctions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition,

and results of operations. In addition, the uncertainties regarding further interpretation and implementation of

these laws and regulations may adversely affect the secure storage of documented work as well as the cross-

border transfer of important data and personal information originated from our clinical trial activities, which are

critical to the development of our pipelines.

We cannot guarantee that we are, or will be, in compliance with all applicable international regulations as they

are enforced now or as they evolve. For example, our privacy policies may be insufficient to protect any personal

information we collect, or may not comply with applicable laws, in which case we may be subject to regulatory

enforcement actions, lawsuits or reputational damage, all of which may adversely affect our business. There is

significant uncertainty related to the manner in which data protection authorities will seek to enforce compliance

with the GDPR and other international data protection regulations, especially with regard to clinical trial activities.

For example, it is not clear if the authorities will conduct random audits of companies doing business in the

European Union, or if the authorities will wait for complaints to be filed by individuals who claim their rights have

been violated, as enforcement practices vary from country to country. Enforcement uncertainty and the costs

associated with ensuring GDPR compliance may be onerous and adversely affect our business, financial

condition, results of operations and prospects. If we fail to comply with the GDPR and the applicable national

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data protection laws of the EU member states, or if regulators assert we have failed to comply with these laws, it

may lead to regulatory enforcement actions, which can result in monetary penalties of up to €20,000,000 or up to

4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, and other

administrative penalties. If any of these events were to occur, our business and financial results could be

significantly disrupted and adversely affected.

Although we take measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use or disclosure, our

information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to

employee error, malfeasance or other malicious or inadvertent disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could

compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties,

manipulated, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, breach or other loss of information could result

in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal

information, as well as regulatory penalties. In many jurisdictions, there are legal requirements to provide notice

of breaches to affected individuals and/or regulators in certain circumstances. Such a notice could harm our

reputation and our ability to compete. Regulators may also have the discretion to impose penalties without

attempting to resolve violations through informal means. Although we have implemented security measures to

prevent unauthorized access to patient data, such data is currently accessible through multiple channels, and

there is no guarantee we can protect our data from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could

also damage our reputation or disrupt our operations, including our ability to conduct our analyses, deliver test

results, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities,

collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about our tests and other patient

and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our

business.

If we or our third-party suppliers fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and

regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing

laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and

wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and

biological materials. Our operations also may produce hazardous waste products. We generally anticipate

contracting with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We will not be able to eliminate the

risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from any use

by us of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed

our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure

to comply with such laws and regulations.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to

injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide

adequate coverage against potential liabilities.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and

safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development

or production efforts. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines,

penalties or other sanctions.

Our business operations and current and future relationships with investigators, healthcare

professionals, consultants, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers will be subject to

applicable healthcare regulatory laws, which could expose us to penalties.

Our business operations and current and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals,

consultants, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers, may expose us to broadly applicable fraud

and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws may constrain the business or financial

arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market,

sell and distribute our product candidates, if approved.

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Ensuring that our internal operations and future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable

healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will

conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance

or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations.

If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to not be in

compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including

exclusions from government-funded healthcare programs and imprisonment, which could affect our ability to

operate our business. Further, defending against any such actions can be costly and time-consuming and may

require significant personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such

actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired.

Risks Related to Ownership of the ADSs

We have experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility in the market price of the

ADSs representing our ordinary shares.

Biopharmaceutical companies such as BioNTech SE that are developing potential therapeutics and vaccines to

combat COVID-19, as well as conducting mRNA-based research in oncology and infectious disease more

generally, have experienced significant volatility in the price of their securities upon publication of preclinical and

clinical data as well as news about their development programs and commercialization activities. For example,

during 2024, the closing sales price of the ADSs representing our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Select

Market ranged from $78.36 to $124.71 , with significant volatility occurring, for example, shortly after

announcements by us or others related to regulatory matters, to our COVID-19 vaccine, to other COVID-19

vaccines, to development and commercialization pipelines in oncology and infectious disease, and to our

transactions with third parties. Additionally, we have observed the trading price of the ADSs respond significantly

to news and statements by us, government agencies, other vaccine developers, financial analysts or others

relating to our business as well as to other COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 therapeutics and the spread of

COVID-19 generally, even in cases in which we believe the news does not affect our business or vaccine

specifically. Given the attention being paid to COVID-19 worldwide and the public scrutiny of COVID-19

development and commercialization announcements, and given that our COVID-19 vaccine is currently among

the primary vaccines being used worldwide, any news regarding manufacturing, supply and distribution of our

COVID-19 vaccine or unanticipated side effects of our COVID-19 vaccine, whether or not accurate, will attract

significant attention and scrutiny and, as a result, the price of the ADSs representing our ordinary shares likely

will continue to be volatile. In addition, volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a particular

company’s securities can result in securities litigation, including shareholder class action lawsuits. Any securities

litigation can result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Acquisitions, joint ventures and collaborations may increase our capital requirements, dilute our

shareholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks. We

may not realize the benefits of these acquisitions, joint ventures or collaborations.

We may evaluate various acquisitions and collaborations, including licensing or acquiring complementary

products, intellectual property rights, technologies or businesses. Any potential acquisition, joint venture or

collaboration may entail numerous risks, including:

• increased operating expenses and cash requirements;

• the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities;

• assimilation of operations, intellectual property and products of an acquired company, including

difficulties associated with integrating new personnel;

• the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing product programs and initiatives in

pursuing such a strategic merger or acquisition;

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• retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key

business relationships;

• risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of

that party and their existing products or product candidates and regulatory approvals; and

• our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology or products sufficient to meet our objectives

in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs.

In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we may utilize our cash, issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt

obligations, incur large one-time expenses and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future

amortization expense. For example, in July 2023, we acquired InstaDeep, a leading global technology company

in the field of AI and machine learning, for upfront consideration of cash and BioNTech shares, and potential

future milestone payments. Although we believe that AI and machine learning technology has the potential to

accelerate the development of therapeutic programs and further optimize manufacturing and supply chain

processes, it is possible that our use of the acquired technology will not achieve the desired results, and that we

will not be able to retain and grow InstaDeep’s business around the world. If demand for the services developed

by InstaDeep does not continue, or if we are unable to improve our AI and machine learning technology in a

timely, effective and competitive manner, we may not be able realize the expected outcomes from the InstaDeep

acquisition. In January 2025, we acquired Biotheus, a clinical-stage biotechnology company, for upfront

consideration predominantly of cash, with a small portion in our ADSs, and potential future milestone payments.

Although the Biotheus acquisition expands our operations in China, our expectations regarding the creation of

long-term value for shareholders and potential future commercialization in oncology may not be realized. There

is no guarantee that we will realize any anticipated benefits of these or future acquisitions, or that the

diversification of our business through acquired technology or products will be successful.

Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition or collaboration opportunities and this inability could

impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of

our business.

Our Articles of Association designate specific courts in the United States as the exclusive forum for

certain U.S. litigation that may be initiated by our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’

ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Our Articles of Association provide that the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York shall

be the competent court of jurisdiction for the resolution of any litigation on the grounds of or in connection with

U.S. federal or state capital market laws. In the absence of these provisions, under the Securities Act of 1933, as

amended, or the Securities Act, U.S. federal and state courts have been found to have concurrent jurisdiction

over suits brought to enforce duties or liabilities created by the Securities Act.

The choice of forum provision contained in our Articles of Association may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a

claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our executive officers, directors, or other

employees, or impose additional litigation costs on shareholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the

shareholders do not reside in or near the state of New York, which may discourage such lawsuits. In addition,

while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to

require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there

is uncertainty as to whether other U.S. or German courts will enforce our choice of forum provision. The

enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been

challenged in recent legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court in the relevant jurisdictions with respect to

us could find the choice of forum provision contained our Articles of Association to be inapplicable or

unenforceable. If the relevant court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our articles of

association to be inapplicable or unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such

matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

The choice of forum provision may also impose additional litigation costs on shareholders who assert that the

provision is not enforceable or invalid. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York may

also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a shareholder

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considering a U.S.-based action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such

judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our shareholders.

Holders of the ADSs may not be able to participate in any future preemptive subscription rights issues

or elect to receive dividends in shares, which may cause additional dilution to their holdings.

Under German law, the existing shareholders of a company generally have a preemptive right in proportion to

the amount of shares they hold in connection with any issuance of ordinary shares, convertible bonds, bonds

with warrants, profit participation rights and participating bonds. However, our shareholders in a shareholders’

meeting may vote, by a majority representing at least three-quarters of the share capital represented at the

meeting, to waive this preemptive right provided that, from the company’s perspective, there exists good and

objective cause for such waiver.

The deposit agreement provides that the depositary need not make rights available to you unless the distribution

to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or

exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement

with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared

effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act.

Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our future rights offerings and may experience dilution

in their holdings. For example, ADS holders were unable to participate in our summer 2020 rights offering. In

addition, if the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful

or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights.

The amount and frequency of our dividends and ADS repurchases may fluctuate.

The amount, timing and execution of any ADS repurchase program we conduct in the future and the amount and

timing of any dividends we pay may fluctuate based on our priorities for the use of cash for other purposes, and

any ADS repurchases would be subject to the parameters contained in the applicable repurchase plan. These

purposes may include operational spending, capital spending, acquisitions and repayment of debt. Additionally,

we may choose to repurchase ADSs so that such ADSs may be used to settle outstanding and future equity

awards granted to our employees. Changes in cash flows, tax laws and the price of the ADSs could also impact

any ADS repurchase program. Additionally, we may enter into a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan governing the

repurchases, and if we do, we would have no discretion over the particular purchases made and would only be

able to set minimum price floors and maximum ADS count ceilings.

Our principal shareholders and management own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares and

will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to shareholder approval.

Our executive officers, directors, five percent shareholders, and their affiliates beneficially own a majority of our

ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs) as of December 31, 2024, and will have the

ability to influence us through their ownership positions. For example, these shareholders, acting together, may

be able to exert significant influence over matters such as elections of directors, amendments of our

organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets or other major corporate transaction. This

may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our ordinary shares that shareholders

may believe are in their best interest. Such insiders may also act in concert to waive rights to participate in rights

offerings, as was done in our summer 2020 rights offering, which would have the effect of permitting the ADSs or

shares underlying such waived rights to be offered to the public in an underwritten offering without contravening

German law pricing requirements.

The large number of shares eligible for sale or subject to rights requiring us to register them for sale

could cause the market price of the ADSs to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

We have filed registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register all ordinary shares issued

or issuable under our equity plans. Such Form S-8 registration statements have become, and any other

registration statements on Form S-8 we file in the future will become, effective upon filing, upon which shares

registered under such registration statements become available for sale in the open marke t.

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Additionally, certain sales of ADSs or our ordinary shares that we have made have included, and we may in the

future make sales including, holding period restrictions or registration rights. Sales of ADSs or our ordinary

shares as restrictions end or pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to finance our

operations through the sale of equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

These sales also could cause the trading price of the ADSs to fall and make it more difficult to sell the ADSs on

favorable terms.

If we are a “passive foreign investment company” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, there may be

adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors.

Based on our income and assets, we believe that we should be treated as a “passive foreign investment

company,” or PFIC, for the preceding taxable year. However, the determination of our PFIC status is made

annually based on the factual tests described below. Consequently, while we may be a PFIC in future years, we

cannot estimate with certainty at this stage whether or not we are likely to be treated as a PFIC in the current

taxable year or any future taxable years. Generally, if, for any taxable year, at least 75 percent of our gross

income is “passive income” or at least 50 percent of our gross assets during the taxable year (based on the

average of the fair market values of the assets determined at the end of each quarterly period) are assets that

produce or are held for the production of passive income, we will be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal

income tax purposes. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends,

interest, rents, royalties, gains from commodities and securities transactions, and gains from assets that produce

passive income. However, rents and royalties received from unrelated parties in connection with the active

conduct of a trade or business should not be considered passive income for purposes of the PFIC test. For

example, if we were to be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year

during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Taxation —Material United States federal income tax considerations”

in this Annual Report) holds ordinary shares or ADSs, such U.S. Holder could be subject to additional taxes and

interest charges upon certain distributions by us and any gain recognized on a sale, exchange or other

disposition of our shares, whether or not we continue to be characterized as a PFIC. Certain adverse

consequences of PFIC status can be mitigated if a U.S. Holder makes a “mark to market” election or a “Qualified

Electing Fund,” or QEF, election. We have made available to U.S. Holders the information necessary to make

and maintain a QEF election for the year ended December 31, 2024, and intend to provide U.S. holders with the

necessary information for any taxable year in which we are treated as a PFIC. See “Taxation —Material United

States federal income tax considerations —Passive foreign investment company considerations” in this Annual

Report.

Whether we are a PFIC for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and the composition

and value of our assets from time to time. Each U.S. Holder is strongly urged to consult its tax advisor regarding

these issues and any available elections to mitigate such tax consequences.

Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and Development of the Company

We are committed to improving the health of people worldwide with our fundamental research and development

of immunotherapies. S cientific rigor, innovation and passion are our driving forces . BioNTech was founded by

scientists and physicians to translate science into survival by combining fundamental research and operational

excellence.

We were founded and incorporated on June 2, 2008 as Petersberg 91, V AG, a German stock corporation

(Aktiengesellschaft). We changed our name to BioNTech AG on December 11, 2008. On March 8, 2019, we

converted to a European stock corporation (Societas Europaea, or SE) under the laws of Germany and the

European Union called BioNTech SE. We completed our initial public offering in October 2019. ADSs

representing our ordinary shares are currently listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol

“BNTX”.

Our principal executive offices are located at An der Goldgrube 12, D-55131 Mainz, Germany. Our telephone

number is +49 6131-9084-0. Our website address is www.biontech.com. The information contained on, or that

can be accessed through, our website is not part of this document. Our agent for service of process solely for the

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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purpose of notices and communications from the SEC in the United States is c/o BioNTech US Inc., 40 Erie

Street, Suite 110, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, +1 (617) 337-4701.

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B. Business Overview

I. Overview

We are a global next-generation immunotherapy company pioneering novel medicines against cancer, infectious

diseases and other serious diseases. Since our founding in 2008, we have focused on harnessing the power of

the immune system to address human diseases with unmet medical needs and major global health burdens. Our

fully integrated model combines decades of research in immunology with a multi-technology innovation engine,

GMP manufacturing, translational drug discovery, clinical development, commercial capabilities , computational

medicine, data science, artificial intelligence, or AI, and machine learning, or ML, capabilities to discover, develop

and commercialize our marketed products and product candidates.

We have built a broad toolkit across multiple technology platforms, including a diverse range of potentially first-

in-class therapeutic approaches. This includes investigational messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA

immunotherapies , protein-based therapeutics (including targeted antibodies such as monoclonal, bispecific and

antibody-drug conjugates, or ADCs) and cell therapies .

Our multi-technology combination of platforms and product candidates positions us as pioneers in the field of

individualized, patient-centric therapeutic approaches in oncology and infectious diseases.

Our primary focus is oncology, where we endeavor to address the full continuum of cancer from early to late

disease stages. The root causes of cancer treatment failure are cancer heterogeneity and interindividual

variability. Driven by random sequential mutations, every patient’s cancer is different and within one patient’s

tumor, every cell is different. Addressing these two challenges is the core of our strategy. To augment anti-tumor

activity and to counteract resistance mechanisms, we seek to combine compounds with non-overlapping,

synergistic mechanisms of action.

In infectious disease, we aim to develop new prophylactic vaccines as well as therapeutics, as there are

substantial unmet medical and global health needs. Our approach has generated a robust product pipelin e , and

has led to the approval of our first marketed product, Comirnaty .

II. T he BioNTech Approach

Our key objectives are to develop an innovative immunotherapy pipeline i n oncology targeting multiple product

approvals in the coming years and to build a sustainable respiratory infectious disease vaccine business based

on the BioNTech-Pfizer Comirnaty franchise . We are uniquely positioned to pursue our objectives by leveraging

our technology agnostic approach rooted in decades of research in immunology coupled with expertise in

emerging mRNA technologies. Our vision is to establish a multi-product company based on our pioneering

technologies and science to contribute to improving the health of people worldwide .

Oncology Pipeline Strategy

Cancer is one of the most profound medical challenges of humankind. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity,

the tumor microenvironment and immune diversity make cancer a complex and heterogeneous disease. Our

long-term oncology vision is to expand the number of available treatment options for cancer patients. We aim to

address the full continuum of cancer treatment by developing novel therapies to b est serve the needs of cancer

patients from adjuvant to late-stage settings.

Since our founding, we have been a multi- technology company. We believe that by combining complementary

treatment modalities, we can leverage the potential of each technology to provide precise and personalized

treatments to patients. Such treatments, if approved, could both increase the likelihood of therapeutic success

and reduce the risk of therapeutic resistance. By building a diverse toolkit and clinical portfolio with synergistic

mechanisms of action, we aim to exploit the potential of our technologies:

• mRNA Cancer Immunotherapies . We are developing a portfolio of mRNA-based therapeutic

candidates to treat cancer: cancer immunotherapies, including FixVac (fully owned) and iNeST (in

collaboration with Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group, or Genentech), and mRNA-encoded

cytokines and antibodies. We believe that mRNA cancer immunotherapy candidates, if successful, could

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have the potential to eliminate polyclonal residual disease by targeting multiple antigens at once for

potential long-term impact.

• Immunomodulators . We are building a modality agnostic toolkit to focus on crucial immuno-oncology

pathways. We target different but complementary players in the complex cancer immunity cycle to

promote a thorough and durable antitumor effect. We use our in-house capabilities and collaborate with

Genmab A/S, or Genmab, and OncoC4, Inc., or OncoC4, to develop next-generation immunomodulators

that are designed to modulate the patient’s immune response to cancer.

• Targeted Therapies . We aim to develop potent and precise therapies that could reduce tumor burden

across the entire disease continuum, including late lines. We collaborate with Duality Biologics (Suzhou)

Co. Ltd., or DualityBio, and MediLink Therapeutics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., or MediLink Therapeutics, to

develop next-generation ADCs. ADCs will transform cancer care. We believe they have the potential to

supplement or replace chemotherapy in the future. We believe that a differentiated ADC linker

technology could improve efficacy and safety compared to currently approved ADCs, and novel

mechanisms of action may be able to improve tumor specific activation. We are also developing a range

of cell therapies against solid tumors, including chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR-T,-cell therapies,

neoantigen-based T-cell therapies and T-cell receptor, or TCR therapies in which the patient’s T cells are

modified or primed to target cancer-specific antigens.

From our diverse clinical portfolio, we have identified two high-priority assets with pan-tumor potential and

programs that we believe will enable us to realize our vision of addressing the full continuum of cancer : first, our

mRNA cancer immunotherapy programs, FixVac and iNeST, which we believe are particularly suited for early-

stage or low tumor burden cancers; and second, our late-stage clinical asset BNT327 , formerly also known as

PM8002, an investigational bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and VEGF-A , and for which we obtained full

global rights with the acquisition of Biotheus Inc., or Biotheus. We believe that BNT327 has the potential to

become a next-generation immuno-oncology backbone suitable for a broad range of cancers.

We plan to continue building our oncology pipeline and commercial capabilities in 2025 in anticipation of

potential commercial oncology launches as soon as 2026 , if approved.

I nfectious Disease Pipeline Strateg y

Infectious diseases remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide . Low- and middle-

income countries continue to bear much of the burden of communicable diseases, which include tuberculosis,

human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, malaria, neglected tropical diseases and hepatitis B . Climate change,

rising population numbers and global travel may all contribute to an increased risk of global infectious disease

outbreaks.

Our goal is to advance our infectious disease programs by developing vaccines and therapeutics for infectious

diseases caused by respiratory viruses, latent viruses, bacteria and parasites. We believe our scientific approach

and our mRNA technology have the potential to significantly contribute to the fight against global health threats

caused by infectious diseases. We have pursued both strategic partnerships and corporate collaborations to

partially fund our infectious disease global health programs and aim to continue to do so. Our infectious disease

programs aim to contribute to equitable access to effective and well tolerated vaccines for high medical need

indications.

To gether with our collaborator Pfizer Inc., or Pfizer, we plan to continue to invest into the research and

development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 / influenza combination vaccines. We

expect seasonal COVID-19 vaccination to continue, driven by the continuous evolution of the virus. We aim to

maintain COVID-19 vaccine market leadership and expect continued revenues from COVID-19 vaccine sales in

the near term.

We and our partners are also committed to researching and developing product candidates against latent

viruses, including herpes-simplex virus, or HSV, varicella-zoster virus, or shingles and mpox (formerly known as

monkeypox). Latent viruses remain in the body after an infection and can lead to lifelong medical complications.

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In addition, we have ongoing t rials evaluating mRNA vaccine candidates against diseases caused by bacteria

(tuberculosis) and parasites (malaria).

We see the potential for applications of our technologies beyond oncology and infectious disease, including

autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and

regenerative medicines.

III . Strategic Outlook

We are committed to translating science into survival for patients by advancing BioNTech’s strategy and

executing it to become a global immunotherapy powerhouse with multiple approved products and revenue

streams.

As part of this continued approach, we have built a unique pipeline by targeting technologies and candidates

with disruptive potential. In oncology, we focus on therapeutic approaches with pan-tumor potential, including our

personalized mRNA cancer immunotherapies and our bispecific antibody candidate BNT327. We plan to

significantly invest in their broad clinical evaluation across multiple cancer indications with significant (unmet)

medical needs, as well as their commercialization in key markets. We aim to further enhance the therapeutic

profile of our investigational therapies through the evaluation of novel combinations, including our differentiated

portfolio of ADCs and targeted therapy candidates.

As we continue to invest in executing our vision, we remain committed to cost-effective value generation. We

actively manage our pipeline and assess our sites according to key criteria: strategic alignment, operational

efficiency, and sustainable value creation. Consequently, we plan to significantly invest in essential areas while

optimizing capacities in others. While capacities may shift in accordance with our strategic criteria, we expect our

overall headcount to remain relatively stable over the next three years.

We have implemented, or expect to start implementing in 2025, measures aimed at expanding our research,

development, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities, which we currently anticipate may result in the

creation of up to between 800 and 1,200 FTE positions over the period of 2025 to 2027, including:

• The construction of our first large-scale mRNA immunotherapy manufacturing facility in Mainz, Germany,

which we started in 2019 and for which we plan to initially fill approximately 350 FTE positions in 2025.

• The completion of the acquisition of Biotheus in February 2025, through which we obtained full global

rights to BNT327 as well as rights to all other candidates and have increased our presence in mainland

China by approximately 325 FTE positions.

• The strategic expansion of workforce in selected areas across our sites worldwide, such as clinical

development and commercial operations.

We intend to implement measures between 2025 and 2027 to adjust capacities in some areas by between 950

and 1,350 FTE positions, including:

• An optimization of our manufacturing network by (i) establishing focused centers of excellence for early-

stage mRNA manufacturing in Idar-Oberstein and Cell & Gene manufacturing in Gaithersburg, while (ii)

right-sizing our center of excellence for late-stage mRNA manufacturing in Marburg. We currently expect

that this will involve consolidating and adjusting capacities within our manufacturing network, which

could lead to an estimated reduction of the workforce in Marburg of between 250 and 350 FTE positions

and in Idar-Oberstein (Germany) of between 100 and 200 FTE positions over this time period.

• The consolidation and adjustment of capacities across administrative functions and preclinical research

in Europe and North America, resulting in an estimated workforce reduction of between 550 and 700

FTE positions over this time period.We will continue to drive progress with a focus on our highest

potential opportunities and we believe we are well-positioned to continue advancing our strategic vision.

We look forward to another year of meaningful progress building on our achievements in 2024.

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IV. Execution in 2024

In 2024, we executed across our four key strategic pillars to strengthen our technology platforms, digital

capabilities and infrastructure, through strategic investments, acquisitions, licensing agreements and public-

private partnerships impacting patients, shareholders and other stakeholders.

Innovative and Diversified Pipeline

We continued to develop our innovative oncology and infectious disease pipeline. Today, our pipeline consists of

18 clinical programs in oncology, with more than 20 Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials, and seven clinical

programs in infectious disease. In 2024, we and our partners reported data across our portfolio at multiple

medical meetings and published manuscripts in peer reviewed journals.

In oncology, we started multiple clinical trials and brought several assets into mid- and late-stage development,

namely Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials, across a range of technologies, including our bispecific antibody

BNT327, mRNA cancer immunotherapies and ADCs.

Over the next year, we aim to advance additional product candidates to late-stage development, and we expect

to continue building our pipeline towards our potential first oncology launch in 2026.

Leadership in COVID-19 Vaccine Development

We continued to build our COVID-19 vaccine franchise and maintained market leadership in multiple key

geographies. In 2024, we and Pfizer distributed approximately 180 million COVID-19 vaccine doses to more than

40 countries and regions globally. In 2024, we also increased our supply of prefilled syringes in several markets.

Healthcare and Social Responsibility

We advanced our goal of contributing to equitable access to medicine around the globe, with over 30% of

Comirnaty doses delivered to low- and middle-income countries in 2024, in line with demand. We continue to

work with non-governmental organizations, institutes and governments to plan for equitable access to novel

medicines, especially in low- and middle-income countries and regions.

We are developing mRNA vaccine candidates for infectious diseases with high medical need, including vaccine

candidates against tuberculosis, malaria and HIV, as well as against infectious diseases with pandemic potential,

such as mpox. In May 2024, we and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, or CEPI, announced

the expansion of our strategic partnership to support the establishment of RNA vaccine R&D, clinical and

commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities at our facility in Kigali, Rwanda. These capabilities will contribute to

develop potential mRNA vaccines in Africa, for Africa, and better prepare for potential future epidemic and

pandemic threats in Africa. CEPI will provide funding of up to $145 million.

In 2024, our near-term science-based emission reduction targets were approved by the Science Based Targets

Initiative, or SBTi, a climate action organization which develops methods and criteria for effective corporate

climate action and validates corporate targets. This validation underlines that our scope 1 and scope 2 climate

targets are ambitious and in line with the United Nations’ Paris Climate Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5

degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The SBTi has validated our near-term emission reduction targets in

the following form:

• BioNTech commits to reducing absolute scope 1 and scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by

2030 from a 2021 base year.

• BioNTech commits that 72% of its suppliers by emissions covering purchased goods and services,

capital goods and upstream transportation and distribution, will have science-based targets by 2027.

Innovation at Scale

We are building and scaling biotech innovation with the aim of becoming a patient-centric, AI-driven, multi-

product immunotherapy company . Our diverse workforce consists of almost 6,772 employees (full-time

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equivalents) as of 31 December 2024, and we have subsidiaries in countries across five continents, having

further expanded our organization in Asia, Africa, North America , Australia and Europe.

In February 2024, we entered into a strategic collaboration with Autolus Therapeutics plc, or Autolus, aimed at

advancing both companies’ autologous CAR-T programs towards commercialization, pending regulatory

authorizations. As part of the strategic collaboration, we have the option to access Autolus’ commercial and

clinical site network, manufacturing capacities in the United Kingdom, or UK, and commercial supply

infrastructure in a cost-efficient set-up allowing for the accelerated development of our product candidate

BNT211.

Effective as of July 1, 2024, and with a view to BioNTech’s first oncology product launch anticipated for 2026, our

Supervisory Board appointed Annemarie Hanekamp to the Management Board as Chief Commercial Officer.

Annemarie Hanekamp is a seasoned pharmaceutical executive, experienced in developing patient-focused

commercial strategies for innovative oncology products encompassing sales, marketing and market access. In

her role, she is driving and executing our global commercialization strategy to leverage BioNTech’s full potential

as a vertically integrated biopharmaceutical company.

In February 2025, we announced the completion of the acquisition of Biotheus. With the acquisition, we obtained

full global rights to the bispecific antibody clinical asset BNT327, an investigational bispecific antibody targeting

PD-L1 and VEGF-A, formerly also known as PM8002, and Biotheus’ pipeline candidates. This follows an initial

exclusive global license and collaboration agreement with Biotheus in 2023 to develop, manufacture and

commercialize BNT327 globally, ex-Greater China . The transaction is part of our oncology strategy, aimed at

enhancing the Company’s capabilities to research, develop and commercialize combination therapies using

BNT327. Clinical trials with BNT327 have demonstrated encouraging clinical activity in various tumor types

including in patients with PD-L1-low and -negative tumors who have typically been less responsive to current

checkpoint inhibitor treatments.

In 2024, we maintained a strong balance sheet through disciplined financial performance, ending the year with

approximately €17.4 billion in total cash, cash equivalents and security investments. With a strong financial

position, leading COVID-19 vaccine franchise and innovative oncology and infectious disease pipeline, we

believe we are well positioned to continue executing our vision of pioneering novel medicines against cancer,

infectious diseases and other serious diseases.

V . Ma rketed Products: Comirnaty , our COVID-19 Vaccine Program (BNT162)

Our commercial product, Comirnaty , was the first-ever approved mRNA-based product, and, to our knowledge,

represents the fastest ever developed prophylactic vaccine from viral sampling to approval . As of December

2024 , our COVID-19 vaccine products have been authorized or approved for emergency or temporary use or

granted marketing authorization in more than 180 countries and regions worldwide. Our efforts have resulted in

more than 4.9 billion doses shipped globally.

Under our collaboration with Pfizer, we are the Marketing Authorization Holder in the United States, the

European Union, or EU, the UK, Canada and other countries. Additionally, we are the holder of emergency use

authorizations, or EUAs, or equivalents in the United States (jointly with Pfizer) and other countries for the

COVID-19 vaccine program. Pfizer has marketing and distribution rights worldwide apart from Greater China,

Germany, and Türkiye . We have the marketing and distribution rights to Comirnaty in Germany and Türkiye.

Under our collaboration with Fosun Pharma, Fosun Pharma has marketing and distribution rights in Mainland

China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or SAR, Macau SAR and Taiwan.

Commercial Update

In 2024, we and Pfizer continued our global COVID-19 vaccine leade rship with our Omicron JN.1 and Omicron

KP.2-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccines directed against the Omicron JN.1 and Omicron KP.2 v ariants

respectively. Since the declaration of the pandemic , we have developed and commercialized six COVID-19

vaccine products: the original COVID-19 vaccine, two Original/Omicron-adapted bivalent vaccines (Original/

BA.1- and Original/Omicron BA.4-5-adapted bivalent vaccines), the Omicron XBB.1.5-adapted monovalent

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COVID-19 vaccine, and the Omicron JN.1 and Omicron KP.2 monovalent COVID-19 vaccines. Each is referred

to as Comirnaty . Between December 2020 and March 2023, COVID-19 vaccination programs across 34 World

Health Organization, or WHO, European Region countries prevented an estimated 1.6 million deaths. In the first

two years of the COVID-19 vaccine being available in the United States, the country’s vaccination program is

estimated to have prevented more than 18 million additional hospitalizations and more than 3 million additional

deaths.

In August 2024, following regulatory approvals, we and Pfizer began distribution of our Omicron KP.2 variant-

adapted vaccine in the United States. The KP.2 adaptation is based on guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug

Administration, or FDA, which stated that KP.2 is the preferred strain of the JN.1 lineage for COVID-19 vaccines

for use in the United States during the 2024-2025 fall and winter season, if feasible.

In September 2024, following regulatory approvals, we and Pfizer began distribution of our Omicron KP.2

variant-adapted vaccine in Europe following the initial rollout of our Omicron JN.1 variant-adapted vaccine in July

2024.

We believe that we and Pfizer are well positioned for the future as leading COVID-19 vaccine providers. We

expect that as the market dynamics evolve across different geographies in 2025, there will be continued demand

for vaccine boosting and primary vaccinations of immunologically naïve individuals, especially amongst older

and immunocompromised populati ons . Studies have demonstrated that natural immunity acquired by SARS-

CoV-2 infection is variable across individuals and that the protection it offers wanes over time. A booster

vaccination can restore and enhance infection-acquired immune protection and further reduce the risk of

reinfection. The risk of severe COVID-19 disease remains high in vulnerable populations. Vaccination not only

reduces the risk of severe COVID-19 but can also mitigate the risk of health impairments related to long COVID .

Given this, and our current understanding of COVID-19’s seasonality and its burden on healthcare systems

during the autumn/winter season, we anticipate the need for annual adapted vaccines to be a long-term

component of COVID-19 vaccination practices.

Manufacturing and Distribution

We and Pfizer have established an efficient and robust global vaccine supply chain and manufacturing network

capable of meeting global demand .

In 2024, we continued transitioning from an advanced purchase agreement framework to commercial market

ordering in some geographies, including the UK, Japan, Switzerland, Australia, South Korea, Singapore and

Brazil.

W e and Pfizer have an ongoing COVID-19 Vaccine Purchase Agreement with the European Commission, or the

EC, to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to the EU. The agreement reflects our and Pfizer’s commitment to working

collaboratively to help address ongoing public health needs. The 2023 agreement rephased delivery of doses

annually through 2026. In addition, the agreement includes an aggregate volume reduction, providing additional

flexibility for EU Member States. The EC will maintain access to future adapted COVID-19 vaccines and the

ability to donate doses.

More details on our manufacturing operations and facilities can be found in “ IX. Manufacturing .”

Clinical Development

Omicron JN.1 and Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent COVID-19 Vaccines

The Omicron JN.1 sublineages currently account for the majority of COVID-19 cases globally and are

antigenically distant from previously circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including Omicron XBB.1.5, Omicron

BA.4-5 and the original SARS-CoV-2 strain. Although Omicron XBB.1.5-adapted monovalent vaccines provided

some protection against a range of outcomes from JN.1-related COVID-19 disease, evidence suggests that

vaccines better matched to currently circulating sublineages would provide improved protection against

symptomatic and severe COVID-19 disease.

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Our and Pfizer ’s regulatory filings have been based on the full body of previous clinical, non-clinical and real-

world evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines. The submissions

included manufacturing and non-clinical data showing that the JN.1- and KP.2-adapted monovalent vaccines

elicited a markedly improved immune response against multiple Omicron JN.1 sublineages, such as KP.3.1.1, or

LB.1 and other currently circulating variants, when compared with the Omicron XBB.1.5-adapted monovalent

vaccine.

Clinical immunogenicity data demonstrated that the Omicron JN.1-adapted vaccine induces a strong and broad

neutralizing antibody response across multiple JN.1 sublineages including XEC.

Early vaccine effectiveness data from a nationwide test-negative case-control study involving U.S. Veterans

Affairs Healthcare System patients indicate that the Omicron KP.2-adapted vaccine was 56-68% effective in

preventing various COVID-19 outcomes during the early 2024-2025 respiratory virus season. A second study of

U.S. adults aged 18 and older who visited CVS MinuteClinics found that those who received the vaccine were

48% less likely to have COVID-19-related clinic visits.

Although the COVID-19 outbreak has moved from a pandemic to an endemic stage, new SARS-CoV-2

infections, hospitalization and deaths continue to be reported. However, trends in these figures should be

interpreted with caution, as testing and sequencing have decreased, and many countries face reporting delays.

Wastewater surveillance, an important component of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring, plays a crucial role in early

warning and tracking of the circulation of variants. Estimates from wastewater surveillance suggest that SARS-

CoV-2 circulation is approximately 2 to 19 times higher than what is identified and reported through clinical

testing.

Older adults (aged 65 and above), comorbid or immunocompromised individuals continue to face a heightened

risk of severe disease, hospitalization, and death from SARS-CoV-2.

Regulatory Updates

Our and Pfizer’s Omicron JN.1 and Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccines rec eived multiple

regulatory approvals and authorizations in more than 40 countries and regions in 2024.

In April 2024, the WHO and the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, followed in later months by other health

authorities, provided guidance highlighting evidence that updated vaccines targeting Omicron JN.1 or JN.1

sublineages may contribute to maintaining protection against COVID-19 during the upcoming fall and winter

seasons.

In June 2024, the FDA’s Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, or VRBPAC, issued

guidance recommending the manufacturing of a JN.1-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine for the 2024/2025

fall and winter seasons. Also in June 2024, the FDA announced the KP.2 strain as the preferred JN.1-lineage for

COVID-19 vaccines, if feasible.

Omicron JN.1-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine

In 2024, we and Pfizer received the following approvals for our Omicron JN.1-adapted monovalent COVID-19

vaccine:

• June 2024: the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, of the EMA recommended

marketing authorization for our and Pfizer’s Omicron JN.1-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine for

active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals six months of age and

older. The adaptation was based on the recommendation from the WHO Technical Advisory Group on

COVID-19 Vaccine Composition and the EMA’s Emergency Task Force, or ETF, to update COVID-19

vaccines to target the SARS-CoV-2 variant JN.1 for the 2024/2025 fall and winter vaccination campaign.

In July 2024, the EC adopted an EC Decision in accordance with the CHMP’s recommendation.

• July 2024: the respective EC Decision also covered that Comirnaty may be administered concomitantly

with seasonal influenza vaccine in individuals 12 years of age and older and authorized a new

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presentation for the 30-mcg adapted vaccine, namely glass pre-filled syringe (refrigerated storage

conditions).

• July 2024: the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, approved our and

Pfizer’s Omicron JN.1-adapted vaccine.

Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine

In 2024, we and Pfizer received the following approvals for our Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent COVID-19

vaccine:

• June 2024: we and Pfizer submitted a regulatory application to the FDA for an Omicron JN.1-adapted

monovalent vaccine and initiated a rolling supplemental Biologics Licensing Application, or sBLA, for an

Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent vaccine. In August 2024, the FDA approved the sBLA for our

Omicron KP.2-adapted 2024-2025 formula COVID-19 vaccine for individuals 12 years of age and older

and granted EUA for individuals six months through 11 years of age.

• September 2024: the CHMP of the EMA also recommended marketing authorization for our and Pfizer’s

Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in

individuals six months of age and older. The EC adopted an EC Decision in accordance with the CHMP

recommendation one week later.

• October 2024: the FDA approved the sBLA to include safety and immunogenicity data from a study in

which individuals 18 through 64 years of age received Comirnaty concomitantly with a seasonal

influenza vaccine.

• October 2024: the UK’s MHRA approved our Omicron KP.2-adapted vaccine.

We and Pfizer intend to continue to monitor the evolving epidemiology of COVID-19 and remain prepared to

develop modified vaccine formulas as the data support and as regulatory agencies recommend.

VI. Pipeline of Product Candidates

We are advancing a broad portfolio of product candidates derived from multiple platforms and are focused on

immunotherapies for the potential treatment of cancer and mRNA vaccines to potentially prevent or treat

infectious diseases.

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Oncology — Drug class	Platform	Product candidate	Indication (target)	BioNTech rights (1)	Collaborator /Partner
mRNA	FixVac	BNT111	Advanced, R/R melanoma	Fully owned (2)
		BNT113	Metastatic / R/R HPV16+ head and neck cancer
		BNT116	1L metastatic NSCLC
			Advanced/metastatic NSCLC
	iNeST	BNT122 / RO7198457 (autogene cevumeran)	1L advanced melanoma	Collaboration	Genentech (3)
			Adjuvant colorectal cancer
			Adjuvant muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma
			Adjuvant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
			Multiple solid tumors
	RiboMabs	BNT142	Multiple solid tumors (CD3×CLDN6)	Fully owned
	RiboCytokines	BNT152 + BNT153	Multiple solid tumors (IL-7, IL-2)	Fully owned
Cell therapies	CAR T cells + CARVac	BNT211	Multiple solid tumors (CLDN6)	Fully owned
	Neoantigen-based T cells	BNT221	Refractory metastatic melanoma	Fully owned
Protein- based therapeutics	Next-generation immune checkpoint modulators	BNT311 / GEN1046 (acasunlimab )4	aPD(L)1-R/R metastatic NSCLC (PD-L1×4-1BB)	Collaboration	Genmab
		BNT312 / GEN1042	Multiple solid tumors (CD40×4-1BB)
		BNT314 / GEN1059	Multiple solid tumors (EpCAM×4-1BB)
		BNT315 / GEN1055	Multiple solid tumors (OX40)
		BNT322 / GEN1056	Multiple solid tumors
		BNT316 / ONC-392 (gotistobart)	aPD(L)1-R/R metastatic NSCLC (CTLA-4)	Collaboration	OncoC4
			Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (CTLA-4)
			Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CTLA-4)
			Multiple solid tumors (CTLA-4)
		BNT317	Multiple solid tumors	Fully owned
		BNT327	1L ES-SCLC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A)	Fully owned
			1L Advanced/metastatic TNBC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			2L SCLC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			1/2L+ ES-SCLC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A)
			1L/2L metastatic TNBC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A)
			1L NSCLC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (6)
			1L ES-SCLC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			2L ES-SCLC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			2L NEN (PD-L1 x VEGF-A (5)
			1L MPM (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			EGFRm NSCLC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			1L HCC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			Multiple solid tumors (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
			1L Advanced/metastatic TNBC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A) (5)
		BNT327 + PM1009	1L HCC (PD-L1 x VEGF-A + TIGIT x PVRIG) (5)	Fully Owned
		BNT327 + BNT325/ DB-1305	Multiple solid tumors (PD-L1 x VEGF-A + TROP2)	Collaboration	Duality Biologics
	Antibody-drug conjugates	BNT323 / DB-1303 (trastuzumab pamirtecan)	HR+/HER2-low metastatic breast cancer (HER2)	Collaboration	Duality Biologics
			Multiple solid tumors (HER2)
		BNT324 / DB-1311	Multiple solid tumors (B7H3)
		BNT325 / DB-1305	Multiple solid tumors (TROP2)
		BNT326 / YL202	Multiple solid tumors (HER3)	Collaboration	MediLink Therapeutics

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Infectious Diseases — Drug class	Product candidate	Indication	BioNTech rights (1)	Collaborator/ Partner
mRNA	BNT162b2	COVID-19	Collaboration	Pfizer Fosun Pharma
	BNT162b + BNT162b4
	BNT162b2+BNT161	COVID-19 – Influenza combination	Collaboration	Pfizer
	BNT161	Influenza	Collaboration (7)	Pfizer
	BNT163	HSV	Collaboration	University of Pennsylvania
	BNT164	Tuberculosis	Fully owned	Funded by the Gates Foundation
	BNT165	Malaria	Fully owned
	BNT166	Mpox	Fully owned	Funded by CEPI (8)
	BNT167	Shingles	Collaboration	Pfizer
Protein-based therapeutics	BNT331	Bacterial vaginosis	Fully owned

(1) For further details about BioNTech’s rights, see elsewhere in this Annual Report .

(2) The FixVac platform is fully owned by BioNTech. The BNT111 and BNT116 Phase 2 trials are jointly conducted with

Regeneron as part of a cost-sharing strategic collaboration.

(3) A member of the Roche group.

(4) Ph ase 3 development run by Genmab. BioNTech retains a tiered single-digit royalty on any potential sales.

(5) Trial ongoing in China only.

(6) Part of a Phase 2/3 clinical trial.

(7) Out-licensed to Pfizer.

(8) Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations.

A . Oncology Programs

mRNA Product Class in Oncology

a) FixVac

FixVac is our fully owned, systemic, off-the-shelf mRNA-based cancer immunotherapy approach, from which we

are developing several potential first-in-class product candidates. FixVac product candidates contain our

optimized uridine-RNA delivered in our proprietary RNA-lipoplex nanoparticles, or RNA-LPX, formulation for

intravenous administration. The Proprietary RNA-LPX protects the RNA from degradation by RNAse and is

designed for RNA delivery into antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid organs body-wide. FixVac candidates are

designed to target shared antigens that have been identified to be frequently expressed across patients with a

specific cancer type. These product candidates are designed to trigger both innate and adaptive immune

responses.

i. BNT111 in Advanced Melanoma

BNT111 is designed to elicit an immune response to four antigens (NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A3, tyrosinase, TPTE) that

have each been found to be associated with cutaneous melanoma.

Ongoing Phase 2 Trial

An open-label, randomized, multi-site, Phase 2 clinical trial (BNT111-01; NCT04526899) is being conducted in

collaboration with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., or Regeneron , to evaluate BNT111 in combination with

cemiplimab versus both agents as monotherapy in 184 patients with anti-PD-1-/anti-PD-L1 refractory/relapsed,

unresectable Stage III or IV melanoma. The primary endpoint is objective response rate, or ORR. Secondary

endpoints include duration of response, or DOR, disease control rate, or DCR, time to response, or TTR,

progression-free survival, or PFS, overall survival, or OS, and safety.

• In July 2024, we announced that the trial met its primary efficacy outcome measure, demonstrating a

statistically significant improvement in ORR in patients treated with BNT111 in combination with

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cemiplimab, as compared to a historical control in this indication and setting. The ORR in the cemiplimab

monotherapy arm was in line with the historical control of anti-PD-(L)1 or anti-CTLA-4 treatments in this

patient group. The treatment was generally well tolerated and the safety profile of BNT111 in

combination with cemiplimab was consistent with previous clinical trials assessing BNT111 in

combination with anti-PD-(L)1-containing treatments. The Phase 2 trial will continue as planned to

further assess the secondary endpoints which were not mature at the time of the primary analysis. We

plan to present these data at an upcoming medical conference in 2025.

Phase 1 Trial

A m ulti-center, open-label, first-in-human, Phase 1, dose escalation clinical trial ( Lipo-MERIT ; NCT02410733)

evaluating the safety and tolerability of BNT111 in patients with advanced melanoma was completed in 2023 .

This was the first clinical trial worldwide in which an mRNA-based cancer immunotherapy was administered

intravenously for systemic treatment.

• The trial started in 2015. Enrollment was completed in 2020 with 115 patients, and the last patient visit

under the follow-up period took place in June 2023. Final biomarker and clinical data of the trial have

been gathered and compiled in a clinical study report.

ii. BNT112 for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

BNT112 is designed to elicit an immune response to five antigens expressed in de novo and metastatic prostate

cancer , including prostate-specific antigen, or PSA, a transmembrane protein that is expressed by virtually all

prostate cancers, prostatic acid phosphatase, or PAP, and three additional tumor-associated antigens .

Phase 1/2a Clinical Trial

PRO-MERIT is a first-in-human Phase 1/2a, open-label dose titration and expansion clinical trial ( PRO-MERIT;

NCT04382898) to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and preliminary efficacy of BNT112 monotherapy and in

combination with cemiplimab in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, or mCRPC and

high-risk localized prostate cancer who are eligible for treatment with androgen deprivation therapy followed by

radical prostatectomy. The trial has been discontinued and the follow-up period ended in January 2024. Final

data of the trial was gathered and compiled in a clinical study report, and are planned to be presented at a future

scientific conference as well as in a publication.

iii. BNT113 for the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, or HNSCC, which is positive for

Human Papilloma Virus 16, or HPV16+

BNT113 contains two different RNAs encoding the two HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7, which are exclusively

expressed in pre-malignant and malignant tissue. The global incidence of HPV-associated cancers has been

increasing, particularly HPV16+ HNSCC in younger populations. Most patients with HPV16+ HNSCC are

diagnosed at more advanced clinical stages. We see a significant opportunity to improve the treatment

landscape with BNT113 given that it has the potential to augment clinical responses in patients being treated

with checkpoint inhibitors.

Ongoing BNT113 Phase 2 Trial

A global, randomized Phase 2 clinical trial (AHEAD-MERIT; NCT04534205) evaluating BNT113 in combination

with pembrolizumab (Merck & Co., Inc.’s KEYTRUDA®) versus pembrolizumab monotherapy as a first-line

treatment in patients with unresectable recurrent or metastatic HPV16+ HNSCC expressing PD-L1 is ongoing.

Part A is a non-randomized run-in portion designed to demonstrate the safety of the combination of BNT113 and

pembrolizumab. Part B is the randomized portion of the trial designed to generate efficacy and safety data. The

trial plans to enroll a total o f 350 patients.

• In September 2024, an exploratory analysis of antitumor activity (15 patients) and immunogenicity from

the safety run-in of AHEAD-MERIT was presented at the 2024 Congress of the European Society of

Medical Oncology, or ESMO. The ORR was found to be 40.0% as assessed by blinded independent

central review, or BICR, and 33.3% as assessed by the investigator, and a medium PFS, or mPFS, of

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3.9 months as per BICR and 6.0 months as per investigator. BNT113 was observed to induce de novo T-

cell responses against HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. The combination of BNT113 and pembrolizumab

was well tolerated. Treatment emergent adverse events, or TEAEs, were mostly Grade 1 and 2. In

summary, the safety run-in cohort of the ongoing AHEAD-MERIT trial supported the tolerability of

BNT113 and clinical activity in combination with pembrolizumab was observed.

Phase 1/2 Trial (Investigator-Initiated and Sponsored)

BNT113 was investigated by the University Hospital Southampton National Health Service, or NHS, Foundation

Trust in an investigator-sponsored, open-label, Phase 1/2 dose escalation basket clinical trial (HARE-40;

NCT03418480) with two different arms in 29 patients with HPV16+ head and neck and other cancers in the post-

adjuvant and metastatic setting. The trial has been terminated and the patient follow-up period ended in July

2023.

• In September 2024, results were presented at ESMO. BNT113 was shown to induce immune responses

in patients in the adjuvant and end-stage clinical settings and to be overall well tolerated with a

manageable safety profile.

iv . BNT116 for the Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, or NSCLC

BNT116 is comprised of six different NSCLC-associated tumor-associated antigens for the induction of

polyepitopic anti-tumor CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. BNT116 is being evaluated in two clinical trials as

monotherapy and in combination with other immunotherapies and chemotherapies in patients with advanced or

metastasized NSCLC.

Ongoing Phase 2 Trial in 1L NSCLC

A randomized, controlled Phase 2 clinical trial (EMPOWERVAX Lung-1; NCT05557591) is ongoing in

collaboration with Regeneron to evaluate BNT116 in combination with cemiplimab versus cemiplimab alone as

first-line treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 in ≥ 50% of their tumor cells.

The primary objective of the Phase 2 trial is to assess safety and tolerability as well as ORR and tumor burden

reduction.

Ongoing Phase 1 Trial in NSCLC

A Phase 1 clinical trial (LuCa-MERIT-1; NCT05142189) is being conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability and

preliminary efficacy of BNT116 as monotherapy and in several combinations including cemiplimab, and

chemotherapy regimens in locally advanced or unresectable or metastatic NSCLC. A cohort examining the

combination of BNT116 with a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated, or CTLA-4 antibody in patients who have

received prior PD-1 inhibitor therapy and platinum-based chemotherapy was recently added.

• In April 2024, data from cohort 3 of the Phase 1 trial were presented at the American Association for

Cancer Research, or AACR, Annual Meeting. Patients were treated with BNT116 in combination with

docetaxel after progression on a PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor and a platinum-based chemotherapy. Preliminary

data of BNT116 in combination with docetaxel showed encouraging antitumor activity, consistent

induction of immune responses, a manageable safety profile, and no signs of additive toxicity.

Combination therapy with BNT116 and docetaxel was observed to have an ORR of 30% and a DCR of

85%.

• In November 2024, data from cohort 2 of the Phase 1 trial were presented at the Society for

Immunotherapy of Cancer, or SITC, Annual Meeting. Patients were treated with BNT116 in combination

with cemiplimab. Safety and clinical activity of BNT116+cemiplimab in NSCLC with PD-L1≥50%

progressing after at least stable disease, or SD, on PD-1 inhibitor-based first-line treatment was

reported. Preliminary data of BNT116 in combination with cemiplimab showed a manageable safety

profile, an encouraging DCR of 80% and median PFS of 5.5 months in patients previously progressing

on PD-1 inhibition.

b) Autogene Cevumeran (BNT122/RO7198457), or iNeST

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A utogene cevumeran is an investigational individualized cancer immunotherapy based on specific neoantigens

that are present on a patient’s tumor. Similar to our FixVac programs, our iNeST approach is also based on

pharmacologically optimized uridine mRNA, or uRNA, delivered in our proprietary RNA-LPX formulation. The

RNA-LPX is designed to deliver RNA to dendritic cells, or DCs, the antigen-presenting cells in the lymphoid

organs that are crucial for the initiation of adaptive immune responses, and protects RNA from degradation by

RNAse. iNeST candidates are informed by the mutation profile of a patient’s individual cancer and manufactured

on-demand. The RNA encodes a unique composition of neoantigens selected on a patient-by-patient basis and

results in generation of neoantigen specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against the respective

neoantigens. The aim of this approach is to generate and amplify anti-tumor immune responses and thus

broaden the spectrum of tumor targets that can be recognized by the immune system, which is a prerequisite for

clinical activity.

Since 2014, autogene cevumeran has been researched in clinical trials including the IMCODE study program

which was initiated in 2017 to further advance the research and development of individualized neoantigen-

specific immunotherapies. The study program is designed broadly to evaluate autogene cevumeran in various

treatment settings and multiple solid tumor indications, including treatment of early and late-stage cancers. The

aim of the program is to study potential treatment settings and patient populations that could benefit most from

individualized mRNA cancer immunotherapy. Data generated to date indicate that autogene cevumeran is highly

proficient in inducing and expanding high-magnitude and long-lived T cell responses across various tumor types

and treatment settings (Lopez, J. et al., 2025). Furthermore, early clinical data from a small size patient cohort

indicate that autogene cevumeran alone and in combination with anti-PD-(L)1 treatment can elicit T cell

responses that persist up to three years in the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,

potentially correlating with delayed disease recurrence (Sethna, Z. et al., 2025).

Based on the available data, we decided to pursue autogene cevumeran as one of our priority pan-tumor

programs in our oncology portfolio to address one of the biggest challenges in oncology, which is preventing

disease recurrence. Therefore, with this approach we aim to address the unmet medical need in the treatment of

resectable cancers and in adjuvant or minimal residual disease treatment settings where the tumor burden is

typically low and immune resistance mechanisms are not fully established. We believe individualized mRNA

cancer immunotherapies have the potential to change the current standard of care and improve overall survival

by delaying or preventing recurrence or cancer metastasis. Consequently, BioNTech and Genentech have

focused on initiating multiple clinical trials as part of the IMCODE study program with autogene cevumeran in

high unmet medical need indications in the adjuvant setting, with currently three ongoing randomized clinical

trials.

Autogene cevumeran is partnered with Genentech as part of a collaboration.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Adjuvant High-risk Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma, or MIUC

A randomized, double-blind, multi-site Phase 2 clinical trial (IMCODE-004; NCT06534983) evaluating autogene

cevumeran as an adjuvant treatment with nivolumab in patients with high-risk MIUC is ongoing.

• In December 2024, the first patient was treated . The trial is expected to enroll approximately 360

patients to evaluate the efficacy of autogene cevumeran in combination with nivolumab compared to

nivolumab alone. The primary endpoint for the study is investigator-assessed disease-free survival, or

DFS. Secondary objectives include OS and safety.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Adjuvant Colorectal Cancer, or CRC

A randomized, multi-site, open-label Phase 2 clinical trial (BNT122-01; NCT04486378) evaluating autogene

cevumeran as an adjuvant treatment of circulating tumor DNA, or ctDNA, positive, surgically resected Stage II

(high risk)/Stage III CRC is ongoing. The trial is expected to enroll about 200 patients to evaluate the efficacy of

autogene cevumeran compared to watchful waiting after surgery and chemotherapy, the current standard of care

for these high-risk patients. The primary endpoint for the study is DFS . Secondary objectives include OS and

safety. The trial is currently enrolling in the United States, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Sweden and the UK. We

plan to disclose the first data from the ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial in Stage II (high-risk)/ Stage III ctDNA+

adjuvant CRC in late 2025 or early 2026 .

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• In June 2024, at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, or ASCO, preliminary

epidemiologic data were presented, including post-operative ctDNA prevalence and prognostic value in

disease-free survival, from an observational study (NCT04813627) in patients with resected high-risk

stage II/III CRC. This observational study provides supportive epidemiological and prognostic data for

the ongoing interventional Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT04486378).

• Also in June 2024, at the ESMO Gastrointestinal, or ESMO GI, Cancers Congress, immunogenicity data

of the biomarker cohort of the ongoing Phase 2 (NCT04486378) that enrolled patients irrespective of

post-surgical ctDNA status were presented. The data suggest that autogene cevumeran is highly

immunogenic and induces de novo polyepitopic, ex vivo detectable T-cell responses in all evaluable

patients with resected Stage II/III CRC after completion of adjuvant chemotherapy. Among patients

included in the immunogenicity analysis, 100% (12/12) were disease-free at data cut off.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Adjuvant Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, or PDAC

A randomized Phase 2 clinical trial (IMCODE003; NCT05968326) evaluating the safety and efficacy of autogene

cevumeran in combination with atezolizumab followed by standard-of-care chemotherapy (mFOLFIRINOX) in

patients with resected PDAC compared to chemotherapy alone is recruiting. The Phase 2 study is expected to

enroll 260 patients with resected PDAC who have not received prior systemic anti-cancer treatment and showed

no evidence of disease after surgery. The primary endpoint is DFS. Secondary endpoints include OS and safety.

In April 2024 , at the AACR Annual Meeting, long-term follow-up data were presented from an investigator-

initiated Phase 1 trial (NCT04161755) in patients with resected PDAC indicating that autogene cevumeran

continues to show polyspecific T-cell responses up to three years after vaccination and that immunotherapy-

specific response correlates with delayed tumor recurrence. At the third year, autogene cevumeran was

observed to induce de novo neoantigen-specific, functional and durable CD8 T cells at substantial magnitudes

for multiple neoantigens. After a median follow-up of three years, eight patients with immunotherapy-induced T-

cell responses continued to have longer median recurrence-free survival (not reached) compared with those who

did not experience an immune response (13.4 months). The investigator-initiated, single center Phase 1 trial

evaluated the safety of autogene cevumeran in sequential combination with the anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint

inhibitor atezolizumab and standard-of-care chemotherapy in 16 patients with resected PDAC. Data from the

1.5-year median follow-up had been published in Nature (Rojas, L.A. et al., 2023).

In February 2025, the longer-term follow up of the investigator-initiated, single center Phase 1 trial in PDAC has

now also been published in Nature (Sethna, Z. et al., 2025).

Phase 2 Clinical Trial in First-line Advanced Melanoma

The IMCODE001 (NCT03815058) trial was the first randomized Phase 2 clinical trial with an iNeST-based

candidate as part of the broader IMCODE study program. The trial was initiated in 2019 with the aim to

investigate autogene cevumeran in combination with PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in the advanced treatment

setting of unresectable or complex metastatic tumors. The trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of autogene

cevumeran in combination with pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab alone as a potential first-line treatment for

patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma. The primary endpoint was progression free survival

(“PFS”) and was events-based. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (“OS”), overall response rate

(“ORR”), duration of response (“DOR”) and safety.

In January 2025, the IMCODE001 trial was completed. While the initial data of the primary analysis support our

data across the broader autogene cevumeran study program demonstrating that autogene cevumeran can

induce and expand high-magnitude and long-lived de novo immune responses against the encoded neoantigens

in this aggressive stage of melanoma, the trial did not meet its primary efficacy endpoint of statically significant

improvement of PFS in this advanced treatment setting. A numerical trend favoring the combination arm in

overall survival was observed. The combination of autogene cevumeran with PD-L1 checkpoint blockade was

well tolerated and adverse events were consistent with the known safety profiles of the individual trial treatments,

with no new safety signals observed. The analysis of the results of the IMCODE001 trial, including further

exploratory endpoints and extensive biomarker correlations, is ongoing.

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These topline data support proof of concept for our mRNA cancer immunotherapy approach and our therapeutic

strategy to pursue autogene cevumeran to address the unmet medical need in the treatment of resectable

cancers and in adjuvant or minimal residual disease treatment settings, while we are evaluating novel immune-

oncology (“IO”) combinations for the treatment of advanced, rapidly progressing high-volume tumors.

Ongoing Phase 1a/1b Clinical Trial Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors

An open-label Phase 1a monotherapy/1b in combination with atezolizumab clinical trial (NCT03289962) of

autogene cevumeran in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors, including patients with

melanoma, NSCLC, bladder cancer, CRC, triple-negative breast cancer, or TNBC, renal cancer, head and neck

cancer and sarcomas as well as other solid tumors is fully enrolled and follow-up is ongoing.

• In January 2025, a manuscript summarizing the results of the trial was published in Nature Medicine

(Lopez, J. et al., 2025).

c) RiboMabs

Our RiboMab product candidate is an mRNA that encodes cancer cell targeting antibodies. This fully-owned

product candidate is nucleoside-modified to minimize immunogenicity and our improved mRNA backbone

designs with the aim of maximizing protein expression. Our RiboMab product candidate is formulated using liver-

targeting lipid nanoparticles, or LNPs, for intravenous delivery. This RNA-LNP technology is designed to address

the challenges of recombinantly expressed proteins, including limited serum half-life and manufacturing process

challenges.

i. BNT142 for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

BNT142 encodes a T-cell engaging bispecific antibody targeting Claudin 6, or CLDN6. An open-label, multi-site

Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05262530) in patients with CLDN6-positive advanced solid tumors that have

exhausted available standard therapy or are not eligible for such available therapy is ongoing.

e) R iboCytokine s

Our RiboCytokine product candidates are designed to address the limitations of recombinantly expressed

cytokines, including limited serum half-life and production costs. BNT151 and BNT152+153 are nucleoside-

modified mRNAs encoding human cytokines fused to human serum albumin. The modified mRNA is formulated

with liver-targeting LNPs for intravenous delivery. BNT151 encodes an IL-2 variant, BNT152 encodes IL-7, and

BNT153 encodes IL-2.

i. BN T151 for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

A first-in-human, open-label, multi-center Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT04455620) in multiple solid tumor

indications has been discontinued after the completion of enrollment for the Part 1 monotherapy dose escalation,

as previously communicated. The safety follow-up phase for enrolled patients had been completed and the

clinical data of the trial were reported to the appropriate regulatory bodies.

ii. BNT152+BNT153 for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

An open-label, multi-site, first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT04710043) in multiple solid tumor indications

is ongoing to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and preliminary anti-tumor activity of a

combination of BNT152 and BNT153. The clinical trial consists of two parts: Part 1, the separate monotherapy

dose escalation of BNT152 and BNT153, was completed in May 2023, as a result of which a maximum tolerated

dose, or MTD, was defined for each product. Part 2 is currently investigating the combination treatment of

BNT152 and BNT153.

Oncology Cell Therapy Product Candidates

a) CAR-T-cell therapy - CAR-T

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i. BNT211 for the Treatment of CLDN6+ Solid Tumors

BNT211 consists of two investigational medicinal products: our first CAR-T-cell product candidate, which targets

CLDN6-positive solid tumors, in combination with an mRNA named CARVac (CLDN6 RNA-LPX) encoding

CLDN6. The CAR-T cells are equipped with a second-generation CAR of high sensitivity and specificity for the

tumor-specific carcino-embryonic antigen CLDN6. CARVac is intended to support in vivo expansion of

transferred CAR-T cells to increase their persistence and efficacy. As with FixVac and iNeST, CARVac is also

based on a pharmacologically optimized-backbone equipped uRNA delivered in our proprietary RNA-LPX

formulation. BNT211 has been granted Priority Medicines, or PRIME, designation by the EMA for the third- or

later-line treatment of testicular germ cell tumors, and Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy, or RMAT,

designation by the FDA.

Ongoing Phase 1 Clinical Trial

A first-in-human, open-label, multi-site Phase 1 dose escalation and dose expansion basket trial (NCT04503278)

is being conducted to evaluate CLDN6 CAR-T cells as monotherapy or in combination with CARVac in patients

with CLDN6-positive relapsed or refractory solid tumors, including ovarian cancers and testicular germ cell

tumors. The primary outcome measure of the trial is safety, with secondary efficacy outcome measures to

include ORR, DCR and DOR.

• In June 2024, we presented an analysis of real-world data that investigated the OS, treatment patterns

and prognostic variables of patients with testicular germ cell tumors receiving palliative chemotherapy at

the ASCO Annual Meeting. This analysis will inform the design of our planned pivotal clinical trial to

evaluate BNT211 in patients with germ cell tumors.

• In September 2024, data from the ongoing trial were presented at the ESMO Congress which showed

encouraging signs of antitumor activity across indications. Among patients who received dose levels of

1x10 8 CAR T cells or above with or without CARVac, ORR was observed to be 41.7% for patients with

testicular cancer and 58.3% for those with ovarian cancer. CARVac was shown to improve CAR-T

persistence in some patients. The data also suggest that the safety profile of CLDN6 CAR T cells with

and without CARVac is consistent with the previously published effects of CAR-T therapies and that

repeated CARVac administration does not significantly increase toxicity.

• In January 2025, the FDA granted RMAT designation for BNT211. The RMAT designation is designed to

expedite the development and review process for promising pipeline products, including cell therapies.

• A pivotal Phase 2 trial in patients with testicular germ cell tumors is planned to start in 2025 based on

encouraging activity in this patient group observed in the Phase 1 trial.

b) Neoantigen-Targeting T Cells

Our neoantigen-targeting T-cell stimulation platform can be utilized to develop product candidates across several

neoantigen-targeting non-engineered and engineered T-cell therapies. Autologous, neoantigen-specific T cells

are primed, activated and expanded ex vivo utilizing a proprietary antigen-specific T-cell induction protocol, Neo-

Stim , to target either a personal set of neoantigens for each patient or a set of selected shared neoantigens. Our

lead product candidate under this platform is our individualized neoantigen-targeting T-cell therapy, BNT221.

i. BNT221 for the Treatment of Cancer

BNT221 is our autologous, fully personalized, polyspecific T-cell therapy directed against selected sets of

individual neoantigens. BNT221 is generated through a proprietary stimulation process ( Neo-Stim ) and allows for

the induction of T cells from the naïve compartment , as well as expansion of pre-existing memory T cells. Other

product characteristics are (i) cells with high specificity profile towards the mutant epitope; (ii) cells exhibiting

multiple effector functions; (iii) a product that contains both central and effector memory T cells; and (iv) cells that

have a cytotoxic response towards endogenously processed and presented antigens as well as recognition of an

autologous tumor. The neoantigens are selected using our proprietary Recon bioinformatics engine.

Ongoing Phase 1 Clinical Trial

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A first-in-human Phase 1 dose escalation clinical trial (NCT04625205) evaluating BNT221 in patients with

checkpoint inhibitor unresponsive or refractory metastatic melanoma is ongoing. The first portion of the trial

consists of a monotherapy dose escalation of BNT221, for which recruitment and treatment of patients is

complete. Currently, BNT221 is being dosed in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy after first-line treatment.

Additional enrollment has been stopped for non-safety related reasons, with health authorities notified. Major

objectives of this study include evaluation of the safety and feasibility of administering BNT221, as well as

evaluations of immunogenicity and preliminary efficacy.

• In January 2025, a manuscript summarizing the results of the monotherapy portion of the trial was

published in Nature Medicine (Borgers, J. et al., 2025).

Protein-based Therapeutic Product Candidates in Oncology

a) Next-Generation Immune Checkpoint Modulators

We and Genmab are developing antibodies that are designed to function as tumor-targeted and dual

immunomodulators, applying Genmab’s proprietary technologies in combination with our joint target identification

and product concept expertise. In addition, we and Genmab are developing antibodies that are designed to

enhance pre-existing immunity. We and Genmab have three product candidates currently in clinical development

as part of a 50:50 collaboration in which development costs and future profits are shared: BNT312/GEN1042

(DuoBody CD40x4-1BB), BNT314/GEN1059 (DuoBody-EpCAMx4-1BB) and BNT315/GEN1055 (HexaBody-

OX40) .

We and OncoC4 have an ongoing strategic collaboration, which includes joint development of BNT316/ONC-392

(Gotistobart), an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, in a range of solid tumor indications, with the parties equally sharing

development costs for such joint development studies. BioNTech holds the exclusive worldwide

commercialization rights for this product candidate.

In February 2025, we announced the completion of our acquisition of Biotheus. With the acquisition, we obtained

full global rights to the bispecific antibody clinical asset BNT327, a PD-L1 x VEGF-A bispecific antibody formerly

known as PM8002, and Biotheus’ pipeline candidates. This follows an initial exclusive global license and

collaboration agreement with Biotheus in 2023 to develop, manufacture and commercialize of BNT327 globally

outside of Greater China.

i. BNT311/GEN104 6 (acasunlimab) a PD-L1x4-1BB Bispecific Antibody for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

BNT311/GEN1046 (acasunlimab) is an investigational, potential first-in-class bispecific antibody combining PD-

L1 checkpoint inhibition with 4-1BB stimulation. BNT311/GEN1046 (acasunlimab) is being developed for the

treatment of solid tumors using Genmab’s proprietary DuoBody technology platform. BNT311/GEN1046

(acasunlimab) is currently being evaluated in multiple clinical trials.

In August 2024, we announced that while the emerging clinical profile of BNT311/GEN1046 (acasunlimab) was

encouraging, for reasons relating to portfolio strategy, we opted not to participate in the further development of

the program, including an ongoing Phase 3 trial. In the event that the program is commercialized, we will retain a

tiered single-digit royalty on any potential sales. We and Genmab will continue our collaboration on other

programs under the existing agreements.

ii. BNT312/GEN1042 , a CD40x4-1BB Bispecific Antibody for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

BNT312/GEN1042 is a jointly owned, novel, agonistic, bispecific antibody that combines targeting and

conditional activation of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and 4-1BB on immune cells. BNT312 /GEN1042 is

being developed for the treatment of solid cancers using Genmab’s proprietary DuoBody technology platform

and our CD40 and 4-1BB antibodies . We and Genmab are currently evaluating BNT312/GEN1042 in several

clinical trials.

Ongoing Clinical Trials

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A Phase 1/2 dose-escalation clinical trial (NCT04083599) with expansion cohorts evaluating safety and anti-

tumor activity of BNT312/GEN1042 as monotherapy and in combination therapies in patients with solid tumors is

ongoing. We and Genmab plan to determine next steps for this program in 2025 .

A n open-label Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05491317) evaluating the safety and clinical activity of BNT312/

GEN1042 in combination with radiotherapy with or without pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic solid

tumors is ongoing.

A Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT06057038) in Japan evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics,

pharmacodynamics and antitumor activity of BNT312/GEN1042 monotherapy and in combination with

pembrolizumab with or without chemotherapy in patients with multiple solid tumors is ongoing.

iii. BNT313/GEN1053, an Agonistic HexaBody-CD27 Antibody for the Treatment of Malignant Solid Tumor s

BNT313/GEN1053 is a novel CD27 antibody with an immunoglobulin G, or IgG, Fc domain engineered to induce

clustering of CD27 on the plasma membrane of T cells with the aim of enhancing T-cell activation, proliferation

and differentiation without depleting T cells. In preclinical studies, BNT313/GEN1053 increases T-cell activation,

proliferation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity.

Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial

A Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05435339) evaluating the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of CD27-

targeting antibody BNT313/GEN1053 on solid tumors as monotherapy has been discontinued due to the

strategic evaluation of BNT313/GEN1053 within the context of BioNTech’s and Genmab’s portfolios.

iv. BNT314/GEN1059, an EpCAMx4-1BB Bispecific Antibody for the Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Solid

Tumors

BNT314/GEN1059 is a potential first-in-class bispecific antibody product candidate designed to boost antitumor

immune responses through EpCAM-dependent 4-1BB agonistic activity.

A BioNTech-sponsored first-in-human Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT06150183) is being conducted to investigate

the safety and preliminary antitumor activity of BNT314/GEN1059 in patients with advanced or metastatic solid

tumors.

• A Trial-in-Progress poster from this trial was presented at the 2024 ESMO Congress.

v. BNT315/GEN1055 , a HexaBody-OX40 Antibody for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors

BNT315/GEN1055 is an OX40 agonist antibody designed to induce OX40 clustering independently of Fc-gamma

receptor-, or FcγR-mediated crosslinking to enhance antitumor T-cell responses.

A first-in-human Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT06391775) is being conducted to investigate the safety and

preliminary antitumor activity of BNT315/GEN1055 in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors.

vi . BNT322/GEN1056, an Antibody for the Treatment of Solid Tumors

BNT322/GEN1056 is an antibody product candidate co-developed with Genmab for the treatment of solid tumors

and for potential use in combination with other products. The development program for BNT322/GEN1056 has

been discontinued due to strategic evaluation of the development program within the context of BioNTech’s and

Genmab’s portfolios.

A first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05586321) of BNT322/GEN1056 in patients with advanced solid

tumors is ongoing.

vii. BNT317, an Antibody for the Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors

BNT317 is a product candidate we are developing for the treatment of solid tumors. A first-in-human, open-label,

dose escalation Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT06750185) was initiated in January 2025 to evaluate the safety,

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tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of increasing doses of BNT317 in participants with advanced

solid tumors.

viii. BNT327 , a Bispecific Antibody Candidate Targeting PD-L1 and VE GF

BNT327 is an anti-VEGF-A antibody candidate fused to a humanized anti-PD-L1 VHH, previously being

developed in collaboration with Biotheus. In February 2025, we announced the completion of our acquisition of

Biotheus. With the acquisition, we obtained full global rights to the late-stage clinical asset BNT327.

BNT327 is currently being evaluated in multiple Phase 2 and Phase 3 global and China-only clinical trials to

assess the efficacy and safety of the candidate as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy in various

indications. BNT327 is also being evaluated in combination with BNT325/DB-1305, a next-generation ADC

candidate, in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. We also plan to evaluate BNT327 in combination with our other clinical-

stage ADCs, BNT323/DB-1303, BNT324/DB-1311 and BNT326/YL202.

Ongoing Phase 3 Clinical Trial in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer, or ES-SCLC

In December 2024, BioNTech initiated a global, randomized Phase 3 clinical trial (NCT06712355) evaluating

BNT327 plus chemotherapy compared to atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in first-line ES-SCLC.

Ongoing Phase 3 Clinical Trial in Locally Advanced/Metastatic TNBC

A Phase 3 clinical trial (NCT06419621) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy compared to

chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for patients with locally advanced/metastatic TNBC is ongoing in China.

Ongoing Phase 3 Clinical Trial in Second-Line Small-Cell Lung Cancer, or SCLC

A Phase 3 clinical trial (NCT06616532) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy compared to

investigator’s choice chemotherapy as a second-line treatment for patients with SCLC is ongoing in China.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in ES-SCLC

In September 2024, the first patient was dosed in a multi-site, open-label Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT06449209) to

evaluate BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy in patients with untreated ES-SCLC and in patients with

SCLC that progressed after first- or second-line treatment. The study is recruiting in the United States, Türkiye,

Australia, South Korea and the UK.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in L ocally Advanced/Metastatic TNBC

In October 2024, the first patient was dosed in a multi-site, open-label Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT06449222) to

evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of BNT327 at two dose levels in combination with

chemotherapy in the first- and second-line treatment of patients with locally advanced/metastatic TNBC. The

study is recruiting in the United States, Australia, Türkiye and the UK. A Phase 3 clinical trial in first-line TNBC is

expected to start in 2025.

Ongoing Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial in First-Line NSCLC

In December 2024, BioNTech initiated a global, randomized Phase 2/3 clinical trial (NCT06712316) evaluating

BNT327 plus chemotherapy compared to pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in first line NSCLC.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in First-Line ES-SCLC

A Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT05844150) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy as a first-line

treatment for patients with ES-SCLC is ongoing in China.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Second-Line ES-SCLC

A Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT05879068) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy as a second-line

treatment for patients with SCLC is ongoing in China.

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Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Neuroendocrine Neoplasm, or NEN

A Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT05879055) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy as a second-line

treatment for patients with NEN is ongoing in China.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Malignant Mesothelioma, or MPM

A Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT05918107) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy as a first-line

treatment for patients with MPM is ongoing in China.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in EGFR-mutant Non-Squamous NSCLC

A Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT05756972) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy as a treatment for

patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC who have failed EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment is ongoing in

China.

• In September 2024, at the ESMO Congress, data were presented from trial. The 64 patients were

observed to have an ORR of 60.9%, a cORR of 57.8% and DCR of 95.3%. In the 28 patients with PD-L1

tumor proportion score, or TPS, <1%, the ORR was observed to be 46.4% and DCR was observed to

92.9%. In the 23 patients with TPS 1-49%, the ORR was observed to be 60.9% and DCR was observed

to be 100%. Among the 13 patients with TPS ≥50%, the ORR was observed to be 92.3% and DCR was

observed to be 92.3%. Any-grade TRAEs occurred in 98.4% patients and Grade ≥ 3 TRAEs occurred in

60.9% of patients. Nine patients discontinued BNT327 and/or chemotherapy administration due to

TRAEs, plus one case of TRAE-related death. In summary, we believe that the observations of BNT327

in combination with chemotherapy in mutated NSCLC patients that progressed on prior EGFR-TKI

therapy showed encouraging anti-tumor activity independent of PD-L1 expression levels with a positive

correlation seen between higher tumor PD-L1 expression levels and overall response rates, and a

generally manageable safety profile.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, or HCC

A Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT05864105) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy as a first-line

treatment for unresectable HCC is ongoing in China.

Ongoing Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Advanced Solid Tumors

A Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05918445) evaluating BNT327 as a monotherapy in patients with advanced solid

tumors is ongoing in China.

• In June 2024, data from the trial were presented at the ASCO Annual Meeting. Data on 48 patients with

advanced cervical cancer, or CC, showed an ORR of 42.2% (52.4% in patients with PD-L1-positive

tumors), a DCR of 93.3%, and an mPFS of 8.3 months. Data on 39 patients with PROC showed an ORR

of 20.6%, a DCR of 67.7%, and an mPFS of 5.5 months. TRAEs occurred in 95.4% of patients (83/87),

with ≥ Grade 3 TRAEs in 36.8% (32/87). 14.9% (13/87) of patients discontinued BNT327 treatment due

to TRAEs. Median follow-up time in patients with CC and PROC was 13.8 months and 14.8 months,

respectively.

• At the ASCO Annual Meeting, data on 61 patients with non-squamous NSCLC were also presented.

Data on 17 evaluable patients with untreated NSCLC wild-type and PDL1-positive showed an ORR of

47.1%, a DCR of 100% and an mPFS of 13.6 months at a median follow-up of 11.3 months. Data on 36

evaluable patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC after progression on prior EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,

or TKI, treatment showed an ORR of 19.4%, a DCR of 69.4% and an mPFS of 5.5 months at a median

follow-up of 12.6 months. Data from eight evaluable patients with EGFR/ALK wild-type NSCLC that

progressed after anti-PD-1/L1 therapy and platinum-based chemotherapy showed an ORR of 12.5%, a

DCR of 62.5%, and an mPFS of 5.8 months at a median follow-up of 5.8 months. TRAEs occurred in

85.2% of patients (52/61), with ≥ Grade 3 TRAEs in 19.7% (12/61). Serious adverse events were

observed in 24.6% (15/61) of patients, and 8.2% (5/61) of patients discontinued BNT327 treatment due

to TRAEs.

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• In September 2024, at the ESMO Congress, data from the trial were presented. 28 patients with clear

cell RCC, or ccRCC, who progressed after combination of anti-PD-(L)1 and VEGF-TKI therapy or VEGF-

TKI monotherapy, were observed to have an ORR of 25%, a DCR of 82.1%, a mPFS of 10.9 months

and a mDOR of 19.6 months. The 22 patients with previously untreated non-clear cell RCC, or nccRCC,

were observed to have an ORR of 36.4%, a DCR of 90.9% and a mPFS of 15.1 months. Any-grade and

Grade ≥3 TRAEs of the combination regimen occurred in 100% and 41.5% of patients, respectively.

TRAEs leading to treatment discontinuation occurred in 1.9% of patients. In summary, BNT327

monotherapy was observed to have encouraging anti-tumor activity and a manageable safety profile in

patients with previously untreated advanced nccRCC or previously treated advanced ccRCC.

Ongoing Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Locally Advanced/Metastatic TNBC

A Phase 1b/2 clinical trial (NCT05918133) evaluating BNT327 in combination with chemotherapy in patients with

locally advanced or metastatic TNBC without previous systematic treatment is ongoing in China.

• In September 2024, at the ESMO Congress, data from the trial were presented. The 42 patients were

observed to have an ORR of 78.6%, a confirmed ORR, or cORR, of 73.8% with a DCR of 95.2%, an

mPFS of 13.5 months and a median duration of response, or mDOR, of 11.7 months. Among the 42

patients treated, 38 patients had available PD-L1 expression results assessed by means of a PD-L1

immunohistochemistry, or IHC, E1L3N assay. cORR was observed to be 76.9% in 13 patients with PD-

L1 combined positive scores, or CPS, <1, 56.3% in the 16 patients with PD-L1 1≤CPS<10, and 100% in

the nine patients with PD-L1 CPS≥10. Any-grade and Grade ≥3 TRAEs of the combination regimen

occurred in 100% and 57.1% of patients, respectively. TRAEs leading to treatment discontinuation

occurred in 4.8% of patients. The most common TRAEs included neutropenia, leukocytopenia, anemia,

proteinuria and alopecia. In summary, first line treatment of locally advanced/metastatic TNBC with

BNT327 in combination with nab-paclitaxel was observed to be associated with clinically meaningful

antitumor activity regardless of PD-L1 status and manageable toxicity with no new safety signals

observed beyond those typically described for anti-PD-(L)1 therapies, anti-VEGF therapies and

chemotherapy.

• In December 2024, at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, or SABCS, updated data were

presented from the trial. In 42 patients with locally advanced or metastatic TNBC, first-line therapy with

BNT327 combined with nab-paclitaxel showed clinically meaningful survival outcomes and antitumor

activity regardless of PD-L1 status, together with a manageable safety profile. The confirmed ORR was

73.8% with a DCR of 95.2%. The median TTR, or mTTR, was 1.9 months and the mDOR was 11.7

months. The matured mPFS was 13.5 months for the intention to treat, or ITT, population. The median

OS, or mOS, was not reached, while the matured 12-month OS rate was 80.8%, the matured 15-month

OS rate was 78.1%, and the nearly matured 18-month OS rate was 69.7%.

Ongoing Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in First Line HCC

A Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT06584071) evaluating BNT327 in combination with PM1009 in patients with locally

advanced or metastatic HCC is ongoing in China. The study is divided into two parts. The first part is a Phase

1b, single-arm study. The second part is a Phase II randomized controlled study.

Ongoing BNT325/DB-1305 Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Advanced Solid Tumors

A multi-center, non-randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, first-in-human Phase 1/2a clinical trial

(NCT05438329) evaluating BNT325/DB-1305 in patients with advanced solid tumors is ongoing. As part of this

clinical trial, BNT325/DB-1305 is being studied in combination with BNT327 in various solid tumor indications.

We plan to present first clinical data from the ongoing global Phase 1/2 expansion cohorts evaluating BNT327

plus BNT325/DB-1305 in multiple solid tumors in 2025 .

i x. BNT316/ONC-39 2 (gotistobart), an Anti-CTLA-4 Monoclonal Antibody Candidate in Development in

Collaboration with OncoC4

BNT316/ONC-392 (gotistobart) is an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, or CTLA-4, monoclonal

antibody candidate being developed in collaboration with OncoC4. CTLA-4 is a molecule which inhibits T-cell

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immune response and reduces the activity of T cells in recognizing and eliminating cancer cells. Blocking

CTLA-4 preserves T-cell activity and enhances anti-tumor activity. BNT316/ONC-392 (gotistobart) is designed to

offer a differentiated safety profile that may allow for higher dosing and longer duration of treatment both as

monotherapy and in combination with other therapies. The program received Fast Track Designation from the

FDA in 2022.

Ongoing Phase 3 Clinical Trial in Metastatic, Immunotherapy-resistant NSCLC

In December 2024, we were informed by our partner OncoC4 that the FDA had lifted the partial clinical hold on

PRESERVE-003 (NCT05671510), a two-stage, open-label, randomized Phase 3 trial evaluating the efficacy and

safety of BNT316/ONC-392 (gotistobart) as monotherapy in patients with metastatic NSCLC that progressed

under previous platinum-based chemotherapy and PD-(L)1-inhibitor treatment. Based on the available trial data

and following an alignment with the FDA, the companies will continue enrollment solely of patients with

squamous NSCLC.

We had previously announced the partial clinical hold on the study in October 2024, following OncoC4’s

communication to the FDA after an assessment of the trial data by the independent Data Monitoring Committee

which identified a possible variance in results between the squamous and non-squamous NSCLC patient

populations. The partial clinical hold only affected new patient enrollment and did not impact patients already

enrolled in the trial. Trials evaluating BNT316/ONC-392 in other indications also remained unaffected.

Ongoing Phase 2 Clinical Trial in Platinum-resistant Ovarian Cancer

A Phase 2 clinical trial (PRESERVE-004; NCT05446298) is being conducted to evaluate BNT316/ONC-392

(gotistobart) therapy in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with PROC. The clinical trial is designed to

evaluate multiple doses of BNT316/ONC-392 (gotistobart) in combination with a fixed dose of pembrolizumab in

participants with ovarian cancer who are resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy. The primary endpoints are

ORR and safety. Secondary endpoints include DOR, DCR, PFS and OS.

• In September 2024, preliminary data from the ongoing trial were presented at the ESMO Congress . The

data were also presented at the International Gynecologic Cancer Society Annual Global Meeting in

October 2024. 33 and 29 patients in 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg BNT316/ONC-392 (gotistobart) dose groups,

respectively, were observed to have an unconfirmed ORR of 25% and 27.6%, respectively. Grade ≥3

TEAEs related to either drug were observed in 45.5% and 41.4% of patients in the 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg

groups, respectively. In summary, these data suggest encouraging preliminary clinical activity and a

manageable tolerability profile with no new safety signals detected.

Ongoing Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

A Phase 1/2 clinical trial (PRESERVE-006; NCT05682443) is being conducted to evaluate the safety and

efficacy of BNT316/ONC-392 (gotistobart) in combination with lutetium Lu-177 vipivotide tetraxetan in patients

with mCRPC who have disease progressed on androgen receptor pathway inhibition. The trial is expected to

enroll approximately 144 patients at clinical trial sites in the United States. The primary endpoint is PFS.

Ongoing Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors

A first-in-human Phase 1/2 open-label dose escalation clinical trial (NCT04140526) evaluating BNT316/ONC-392

(gotistobart) as monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced or metastatic

solid tumors is ongoing.

b) Targeted Cancer Antibodies

i. BNT321 fo r the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

BNT321 is a high affinity, fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting sialyl Lewis A, or sLea, an epitope on

CA19-9 which is expressed in pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers. sLea plays a role in tumor adhesion

and metastasis formation and is a marker of an aggressive cancer phenotype.

In January 2025, clinical trials involving BNT321 were discontinued .

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Phase 1 Clinical Trial

A Phase 1 trial (NCT02672917) evaluated BNT321 monotherapy and in combination with mFOLFIRINOX in

patients with advanced PDAC and other CA19-9+ tumors.

• Data from the trial were presented at the ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium 2024. Preclinically,

BNT321 binding was observed to be highly specific and restricted to cancer tissues with sLea

expression. The most frequent dose-limiting toxicities, or DLTs, for both monotherapy and for

mFOLFIRINOX combination therapy were hepatic transaminase elevations. DLTs generally occurred in

cycle 1 and did not preclude subsequent BNT321 administration at reduced doses. BNT321 in

combination with mFOLFIRINOX was tolerable for multiple cycles. Clinical activity (27% PR, RECIST)

was observed in patients receiving the combination as first or subsequent line therapy for advanced

disease.

Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial

In April 2024, the first patient was dosed in a Phase 1/2 trial (NCT06069778) evaluating the safety, tolerability,

and efficacy of BNT321 in combination with mFOLFIRINOX as an adjuvant therapy following curative resection

in patients with PDAC.

c) Antibody Drug Conjugates

i. BNT323/DB-1303, an ADC in Development in Collaboration with DualityBio

BNT323/DB-1303 is a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor-based ADC directed against Human Epidermal Growth Factor

Receptor 2, or HER2, a target that is over-expressed in a variety of cancers and contributes to the aggressive

growth and spread of cancer cells. The program received Fast Track Designation from the FDA for endometrial

cancer in 2023. In 2023, the FDA also granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for BNT323/DB-1303 for the

potential treatment of advanced endometrial cancer in patients who progressed on or after treatment with

immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Ongoing BNT323/DB-1303 Phase 3 Clinical Trial in Advanced or Metastatic Hormone Receptor-positive, or HR+,

HER2-low Breast Cancer

An ongoing randomized, multi-site, open-label, pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial (DYNASTY-Breast02; NCT06018337)

is recruiting to evaluate BNT323/DB-1303 versus the investigator’s choice of chemotherapy in advanced or

metastatic HR+, HER2-low breast cancer subjects whose disease has progressed on at least two lines of prior

endocrine therapy or within six months of first-line endocrine therapy and cyclin-dependent 4/6, or CDK4/6,

inhibitor and no prior chemotherapy. The first patient was dosed in January 2024. The trial aims to enroll

approximately 532 patients. The primary endpoint is PFS. Secondary endpoints include OS, ORR, DCR, DOR

and safety, as well as patient-reported outcomes.

• In September 2024, a Trial-in-Progress poster was presented at the ESMO Congress.

Topline data from the ongoing Phase 3 in patients with HR+ and HER2-low metastatic breast cancer who have

progressed on hormone therapy and/or CDK4/6 inhibition is expected in 2026.

Ongoing BNT323/DB-1303 Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Advanced or Metastatic HER2-expressing Solid Tumors

BNT323/DB-1303 is being evaluated in an ongoing multi-center, non-randomized, open-label, multiple dose,

first-in-human Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05150691) in patients with advanced/unresectable, recurrent, or

metastatic HER2-expressing solid tumors, including HER2-expressing breast cancer and endometrial cancer.

• A potential registrational single-arm trial enrolling HER2-expressing (IHC3+, 2+, 1+ or ISH-positive)

patients with endometrial carcinoma has completed enrollment.

• A confirmatory Phase 3 trial (NCT06340568) to evaluate BNT323/DB-1303 in patients with advanced

endometrial cancer is in planning.

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ii. BNT324/DB-1311 , an ADC in Development in Collaboration with DualityBio

BNT324/DB-1311 is a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor-based ADC directed against B7H3. In June 2024, we and

DualityBio received Fast Track Designation for BNT324/DB-1311 from the FDA for the treatment of patients with

advanced/unresectable, or metastatic CRPC , who have progressed on or after standard systemic regimens. In

July 2024, we and DualityBio received Orphan Drug Designation for BNT324/DB-1311 from the FDA for the

treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Ongoing BNT324/DB-1311 Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Advanced Solid Tumors

A first-in-human, multi-center, open-label, dose escalation and dose-expansion Phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating

the safety and tolerability of BNT324/DB-1311 in patients with advanced solid tumors has been initiated and the

first patient was dosed in September 2023.

• In December 2024, preliminary tumor-specific dose optimization data from the trial were presented at the

ESMO Asia Congress, demonstrating encouraging efficacy and manageable safety across a range of

advanced solid tumors.

iii. BNT325 /DB-1305, an ADC in Development in Collaboration with DualityBio

BNT325/DB-1305 is a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor-based ADC directed against TROP2. In January 2024, we and

DualityBio received Fast Track Designation for BNT325/DB-1305 from the FDA for the treatment of patients with

PROC, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer in patients who have received one to three prior systemic

treatment regimens.

Ongoing BNT325/DB-1305 Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial in Advanced Solid Tumors

A multi-center, non-randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, first-in-human Phase 1/2a clinical trial

(NCT05438329) evaluating BNT325/DB-1305 in patients with advanced solid tumors is ongoing. As part of this

clinical trial, BNT325/DB-1305 is being studied in combination with BNT327 in various solid tumor indications.

We plan to present first clinical data from the ongoing global Phase 1/2 expansion cohorts evaluating BNT327

plus BNT325/DB-1305 in multiple solid tumors in 2025.

iv. BNT326 /YL202, an ADC in Development in Collaboration with MediLink Therapeutics

BNT326/YL202 is a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor-based ADC directed against HER3. HER3 is a target that is

overexpressed in various cancer types, such as NSCLC and breast cancer, and is closely associated with tumor

metastasis and disease progression. Furthermore, HER3 expression is upregulated after frontline drug therapy,

making it an adequate target for cancer treatment resistance.

Ongoing BNT326/YL202 Phase 1 Clinical Trial in NSCLC and Breast Cancer

A multi-site, international, open-label, first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05653752), sponsored by

MediLink, is being conducted to evaluate BNT326/YL202 as a later-line treatment in patients with locally

advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC or HR-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer. On August 15,

2024, the FDA lifted the partial clinical hold that was placed on this trial, initially announced on June 17, 2024.

Trial recruitment has been reinitiated, and clinical development will focus on dose levels no higher than 3 mg/kg,

where the safety profile was manageable and encouraging clinical activity was observed.

Oncology Small Molecule Immunomodulator Product Candidates

a . BNT411 , a Small Molecule TLR7 Agonist for the Treatment of Solid Tumors, including SCLC

BNT411 is a TLR7 agonist that is designed to activate both the adaptive and innate immune system through the

TLR7 pathway. This activity and the release of cytokines and chemokines are designed to result in the potent

stimulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, B cells and innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, or NK

cells, and macrophages.

Phase 1/2 Trial

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A Phase 1/2, first-in-human, open-label, dose escalation trial (NCT04101357) with expansion cohorts evaluating

safety, pharmacokinetics, progression of disease and preliminary efficacy of BNT411 as monotherapy in patients

with solid tumors and in combination with atezolizumab, carboplatin and etoposide in patients with

chemotherapy-naïve ES-SCLC has been discontinued . Final data of the trial have been gathered and evaluated

in a clinical study report. The final data were presented at SITC Annual Meeting 2024 and are expected to be

published in a scientific journal.

B . Infectious Disease Programs

Next-Generation COVID-19 Vaccine

BNT162b2 + BNT162b4

In collaboration with Pfizer, we are aiming to develop a vaccine candidate that enhances and broadens SARS-

CoV-2 T-cell responses. BNT162b4 is a next-generation COVID-19 vaccine component designed to elicit T-cell

immunity across epitopes. BNT162b4 encodes variant-conserved, immunogenic segments of the SARS-CoV-2

nucleocapsid , membrane, and ORF1ab proteins, targeting diverse human leukocyte antigen, or HLA, alleles.

• A Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05541861) to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of

BNT162b4 alone or in combination with BNT162b2 is ongoing.

COVID-19 – Influenza Combination mRNA Vaccine Program – BNT162b2 + BNT161

We and Pfizer are investigating respiratory combination vaccine approaches that aim to simplify immunization

practices for health care providers and recipients, helping to reduce the burden of these diseases. Combination

vaccines have been an effective approach in overcoming barriers to vaccination by allowing for simple

scheduling and fewer injections compared to vaccinations administered separately and/or at different visits to

healthcare providers.

• In August 2024, we and Pfizer announced top-line results from the Phase 3 clinical trial (NCT06178991)

evaluating the companies’ mRNA combination vaccine candidate against influenza and COVID-19 in

healthy individuals 18-64 years of age. In this clinical trial , the vaccine candidate was compared to a

licensed influenza vaccine and the companies’ licensed COVID-19 vaccine given at the same visit. The

primary immunogenicity objectives were to demonstrate that the antibody responses to influenza

(hemagglutination inhibition) and to SARS-CoV-2 (neutralizing titer) elicited by the combination vaccine

candidate were non-inferior to standard of care. The trial did not meet one of its primary immunogenicity

objectives of non-inferiority against the influenza B strain despite obtaining higher influenza A responses

and comparable COVID-19 responses versus the comparator vaccines. No safety signals with the

combination vaccine have been identified in an ongoing safety data review.

• In November 2024, we and Pfizer initiated a randomized, observer-blinded Phase 1/2 clinical trial

(NCT06683352) to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the companies’ mRNA

combination vaccine candidate against influenza and COVID-19. The trial aims to enroll 1350 healthy

individuals aged 18 years and older.

• In February 2025, we and Pfizer initiated a randomized, double-blinded Phase 1/2 clinical trial

(NCT06821061) to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the companies’ mRNA vaccine

candidates against influenza and COVID-19. The trial aims to enroll 2050 healthy individuals aged 18

years and older.

Influenza Vaccine Program – BNT161

In 2018, we and Pfizer entered into an agreement to collaborate on an mRNA program in influenza for an initial

period of three years, which ended in 2021. Pfizer has since had the sole responsibility, authority and control of

the development, manufacturing and commercialization of all candidates and products related to the program.

Upon potential approval and commercialization, BioNTech is eligible to receive royalties on Pfizer’s sales.

• A Pfizer-initiated randomized Phase 3 clinical trial (NCT05540522) to evaluate the efficacy, safety,

tolerability and immunogenicity of an mRNA influenza immunotherapy candidate has been completed.

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• Pfizer is developing second-generation candidates with the goal of improving immunogenicity and

potentially breadth of protection, including new trivalent formulations that match updated

recommendations by the WHO and the FDA’s VRBPAC. These candidates are currently in Phase 2.

4 Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccine Program – BNT163

We have an ongoing research collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania, or UPenn, under which we have

the exclusive option to develop and commercialize mRNA vaccine candidates for various infectious disease

candidates. This agreement was originally executed in 2018.

• As part of this collaboration, we have the exclusive license to a combination of three HSV antigens for

use in a vaccine. This combination of HSV antigens has been further developed into an HSV mRNA

vaccine candidate (BNT163), which we are currently evaluating in a Phase 1 clinical trial. This controlled,

dose-escalation Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05432583) aims to evaluate the safety, tolerability and

immunogenicity for the prevention of genital lesions caused by HSV-2 and potentially HSV-1. Part A

(first-in-human, dose escalation) has been completed. Part B (dose evaluation) has completed dosing,

and Part C (population expansion) will start enrollment across sites in the United States.

5 . Tuberculosis Vaccine Program - BNT164

We have collaborated with the Gates Foundation since 2019 to develop vaccine candidates aimed at preventing

tuberculosis disease.

• A randomized, controlled, dose-finding Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05537038, Germany) evaluating

BNT164 is fully enrolled and ongoing.

• A randomized, controlled, dose-finding two-part Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05547464, Republic of

South Africa and Republic of Mozambique) evaluating BNT164 is ongoing. Part A of the Phase 1/2 trial is

fully enrolled.

• Both the Phase 1 and Phase 1/2 clinical trials are designed to assess the safety, reactogenicity, and

immunogenicity of mRNA vaccine candidates against tuberculosis.

6 . M alaria Vaccine Program – BNT165

Our malaria program aims to develop a well-tolerated and highly effective mRNA vaccine with durable immunity

to prevent P. falciparum malaria infection, thereby aiming to reducing morbidity, mortality and onward

transmission. We plan to assess several vaccine candidates, featuring components of known targets such as

circumsporozoite protein, or CSP, and conserved, immunogenic segments of liver stage-expressed proteins.

• A first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05581641) to evaluate the safety, tolerability and exploratory

immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate BNT165b1, the first candidate from our BNT165 program, has

been completed.

• A randomized, dose escalation Phase 1/2 trial (NCT06069544) to evaluate the safety, tolerability,

immunogenicity and efficacy of a second investigational RNA-based vaccine candidate is on clinical hold

by the U.S. FDA, as announced on March 4, 2025. BioNTech has complied with the hold by the FDA

and, in accordance with the clinical trial protocol, had proactively paused the study. BioNTech is taking

actions to address the U.S. FDA’s requests and will work with the U.S. FDA to assess next steps.

Mpox Vaccine Program – BNT166

Our fully-owned BNT166 program aims to deliver an effective, well-tolerated and accessible vaccine for the

prevention of mpox . The multivalent BNT166 mRNA vaccine candidates encode surface antigens that are

expressed in the two infectious forms of the mpox virus to efficiently prevent virus replication and infectivity. The

program is supported through a partnership with CEPI to provide equitable access to the vaccine, if successfully

developed and approved, in low- and middle-income countries .

• A Phase 1/2 trial clinical trial (NCT05988203) evaluating the safety, tolerability, reactogenicity and

immunogenicity of two mRNA-based multivalent vaccine candidates is ongoing. Phase 1 substudies are

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fully enrolled and enrollment is ongoing for an open-label, Phase 2a substudy. The trial aims to enroll a

total of 96 healthy participants with and without prior history of known or suspected smallpox

vaccination .

Shingles Vaccine Program – BNT167

We are collaborating with Pfizer to develop the first mRNA-based vaccine candidate against shingles (also

known as herpes zoster). While there are currently approved vaccines for shingles, the goal is to develop an

mRNA vaccine candidate that potentially shows high efficacy and better tolerability and is more efficient to

produce globally.

• A randomized, controlled, dose-selection Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05703607) to evaluate the safety,

tolerability, and immunogenicity of BNT167 in up to 900 healthy volunteers 50 through 69 years of age is

ongoing.

9 . Bacterial Vaginosis – BNT331

BioNTech R&D (Austria) GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of BioNTech SE, is focused on developing novel anti-

bacterial drugs to treat persistent bacterial infections. Its development programs are based on our proprietary

LysinBuilder platform, which allows for the targeted development of precision anti-bacterials. Our development

pipeline focuses on chronic bacterial infections where antibiotics fail to cure or destroy the natural microbiomes.

• A two-part, randomized, double-blind Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT06469164) is being conducted to

evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of BNT331 in healthy women

and women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. It also aims to explore the efficacy of BNT331 in women

diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis.

VII. The mRNA Technology

In the last decade , mRNA has progressed into a promising new class of medicine, with the potential to treat a

wide variety of diseases with high unmet medical needs. mRNA is a long, polymeric molecule, composed of four

different building blocks called nucleotides. In mRNA, hundreds or thousands of these nucleotides are linked in a

unique order to convey genetic information to cells, where it is used to express proteins with biological effects.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA-based immunization for the prevention of infectious diseases is

considered an innovative alternative to conventional vaccine approaches. mRNA has shown the potential to elicit

potent protective immune responses against various pathogens and may offer advantages over the use of live

and inactivated virus vaccines, subunit vaccines, and other nucleic-acid-based vaccine formats. According to

Beissert et al (2020), “RNA is non-infectious, non-integrating and, by virtue of rapid degradation by normal

cellular processes, is only transiently active. RNA can be administered repeatedly to both prime and boost

immune responses and is not limited by anti-vector immunity. Moreover, the RNA backbone engages pattern

recognition receptors in the host cell, thereby naturally adjuvanting the response to the encoded immunogen.”

According to the same study, mRNA can also enable “rapid, cost-efficient, cell- and animal-material-free ,

scalable production without the use of egg- or cell-based culture. Thus, RNA may facilitate how vaccines are

made and has the potential to enable a rapid response to emerging infections.”

Synthetic mRNA can be engineered to resemble mature and processed mRNA molecules that naturally occur in

the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and can be used to transiently deliver proteins. Established mRNA

manufacturing technologies can be quickly adapted to produce mRNAs of different sequences, allowing for the

rapid development of mRNAs with the potential to address a variety of different conditions, including cancer,

infectious disease and rare diseases. Our mRNA pipeline addresses each of these therapeutic areas.

A. General Principles of mRNA Pharmacology

As a drug, manufactured mRNA provides instructions to a target cell to produce specific encoded protein(s) or

protein chunks with a desired prophylactic or therapeutic effect. Based on these instructions, the proteins will be

either secreted, remain intracellular or on the membrane while protein epitopes are being processed to be

presented to the immune system. The mRNA drug will eventually be degraded and eliminated from the body.

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Our mRNA drugs are synthesized in a cell-free system by in vitro transcription from a DNA template. This

template encodes all the structural elements of functional mRNA, except for the 5’ cap structure, which is co-

transcriptionally incorporated. After in vitro transcription is performed, the template is then digested by DNase

and the mRNA is purified by conventionally used methods for isolating nucleic acids. The mRNA molecule

comprises:

• an open reading frame, or ORF, which encodes the protein of interest;

• untranslated regions, or UTRs, which flank the ORF; and

• the cap and the poly(A) tail, which are the two terminal structures of the linear mRNA and are

responsible for increased stability and translational efficiency of mRNA.

The mRNA drug needs to be appropriately formulated in order to protect mRNA molecules against enzymatic

degradation by ribonucleases and to facilitate their delivery to the target cells. The formulation is selected based

on the intended application and route of delivery. After uptake into the target cell, the mRNA molecules are

loaded into ribosomes, where translation into protein takes place. Subsequently, the mRNA is degraded by

cellular mechanisms. Proteins encoded by the mRNA can be secreted or maintained in or on the cell.

Encoded proteins can perform functions in the body, for example, replacing deficient activities, or they can trigger

immune responses, for example by acting as antigens (as in the case of vaccines), or by directing the immune

system to a target of interest (as in the case of many therapeutic antibodies). Also, proteins encoded by the

mRNA are processed by the cellular machinery and can be displayed by specialized complexes, namely major

histocompatibility complexes, or MHC, I or MHC II complexes, to trigger T-cell responses to epitopes present

within them. These complexes present the epitopes to immune cells to elicit the desired immune response. In the

case of other mRNA applications, the mRNA encodes proteins that are secreted from the cells, such as

antibodies, and function extracellularly.

The structural elements of the mRNA have an impact on its performance. This includes potential immunogenicity,

efficiency of translation and molecular stability. We leverage our extensive experience to design, synthesize,

manufacture and formulate our therapeutic mRNA, and to adapt its composition to suit the desired application.

• The cap is added to the 5’ end of the mRNA during its synthesis. Our studies have demonstrated that

incorporation of a unique cap analogue into the mRNA helps to achieve superior translational

performance by stabilizing the mRNA molecule and directing the immune response.

• The composition and structure of the 5’ and 3’ UTRs of the mRNA molecule are important determinants

of the intracellular stability of mRNA. Through rigorous screening of different mRNA sequences, we

identified specific UTRs that promote increased protein translation for long duration.

• We have performed extensive research on the structure of the poly(A) tail and the translational

performance of mRNA and customized our template design accordingly.

The translational performance of mRNA can be increased by reducing contaminating double-stranded RNA, or

dsRNA, from the mRNA. We have extensive expertise in different mRNA purification procedures. We have also

invented a novel mRNA purification method that greatly impacts translatability of our mRNA. Depending on the

protein characteristics needed for treatment of a disease, we optimize the DNA template through a proprietary

codon optimization process, changing the nucleotide sequence of the template without altering the amino acid

composition of the encoded protein. We make further adjustments during mRNA production to minimize the

occurrence of dsRNA by-products. We believe fine-tuning the respective molecules provides a great benefit to

the purpose-adapted performance of our mRNA.

B. mRNA Formats

Optimized Uridine mRNA, or uRNA

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The nucleotide sequence of mRNA determines the amino acid sequence of the protein. In addition, the nature of

nucleosides used for production of mRNA drugs can also influence recognition of the molecule by the immune

system.The presence of naturally occurring uridine (U) in our optimized uRNA makes it immunogenic by

activating immune sensors. We have further optimized our uRNA for immunogenicity of the encoded antigen

(augmented presentation on MHC I and MHC II) and pharmacological activity (enhanced stability and

translational efficiency). Immunogenicity of the mRNA is an added benefit when mRNA is used for

immunotherapy applications, by acting as an immunotherapy adjuvant. We believe this makes our therapeutics

for iNeST and FixVac even more potent.

Nucleoside-modified mRNA, or modRNA

Immunogenic reaction against mRNA drugs needs to be avoided in applications where therapeutic proteins are

produced, such as in our RiboMab and RiboCytokine platforms. We have profound expertise in incorporating

naturally-occurring modified nucleosides into our therapeutic mRNAs. We have demonstrated that the presence

of a variety of modified nucleosides in the manufactured mRNA suppresses its intrinsic immune activation, while

leading to superior protein production for long duration. Deimmunizing mRNA by incorporating modified

nucleosides helps to avoid the production of anti-drug antibodies and to broaden the therapeutic application of

these types of mRNA drugs. We believe this customization has resulted in therapeutic mRNA that is both potent

and well tolerated. Together with the increased tolerability, we believe the high yield of antigen delivered by

mRNA makes this format suitable for prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases inducing a strong cellular

and also humoral immune response.

Self-amplifying mRNA, or saRNA

Our saRNA drugs use the concept of viral mRNA replication, while not being infectious, disease-causing agents

themselves. saRNA resembles conventional mRNA, encoding the protein of interest, but it also encodes an

RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, called replicase, that multiplies part of the mRNA within the target cell. Thus,

lower amounts of saRNA are needed compared to a regular mRNA to obtain the same amount of active protein.

As we have demonstrated, our saRNA ensures high levels of sustained antigen production with a small amount

of initial mRNA input. Our scientific team has designed this mRNA technology to act as a potent tool for

prophylactic vaccination, with the potential for application in infectious diseases.

Trans-amplifying mRNA, or taRNA

We have expanded our self-amplifying mRNA capabilities and developed a novel mRNA amplification technology

which separates amplification of the target mRNA and the replicase encoding mRNA . This advancement

broadens the spectrum of applications by making the development of therapeutic and prophylactic mRNAs even

more flexible, as the replicase can amplify multiple mRNAs allowing the expression of multiple proteins with only

one replicase encoding mRNA. In the case of vaccines, this allows us to produce the replicase mRNA in

advance for use with different vaccines. Our taRNA is a proprietary mRNA format that we believe is particularly

well-suited for prophylactic vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. We believe that taRNA-based split-vector

systems may be advantageous over saRNA with regard to safety, versatility, and manufacturing.

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mRNA offers a broad technology toolbox : We have developed and optimized mRNA formats and delivery formulations for

their potency and performance, each optimized for different therapeutic applications.

C . mRNA Delivery Formulation Technologies

We have deep and broad expertise in the targeted delivery of mRNA therapeutics. We are convinced that the

development of suitable delivery formulations in conjunction with our own therapeutic mRNAs is a key

competitive advantage.

Our main mRNA delivery formulations, each designed for different functions and optimized for therapeutic

product needs, are described below:

Lipoplex nanoparticles, or lipoplex, or LPX, formulation

Our LPX formulation embed the mRNA between a lipid bilayer and is used for our FixVac and iNeST platforms.

We use a proprietary size- and charge-based non-viral LPX formulation that we have developed to deliver mRNA

to dendritic cells in lymphoid compartments (such as the spleen) for optimal antigen presentation and immune

response activation. A synchronized adjuvant effect is mediated by TLR7-triggering and type-I interferon-driven

innate and adaptive immune stimulation. Our LPX formulation allows for intravenous administration of our

investigational mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies. The LPX formulation protects mRNA from degradation

outside of the cell and mediates its efficient uptake and expression of encoded antigens in various DC

populations. Our LPX formulation technology is designed to deliver multiple antigens in parallel, enabling the

induction of poly-specific T-cell responses. We have demonstrated in the clinic that systemic DC targeting by

mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies can result in potent activity against shared tumor-associated antigens at

very low doses. Consequently, less material would be required for treating high patient numbers, making

manufacturing potentially more cost-effective.

Lipid nanoparticles, or LNP, formulation

For other applications, we encapsulate our mRNA into LNPs. These LNP formulations are suitable for our

RiboMab and RiboCytokine oncology therapies and our prophylactic vaccines against infectious disease.

Our COVID-19 vaccines are based on an LNP formulation platform encapsulating nucleoside modified RNA,

which has blunted innate immune sensor activating capacity and thus augmented antigen expression.

Encapsulation of the mRNA into LNPs enables its transfection into host cells after intramuscular injection. These

LNP formulations are composed of four different lipids in a defined ratio. During the mixing of the mRNA and

dissolved lipids, the lipids form nanoparticles encapsulating the mRNA. After injection, the LNPs are taken up by

the cells, and the mRNA is released into the cytosol. In the cytosol, the mRNA is translated into the encoded viral

protein.

Polymer nanoparticles, or polyplex, or PLX, formulation

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Our portfolio also includes PLX formulations, in which the mRNA is bound to a polymer and then forms

nanoparticles, which are being utilized in various of our discovery programs.

D . mRNA Platforms

We are developing multiple mRNA-based therapeutics in the oncology space, including mRNA cancer

immunotherapy programs (e.g., FixVac and iNeST), RiboMabs , and RiboCytokines , using different RNA formats

and delivery formulations. We have also implemented mRNA platforms for the development of infectious disease

vaccines.

Importantly, each of these platforms enables the development of multiple pharmaceutical product candidates or

programs.

Our mRNA Platforms. We have multiple mRNA-based platforms utilizing different mRNA formats and delivery formulations

that are directed at a range of biological targets in oncology and infectious and rare diseases.

VIII. Sales, Marketing and Distribution

Our commercial organization currently focuses on supporting sales of our COVID-19 vaccine in Germany and

Türkiye . Our commercial organization is responsible for promoting our products to health care providers and

providing information to stakeholders, including governmental organizations, in Germany and Türkiye.

As a result of our partnership with Pfizer, under which our commercialization responsibilities are limited to

Germany and Türkiye, we maintain a lean fixed cost base for our COVID-19 vaccine business.

Our commercial organization is also responsible for preparing and obtaining reimbursement from third-party

payors, including governmental organizations, for our COVID-19 vaccine.

We aim to build a specialized oncology sales force in major markets, including North America and Europe, while

leveraging our commercial partners for co-commercialization. We are working towards being commercial-ready

in oncology by the end of 2025, in anticipation of potential commercial oncology launches as soon as 2026, if

approved.

IX . Manufacturing

We are building a fully integrated biotechnology company, with operations spanning from research through

clinical development, manufacturing and sales and marketing. To successfully bring individualized

immunotherapies and vaccines to people around the world, we believe that it is crucial to have in-house

manufacturing capabilities that can be efficiently scaled for global clinical and commercial distribution. We have

several manufacturing sites capable of developing automated production processes for on-demand production of

our investigational therapies and vaccines. These can be classified into distinct GMP manufacturing capabilities.

We operate four GMP-certified manufacturing facilities in Germany, where we manufacture mRNA therapeutics

and engineered cell therapies for both, our own pipeline and for external customers, including a state-of-the art,

multi-platform, GMP-certified manufacturing facility located in a life science industrial park in Marburg, Germany,

which we acquired in October 2020 from Novartis to increase manufacturing capacity of our COVID-19 vaccine

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for commercial supply. We also operate a fifth facility in Germany where we manufacture custom peptides both

to support our extensive immunomonitoring activities within our development programs and for third parties. Our

subsidiary BioNTech Innovative Manufacturing Services GmbH, or BioNTech IMFS, has been manufacturing

GMP-certified cellular products since 1999.

Our approach has been to proactively build capacity in anticipation of demand from both internal research and

development from our collaborators. We have done so by continuing to make significant investments in our

manufacturing infrastructure, including our capacity to manufacture mRNA, viral vectors, cellular products and

peptides. We have also collaborated with Siemens AG to develop a process for automated, on-demand

production of mRNA therapies. We believe that the development and optimization of our manufacturing

processes in parallel to drug development is crucial to our success.

A. Manufacturing Operations

COVID-19 Vaccine . Our manufacturing site in Marburg was approved by the EMA for manufacturing of our

COVID-19 drug product in March 2021. This approval made it one of the largest mRNA manufacturing sites

worldwide. In addition, we have another GMP facility that currently produces our COVID-19 vaccine candidates

for clinical trial s. We have a network of sub-contractors established to provide drug products, and fill and finish

services to enable production.

mRNA . We believe scaling up manufacturing for mRNA can best be executed as part of a proprietary

manufacturing approach, rather than as part of an outsourcing strategy. We believe this approach allows us to

maintain control of our proprietary processes and gives us the flexibility we need for scheduling batch production

for our drug substances to match our development plans as they evolve. Our mRNA manufacturing is currently

conducted at our in-house BioNTech IMFS facility, our BioNTech East Wing facility, and our Marburg facility. The

East Wing facility manufactures iNeST (finished product). In 2024, we undertook sterile filtration and final filling of

over 77,000 vials of various sizes in the East Wing and over 22,000 vials at IMFS. Drug substance batch sizes

range from a few milligrams for individualized applications (i.e., iNeST) to 10g for standard mRNA applications

(i.e., FixVac , intratumoral immunotherapies and infectious diseases), and up to approximately 720g batches for

COVID-19. Our manufacturing facility in Marburg is one of the largest mRNA vaccine manufacturing sites

worldwide with an annual capacity of up to three billion doses of mRNA drug substance and we believe we are

well positioned to supply the quantities required by global market demand.

To date, we have produced more than 2,000 batches of mRNA drug substance to support our clinical studies.

We currently have infrastructure capable of producing about 100 batches of mRNA drug substance and

formulated drug product per month with a turnaround time of about 30 to 40 days from sequence identification to

released product. We believe we have the capacity to meet the supply needs of our current product candidates

in clinical trials through registration.

We have successfully decreased the time required to deliver iNeST to patients . In 2014, it took us over three

months to manually manufacture and deliver individualized immunotherapies to patients. Since December 2017,

with the implementation of semiautomatic GMP manufacturing in collaboration with partners, we have been

consistently manufacturing and delivering individualized immunotherapies in under six weeks . This advancement

represents significant progress toward our target commercial manufacturing turnaround time of less than 28

days, and we were able to demonstrate less than 30 days in 2021. We plan to continue to develop additional

process improvements, which we expect will further reduce our turnaround times as we progress through clinical

development.

C ell Therapy Products . We have end-to-end capabilities and teams in Germany and the United States with over

20 years of experience in cell therapy manufacturing, quality control and release. Our cell therapy programs

target novel and known tumor-specific antigens, including patient-specific mutant neoantigens. We also leverage

our mRNA vaccine technology to further boost T-cell activation, expansion, and persistence. Our state-of-the-art

manufacturing processes of cellular products involve the isolation of primary human blood cells and

subpopulations, such as, e.g., CD3+ T cells. Cell products are cultured, expanded and genetically modified (e.g.,

CAR-T cells) in aseptic production processes in specialized cleanroom facilities. We also have the capability for

in-house mRNA production for the genetic modification of such innovative cell therapy products.

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Peptides . Our custom peptide synthesis business has developed unique technologies to produce several million

peptides over the past ten years to support our growing clinical pipeline. These include fast small-scale

manufacturing of peptides for target and epitope discovery as well as for neoepitope characterization and

production of high content arrays. It is important to synthesize highly purified peptides in order to avoid false

positives in immunomonitoring in our mRNA immunotherapy trials. We also use peptides as starting materials in

our engineered cell therapies as well as in some drug formulations and biomarker discovery studies. We have

developed proprietary technologies to produce highly complex and purified peptide pools that consist of

overlapping peptides spanning entire antigens or neoepitopes. In September 2025, we plan to move into a new

manufacturing plant of 7,500 square meters in Berlin, which we expect will double our manufacturing capacity to

produce Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient peptides and diversify our peptide activities towards new fast-growing

markets.

B. Manufacturing Facilities

The information included herein is as of the date of this Annual Report. For more information about our plans to

implement measures to adjust capacities in some areas, see Item 4.B.III, “Strategic Outlook” of this Annual

Report.

Manufacturing sites in Germany

Marburg

Marburg is one of our fully owned, state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities for just-in-time delivery and scalable

production. Our Marburg manufacturing facility was acquired from Novartis in 2020 for less than a hundred

million euros and comprises eight large and small molecule production suites across more than 100,000 square

feet. Within 6 months from acquisition, the facility was retrofitted to produce mRNA vaccines. It is now one of the

largest mRNA vaccine manufacturing sites globally. T he facility has the capacity to produce up to three billion

doses of mRNA d rug substance vaccine annually.

Marburg is our central hub for innovation and development of novel manufacturing solutions. It is a center of

excellence, not only in terms of facilities and devices, but as a know-how hub with appropriate and forward-

looking staff training. We have about 650 employees on site. To ensure production, we work in flexible/different

shift models, e.g. 24/5.

In 2023, we completed our first proprietary plasmid DNA manufacturing facility in Marburg. This aims to increase

our flexibility and autonomy in manufacturing starting materials for our oncology and COVID-19 vaccine

pipelines, as well as our independence for pandemic preparedness due to local production. We also expect this

manufacturing facility will facilitate faster production cycles and shorter delivery times for plasmid DNA for a

number of clinical product candidates and commercial products.

Idar-Oberstein

BioNTech IMFS: Our manufacturing operations for cell therapy products and mRNA are housed in our wholly

owned subsidiary. Founded in 1997, BioNTech IMFS specializes in services for innovative therapeutic

approaches. In 2009, BioNTech IMFS became our wholly owned subsidiary, giving us access to synergistic

platforms and complementary expertise for development, testing and manufacturing services. BioNTech IMFS

and its predecessors have had GMP-certified cell and gene therapy manufacturing capabilities since 1999, and

obtained GMP manufacturing authorization for mRNA production in 2011. In 2017, BioNTech IMFS began

automated manufacturing of the iNeST product candidate and entered its first commercial supply contract for

retroviral vectors. Located near Mainz, the BioNTech IMFS facility occupies over 30,000 square feet. Over 500

staff members are employed at this facility, with collective expertise in molecular biology, cell biology and virology

and a close working relationship with our R&D teams in Mainz. We consider BioNTech IMFS our powerhouse for

early-stage mRNA material.

Mainz

BioNTech iNeST Clinical Manufacturing (East Wing): We utilize our GMP-certified manufacturing facility at our

headquarters in Mainz, Germany for the production of iNeST immunotherapies . In 2015, our wholly owned

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subsidiary, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, or BioNTech RNA, and Siemens announced a collaboration

for developing an automated, paperless and digitalized production site for individualized mRNA. We obtained our

GMP manufacturing authorization for iNeST production at our East Wing facility in June 2018 and manufactured

our first drug product there the following month.

This facility contains approximately 17,000 square feet of laboratory and office space, including 4,300 square

feet of GMP facilities. Over 300 staff members are employed at this facility and operate it seven days per week.

In its first year of operation, the facility manufactured and released more than 250 batches of mRNA and has

manufactured and released more than 1,700 ba tches of mRNA since inception.

To perform our target identification process to feed into the iNeST downstream GMP manufacturing process, our

headquarters also hold our core facility, which operates under Good Clinical Practice, or GCP, for labs. Incoming

patients’ materials (blood and tumor samples) are received and analyzed to identify characteristic mutations to

generate the patient-specific target list used for individualized mRNA production.

BioNTech Clinical Manufacturing: Our GMP-certified manufacturing facility in Kupferbergterrasse, Mainz is

authorized to conduct secondary packing, labeling, storage and batch release of primary packed investigational

medicinal products. This facility contains approximately 11,500 square feet of laboratory and office space,

including 1,250 square feet of GMP facilities.

Berlin

JPT: JPT, our peptide manufacturing facility, was established in 2004 and became a wholly owned subsidiary of

BioNTech in 2008. JPT is located in Berlin and occupies over 16,000 square feet of clean rooms, laboratory and

office space.

Global manufacturing sites

Outside of Europe, we maintain a site in the United States and a site in Singapore.

Gaithersburg R&D and GMP Manufacturing Facility

We acquired our site in Gaithersburg, Maryland from Kite Pharma, Inc., a Gilead Sciences company, in August

Since then, we have been building capabilities for research, late-stage technical development and clinical

manufacturing of cell & gene therapy products. In 2024, we added a new R&D facility, expanding our campus

footprint to approximately 92,000 square feet, to continue to advance our cell & gene portfolio and further

develop U.S.-based technical and operational capabilities in support of our pipeline and commercialization

efforts in the United States.

Singapore Manufacturing Facility

In November 2022, our Singapore affiliate, BioNTech Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd., entered into an

agreement with Novartis Singapore Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Pte. Ltd. to acquire one of its GMP-certified

manufacturing facilities. The acquisition is part of our expansion strategy to strengthen our global footprint in

Asia. The facility is intended to create regional manufacturing capacities in support of our growing pipeline

therapeutics across the Asia Pacific region, with the potential to expand the production to other drug classes,

such as cell therapies or anti-bodies.

The BioNTainer: a platform for localized and sustainable mRNA production

The BioNTainer is an example of our innovative approach to establishing scalable vaccine production. It was

developed to ensure sustainable, equitable access to our programs, particularly in low-income countries and

regions with limited infrastructure. Introduced in February 2022, the BioNTainer allows scalable vaccine

production by developing and delivering mRNA manufacturing facilities based on a containerized clean room

solution with a modular design, standardized equipment, and software components . Each BioNTainer unit is a

clean room, which we equip with state-of-the-art manufacturing solutions for the manufacture and formulation of

mRNA-based vaccines. Each BioNTainer unit is built of six to eight ISO-sized containers. A BioNTainer unit can

be equipped to manufacture a range of mRNA-based vaccines targeted to regional needs: for example, our

COVID-19 vaccine and our investigational malaria and tuberculosis vaccines, if they are successfully developed,

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approved, and authorized by regulatory authorities and in line with regional demand. Each BioNTainer facility is

intended to become a node in our global manufacturing network, aiming to offer greater independence and faster

regional vaccine supply. We believe this solution is an important step towards improving global vaccine supply.

In addition to our BioNTainer facility in Kigali, Rwanda, in 2023, we announced our intention to set up and

operate a clinical-scale mRNA manufacturing facility with BioNTainer units in Melbourne in the State of Victoria,

Australia. The site is intended to support R&D and clinical-scale manufacturing of investigational mRNA-based

medicines from the local ecosystem as well as from other third parties globally.

Kigali Manufacturing Facility

The Kigali facility was planned to initially house two sets of BioNTainer units for commercial-scale bulk

production of mRNA vaccines and is intended to enable robust end-to-end manufacturing in Africa for mRNA-

based medicines. The first BioNTainer unit arrived in Kigali, Rwanda in 2023. That same year, we inaugurated

our Kigali site on the occasion of the set-up of the first BioNTainer unit.

In May 2024, we announced that CEPI would be committing up to $145 million to support us to establish mRNA

vaccine R&D, clinical and commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities at the Kigali facility. The setup of clinical-

scale manufacturing capabilities for mRNA-based vaccine candidates involves the installation of two additional

BioNTainer units at the Kigali facility. This will allow the facility to manufacture on both a clinical and commercial

scale, and thus broaden the manufacturing scope, in support of a sustainable use case for the facility while

strengthening the wider African vaccine development ecosystem . Under the terms of the agreement, we intend

to provide sustainable supply of our prophylactic vaccines manufactured at the Kigali facility if successfully

developed and authorized, such as vaccines against malaria, mpox and tuberculosis, to low and lower middle-

income countries, with priority supply to African countries.

Once fully operational, the facility’s capacity would depend on the product, production-scale and its dosage. For

example, if used to produce the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, the first set of BioNTainer units could

produce an estimated initial annual capacity of up to 50 million doses. The facility is expected to employ

approximately 100 people once operational, spanning a range of disciplines. BioNTech plans to manufacture

mRNA-based vaccine batches required for process validation in 2025 .

In line with the continent’s and partner countries’ needs, we are committed to establishing additional

manufacturing facilities in Africa upon the successful validation of the facility in Kigali.

C. Other Certifications

BioNTech Diagnostics has a quality management system that is certified according to ISO 13485:2016 and JPT

maintains an ISO 9001:2015 certified Quality Management System to allow production of European CE marked

companion diagnostics.

D. Quality Assurance

We have implemented and maintain several Quality Assurance systems. BioNTech IMFS, BioNTech Clinical

Manufacturing and BioNTech iNeST Clinical Manufacturing have implemented GMP-certified quality assurance

systems. BioNTech Diagnostics has a quality management system that is certified according to ISO 13485:2016

and JPT maintains an ISO 9001:2015 certified Quality Management System.

X . Third-Party Collaborations

We have forged productive collaborations with pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions

with area expertise and resources in an effort to advance and accelerate our discovery and development

programs in oncology, and also to leverage our drug classes into additional disease indications while minimizing

our incremental costs.

Our collaborations include, without limitation:

• Autolus for certain binders and the right to utilize its manufacturing capacity;

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• Biotheus, now our wholly owned subsidiary, for certain antibodies;

• DualityBio for the research and development of certain antibody drug conjugates ;

• Fosun Pharma for our COVID-19 vaccine program;

• Genentech for our iNeST platform in our mRNA drug class;

• Genmab for our next-generation checkpoint immunomodulator platform in our protein-based

therapeutics drug class;

• InstaDeep, our wholly owned subsidiary, for AI and ML;

• OncoC4 for the research and development of certain monoclonal anti-CTLA4 antibodies; and

• Pfizer for our COVID-19, influenza and joint COVID-19/influenza vaccine programs, which leverage

technology from our infectious disease mRNA-based platform.

We either wholly own or retain significant rights to all of our clinical stage programs, either in the form of a global

share of profit and co-commercialization rights with our collaborators in certain markets or significant royalties

and milestones. We plan to continue to identify potential collaborators who can contribute meaningful resources

and insights to our programs and allow us to more rapidly expand our impact to broader patient populations.

A . Autolus Collaboration

License and Option Agreement

On February 6, 2024 (with effect as of February 13, 2024), we entered into a License and Option Agreement, or

the Autolus License Agreement, with Autolus Therapeutics plc’s wholly-owned subsidiaries Autolus Limited and

Autolus Holdings (UK) Limited, which collectively we refer to as Autolus , pursuant to which Autolus granted to us

an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license, which we refer to as the Autolus License, to certain binders and

to exploit products that express in vivo such binders, which we refer to as the Binder Licensed Products. Autolus

also granted to us several time-limited options, or the Autolus Options, to acquire additional rights to specified

clinical-stage product candidates, binders and technologies of Autolus, described in more detail below.

In the event that all Autolus Options are fully exercised, Autolus would be eligible to receive maximum aggregate

payments of up to $582 million pursuant to the Autolus License Agreement. This maximum amount includes

upfront payments, the potential milestone payments for the Binder Licensed Products described below, all option

exercise fees and potential milestone payments for licenses to optioned products and technologies, and

additional payments that we may pay to Autolus for an increased revenue interest with respect to Autolus’s

product candidate, obe-cel , as described below.

In consideration for the Autolus License and the Autolus Options, we made an initial payment to Autolus of $10

million. Autolus is eligible to receive milestone payments of up to $32 million in the aggregate upon the

achievement of specified clinical development and regulatory milestones for each Binder Licensed Product that

achieves such milestones. Autolus is also eligible to receive a low single-digit royalty on net sales of Binder

Licensed Products, subject to customary reductions, which reductions are subject to specified limits. The royalty

will be increased if we, our affiliates or our sublicensees commercialize a Binder Licensed Product in an

indication and country in which Autolus or its affiliates or licensees also commercializes a product containing the

same binders. Under the License Agreement, we are solely responsible for, and have sole decision-making

authority with respect to, at our own expense, the exploitation of Binder Licensed Products.

Under the terms of the License Agreement, Autolus has agreed to grant us the following time-limited Autolus

Options:

• an option to obtain exclusive rights to co-fund development costs of Autolus’s development-stage

programs AUTO1/22 and AUTO6NG, in return for agreed upon economic terms, including an option

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exercise fee, milestone payments and a profit-sharing arrangement for each such product candidate,

with additional options to co-promote or co-commercialize such product candidate;

• an option to obtain an exclusive worldwide license to exploit products that express certain additional

binders in vivo or, with respect to certain binders, in an antibody drug conjugate, or the Binder Option;

• an option to obtain a co-exclusive worldwide license to exploit products that express in vivo Autolus’s

modules for activity enhancement, with a non-exclusive right, in certain agreed instances, to exploit

products that include Autolus’s modules for activity enhancement but do not express in vivo such

modules, or the Activity Enhancement Option; and

• an option to obtain a non-exclusive worldwide license to exploit products that contain Autolus’s safety

switches or the Safety Switch Option, and, together with the Binder Option and the Activity Enhancement

Option, the Technology Options.

The option exercise fee for each Technology Option is a low seven-digit amount. Each of the Activity

Enhancement Option and the Safety Switch Option must be exercised with respect to a given biological target or

combination of targets. There is a cap on the total option exercise fee if multiple Technology Options are

exercised with respect to a given target.

There is also a cap on milestone payments across all agreements entered into as the result of our exercising

one or more of the Technology Options and a cap on royalties payable on any given product for which multiple

Technology Options are exercised.

Under the Autolus License Agreement, we have also agreed to financially support the expansion of the clinical

development program for, and planned commercialization of, Autolus’s lead product candidate obecabtagene

autoleucel, known as obe-cel . On November 8, 2024, the FDA approved obe-cel for the treatment of adults with

relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In exchange for Autolus’s grant of rights to

future revenues from the sales of obe-cel products, we made an upfront payment to Autolus of $40 million.

Autolus will pay us a low single-digit percentage of annual net sales of obe-cel products, which may be

increased up to a mid-single digit percentage in exchange for milestone payments of up to $100 million in the

aggregate on achievement of certain regulatory events for specific new indications.

Under the terms of the Autolus License Agreement, Autolus has agreed to grant to us the option to negotiate a

joint manufacturing and commercial services agreement pursuant to which the parties may access and leverage

each other’s manufacturing and commercial capabilities, in addition to Autolus’s commercial site network and

infrastructure, with respect to certain of each parties’ CAR-T products, including our product candidate, BNT211,

or the Autolus Manufacturing and Commercial Agreement.

Unless earlier terminated, the Autolus License Agreement will continue for so long as royalties are payable in

respect of Binder Licensed Products and the revenue interest is payable in respect of obe-cel products. Subject

to a cure period, either party may terminate the Autolus License Agreement in the event of the other party’s

uncured material breach or the insolvency of the other party. We may terminate the Autolus License Agreement,

in whole or in part, for any or no reason upon a specified period of prior written notice to Autolus.

Securities Purchase Agreement, Registration Rights Agreement and Letter Agreement

Concurrently with the execution of the Autolus License Agreement, we entered into a Securities Purchase

Agreement, or the Autolus Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which we purchased from Autolus American

Depositary Shares, or the Autolus ADSs, each representing one ordinary share of Autolus, or the Autolus

Ordinary Shares, in a private placement transaction, or the Autolus Private Placement.

At the initial closing on February 13, 2024, or the Initial Closing, Autolus issued 33,333,333 Autolus ADSs, or the

Initial ADSs, to us for a total aggregate purchase price of $200 million. In the event that we and Autolus enter into

a an Autolus Manufacturing and Commercial Agreement within 18 months of the Initial Closing, we have agreed

to purchase additional Autolus ADSs, or the Subsequent ADSs and, together with the Initial ADSs, the Private

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Placement ADSs, not to exceed 15,000,000 Autolus ADSs, for an aggregate purchase price of up to $20 million.

The total number of Subsequent ADSs that may be issued is subject to additional limitations and restrictions. The

Autolus Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants.

Concurrently with entry into the Purchase Agreement, we entered into a letter agreement, or the Autolus Letter

Agreement, providing us with certain additional rights and subjecting our investment in Autolus to certain

restrictions. Pursuant to the Autolus Letter Agreement, we received the right to nominate a director to Autolus’s

board of directors. If we acquire beneficial ownership of at least 30% of the issued and outstanding Autolus

Ordinary Shares within five years of the date of the Autolus Letter Agreement, we will have the right to designate

an additional director, who shall be independent. Our director nomination rights under the Autolus Letter

Agreement shall automatically terminate upon our ownership of Autolus Ordinary Shares dropping below certain

specified percentages. Additionally, pursuant to the Autolus Letter Agreement, we have the right to purchase

equity securities sold by Autolus in bona fide financing transactions in amounts that are based on our

maintaining specified ownership thresholds following such financing transactions. Pursuant to the Autolus Letter

Agreement, subject to specified exceptions, we may not sell the Private Placement ADSs without Autolus’s

approval for a period of six months following the applicable closing date for such Autolus ADSs. The Autolus

Letter Agreement terminates upon the earlier of (a) the later of (i) three years from its signing date and (ii) such

time as no securities of Autolus are held by us or our affiliates and (b) the consummation of a change of control

transaction involving Autolus.

We and Autolus also entered into a registration rights agreement, pursuant to which Autolus filed a registration

statement with the SEC to register the resale of the Private Placement ADSs.

B. Biotheus Acquisition

On November 13, 2024, our subsidiary, BioNTech Collaborations GmbH, entered into an agreement and plan of

merger, or the Merger Agreement, with Biotheus, a clinical-stage biotechnology company dedicated to the

discovery and development of novel antibodies to address unmet medical needs of patients with oncological or

inflammatory diseases. The acquisition supports the global execution of our oncology strategy and provides full

global rights to BNT327/PM8002, an investigational PD-L1 x VEGF-A bispecific antibody, with potential to

replace current checkpoint inhibitor standard of care treatments for solid tumors.

Following the satisfaction of several customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals as defined in the

Merger Agreement, the acquisition closed on January 31, 2025.

Upon closing and under the terms of the agreement, we paid Biotheus shareholders upfront of approximately

$850.0 million , predominantly in cash, with a small portion in ADSs, to acquire 100% of the issued share capital

of Biotheus, subject to customary purchase price adjustments, and agreed to pay additional performance-based

contingent payments of up to $150.0 million if certain milestones are met.

By closing the acquisition, we gained full rights to Biotheus’s pipeline candidates and its in-house bispecific

antibody drug conjugate capability. The acquisition has expanded our footprint in China, adding a local research

and development hub to conduct clinical trials. In addition, we have gained a biologics manufacturing facility to

contribute to our future global manufacturing and supply, and more than 300 Biotheus employees in R&D,

manufacturing and enabling functions have joined the BioNTech workforce.

C . DualityBio Global Strategic Partnership

In 2023, we entered into three License and Collaboration Agreements with DualityBio, which we refer to as the

DualityBio Agreements. Each of the DualityBio Agreements relates to specific ADC assets. The first agreement,

the HER2 Agreement, relates to the ADC asset targeting HER2 and was entered into on March 16, 2023. The

second agreement, the B7H3 Agreement, relates to the ADC asset targeting B7H3 and was entered into on

March 31, 2023. The third agreement, the TROP2 Agreement, relates to the ADC asset targeting TROP2 and

was entered into on August 4, 2023.

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Each of the three DualityBio Agreements relates to a license granted to us with respect to certain patents and

know-how owned or otherwise controlled by DualityBio and our collaboration with DualityBio in the research and

development of ADC therapeutics.

In each of the DualityBio Agreements, DualityBio granted us the exclusive, royalty-bearing and sublicensable

right to exploit certain patents and know-how, which we refer to as the DualityBio IP, for the research,

development, manufacture and commercialization of the respective ADC compound and pharmaceutical

products comprising such compound, which we refer to as the DualityBio Products, in any field in the territory,

which is all countries of the world except for mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, which we refer to as the

DualityBio Retained Territory. We were also granted the sole right to exploit the DualityBio IP to develop and

manufacture the DualityBio Products in the DualityBio Retained Territory solely for the purpose of developing,

manufacturing and commercializing the DualityBio Products in the territory.

Each party has final decision-making authority and is generally responsible for clinical trial supply costs and

regulatory activities and costs with respect to their respective territory.

We are responsible for the commercialization of any DualityBio Products in the territory.

The B7H3 Agreement also grants DualityBio the option to share the development and commercialization costs

and the profits and losses from the exploitation of the first original DualityBio Product in the United States. Under

the B7H3 Agreement, we have further granted to DualityBio the option to assume a percentage of the total sales

force of the first original DualityBio Product in the United States.

In partial consideration of DualityBio’s granting of the licenses and rights to us under the DualityBio Agreements,

we have made upfront payments to DualityBio in an aggregate amount of $220 million. In addition, we agreed to

make potential payments upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial

milestones. Such milestone payments could amount up to $2.6 billion in the aggregate (the TROP2 Agreement

also provides for additional sales milestone payments in the event DualityBio works on, and we exercise, the

option regarding the next-generation product). We further agreed to between single-digit to double-digit tiered

royalties on net sales of all DualityBio Products, which also differ between the DualityBio Agreements. Royalties

are subject to stacking provisions and will be reduced in case of respective biosimilar products entering the

market. Furthermore, we agreed to reimburse DualityBio for certain development costs.

The DualityBio Agreements end on a country-by-country and DualityBio Product-by-DualityBio Product basis

upon expiration of the respective last DualityBio royalty term for a DualityBio Product in that country. Thereafter,

the licenses granted to us with respect to such product in such country will convert into a perpetual, exclusive,

fully paid-up and royalty-free license. In addition to termination rights granted to each party in the case of the

other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency, we may terminate each DualityBio Agreement, in whole or in

part, for convenience upon prior written notice.

O n November 12, 2024, we and DualityBio entered into a side letter to the DualityBio Agreements to undertake

certain development activities in the territory and DualityBio Retained Territory with DualityBio Products in

combination with other product(s) that are proprietary to or owned or controlled by us or our affiliates.

D. Fosun COVID-19 Vaccine Collaboration

On March 13, 2020, we entered into a Development and License Agreement with Fosun Pharma for the

development and commercialization in mainland China, Hong Kong special administrative region, or SAR,

Macau SAR and in the region of Taiwan, or collectively the Fosun Collaboration Territory, of immunogenic

compositions generated by BioNTech and comprising uridine RNA, modified RNA and/or replicon technology for

prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 in humans. We refer to this agreement as the Fosun Agreement.

The details of the development activities to be undertaken by Fosun Pharma are to be set forth in a development

plan that is being overseen by a Joint Steering Committee. Fosun Pharma’s development activities are to be

undertaken at its own cost and expense. Fosun Pharma has the sole responsibility to prepare, obtain and

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maintain regulatory approvals for the vaccine candidates in the Fosun Territory. We agreed to give Fosun

Pharma reasonable assistance with the regulatory aspects of these activities.

Fosun Pharma has the sole responsibility, authority and control of the commercialization of a vaccine candidate

in the Fosun Collaboration Territory, but must use commercially reasonable efforts to do so in accordance with

an agreed commercialization plan, including by launching a vaccine product in the Fosun Collaboration Territory

within three months after receiving marketing approval for it, provided sufficient quantities of the vaccine have

been delivered.

We retain the sole right to manufacture (or have manufactured) and supply any vaccine candidates and products

for development purposes and commercial sale in the Fosun Territory. We agreed to manufacture and supply all

quantities of vaccine from a GMP-certified RNA manufacturing facility. As compensation for supply of the vaccine

Fosun Pharma will reimburse us our manufacturing costs plus an administrative fee that is between 10 and 19

percent .

Under the Fosun Agreement, we granted Fosun Pharma an exclusive license under certain of our owned or in-

licensed intellectual property, including our patents relating to replicons, uridine RNA and modified RNA and

other mRNA technology or a vaccine to use, develop, commercialize and otherwise exploit the vaccine

candidates in the Fosun Territory. In the event of any failure of the development of a vaccine, we agreed to grant

Fosun Pharma a right of first negotiation on a separate competent vaccine for the prophylaxis of COVID-19 in

the Fosun Collaboration Territory.

In consideration of the rights granted to Fosun Pharma under the Fosun Agreement, Fosun Pharma subscribed

for $50 million of our ordinary shares under a separate investment agreement. In addition, under the Fosun

Agreement, Fosun Pharma made an upfront payment of $1 million and agreed to potential payments of up to

$14 million upon the achievement of specified development and regulatory milestones and up to $70 million

upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. Fosun Pharma further agreed to pay us a royalty rate that is

between 30 and 50 percent of its profits on net sales of a vaccine product, if approved, for a period of 15 years

from launch of that vaccine in the Fosun Territory .

The Fosun Agreement ends upon expiration of the royalty term. Fosun Pharma may elect to continue to pay

royalties and extend the agreement and its rights thereunder. In addition to termination rights granted to each

party in the case of the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency, Fosun Pharma may terminate the

agreement, in whole, for convenience and with or without reason at any time upon 180 days’ prior written notice.

If the agreement is terminated by Fosun Pharma for cause, the licenses to Fosun Pharma survive, we will

manufacture and deliver the vaccine candidate or product for one year and we will grant a non-exclusive license

to a reasonably acceptable contract manufacturing organization for manufacturing of the vaccine candidate or

product thereafter for development and commercialization by Fosun Pharma in the Fosun Collaboration Territory.

During the term of the Fosun Agreement, we have committed not to license to any other third party in the Fosun

Collaboration Territory the intellectual property licensed to Fosun for the same purpose and not to develop or

commercialize the same vaccine candidate or any coronavirus vaccine in the Fosun Collaboration Territory.

E . Genentech iNeST Collaboration

Collaboration Agreement

On September 20, 2016, we entered into a Collaboration Agreement with Genentech and F. Hoffman-La Roche

Ltd, together with all amendments thereto, collectively referred to as the Genentech Collaboration Agreement, to

jointly research, develop, manufacture and commercialize certain pharmaceutical products that comprise

neoepitope RNAs , or the Genentech Collaboration Products, which include our iNeST development candidates,

for any use worldwide. Under the Genentech Collaboration Agreement, we and Genentech agreed to perform

joint research under a research plan to further improve our technology platform for the manufacturing of

Genentech Collaboration Products. Under the terms of the Genentech Collaboration Agreement, Genentech paid

us $310 million in upfront and near-term milestone payments.

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We and Genentech must use commercially reasonable efforts to jointly develop one or more Genentech

Collaboration Products in accordance with an agreed global development plan, with the costs of such

development to be shared equally. We continued certain clinical studies that were initiated prior to the execution

of the Genentech Collaboration Agreement at our sole expense. Genentech may access and use any data

generated in these clinical studies.

In addition to the clinical studies included in the global development plan, we may propose certain additional

clinical studies for indications not included in the global development plan, and if the joint development

committee formed by the parties does not elect to include the proposed studies in the global development plan,

then we may conduct the study at our sole expense under certain conditions, and subject to certain restrictions.

Genentech has the option to select any candidate in such studies for potential further joint development and/or

commercialization by Genentech as a Genentech Collaboration Product . In the case that Genentech wishes to

pursue the clinical development of a Genentech Collaboration Product in an indication that we are not interested

in pursuing, then under certain conditions, we may opt out of the co-funding of such development and

Genentech may continue do so at its own costs, except that we are obligated to repay Genentech’s development

costs in the event that such product subsequently receives regulatory approval .

Genentech has the sole right to commercialize the Genentech Collaboration Products on a worldwide basis, with

all profits and losses from such commercialization to be split equally with us. If we exercise our right to opt out of

sharing equally in future development costs for any Genentech Collaboration Products, then we will no longer

split all such profits and losses for such Genentech Collaboration Products equally with Genentech and will

instead receive a royalty on annual worldwide net sales of such Genentech Collaboration Products that are

covered by a valid claim included in certain of our patents and certain joint patents that arise out of the

collaboration. Furthermore, for certain Genentech Collaboration Products for which we share co-promotion rights

with Genentech, we have the option to assume a percentage to be determined of the total sales force in the

United States and certain other countries, including Germany and other major European markets. In addition,

under certain regulatory and other circumstances, we have the right to independently commercialize Genentech

Collaboration Products in indications that the joint development committee declines to pursue and that

Genentech does not subsequently elect to commercialize, provided that we market such Genentech

Collaboration Products under a separate brand and trademark that is approved by the joint commercialization

committee established by the parties as not confusingly similar to the Genentech Collaboration Products being

commercialized by Genentech. Our ability to research, develop, co-promote and/or independently commercialize

Genentech Collaboration Products may be terminated or limited in the event we undergo a change of control.

We granted to Genentech an exclusive license under certain of our intellectual property, and our interest in any

jointly-owned intellectual property developed under this agreement, to research, develop, make, sell and import

any pharmaceutical products that comprise neoepitope RNA . Genentech granted to us an exclusive, non-

transferable, sublicensable licenses under certain Genentech intellectual property, our intellectual property

exclusively licensed to Genentech, and their interest in any jointly-owned intellectual property developed under

this agreement for the performance of our ongoing clinical studies and the exercise of our rights and obligations

under the Genentech Collaboration Agreement.

Until the first marketing approval for a Genentech Collaboration Product, we have granted Genentech the first

right to negotiate an exclusive license to develop, manufacture and commercialize combination therapies

involving pharmaceutical products based on neoepitope RNA and pharmaceutical products based on non-

neoepitope RNA for the treatment of cancer in humans.

The Genentech Collaboration Agreement will remain in effect so as long as Genentech Collaboration Products

are in development or commercialization, or until the date of the expiration of the last royalty term if BioNTech

has exercised its option to opt-out of joint development of Genentech Collaboration Products. If the agreement

expires, the licenses granted to Genentech become fully-paid up, royalty-free and irrevocable. Genentech may

terminate the Collaboration Agreement if we fail to achieve certain milestone targets or at any time for

convenience with or without reason upon 60 days’ prior written notice. In the event of any such termination, all

rights to the development and commercialization of Genentech Collaboration Products developed under the

collaboration would revert to us and Genentech would grant us licenses under its intellectual property to further

develop and commercialize Genentech Collaboration Products. We would be required to pay certain royalties to

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Genentech for such license(s). In addition, either party may terminate the agreement upon the other party’s

uncured material breach or insolvency.

Manufacturing Development and Supply Agreement

Concurrent with the Genentech Collaboration Agreement, we entered into a Manufacturing Development and

Supply Agreement with Genentech and F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, or the Genentech Manufacturing Agreement ,

which governs the manufacturing, related manufacturing development activities and supply of Genentech

Collaboration Products. Pursuant to the Genentech Manufacturing Agreement, we are responsible for clinical

manufacturing and supply, for developing and implementing manufacturing processes (including pursuant to

specified target turnaround times), and for constructing, commissioning, qualifying and obtaining permits for the

clinical facilities. We are permitted to subcontract certain steps in the clinical manufacturing process to our

affiliate, BioNTech IMFS.

In addition, we are responsible for developing the commercial manufacturing process, which requires more

stringent turnaround times than the clinical manufacturing process. Genentech will generally be responsible for

conducting commercial manufacturing. We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to achieve

certain predetermined clinical manufacturing capacity commitments.

Under the Genentech Manufacturing Agreement, we and Genentech will jointly develop a manufacturing network

plan detailing the location, capacity, scale-out, associated timing and other appropriate details of the commercial

manufacturing facilities. We may participate in commercial manufacturing through our right to include as part of

the commercial manufacturing network one of our own facilities in the European Union or the United States and

one of our own facilities in another region to be agreed upon with Genentech (provided that in each region our

facility is not the first facility to be included in the commercial manufacturing network).

F . Genmab Next-generation Immunomodulator Collaboration

On May 19, 2015, we entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement with Genmab, which was

subsequently amended and supplemented by side letters, to jointly research, develop and commercialize

polypeptide-based bispecific antibodies against certain target combinations for the treatment of cancer

worldwide, or the Genmab Agreement Field, using certain Genmab technology. In connection with our entry into

that License and Collaboration Agreement, Genmab paid us an upfront fee of $10 million. On July 18, 2022, this

agreement was amended and restated by an Amended and Restated License and Collaboration Agreement

(which, as amended, is referred to as the Genmab Agreement).

Under the Genmab Agreement, we and Genmab must use commercially reasonable efforts to research and

develop clinical candidates, including our next-generation checkpoint immunomodulators, with costs split equally

during the research and evaluation phase. Our joint activities in this phase were governed by a research plan,

which was subject to annual review and updates, and which specifies the clinical candidates to be developed.

This research and evaluation phase expired on September 18, 2022.

We and Genmab must use commercially reasonable efforts to develop candidates selected by the joint research

committee, or the LCA Products, through preclinical and clinical development. The preclinical and clinical

development of the LCA Products would be performed pursuant to a development plan to be agreed upon by us

and Genmab, with costs to be split equally. The joint steering committee may designate a third party as a

manufacturer of an LCA Product or of any of its components.

We and Genmab must use commercially reasonable efforts to jointly commercialize all LCA Products and share

equally all expenses and profits arising from such commercialization. We and Genmab, on a product-by-product

basis and at least 12 months prior to the anticipated start of a pivotal clinical trial for an LCA Product, will jointly

designate between the two of us a lead party responsible for establishing the distribution and marketing

operations in each geographical region. Each party would be entitled to equally co-commercialize the products

pursuant to a separately negotiated global commercialization agreement that the parties agree to negotiate.

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Unless otherwise agreed by the joint steering committee established under the agreement, Genmab is

responsible for all regulatory actions and shall own all regulatory approvals obtained for the LCA Products.

Genmab is obligated to provides regular updates to us on regulatory activities.

Each party grants to the other party a worldwide, co-exclusive, sublicensable, royalty-free license under certain

of such first party’s intellectual property, including certain patents and know-how, to perform the research under

this agreement and to research, develop, make, import, use and sell LCA Products in the Genmab Agreement

Field pursuant to the terms of the Genmab Agreement. These licenses shall continue on a country-by-country

and product-by-product basis for as long as development or commercialization activities are contemplated under

the Genmab Agreement.

During the preclinical and clinical development phase for any LCA Product, engagement in research and

development activities in the Genmab Agreement Field unilaterally by a party relating to an LCA Product or its

Back-up Candidate or any bispecific antibody which targets the same target combination for which such LCA

Product or Back-up Candidate has been developed would require the other party’s prior written consent.

Each party has the right to discontinue its participation in the further development and commercialization of an

LCA Product at two points: (i) when an IND submission package has been agreed upon by the parties and (ii)

when the draft clinical trial report from the first Phase 1/2 clinical trial becomes available. The other party may

elect to continue the development and commercialization of the LCA Product or divest its interest in such LCA

Product. If the other party elects to pursue development and commercialization of such LCA Product alone as a

Unilateral Product, at its sole cost and subject to pre-defined milestone and royalty payments and certain

additional pre-defined terms. If the other party wishes to not pursue such continued development and

commercialization on such pre-defined payment and additional terms, then the parties will jointly divest their

interest in such LCA Product to a third party, and if such divestiture fails, the parties will cease all development

and commercialization of such LCA Product.

The Genmab Agreement will remain in effect until the later of (i) the expiration of the last-to-expire royalty term

for any Unilateral Product or (ii) the time when no LCA Products, Joint Combination Products or Proprietary

Combination Products are being developed or commercialized under this agreement. Either party may terminate

the agreement in its entirety or on a product-by-product basis with immediate effect upon the other party’s

uncured material breach or insolvency.

On August 5, 2022, we and Genmab expanded our global strategic collaboration to develop and commercialize

novel immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer patients. Under this expansion, we and Genmab will jointly

work to research, develop and commercialize novel monospecific antibody candidates for various cancer

indications.

Under the expanded collaboration, the companies will jointly develop and commercialize, subject to regulatory

approval, monospecific antibodies leveraging Genmab’s proprietary HexaBody technology platform. The first

monospecific antibody candidate, GEN1053/BNT313, entered clinical trials in late 2022 . GEN1053/BNT313 is a

CD27 antibody based on the HexaBody technology, specifically engineered to form an antibody hexamer (a

formation of six antibodies) upon binding its target on the cell membrane of the T cells. Under the terms of the

agreement, the companies will equally share the development costs and potential future profit deriving from

GEN1053/BNT313.

G. InstaDeep Acquisition

O n January 10, 2023, we entered into a share purchase agreement, or SPA, with the shareholders of InstaDeep

Ltd., or InstaDeep, a leading global technology company in the field of AI and ML, under which we agreed to

acquire 100% of the remaining shares in InstaDee p, excluding the shares already owned by us. The SPA was

amended on July 31, 2023 to deal with certain matters arising after its execution.

Following the satisfaction of several customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals as defined in the

SPA, the acquisition closed on July 31, 2023.

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The total consideration to acquire the remaining InstaDeep shares, excluding the shares already owned by

BioNTech, amounts to approximately €500 million in cash, BioNTech shares, and performance-based future

milestone payments.

InstaDeep now operates as a UK-based global subsidiary and will continue to provide its services to clients

around the world in diverse industries, including in the Technology, Transport & Logistics, Industrial and Financial

Services sectors. Additionally, the acquisition is enabling the creation of a fully integrated, enterprise-wide

capability that leverages AI and ML technologies across our therapeutic platforms and operations.

H. OncoC4 Collaboration

On March 17, 2023, we and OncoC4 entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement, or the OncoC4

Agreement, for the license, development and commercialization of ONC-392 and all other monoclonal anti-

CTLA4 antibodies owned or controlled by OncoC4 (referred to as OncoC4 Licensed Compounds) as of the

execution date, including development of combinations of such antibody with other products, for use in humans

or animals, or the OncoC4 Field.

OncoC4 granted us an exclusive license under ONC-392 and OncoC4’s interest in joint intellectual property to

exploit OncoC4 Licensed Compounds and any pharmaceutical or biologic product containing OncoC4 Licensed

Compound (referred to as OncoC4 Licensed Products) in the OncoC4 Field in the entire world, which we refer to

as the OncoC4 Territory. Furthermore, OncoC4 granted us an exclusive option that ended June 30, 2024 to

license AI-061 , which is a biopharmaceutical composition containing as its sole active ingredients both ONC-392

and an anti-PD-1 antibody. OncoC4 retains all rights to the anti-PD-1 antibody outside of the combination with

ONC-392.

We agreed to collaborate on research, development, and commercialization of ONC-392 in the OncoC4 Territory

and to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct development activities of OncoC4 Licensed Compounds

and OncoC4 Licensed Products either as a monotherapy or in combination with an anti-PD-(L)1 antibody and/or

standard of care product (which we refer to collectively as the Mono/PD-1/SOC Combinations) in accordance

with a joint clinical development plan which is governed by a joint steering committee. All costs associated with

the joint development responsibilities are shared equally between us and OncoC4.

We are solely responsible for all development activities for the OncoC4 Licensed Compounds and OncoC4

Licensed Products in any other form or combination other than the Mono/PD-1/SOC Combinations (we refer to

such other combinations as OncoC4 Other Combinations) at our own expense and in accordance with a

research and development plan prepared by us and shared with OncoC4 through the joint steering committee.

We agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop an OncoC4 Licensed Product in at least one

indication for an OncoC4 Other Combination. We agreed to first offer OncoC4 the opportunity to co-fund any

development of a PD-1 Combination prior to pursing such development independently or with a third party.

We agreed to be solely responsible, at our expense, for commercialization of OncoC4 Licensed Products

worldwide and to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize OncoC4 Licensed Products for each

approved indication in certain major markets.

In consideration for the rights granted to us by OncoC4, we made an upfront payment of $200 million, with a

portion of the upfront payment to be used to fund OncoC4’s share of the joint research and development costs

related to ONC-392, and agreed to make potential payments upon the achievement of specified development

and regulatory milestones and upon the achievement of specified sales milestones. We have further agreed to

pay OncoC4 double digit, tiered royalties on annual net sales of OncoC4 Licensed Products during a certain

royalty term starting from launch of product.

The OncoC4 Agreement shall continue until the last-to-expire royalty term in all countries in the OncoC4 Territory

for all OncoC4 Licensed Products. Upon the expiration of the royalty term for an OncoC4 Licensed Product in a

given country in the OncoC4 Territory, the exclusive license granted to us will become a perpetual, irrevocable,

non-exclusive, fully paid-up, and royalty-free license with respect to such OncoC4 Licensed Product in such

country. In addition to termination rights granted to each party in the case of the other party’s uncured material

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breach or insolvency, we have the right to terminate the OncoC4 Agreement in its entirety for convenience with

prior written notice to OncoC4.

I. Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine Collaboration

On April 9, 2020, effective as of March 17, 2020, we entered into a Collaboration Agreement with Pfizer for the

research and development of immunogenic compositions comprising RNA encoding a SARS-CoV-2 polypeptide

or fragment thereof for prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 in humans, which we refer to as the Pfizer Corona

Field. On January 29, 2021, effective as of March 17, 2020, we entered into an amended and restated

Collaboration Agreement with Pfizer for the research, development and commercialization of immunogenic

compositions comprising RNA in the Pfizer Corona Field, which we refer to as the Pfizer Agreement.

We and Pfizer agreed to collaborate on research, development and commercialization in the Pfizer Corona Field

worldwide (excluding the Fosun Collaboration Territory), which we refer to as the Pfizer Collaboration Territory.

The details of such activities are set forth in a research and development plan that is governed by a joint steering

committee. Each party bears its own personnel and capital expenditures costs, but the parties will share the

costs of all other agreed development activities (including the costs of manufacturing material for use in clinical

trials) evenly. Each party will, in good faith, seek funding from government funds, non-governmental

organizations and other third-party organizations to support their research and development activities. Under the

Pfizer Agreement, Pfizer is leading clinical development of and is seeking regulatory approval for any candidates

or products in the United States and we are leading clinical development of and are seeking regulatory approval

for any candidates or products in the European Union, and we will agree on a strategy for all other countries in

the Pfizer Collaboration Territory on an ongoing basis through the joint steering committees.

BioNTech can solely commercialize the vaccine in Germany and Türkiye (collectively referred to as the BioNTech

Commercialization Territory, which is a subset of the Pfizer-Collaboration Territory). We have the option to opt-out

of commercializing the vaccine in Germany and/or Türkiye, whereupon such countries will become part of the

Pfizer Commercialization Territory of the Pfizer Collaboration Territory.

Pfizer has the right to commercialize any approved COVID-19 vaccine in the rest of the Pfizer Collaboration

Territory. On a country-by-country basis in relation to the United Arab Emirates, Southeast Asia, and certain

developing countries, if we obtain funding from a third-party organization that obligates us to commercialize an

approved vaccine in such country, we are obligated to request from Pfizer in writing a decision as to whether

Pfizer wishes to commercialize or distribute such vaccine in such country in accordance with the requirements

agreed with the third-party funder. If Pfizer elects not to commercialize the vaccine in such country, then such

country shall become a part of the BioNTech Commercialization Territory.

If our Collaboration Agreement with Fosun expires or is otherwise terminated for any reason, as between us and

any international pharmaceutical group headquartered outside of China, we have granted Pfizer a right of first

negotiation to expand the Pfizer Commercialization Territory to include the Fosun Territory. See “Fosun-

COVID-19 Collaboration” below for more information on the Fosun Agreement.

We and Pfizer share responsibilities for manufacturing and supplying our approved COVID-19 vaccines . If there

is insufficient supply to satisfy the entire demand for vaccines in the Pfizer Collaboration Territory, we and Pfizer

have agreed to determine by mutual consent the allocation of supplies on a fair and equitable basis, subject also

to any applicable law, export controls, and taking into account any government supply obligations, or supply

obligations included in any agreement reached with a third-party funding organization.

Under the Pfizer Agreement, we have granted Pfizer an exclusive, sublicensable license in the Pfizer

Collaboration Territory under certain of our intellectual property, including our patents and know-how, relating to

uridine RNA, modified RNA and replicons in the Pfizer Corona Field as well as certain intellectual property in-

licensed by us from third parties, to use, research, develop, manufacture, commercialize and otherwise exploit

candidates and products selected under the Pfizer Agreement. We undertake to maintain in full effect all

intellectual property licenses held by us at the time we entered into the Pfizer Agreement and not to modify or

amend any such license in a manner that would adversely affect any of the rights granted to Pfizer under the

Pfizer Agreement. We are obligated to notify Pfizer of any breach of our current licenses and may be obligated to

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take steps to maintain Pfizer’s access to any intellectual property licensed under such licenses. Under the Pfizer

Agreement, we are obligated to indemnify Pfizer with respect to certain patent infringement claims that Pfizer

elects to control.

During the term of the Pfizer Agreement and a certain period thereafter, we and Pfizer have committed not to

research, develop, manufacture, commercialize or otherwise exploit immunogenic compositions comprising RNA

in the Pfizer Corona Field, or exploit vaccine candidates or products developed under the agreement for any

use, other than pursuant to the Pfizer Agreement, provided, however, that Pfizer shall have the right to work as a

contract manufacturer for a third party and Pfizer shall not be precluded from acquiring a third party, or being

acquired by a third party, that at the time of acquisition is active in the development or commercialization of an

immunogenic composition comprising mRNA in the Pfizer Corona Field.

On April 9, 2020, Pfizer also subscribed for $113 million of our ordinary shares under a separate investment

agreement. In addition, under the Pfizer Agreement, Pfizer made an upfront payment of $72 million and agreed

to make potential payments of up to $563 million upon the achievement of specified regulatory and commercial

milestones. We and Pfizer agreed to share development costs equally. We and Pfizer will share the gross profits

from commercializing a vaccine evenly, as well as the costs for shipping. The Pfizer Agreement continues for so

long as either at least a vaccine is being developed for use in the Pfizer Collaboration Territory or a vaccine is

being commercialized anywhere in the Pfizer Collaboration Territory. In addition to termination rights granted to

each party in the case of the other party’s uncured material breach, Pfizer may terminate the agreement (i) upon

our insolvency or (ii) on a country-by-country basis or in its entirety for convenience upon one (1) year’s prior

written notice provided that any such termination shall not become effective less than two (2) years from the first

commercial sale of an approve d vaccine.

J. Pfizer-Influenza Collaboration

On July 20, 2018, we and BioNTech RNA entered into a Research Collaboration and License Agreement with

Pfizer, or the Pfizer Influenza Agreement, for the research, development and Pfizer’s commercialization of

immunogenic compositions comprising modified RNA and/or replicon technology for prophylaxis against

influenza in humans, which we refer to as the Pfizer Influenza Agreement Field.

We and Pfizer agreed to collaborate on the research in the Pfizer Influenza Agreement Field for an initial period

of three years, ending in August 2021. The details of such research were set forth in a research plan that is

governed by a Joint Steering Committee, with Pfizer holding the final decision-making right. Each party will bear

its own costs under the research plan. The research term will be extended automatically by a reasonable amount

of time if the activities or deliverables under the research plan are delayed due to our material breach of our

research obligations under the research plan. In addition, Pfizer may unilaterally extend the research term by up

to a year by making an additional payment to us.

After the research term expires, Pfizer has the sole responsibility, authority and control of the development,

manufacturing and commercialization of all candidates and products. Pfizer undertakes to use commercially

reasonable efforts to seek regulatory approval for one product in the United States and in two countries out of

France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and Japan, and to commercialize such product in such

countries where such product has received regulatory approval.

Under the Pfizer Influenza Agreement, we grant to Pfizer an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license under

certain of our intellectual property, including our patents and know-how, relating to replicons and modified RNA in

the Pfizer Influenza Agreement Field as well as certain intellectual property in-licensed by us from third parties,

to use, research, develop, manufacture, commercialize and otherwise exploit candidates and products selected

under the Pfizer Influenza Agreement. We also grant to Pfizer a non-exclusive, royalty-free, sublicensable

license under all intellectual property controlled by us or our affiliates to use, develop, manufacture,

commercialize and otherwise exploit candidates and products selected under the Pfizer Influenza Agreement in

the Pfizer Influenza Agreement Field. We undertake to maintain in full effect all intellectual property licenses held

by us at the time we entered into the agreement and to not modify or amend any such license in a manner that

would adversely affect any of the rights granted to Pfizer under the Pfizer Influenza Agreement. We are obligated

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to notify Pfizer of any breach of our current licenses and may be obligated to take steps to maintain Pfizer’s

access to any intellectual property licensed under such licenses.

We also granted Pfizer a right of first negotiation to acquire an exclusive worldwide license under certain

intellectual property controlled by us for Pfizer to develop, manufacture and commercialize immunogenic

products comprising RNA for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus or human cytomegalovirus . The right

of first negotiation may be exercised until the end of the research term.

In consideration of the rights granted to Pfizer under the agreement, Pfizer subscribed to shares in BioNTech AG

under a separate investment agreement. In addition, under the Pfizer Influenza Agreement, Pfizer made an

upfront payment of $50 million and agreed to potential payments of up to $325 million upon the achievement of

specified development, regulatory and commercial milestones. Pfizer further agreed to a mid-single digit to very

low double-digit tiered royalty on net sales if a product is commercialized. Royalties are subject to stacking

provisions. The obligation of Pfizer to pay royalties ends, on a country-by-country and a product-by-product,

basis upon the later of (i) the expiration of the last valid licensed patent right covering such product category in

such country, (ii) 10 years after the first commercial sale of a product of such product category in such country

and (iii) the lapse of regulatory data exclusivity for the first product in such product category in such country.

There are only two product categories: one for modified RNA and a second for replicon products.

During the term of the Pfizer Influenza Agreement, we have committed not to research, develop, manufacture,

commercialize or otherwise exploit immunogenic compositions compromising RNA in the Pfizer Influenza

Agreement Field other than pursuant to the Pfizer Influenza Agreement.

The Pfizer Influenza Agreement ends on a country-by-country basis upon expiration of the last royalty term for

any product in that country. Thereafter, the licenses granted to Pfizer with respect to such product in such

country will convert into a perpetual, exclusive, fully paid-up and royalty-free license. In addition to termination

rights granted to each party in the case of the other party’s uncured material breach, Pfizer may terminate the

agreement, in whole or in part, for convenience and with or without reason at any time upon 60 days’ prior

written notice. In addition, Pfizer is entitled to terminate the agreement and initiate a technology transfer of

certain intellectual property if one of its key competitors acquires control over us .

X . Government Regulation

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local levels, and in the European Union and

other countries and jurisdictions, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing,

manufacture, quality control, approval, packaging, storage, record-keeping, labeling, advertising, promotion,

distribution, marketing, post-approval monitoring and reporting and import and export of pharmaceutical

products, including biological products. In addition, some jurisdictions regulate the pricing of pharmaceutical

products. The processes for obtaining marketing approvals in the United States and in other jurisdictions, along

with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations and other requirements of regulatory

authorities, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

A. Regulation and Procedures Governing Approval of Drug and Biological Products in the United States

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA,

and its implementing regulations and biologics under the FDCA, the Public Health Service Act, or the PHSA, and

their implementing regulations. Both drugs and biologics are subject to other federal, state and local statutes and

regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable

federal, state and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial

resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development

process, approval process or following approval may subject a sponsor or marketing authorization (BLA/NDA)

holder to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s

refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, license revocation, clinical hold, untitled or

warning letters, voluntary or mandatory product recalls, market withdrawals, product seizures, total or partial

suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution,

disgorgement and civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material

adverse effect on us.

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A sponsor seeking approval to market and distribute a new drug or biological product in the United States

generally must satisfactorily complete each of the following steps:

• preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies all performed in accordance with

applicable regulations, including the FDA’s good laboratory practices, or GLP, regulations;

• submission to the FDA of an IND application for human clinical testing, which must become effective

before human clinical trials may begin;

• approval by the IRB representing each clinical site before each clinical trial may be initiated;

• performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety, potency and

purity of the product candidate for each proposed indication, in accordance applicable regulations,

including GCP;

• preparation and submission to the FDA of a NDA for a drug product, or a BLA for a biological product

requesting marketing approval for one or more proposed indications, including submission of detailed

information on the manufacture and composition of the product in clinical development, evidence of

safety, purity and potency from preclinical testing and clinical trials, and proposed labeling;

• review of the product by an FDA advisory committee, if applicable;

• satisfactory completion of one or more FDA inspections of the manufacturing facility or facilities,

including those of third parties, at which the product, or components thereof, are produced to assess

compliance with current GMP requirements and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are

adequate to preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity;

• satisfactory completion of any FDA audits of the clinical study sites to assure compliance with applicable

regulations and GCP, and the integrity of clinical data in support of the NDA or BLA;

• payment of user fees and securing FDA approval of the NDA or BLA; and

• compliance with applicable regulations post approval, including any post-approval requirements, such as

the potential requirement to implement a REMS and to conduct any post-approval studies required by

the FDA.

The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources,

and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our product candidates and any future product candidates will

be granted on a timely basis, or at all.

Preclinical Studies and Investigational New Drug Application

Before testing any drug or biological product candidate in humans, the product candidate must undergo

preclinical testing. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, formulation and stability,

as well as animal studies to evaluate the potential for activity and toxicity. The conduct of the preclinical tests and

formulation of the compounds for testing must comply with federal regulations and requirements. The results of

the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or

literature and a proposed clinical protocol, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND application. The IND

automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises

concerns or questions about the product or conduct of the proposed clinical trial, including concerns that patients

will be exposed to unreasonable health risks, and places the trial on a clinical hold. In that case, the IND sponsor

and the FDA must resolve any outstanding FDA concerns before the clinical trial can begin.

As a result, submission of the IND may result in the FDA not allowing the trial to commence or not be conducted

on the terms originally specified by the sponsor in the IND. If the FDA raises concerns or questions either during

this initial 30-day period, or at any time during the IND process, it may choose to impose a partial or complete

clinical hold. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not recommence without FDA authorization and then

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only under terms authorized by the FDA. A clinical hold issued by the FDA may therefore delay either a proposed

clinical study or cause suspension of an ongoing study, until all outstanding concerns have been adequately

addressed and the FDA has notified the company that investigation may proceed. This could cause significant

difficulties in completing planned clinical trials in a timely manner.

The FDA may impose clinical holds on a product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to

safety concerns or non-compliance.

Human Clinical Trials in Support of an NDA or a BLA

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product candidate to healthy volunteers or patients

with the disease to be treated under the supervision of qualified principal investigators, generally physicians not

employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the

requirement that all patients provide their informed consent for their participation. Clinical trials are conducted

under study protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, inclusion and exclusion criteria,

the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, dosing procedures and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated.

A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part

of the IND.

A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA

authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the

sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of the NDA or BLA so long as the clinical

trial is well-designed and well-conducted in accordance with GCP, including review and approval by an

independent ethics committee, and the FDA is able to validate the study data through an onsite inspection, if

necessary.

Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an IRB either centrally or individually at each

institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. The IRB will consider, among other things, clinical trial

design, patient informed consent, ethical factors and the safety of patients. An IRB must operate in compliance

with FDA regulations. The FDA, IRB, or the clinical trial sponsor may suspend or discontinue a clinical trial at any

time for various reasons, including a finding that the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with FDA

requirements or that the patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Clinical testing also must

satisfy extensive GCP rules and the requirements for informed consent. The IRB also approves the form and

content of the informed consent that must be signed by each clinical trial subject or his or her legal

representative and receive periodic reports regarding the investigation from the investigators. Additionally, some

clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor,

known as a data safety monitoring board or committee, or DSMB. This group may recommend continuation of

the study as planned, changes in study conduct, or cessation of the study at designated check points based on

access to certain data from the study.

Clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap or be combined.

Additional studies may be required after approval.

• Phase 1 clinical trials (or Phase 1) are initially conducted in a limited population to test the product

candidate for safety, including adverse effects, dose tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution,

excretion and pharmacodynamics in healthy humans or, on occasion, in patients, such as in the case of

some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, especially when the product may be too

inherently toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers.

• Phase 2 clinical trials (or Phase 2) are generally conducted in a limited patient population to identify

possible adverse effects and safety risks, preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product candidate for

specific targeted indications and determine dose tolerance and optimal dosage. Multiple Phase 2 clinical

trials may be conducted by the sponsor to obtain information prior to beginning larger Phase 3 clinical

trials. When a drug is intended to treat life-threatening or severely debilitating illnesses, and particularly

for rare diseases, the FDA may accept well-controlled Phase 2 clinical trials as adequate to provide

sufficient data on the drug’s safety and effectiveness to support a decision on its approvability for

marketing, in which case Phase 3 clinical trials would not be required.

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• Phase 3 clinical trials (or Phase 3) proceed if the Phase 2 clinical trials demonstrate that a certain dose

or dose range of the product candidate is potentially effective and has an acceptable safety profile.

Phase 3 clinical trials are undertaken within an expanded patient population, often at geographically

dispersed clinical trial sites, to gather additional information about safety and effectiveness necessary to

evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the product and to provide the basis for product labeling.

In some cases, the FDA may approve an NDA or a BLA for a product candidate but require the sponsor to

conduct additional clinical trials to further assess the product candidate’s safety and/or effectiveness after

approval. Such post-approval trials are typically referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials (or Phase 4). These studies

may be used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication

and to document a clinical benefit in the case of biologics approved under accelerated approval regulations. If

the FDA approves a product while a company has ongoing clinical trials that were not necessary for approval, a

company may be able to use the data from these clinical trials to meet all or part of any Phase 4 clinical trial

requirement or to request a change in the product labeling. Failure to exhibit due diligence with regard to

conducting required Phase 4 clinical trials or to comply with post approval commitments could result in

withdrawal of approval for products.

During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all

clinical activities, clinical data and clinical trial investigators. Annual progress reports detailing the results of the

clinical trials must be submitted to the FDA. Written IND safety reports must be promptly submitted to the FDA

and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events, any findings from other trials, tests in

laboratory animals or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for patients, or any clinically important

increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator

brochure. The sponsor must submit an IND safety report within 15 calendar days after the sponsor determines

that the information qualifies for reporting. The sponsor also must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-

threatening suspected adverse reaction within seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the

information. The FDA or the sponsor or its DSMB may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds,

including a finding that the patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can

suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in

accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the new drug candidate or biological product candidate has been

associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results

to public registries. Sponsors of clinical trials of FDA-regulated products, including biologics, are required to

Information related to the product, patient population, phase of investigation, trial sites and investigators, and

other aspects of the clinical trial is then made public as part of the registration. Sponsors are also obligated to

discuss the results of their clinical trials after completion. Disclosure of the results of these trials can be delayed

until the new product or new indication being studied has been approved.

Compliance with GMP Requirements

Before approving an NDA or a BLA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is

manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes

and facilities are in full compliance with GMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the

product within required specifications. Among other things, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the

identity, strength, quality, potency and purity of the final drug or biological product. Additionally, appropriate

packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug or

biological product does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life. In particular, the PHSA

emphasizes the importance of manufacturing control for products like biologics whose attributes cannot be

precisely defined.

Manufacturers and others involved in the manufacture and distribution of drugs and biological products must

also register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Both domestic and foreign

manufacturing establishments must register and provide additional information to the FDA upon their initial

participation in the manufacturing process.

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The manufacturing facilities may be subject to periodic announced and unannounced inspections by government

authorities to ensure compliance with GMPs and other laws. Manufacturers may have to provide, on request,

electronic or physical records regarding their establishments. Delaying, denying, limiting or refusing inspection

by the FDA may lead to a product being deemed to be adulterated .

Review and Approval of an NDA or a BLA

The results of product candidate development, preclinical testing and clinical trials, including negative or

ambiguous results as well as positive findings, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or a BLA requesting a

license to market the product. These applications must contain extensive manufacturing information and detailed

information on the composition of the product and proposed labeling. The FDA adjusts the Prescription Drug

User Fee Act, or PDUFA, user fees on an annual basis. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain

circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business.

Additionally, no user fees are assessed on NDAs or BLAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the

product also includes a non-orphan indication.

The FDA has 60 days after submission of the application to conduct an initial review to determine whether the

NDA or BLA is sufficient to accept for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that it is substantially

complete so as to permit substantive review. Once the submission has been accepted for filing, the FDA begins

an in-depth review of the application. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA

aims to complete its initial review of a standard application and respond to the sponsor within ten months of the

60-day filing date, and for a priority review application within six months. The FDA does not always meet its

PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDA or BLA applications, and its review goals are subject to change

from time to time. The review process may often be significantly extended by FDA requests for additional

information or clarification. The review process and the PDUFA goal date may also be extended by three months

if the FDA requests or if the sponsor otherwise provides additional information or clarification regarding

information already provided in the submission within the last three months before the PDUFA goal date.

The FDA reviews NDA and BLA applications to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is

safe and potent, and/or effective, for its intended use, and has an acceptable purity profile, and whether the

product is being manufactured in accordance with GMP requirements to assure and preserve the product’s

identity, safety, strength, quality, potency and purity. On the basis of the FDA’s evaluation of the application and

accompanying information, including the results of the inspection of the manufacturing facilities and any FDA

audits of clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCPs, the FDA may issue an approval letter or a complete

response letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the product with specific prescribing

information for specific indications. Under the FDCA, the FDA may approve an NDA if it determines that the

product is safe and effective for its intended use, the benefits of the drug outweigh any risks, and the methods

used in manufacturing the drug and the controls used to maintain the drug’s quality are adequate to preserve the

drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity. Under the PHSA, the FDA may approve a BLA if it determines that the

product is safe, pure and potent and the facility where the product will be manufactured meets standards

designed to ensure that it continues to be safe, pure and potent. If the application is not approved, the FDA may

issue a complete response letter, which will contain the conditions that must be met in order to secure final

approval of the application, and when possible will outline recommended actions the sponsor might take to

obtain approval of the application. If a complete response letter is issued, the sponsor may either resubmit the

NDA or BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application.

Sponsors that receive a complete response letter who elect to address the deficiencies may submit to the FDA

information that represents a complete response to the issues identified by the FDA in the response letter. Such

resubmissions are classified under PDUFA as either Class 1 or Class 2, based on the information submitted by a

sponsor in response to an action letter. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the

FDA aims to review and act on a Class 1 resubmission with two months of receipt and, with respect to a Class 2

resubmission, within six months of receipt. The FDA will not approve an application until issues identified in the

complete response letter have been addressed.

The FDA may also refer the application to an Advisory Committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as

to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. In particular, the FDA may refer

applications for novel drug or biological products or drug or biological products that present difficult questions of

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safety or efficacy to an advisory committee. Typically, an Advisory Committee is a panel of independent experts,

including clinicians and other scientific experts. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an Advisory

Committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

If the FDA approves a new product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, or limit the

approval to specific dosages. It may also require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be

included in the product labeling. In addition, the FDA may call for post-approval studies, including Phase 4

clinical trials, to further assess the product’s safety after approval. The agency may also require testing and

surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including

distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms, including risk evaluation and mitigation

strategies, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the product outweigh the potential risks. REMS can

include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use,

or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or

dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring and the use of patent registries. If

the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA or BLA must submit a proposed REMS; the FDA

will not approve the NDA or BLA without a REMS, if required. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of

a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After approval, many types of

changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional

labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.

Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy and Priority Review Designations

The FDA may designate certain products for expedited review if they are intended to address an unmet medical

need in the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition. These programs include fast track

designation, breakthrough therapy designation and priority review designation.

The FDA may designate a product for fast track review if it is intended, whether alone or in combination with one

or more other products, for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and it

demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such disease or condition. Fast track designation

applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of

a new drug or biologic may request that the FDA designate the drug or biologic as a fast track product at any

time during the clinical development of the product. For fast track products, sponsors may have greater

interactions with the FDA and the FDA may initiate review of sections of a fast track product’s application before

the application is complete. This rolling review may be available if the FDA determines, after preliminary

evaluation of clinical data submitted by the sponsor, that a fast track product may be effective. The sponsor must

also provide, and the FDA must approve, a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the

sponsor must pay applicable user fees. However, the FDA’s time period goal for reviewing a fast track

application does not begin until the last section of the application is submitted. Fast track designation may be

withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the

clinical trial process.

In 2012, Congress enacted the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or the FDASIA. This

law established a new regulatory scheme allowing for expedited review of products designated as “breakthrough

therapies.” A product may be designated as a breakthrough therapy if it is intended, either alone or in

combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and

preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing

therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in

clinical development. The FDA may take certain actions with respect to breakthrough therapies, including holding

additional meetings with the sponsor throughout the development process; providing timely advice to the product

sponsor regarding development and approval; involving more senior staff in the review process; assigning a

cross-disciplinary project lead for the review team; and taking other steps to facilitate the design of clinical trials

in an efficient manner.

The FDA may designate a product for priority review if it is a product that treats a serious condition and, if

approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness. The FDA determines, on a case-

by-case basis, whether the proposed product represents a significant improvement when compared with other

available therapies. Significant improvement may be illustrated by evidence of increased effectiveness in the

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treatment of a condition, elimination or substantial reduction of a treatment-limiting product reaction, documented

enhancement of patient compliance that may lead to improvement in serious outcomes and evidence of safety

and effectiveness in a new subpopulation. A priority designation is intended to direct overall attention and

resources to the evaluation of such applications, and to shorten the FDA’s goal for taking action on a marketing

application to six months (compared to 10 months under standard review).

Fast track designation, priority review and breakthrough therapy designation may expedite the development or

approval process, but do not change the standards for approval.

Accelerated Approval Pathway

The FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product for a serious or life-threatening condition that provides

meaningful therapeutic advantage to patients over existing treatments based upon a determination that the

product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA may

also grant accelerated approval for such a condition when the product has an effect on an intermediate clinical

endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM, and that is

reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity or

prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. Products granted accelerated

approval must meet the same statutory standards for safety and effectiveness as those granted traditional

approval.

For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement,

radiographic image, physical sign or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a

measure of clinical benefit. Surrogate endpoints can often be measured more easily or more rapidly than clinical

endpoints. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a measurement of a therapeutic effect that is considered

reasonably likely to predict the clinical benefit of a product, such as an effect on IMM. The FDA has stated that

although it has limited experience with accelerated approvals based on intermediate clinical endpoints, such

endpoints generally may support accelerated approval where the therapeutic effect measured by the endpoint is

not itself a clinical benefit and basis for traditional approval, if there is a basis for concluding that the therapeutic

effect is reasonably likely to predict the ultimate clinical benefit of a product.

The accelerated approval pathway is most often used in settings in which the course of a disease is long and an

extended period of time is required to measure the intended clinical benefit of a product. Thus, accelerated

approval has been used extensively in the development and approval of products for treatment of a variety of

cancers in which the goal of therapy is generally to improve survival or decrease morbidity and the duration of

the typical disease course requires lengthy and sometimes large trials to demonstrate a clinical or survival

benefit.

The accelerated approval pathway is usually contingent on a sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent

manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the product’s clinical benefit. As a

result, a product candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance

requirements, including the completion of Phase 4 or post-approval clinical trials to confirm the effect on the

clinical endpoint. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or to confirm a clinical benefit during post-

marketing studies, may lead the FDA to withdraw the product from the market under expedited withdrawal

procedures applicable to products approved under accelerated approval. All promotional materials for product

candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA.

Accelerated approval pathways are available for regenerative medicine therapies that meet certain conditions.

Regenerative medicine therapies include cell therapies (both allogeneic and autologous), therapeutic tissue

engineering products, human cell and tissue products, and combination products using any such therapies or

products, except those regulated under section 361 of the PHSA. Human gene therapies, including genetically

modified cells, that lead to a sustained effect on cells or tissues, may also meet the definition of a regenerative

medicine therapy, as may xenogeneic cell products.

Regenerative medicine therapies designed to treat, modify, reverse or cure serious conditions are eligible for

FDA’s expedited programs, including fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, priority review

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and accelerated approval, if they meet the criteria for such programs. They may also be eligible for Regenerative

Medicine Advanced Therapy Designation, or RMAT designation.

An investigational drug is eligible for RMAT designation if it meets the definition of regenerative medicine

therapy, it is intended to treat, modify, reverse or cure a serious condition, and preliminary clinical evidence

indicates that the regenerative medicine therapy has the potential to address unmet medical needs for such

condition. An unmet medical need is a condition whose treatment or diagnosis is not addressed adequately by

available therapy.

RMAT designation confers all the benefits of the fast track and breakthrough therapy designation programs,

including early interactions with the FDA. The FDA reviews each application on a case-by-case basis to

determine whether the clinical evidence is sufficient to support RMAT designation, considering factors such as

the rigor of data collection, the consistency and persuasiveness of the outcomes, the number of patients, and the

severity, rarity or prevalence of the condition, among other factors. The FDA may decline to grant RMAT

designation if it finds the clinical evidence insufficient.

RMAT designation may expedite the development or approval process, but it does not change the standards for

approval.

Emergency Use Authorizations

The Secretary of Health and Human Services has the authority to authorize unapproved medical products,

including vaccines, to be marketed in the context of an actual or potential emergency that has been designated

by government officials. The COVID-19 pandemic has been designated such a national emergency. After an

emergency has been announced, the Secretary of Health and Human Services may authorize the issuance of,

and the FDA Commissioner may issue, Emergency Use Authorizations, or EUAs, for the use of specific products

based on criteria established by statute, including that the product at issue may be effective in diagnosing,

treating, or preventing serious or life-threatening diseases when there are no adequate, approved, and available

alternatives. An EUA is subject to additional conditions and restrictions and is product-specific. An EUA

terminates when the emergency determination underlying the EUA terminates or full approval is obtained . An

EUA is not a long-term alternative to obtaining FDA approval, licensure, or clearance for a product. FDA may

revoke an EUA where it is determined that the underlying health emergency no longer exists or warrants such

authorization, so it is not possible to predict how long an EUA may remain in place.

Post-Approval Regulation

If regulatory approval for marketing of a product or for a new indication for an existing product is obtained, the

sponsor will be required to comply with rigorous and extensive post-approval regulatory requirements as well as

any post-approval requirements that the FDA has imposed on the particular product as part of the approval

process. The sponsor will be required, among other things, to report certain adverse reactions and

manufacturing problems, or certain other events to the FDA, provide updated safety and efficacy information and

comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling. Manufacturers and certain of their

subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are

subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with ongoing

regulatory requirements, including GMP regulations, which impose certain procedural and documentation

requirements upon manufacturers. Accordingly, the BLA holder and its third-party manufacturers must continue

to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with GMP

regulations and other regulatory requirements. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process or facility

generally require prior FDA approval before being implemented, and other types of changes to the approved

product, such as adding new indications and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further FDA review

and approval.

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and

standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of

previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or

with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the

approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market study requirements or clinical trial

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requirements to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a

REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

• restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from

the market or product recalls;

• fines, untitled letters or warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials;

• adverse publicity, including FDA statements regarding the safety of products;

• refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or

suspension or revocation of product license approvals;

• product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or

• injunctions, fines, debarment, disgorgement of profits or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the

market. Pharmaceutical products may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the

provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations

prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label

uses may be subject to significant liability.

Orphan Drug Designation

Orphan drug designation in the United States is designed to encourage sponsors to develop products intended

for rare diseases or conditions. In the United States, a rare disease or condition is statutorily defined as a

disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or that affects more than

200,000 individuals in the United States but for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of

developing and making available the product for the disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the

product in the United States.

Orphan drug designation qualifies a company for certain financial incentives, including tax advantages and, if the

product receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has orphan designation, market exclusivity

for seven years following the date of the product’s marketing approval. An application for designation as an

orphan product can be made any time prior to the filing of an application for approval to market the product.

Once a product receives orphan drug designation from the Office of Orphan Products Development at the FDA,

the product must then go through the review and approval process like any other product.

In addition, a sponsor of a product that is otherwise the same product as an already approved orphan drug may

seek and obtain orphan drug designation for the subsequent product for the same rare disease or condition if it

can present a plausible hypothesis that its product may be clinically superior to the first product. More than one

sponsor may receive orphan drug designation for the same product for the same rare disease or condition, but

each sponsor seeking orphan drug designation must file a complete request for designation.

The period of exclusivity begins on the date that the marketing application is approved by the FDA and applies

only to the indication for which the product has been designated. The FDA may approve a second application for

the same product for a different use or a second application for a clinically superior version of the product for the

same use. The FDA cannot, however, approve the same product made by another manufacturer for the same

indication during the market exclusivity period unless it has the consent of the sponsor, the manufacturer makes

a showing of clinical superiority over the product with orphan exclusivity, or the sponsor is unable to provide

sufficient quantities.

Orphan product designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review

and approval process.

Pediatric Studies and Exclusivity

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Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, an NDA or a BLA or supplement thereto must contain data that

are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant

pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the

product is safe and effective. Sponsors who are planning to submit a marketing application for a drug or

biological product that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen

or new route of administration must also submit pediatric study plans prior to the assessment data, and no later

than 60 calendar days following an end-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA or, if there is no such meeting, as early

as practicable before the initiation of the Phase 3 or Phase 2/3 study. Pediatric study plans must contain an

outline of the proposed pediatric study or studies the sponsor plans to conduct, including study objectives and

design, any deferral or waiver requests and other information required by regulation. The sponsor, the FDA, and

the FDA’s internal review committee must then review the information submitted, consult with each other and

agree upon a final plan. The FDA or the sponsor may request an amendment to the plan at any time.

The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the sponsor, grant deferrals for submission of some or all

pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data

requirements. Additional requirements and procedures relating to deferral requests and requests for extension of

deferrals are contained in FDASIA. Unless otherwise required by regulation, the pediatric data requirements do

not apply to products with orphan designation.

Pediatric exclusivity is another type of non-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted,

provides for the attachment of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing

regulatory exclusivity, including the non-patent and orphan exclusivity. This six-month exclusivity may be granted

if an NDA or a BLA sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written request from the FDA for such

data. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the

clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted. If reports of

requested pediatric studies are submitted to and accepted by the FDA within the statutory time limits, whatever

statutory or regulatory periods of exclusivity or patent protection cover the product are extended by six months.

This is not a patent term extension, but it effectively extends the regulatory period during which the FDA cannot

approve another application.

Biosimilars and Reference Product Exclusivity

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation

Act, or collectively, the ACA, signed into law in 2010, includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition

and Innovation Act of 2009, or the BPCIA, which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological

products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-approved reference biological product. To date, a

number of biosimilars have been licensed under the BPCIA, and numerous biosimilars have been approved in

Europe.

Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years

following the date that the reference product was first licensed by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a

biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference

product was first licensed. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a

competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing

that sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the

safety, purity and potency of its product. The BPCIA also created certain exclusivity periods for biosimilars

approved as interchangeable products. At this juncture, it is unclear whether products deemed “interchangeable”

by the FDA will, in fact, be readily substituted by pharmacies, which are governed by state pharmacy law.

The FDA has issued several guidance documents outlining an approach to review and approval of biosimilars.

Biosimilarity, which requires that there be no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and

the reference product in terms of safety, purity and potency, can be shown through analytical studies, animal

studies, and a clinical study or studies. Interchangeability requires that a product is biosimilar to the reference

product and the product must demonstrate that it can be expected to produce the same clinical results as the

reference product in any given patient and, for products that are administered multiple times to an individual, the

biologic and the reference biologic may be alternated or switched after one has been previously administered

without increasing safety risks or risks of diminished efficacy relative to exclusive use of the reference biologic.

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Complexities associated with the larger, and often more complex, structures of biological products, as well as the

processes by which such products are manufactured, pose significant hurdles to implementation of the

abbreviated approval pathway that are still being worked out by the FDA.

The BPCIA is complex and continues to be interpreted and implemented by the FDA. In addition, recent

government proposals have sought to reduce the 12-year reference product exclusivity period. Other aspects of

the BPCIA, some of which may impact the BPCIA exclusivity provisions, have also been the subject of recent

litigation. As a result, the ultimate implementation and impact of the BPCIA is subject to significant uncertainty.

B. Regulation and Procedures Governing Approval of Medicinal Products in the European Union

The process governing approval of medicinal products, including biological medicinal products and advanced

therapy medicinal products, or ATMPs, which comprise gene therapy products, somatic cell therapy products

and tissue-engineered products, in the European Union generally follows the same lines as in the United States.

It entails satisfactory completion of pharmaceutical development, nonclinical and clinical studies to establish the

safety and efficacy of the medicinal product for each proposed indication. Moreover, an applicant must also

demonstrate the ability to manufacture the product to a suitable quality.

Clinical Trial Approval

Until recently, pursuant to the Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC and the Directive 2005/28/EC on GCP, a

system for the approval of clinical trials in the European Union has been implemented through national

legislation of the member states. Under this system, a sponsor must obtain approval from the competent national

authority of a European Union member state in which the clinical trial is to be conducted or in multiple member

states if the clinical trial is to be conducted in a number of member states. Furthermore, the sponsor may only

start a clinical trial at a specific study site after the independent ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion.

In April 2014, the European Union adopted a new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which took effect

on January 31, 2022 and replaced the Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC. Commission Implementing

Regulation (EU) 2017/556 replaced the GCP Directive 2005/28/EC. The Regulation has overhauled the former

system of approvals for clinical trials in the European Union. Specifically, the Regulation, which is directly

applicable in all member states, aims to simplify and streamline the approval of clinical trials in the European

Union. For instance, Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 enables sponsors to submit one online application via a

single online platform known as the Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS) for approval to run a clinical trial in

several European countries, making it more efficient to carry out such multinational trials. It provides for strictly

defined deadlines for the assessment of clinical trial applications. This means that one national authority takes

the lead in reviewing the application and the other national authorities have only a limited involvement, although

the clinical trial approval is still granted by each national competent authority. Any substantial changes to the trial

protocol or other information submitted with the clinical trial applications must be notified to or approved by the

relevant competent authorities and ethics committees.

Pursuant to transitional provisions under Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, trials for which a request for approval

was submitted prior to January 31, 2022 could continue under the national implementations of the Directives

until January 31, 2025. In addition, until January 30, 2023, clinical trial sponsors could use CTIS to apply to run a

clinical trial under the Regulation or could choose to apply to run a trial under the Clinical Trials Directive.

However, since January 31, 2023, clinical trial sponsors have needed to use CTIS as the single-entry point to

apply to start a new clinical trial in the EU/EEA and such trials must be run under the Regulation. By January 31,

2025, any ongoing trials approved under the Clinical Trial Directive will fall under the Regulation and information

about them must be transferred to CTIS.

Under either regime, clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with European Union and national

regulations and the International Conference on Harmonization, or ICH, guidelines on GCP. Additional GCP

guidelines from the European Commission, with a focus on traceability, apply to clinical trials of ATMPs. If the

sponsor of the clinical trial is not established within the European Union, it must appoint an entity within the

European Union to act as its legal representative.

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The clinical trial application must be accompanied by a copy of the trial protocol and an investigational medicinal

product dossier with supporting information prescribed by applicable legislation as further detailed in applicable

guidance documents. Moreover, the sponsor must take out a clinical trial insurance policy, and in most European

Union countries the sponsor is liable to provide ‘no fault’ compensation to any study subject injured in the clinical

trial.

The sponsor of a clinical trial must register the clinical trial in advance, and information related to the product,

patient population, phase of investigation, study sites and investigators, and other aspects of the clinical trial will

be made public as part of the registration. The results of the clinical trial must be submitted to the competent

authorities and, with the exception of non-pediatric Phase 1 trials, will be made public at the latest within 12

months after the end of the trial.

During the development of a medicinal product, the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and national

medicines regulators within the European Union provide the opportunity for dialogue and guidance on the

development program. At the EMA level, this is usually done in the form of scientific advice, which is given by the

Scientific Advice Working Party of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP. A fee is

incurred with each scientific advice procedure. Advice from the EMA is typically provided based on questions

concerning, for example, quality (chemistry, manufacturing and controls testing), nonclinical testing and clinical

studies, and pharmacovigilance plans and risk-management programs. Advice is not legally binding with regard

to any future marketing authorization application of the product concerned.

Marketing Authorization

To obtain a marketing authorization for a product under the European Union regulatory system, a sponsor must

submit a marketing authorization application, or MAA, either under the centralized procedure administered by the

EMA or one of the procedures administered by competent authorities in European Union member states

(decentralized procedure, mutual recognition procedure, or if the product is to be approved in only one member

state, the national procedure).

All application procedures require an application in the common technical document, or CTD, format, which

includes the submission of detailed information about the manufacturing and quality of the product, and

nonclinical and clinical trial information. There is an increasing trend in the European Union toward greater

transparency and, while certain of the manufacturing or quality information is currently generally protected as

commercially confidential information, the EMA and national regulatory authorities are now liable to disclose

much of the nonclinical and clinical information in marketing authorization dossiers, including the full clinical

study reports, in response to freedom of information requests after the marketing authorization has been

granted. In October 2014, the EMA adopted a policy under which clinical study reports would be posted on the

agency’s website following the grant, denial or withdrawal of a MAA, subject to procedures for limited redactions

and protection against unfair commercial use. The operation of this policy has been suspended in recent years

due to priorities. However, it continues to apply the policy to COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics. A similar

transparency requirement is contained in the Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014.

A marketing authorization may be granted only to a sponsor established in the European Union. Regulation (EC)

No. 1901/2006 on medicinal products for pediatric use provides that prior to obtaining a marketing authorization

in the European Union in the centralized procedure, a sponsor must demonstrate compliance with all measures

included in an EMA-approved Pediatric Investigation Plan covering all subsets of the pediatric population, unless

the EMA has granted a product-specific waiver, class waiver or deferral for one or more of the measures

included in the Pediatric Investigation Plan.

The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization by the European

Commission that is valid for all European Union and European Economic Area member states. Pursuant to

Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004, the centralized procedure is compulsory for specific products, including for

medicines (including vaccines) produced by certain biotechnological processes, products designated as orphan

medicinal products, advanced therapy medicinal products and products with a new active substance indicated

for the treatment of certain diseases, including products for the treatment of cancer. For products with a new

active substance indicated for the treatment of other diseases and products that are highly innovative or for

which a centralized process is in the interest of patients, the centralized procedure is optional.

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Under the centralized procedure, the CHMP established at the EMA is responsible for conducting the

assessment of a product to define its risk/benefit profile. Under the centralized procedure, the maximum

timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA is 210 days, excluding clock stops when additional information or written

or oral explanation is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions from the CHMP. Accelerated

evaluation may be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is of major interest

from the point of view of public health determined by three cumulative criteria: (i) the seriousness of the disease

(e.g., heavy disabling or life-threatening diseases) to be treated, (ii) the absence or insufficiency of an

appropriate alternative therapeutic approach, and (iii) anticipation of high therapeutic benefit.

If the CHMP accepts such a request, the time limit of 210 days will be reduced to 150 days, but it is possible that

the CHMP may revert to the standard time limit for the centralized procedure if it determines that it is no longer

appropriate to conduct an accelerated assessment. The Committee for Advanced Therapies, or CAT, is

responsible in conjunction with the CHMP for the evaluation of ATMPs. The CAT is primarily responsible for the

scientific evaluation of ATMPs and prepares a draft opinion on the quality, safety and efficacy of each ATMP for

which a MAA is submitted. The CAT’s opinion is then taken into account by the CHMP when giving its final

recommendation regarding the authorization of a product in view of the balance of benefits and risks identified.

Although the CAT’s draft opinion is submitted to the CHMP for final approval, the CHMP may depart from the

draft opinion if it provides detailed scientific justification. The CHMP and CAT are also responsible for providing

guidelines on ATMPs and have published numerous guidelines, including specific guidelines on gene therapies

and cell therapies. These guidelines, which are not legally binding, provide additional guidance on the factors

that the EMA will consider in relation to the development and evaluation of ATMPs and include, inter alia, the

preclinical studies required to characterize ATMPs, the manufacturing and control information that should be

submitted in a MAA; and post-approval measures required to monitor patients and evaluate the long term

efficacy and potential adverse reactions of ATMPs.

The European Commission may grant a so-called “marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances.”

Such authorization is intended for products for which the applicant can demonstrate that it is unable to provide

comprehensive data on the efficacy and safety under normal conditions of use, because the indications for which

the product in question is intended are encountered so rarely that the applicant cannot reasonably be expected

to provide comprehensive evidence, or in the present state of scientific knowledge, comprehensive information

cannot be provided, or it would be contrary to generally accepted principles of medical ethics to collect such

information. Consequently, marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances may be granted subject to

certain specific obligations, which may include the following:

• the applicant must complete an identified program of studies within a time period specified by the

competent authority, the results of which form the basis of a reassessment of the benefit/risk profile;

• the medicinal product in question may be supplied on medical prescription only and may in certain cases

be administered only under strict medical supervision, possibly in a hospital, and in the case of a radio-

pharmaceutical, by an authorized person; and

• the package leaflet and any medical information must draw the attention of the medical practitioner to

the fact that the particulars available concerning the medicinal product in question are as yet inadequate

in certain specified respects.

A marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances is subject to annual review to reassess the risk-

benefit balance in an annual re-assessment procedure. Continuation of the authorization is linked to the annual

reassessment and a negative assessment could potentially result in the marketing authorization being

suspended or revoked. The renewal of the marketing authorization of a medicinal product under exceptional

circumstances follows the same rules as a “normal” marketing authorization. After five years, the marketing

authorization will then be renewed under exceptional circumstances for an unlimited period, unless the EMA

decides, on justified grounds, to proceed with one additional five-year renewal.

The European Commission may also grant a so-called “conditional marketing authorization” prior to obtaining the

comprehensive clinical data required for an application for a full marketing authorization. Such conditional

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marketing authorizations may be granted for product candidates (including medicines designated as orphan

medicinal products and vaccines) if the CHMP finds that all the following requirements are met:

• the benefit-risk balance of the product is positive;

• it is likely that the applicant will be able to provide comprehensive data;

• unmet medical needs will be fulfilled; and

• the benefit to public health of the medicinal product’s immediate availability on the market outweighs the

risks due to need for further data.

A conditional marketing authorization will contain specific obligations to be fulfilled by the marketing authorization

holder, including obligations with respect to the completion of ongoing or new studies, manufacturing information

and with respect to the collection of pharmacovigilance data. Conditional marketing authorizations are valid for

one year, and may be renewed annually, if the risk-benefit balance remains positive, and after an assessment of

the need for additional or modified conditions and/or specific obligations. The timelines for the centralized

procedure described above also apply with respect to the review by the CHMP of applications for a conditional

marketing authorization. Once comprehensive data on the medicinal product have been obtained, the marketing

authorization may be converted into a standard marketing authorization which is no longer subject to specific

obligations. Initially, this is valid for five years, but can be renewed for unlimited validity.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the EMA followed a “rolling review” process for COVID-19 vaccines, which is

an ad hoc procedure by which data is assessed as it becomes available with the aim of granting a conditional

marketing authorization.

The European Union medicines rules expressly permit the member states to adopt national legislation prohibiting

or restricting the sale, supply or use of any medicinal products containing, consisting of or derived from a specific

type of human or animal cell, such as embryonic stem cells.

Periods of Authorization and Renewals

A marketing authorization is valid for five years, in principle, and it may be renewed after five years on the basis

of a reevaluation of the risk benefit balance by the EMA or by the competent authority of the authorizing member

states. To that end, the marketing authorization holder must provide the EMA or the competent authority with a

consolidated version of the file in respect of quality, safety and efficacy, including all variations introduced since

the marketing authorization was granted, at least six months before the marketing authorization ceases to be

valid. Once renewed, the marketing authorization is valid for an unlimited period, unless the European

Commission or the competent authority decides, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, to proceed

with one additional five-year renewal period. Any authorization that is not followed by the placement of the

product on the European Union market (in the case of the centralized procedure) or on the market of the

authorizing member state within three years after authorization ceases to be valid (referred to as the “sunset”

clause).

Emergency Use Distribution

The European Union medicines rules, as implemented into the national laws of the EU member states, permit

national authorities to authorize temporarily the distribution of an unapproved medicinal product in certain

emergency situations, including suspected or confirmed spread of pathogenic agents. Such an emergency use

distribution, or EUD (sometimes referred to as a “temporary exemption,” i.e., a temporary exemption from the

requirement to obtain a marketing authorization), would apply for the duration of the emergency only and would

be limited to the member state in which it has been issued. When considering whether to grant an EUD, the

relevant member state decides, which data it requires for the grant of the EUD. COVID-19 vaccines to date have

followed the centralized procedure, which was previously combined with a rolling review of data with a view to

granting conditional marketing authorizations .

Regulatory Requirements after Marketing Authorization

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Following approval, the holder of the marketing authorization is required to comply with a range of requirements

applicable to the manufacturing, marketing, promotion and sale of the medicinal product. These include

compliance with the European Union’s stringent pharmacovigilance or safety reporting rules, pursuant to which

post-authorization studies and additional monitoring obligations can be imposed. The holder of a marketing

authorization must establish and maintain a pharmacovigilance system and appoint an individual qualified

person for pharmacovigilance who is responsible for oversight of that system. Key obligations include expedited

reporting of suspected serious adverse reactions and submission of periodic safety update reports, or PSURs.

All new MAAs must include a risk management plan, or RMP, describing the risk management system that the

company will put in place and documenting measures to prevent or minimize the risks associated with the

product. The regulatory authorities may also impose specific obligations as a condition of the marketing

authorization. Such risk-minimization measures or post-authorization obligations may include additional safety

monitoring, more frequent submission of PSURs, or the conduct of additional clinical trials or post-authorization

safety or efficacy studies. RMPs and PSURs are routinely available to third parties requesting access, subject to

limited redactions.

In addition, the manufacturing of authorized products, for which a separate manufacturer’s license is mandatory,

must also be conducted in strict compliance with the EMA’s GMP requirements and comparable requirements of

other regulatory bodies in the European Union, which mandate the methods, facilities and controls used in the

manufacturing, processing and packing of products to assure their safety and identity. Specifically, medicinal

products may only be manufactured in the European Union, or imported into the European Union from another

country, by the holder of a manufacturing/import authorization from the competent national authority. The

manufacturer or importer must have a qualified person who is responsible for certifying that each batch of

product has been manufactured in accordance with European Union standards of good manufacturing practice,

or GMP, before releasing the product for commercial distribution in the European Union or for use in a clinical

trial. Manufacturing facilities are subject to periodic inspections by the competent authorities for compliance with

GMP.

Finally, the marketing and promotion of authorized products, including industry-sponsored continuing medical

education and advertising directed toward the prescribers of products and/or the general public, are strictly

regulated in the European Union. In principle, all advertising and promotional activities for the product must be

consistent with the approved summary of product characteristics, and therefore all off-label promotion is

prohibited. Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines (including vaccines) is also prohibited in the

European Union. Although general requirements for advertising and promotion of medicinal products are

established under Directive 2001/83/EC, as amended, the details and the enforcement of these rules are

governed by regulations in each member state and can differ from one country to another.

The enforcement actions and consequences for non-compliance with the EU legislation are similar to those

listed above for the United States. For centrally approved products in the EU, there is the possibility of fines for

regulatory non-compliance with certain of the legal requirements, including in relation to obligations regarding

placing the product on the market, safety monitoring and pediatric compliance.

Human Cells and Tissues

Human cells and tissues that are intended for human applications but that do not fall within the scope of rules

governing medicinal products or medical devices are not subject to premarket review and approval, nor do they

require extensive preclinical and clinical testing. However, there are European Union rules governing the

donation, procurement, testing and storage of human cells and tissues intended for human application, whether

or not they are ATMPs. These rules also cover the processing, preservation and distribution of human cell and

tissues that are not ATMPs. Establishments that conduct such activities must be licensed and are subject to

inspection by regulatory authorities. Such establishments must implement appropriate quality systems and

maintain appropriate records to ensure that cells and tissues can be traced from the donor to the recipient and

vice versa. There are also requirements to report serious adverse events and reactions linked to the quality and

safety of cells and tissues. More detailed rules may exist at the national level.

Named Patient Supplies and Compassionate Use Programs

The European Union medicines rules allow individual member states to permit the supply of a medicinal product

without a marketing authorization to fulfill special needs, where the product is supplied in response to a bona fide

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unsolicited order, formulated in accordance with the specifications of a healthcare professional and for use by an

individual patient under his direct personal responsibility. This may in certain countries also apply to products

manufactured in a country outside the European Union and imported to treat specific patients or small groups of

patients.

Some member state laws also provide for compassionate use on a “cohort” basis, subject to review and

approval of the cohort program based on the local laws in the member state.

Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity

Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000 and Regulation (EC) No. 847/2000 provide that a product can be designated as

an orphan drug by the European Commission if its sponsor can establish: that the product is intended for the

diagnosis, prevention or treatment of (i) a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more

than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union when the application is made, or (ii) a life-threatening,

seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition in the European Union and that without incentives it is

unlikely that the marketing of the product in the European Union would generate sufficient return to justify the

necessary investment. For either of these conditions, the sponsor must demonstrate that there exists no

satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition in question that has been authorized in

the European Union or, if such method exists, the product has to be of significant benefit compared to products

available for the condition.

An orphan drug designation provides a number of benefits, including fee reductions, regulatory assistance and

the possibility to apply for a centralized European Union marketing authorization. Marketing authorization for an

orphan drug leads to a 10-year period of orphan market exclusivity. During this orphan market exclusivity period,

neither the EMA nor the European Commission or the member states can accept an application or grant a

marketing authorization for a “similar medicinal product.” A “similar medicinal product” is defined as a medicinal

product containing a similar active substance or substances as contained in a currently authorized orphan

medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. The market exclusivity period for

the authorized therapeutic indication may, however, be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is

established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation.

European Data Collection and Data Protection Laws

We are required to comply with strict data protection and privacy legislation in the jurisdictions in which we

operate, including the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679, or GDPR. The GDPR governs our

collection and use of personal data in the European Union relating to individuals (e.g., patients). The GDPR

imposes several requirements on organizations that process such data, including: to observe core data

processing principles; to comply with various accountability measures; to provide more detailed information to

individuals about data processing activities; to establish a legal basis to process personal data (including

enhanced consent requirements); to maintain the integrity, security and confidentiality of personal data; and to

report personal data breaches. The GDPR also restricts the transfer of personal data outside of the European

Economic Area (e.g., to the United States and other countries that are not deemed to provide adequate

protection under their domestic laws). The GDPR may impose additional responsibility and liability in relation to

personal data that we process, and require us to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with

the new data protection rules. This may be onerous and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results

of operations and prospects. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and related national data

protection laws of European Union member states may result in a variety of enforcement measures, including

significant fines and other administrative measures. The GDPR has introduced substantial fines for breaches of

the data protection rules, increased powers for regulators, enhanced rights for individuals, and new rules on

judicial remedies and collective redress. We may be subject to claims by third parties, such as patients or

regulatory bodies, that we or our employees or independent contractors inadvertently or otherwise breached

GDPR and related data protection rules. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no

guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we do not prevail, we could be required to pay substantial

fines and/or damages and could suffer significant reputational harm. Even if we are successful, litigation could

result in substantial cost and be a distraction to management and other employees.

C. Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement

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Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any product candidates for which

we may obtain regulatory approval. Even if our product candidates are approved for marketing, sales of such

product candidates will depend, in part, on the extent to which third-party payors, including government health

programs in the United States (such as Medicare and Medicaid), commercial health insurers and managed care

organizations, provide coverage and establish adequate reimbursement levels for such product candidates. In

the United States, the member states of the European Union and markets in other countries, patients who are

prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on

third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Reimbursement rules and levels

are not harmonized in the European Union and therefore differ from member state to member state. Patients are

unlikely to use any product candidates we may develop unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is

adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of such product candidates. The process for determining

whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or

reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors are

increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical

products and services and imposing controls to manage costs.

In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, a company may

need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-

effectiveness of the product, and the cost of these studies would be in addition to the costs required to obtain

FDA or other comparable marketing approvals. Even after pharmacoeconomic studies are conducted, product

candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost effective. A decision by a third-party payor not to

cover any product candidates we may develop could reduce physician utilization of such product candidates

once approved and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.

Additionally, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate

reimbursement rate will be approved. For example, the payor may require co-payments that patients find

unacceptably high. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that

such coverage will continue or that other payors will also provide coverage and reimbursement for the product,

and the level of coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor. Third-party

reimbursement and coverage may not be adequate to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an

appropriate return on our investment in product development. The insurance coverage and reimbursement

status of newly approved products for orphan diseases is particularly uncertain, and failure to obtain or maintain

adequate coverage and reimbursement for any such product candidates could limit a company’s ability to

generate revenue.

The containment of healthcare costs also has become a priority of U.S. federal and state and other non-U.S.

governments as well as other third-party payors such as statutory health insurance funds, and the prices of

pharmaceuticals have been a focus in this effort. Governments have shown significant interest in implementing

cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for

substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of

more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit a company’s

revenue from the sale of any approved products. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may

change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products

for which a company or its collaborators receive marketing approval, less favorable coverage policies and

reimbursement rates may be implemented or coverage may be ended in the future.

Outside the United States, we will face challenges in ensuring and obtaining adequate coverage and payment

for any product candidates we may develop. Pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental

control in many countries, including in particular the member states of the European Union. Pricing negotiations

with governmental authorities or other third-party payors such as statutory health insurance funds can extend

well beyond the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product and may require us to conduct a clinical

trial or non-interventional study that compares the cost effectiveness of any product candidates we may develop

to other available therapies. The conduct of such a clinical trial or study could be expensive and result in delays

in our commercialization efforts.

In the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries

provide that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may

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require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product candidate

to currently available therapies (so called health technology assessments) in order to obtain reimbursement or

pricing approval. The European Union recently adopted Regulation (EU) 2021/2282 on health technology

assessment, which provides a framework for member states to cooperate on health technology assessments at

the EU level. The Regulation is directly applicable in all EU member states which is in a phased period of

applicability since January 12, 2025, although pricing will still be determined nationally. Moreover, at the national

level, European Union member states may restrict the range of products for which their national health insurance

systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. Member states

may approve a specific price for a product or may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the

profitability of the company placing the product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their

own prices for products, but monitor and control prescription volumes and issue guidance to physicians to limit

prescriptions. Recently, many countries in the European Union have increased the amount of discounts required

on pharmaceuticals and these efforts could continue as countries attempt to manage healthcare expenditures,

especially in light of the severe fiscal and debt crises experienced by many countries in the European Union. The

downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription products, has become intense. As a

result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products in the marketplace. Political,

economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations

may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various European Union

member states and parallel trade (arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states) can further

reduce prices. Special pricing and reimbursement rules may apply to orphan drugs. Inclusion of orphan drugs in

reimbursement systems tend to focus on the medical usefulness, need, quality and economic benefits to patients

and the healthcare system as for any product. Acceptance of any medicinal product for reimbursement may

come with cost, use and often volume restrictions, which again can vary by country. In addition, results-based

rules of reimbursement may apply. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or

reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing

arrangements for any of our products, if approved in those countries.

For COVID-19 vaccine candidates in the European Union, no pricing and reimbursement or health technology

assessments discussions have taken place with the respective health insurances and competent bodies at a

national member state level. Currently, COVID-19 vaccine candidates are supplied in the European Union based

on vaccine supply agreements with the European Commission that is acting on behalf and in the name of the

member states of the European Union.

D. United Kingdom

On June 23, 2016, in a national referendum, a majority of the electorate voted in favor of the United Kingdom

leaving the European Union (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). On March 29, 2017, the United Kingdom

Government formally notified the European Union of its intention to withdraw from the Union pursuant to Article

50 of the Treaty on the European Union. The United Kingdom formally left the European Union on January 31,

2020, with all applicable EU law, including the regulation of medicinal products, applying to and in the United

Kingdom for a transitional period, which has now expired. The United Kingdom and the European Union have

reached agreement on the terms of their future relationship in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, or the

TCA, which formally entered into force on May 1, 2021. While the TCA governs tariff and quota free trade

between the United Kingdom and the European Union markets, it does not provide for regulatory alignment. The

regulatory framework for medicinal products in the United Kingdom is predominantly derived from European

Union law. The UK currently offers different routes to obtain a marketing authorization: (a) a national application

route with a 150-day assessment timeline, excluding clock stops or (b) an international recognition route by

which a company relies on a positive CHMP opinion or an approval granted by another reference regulator,

including the FDA and the Japanese PDMA. The international recognition procedure takes 60 days with no clock

stops for simpler applications that were approved by the reference regulator within the past two years and 110

days with the possibility of a clock stop for all other eligible applications.

Domestic United Kingdom law provided that all existing European Union law in force on December 31, 2020 was

retained in UK national law, subject to certain revisions that became necessary as a result of Brexit.

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However, the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023 came into force on January 1, 2024. This

revoked some retained EU laws (although not any relating to medicines regulation). All other retained EU laws

have been renamed as “assimilated laws” and are no longer subject to the EU principles of interpretation. Thus,

while at least initially the United Kingdom and the European Union laws relating to medicines are largely aligned,

there is the potential for further divergence in the future.

Under the terms of the Northern Ireland Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement, European Union law governing

medicinal products continued to apply to and in Northern Ireland resulting in the potential for separate marketing

authorizations in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In March 2023, the Northern Ireland Protocol was adjusted

by the Windsor Framework, which is another post-Brexit agreement between the EU and the UK. The Windsor

Framework aims to make it easier to move certain goods, including medicines, from Great Britain to Northern

Ireland. Beginning January 1, 2025, medicines for supply in the UK are now authorized UK-wide by the

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) only and companies can no longer apply for, or

maintain, separate licenses for Great Britain and Northern Ireland to market new medicines. Other key changes

introduced by the Windsor Framework include removing the requirements of the EU Falsified Medicines

Directive (FMD) from products intended for Northern Ireland and a requirement that all medicines placed on the

UK market be labeled “UK Only.”

E. Greater China

Mainland China

Similar to the United States and the European Union, Mainland China has rules governing the approval for

development and commercialization of drugs, including specialized rules for vaccines. China’s drug law and

regulations require that the National Medical Products Administration’s, or NMPA’s, Center for Drug Evaluation,

or CDE, approve a clinical trial application prior to initiating a study to support the safety and effectiveness of a

drug, including a therapeutic or preventive biologic (i.e., a vaccine). This clinical trial application generally takes

approximately 60 business days but may be expedited in the case of innovative drugs studied at certain

approved sites in China.

Once approved, vaccine clinical trials must be conducted at sites that are qualified disease prevention and

control, or CDC, institutions and grade III hospitals, and the implementation of the trial must be in accordance

with China’s general drug and specialized vaccine good clinical practice regulations and related guidelines.

Other drug trials must be conducted at designated hospital sites in accordance with China’s general drug good

clinical practice rules. Furthermore, prior to the commencement of the clinical trial in China each site’s ethics

committee must approve the trial, and the National Health Commission must approve the use of human samples

containing genetic material and related genetic data. The human genetic resources, or HGR, approval requires a

joint approval or record-filing application by the Chinese and foreign parties, setting forth the parties that will

handle data and samples, the type and amount of samples that will be utilized during the study, the tests/

analysis run, and the plans for storage or destruction, and potentially the intellectual property sharing

arrangement among the parties, among other items. If the research is exploratory (i.e., not tied to a program

designed to obtain registration in China), patentable IP arising from the use of the HGR samples and data must

be jointly owned by the Chinese and foreign parties. Once approved, the HGR approval/filing may require

updates and amendments and additional procedures to transfer data to foreign parties that are not on the

approval. A final report is due at the end of the study.

Once a clinical trial in China is complete and/or foreign data is assembled, a company may submit an application

for a marketing authorization, or MA, of the drug. This procedure will include submission of clinical data,

manufacturing information and test results, among other items, and may include an onsite pre-market verification

by the NMPA. This application may be considered more quickly if the applicant qualifies for admission to various

expedited programs, including breakthrough designation for drugs that are new to the world in some respect,

treat life threatening or quality of life altering diseases and either have no comparator on the market or represent

a significant clinical advantage over existing approved therapies. Conditional approval procedures permit

approval of a drug based on earlier stage data, but subject continued marketing to the fulfillment of post-market

conditions with a designation period of time, such as the completion of additional studies. Therapeutic biologics

and small molecule drugs follow similar steps to approval for development and marketing. These steps are

similar for drugs that are imported and those that are produced domestically in China. However, domestically

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produced drugs must be produced at a facility that also obtains a drug manufacturing license based, in part, on a

pre-marketing good manufacturing practice inspection.

At both the clinical trial and MA stages, applicants for imported drugs must list a regulatory agent on the

application. The agent must be an entity in China. The imported drug MA holder must also make a filing to a

provincial level government appointing a responsible person, which is an entity that assists the marketing

authorization holder, or MAH, with fulfilling its post-market drug regulatory obligations in China. The responsible

person of the MAH is jointly liable with the MAH for these drug regulatory obligations.

Once approved, vaccines may be procured by the CDC through platforms organized by the provincial

governments. Vaccines in China must be sold and directly distributed by domestic manufacturers or general

distributors appointed to represent overseas makers to municipal level CDCs, which handle allocation and

distribution to points of vaccination in China. Distribution of other drugs occurs through procurement processes

for sales at public hospitals and sales to private hospitals or pharmacies. Distributors of all drugs must possess a

MA for the drug they are distributing or a drug distribution license.

As is the case with all drugs, once on the market, MAHs will also have post-market obligations, including

fulfillment of post-marketing commitments. In the case of vaccines, MAHs must pay compensation for injuries

caused adverse events following inoculation, or AEFIs, if the vaccine is not one required as part of the National

Inoculation Program. The government bears the cost of NIP vaccines and related AEFIs. All drug MAHs are

subject to other post-market obligations for drug marketing authorization holders, including recalls, annual

reporting, and inspections. All drug MAs must be renewed every five years, and supplemental applications,

notifications, or reports may need to be submitted for major, moderate and minor changes, respectively, to the

original registration (e.g., significant manufacturing changes).

Advertisements of prescription drugs, including vaccines, must be pre-approved and may only be placed in

approved medical journals. Other forms of “academic promotion” may be performed by medical representatives

who are authorized in writing by MAHs (or their agents) and their information filed on government designated

websites. Currently, medical representatives are permitted to provide information about the drug to health care

professionals (in accordance with certain procedural rules) and collect feedback as to drug safety, although a

proposed revision to this rule may further restrict the activities of the medical representatives.

Hong Kong and Macao

Mainland China’s drug regulatory system does not apply in Hong Kong or Macao. These administrative regions

are governed by separate laws on the development, approval, manufacturing, distribution and advertising and

promotion of drugs, including vaccines. Similar rules restricting advertising and promotional content and, in the

case of Macao, government approved advertisements, also apply.

F. Türkiye

Other countries such as Türkiye and those in the Middle East have regulatory review processes and data

requirements for medicinal products, including vaccines, similar to those described for the European Union. The

regulatory licensing process in these countries may include local marketing authorization requirements,

manufacturing/testing facility inspections, testing of drug product upon importation and other domestic

requirements. Some countries, such as Türkiye, have introduced specific emergency authorization regimes for

COVID-19 vaccines.

G. Rest of the World Regulation

The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product (including vaccine) licensing, pricing, and

reimbursement vary from country to country in markets outside the European Union and the United States. In

many markets, clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice and applicable

regulatory requirements. Ethical standards typically follow the Declaration of Helsinki principles. In response to

the COVID-19 pandemic, some markets have granted or are considering the grant of emergency use

authorizations for vaccine candidates instead of the otherwise available regulatory approval pathways. Supply of

the COVID-19 vaccine to a number of countries outside of the United States and the European Union is similarly

governed by vaccine supply agreements with local governments.

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In Africa, there is limited harmonization of the regulation of drug and biological products across the continent,

and the functionality and regulatory capacity of national medicines regulatory authorities varies between

jurisdictions. For example, many regulators lack the technical expertise to independently assess marketing

authorization applications and instead have adopted “reliance” procedures, whereby authorization by a foreign

stringent regulatory authority or registration as a WHO pre-qualified product may be a condition for approval. The

African Union (“AU”) has issued several harmonization initiatives for medicines, including adopting the AU Model

Law on Medical Products Regulation in 2016 and establishing the African Medicines Agency, or AMA, in 2019.

The AMA’s responsibilities will include evaluating medicines for the treatment of priority diseases, among other

harmonization-related responsibilities, but has yet to issue any regulatory guidelines or procedures to date.

Failure to adhere to regulatory requirements may lead to, among others, fines, suspension or withdrawal of

regulatory authorizations or approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, restrictions or suspensions of

operations, or criminal prosecution.

H. Healthcare Law and Regulation

Healthcare providers and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of

pharmaceutical products that are granted marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with

providers, researchers, consultants, third-party payors and customers are subject to broadly applicable federal

and state fraud and abuse, anti-kickback, false claims, transparency and patient privacy laws and regulations

and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain our business and/or financial arrangements.

Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations in the United States and

elsewhere include, without limitation, the following:

• the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from

knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in-cash

or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or

recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a

federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have

actual knowledge of the statute or a specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

Moreover, the government may assert that a claim that includes items or services resulting from a

violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the

civil False Claims Act;

• the U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, and civil

monetary penalties laws, which prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly

presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false,

fictitious, or fraudulent or knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or

statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;

• HIPAA, which created additional U.S. federal criminal laws that prohibit, among other things, knowingly

and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or

making false statements relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a

person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or a specific intent to violate it in

order to have committed a violation;

• HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and

their respective implementing regulations, including the Final Omnibus Rule published in January 2013,

which impose obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the

privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without the appropriate

authorization by entities subject to the law, such as healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare

clearinghouses and their respective business associates;

• the U.S. federal transparency requirements, known as the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act,

under the ACA, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies

to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, within the U.S. Department

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of Health and Human Services, information related to payments and other transfers of value made by

that entity to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by

physicians and their immediate family members;

• U.S. federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace

activities and activities that potentially harm consumers;

• U.S. federal government price reporting laws, which require us to calculate and report complex pricing

metrics to government programs and which may be used in the calculation of reimbursement and/or

discounts on marketed products;

• the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, a U.S. law which regulates certain financial relationships with foreign

government officials (which could include, for example, certain medical professionals);

• the national anti-bribery laws and laws governing interactions with healthcare professionals of European

Union member states;

• the U.K. Bribery Act 2010; and

• analogous laws and regulations in U.S. states and other jurisdictions, such as U.S. state anti-kickback

and false claims laws, which may apply to healthcare items or services that are reimbursed by non-

governmental third-party payors, including private insurers.

Some U.S. state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary

compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition

to requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other

health care providers or marketing expenditures and pricing information. Laws in U.S. states and other

jurisdictions also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which

differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance

efforts.

The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current

environment of healthcare reform, especially in light of the lack of applicable precedent and regulations. U.S.

federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare

companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and

settlements in the healthcare industry.

Violations of these laws can subject us to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions including monetary

penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment and exclusion from participation in

government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and

oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of

non-compliance with these laws, reputational harm, and we may be required to curtail or restructure our

operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business

is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to similar actions, penalties, and

sanctions. Ensuring business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare laws, as well as responding to

possible investigations by government authorities, can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert a

company’s attention from the business. Moreover, we expect that there will continue to be federal and state laws

and regulations, proposed and implemented, that could impact our future operations and business.

I. Current and Future Healthcare Reform Legislation

In the United States and other jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and

proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our

product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product

candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. We expect that current laws, as well as other healthcare

reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in

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additional downward pressure on the price that we, or any collaborators, may receive for any approved products.

The incoming new United States presidential administration may seek to pursue different or additional

approaches to drug pricing and reimbursement or could seek additional legislation affecting drug pricing, either

of which could affect future profitability.

Additionally, other federal health reform measures have been proposed and adopted in the United States since

the ACA was enacted:

• The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several

providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to

providers from three to five years.

• The Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 required that CMS reduce the Medicare

clinical laboratory fee schedule by 2% in 2013, which served as a base for 2014 and subsequent years.

In addition, effective January 1, 2014, CMS also began bundling the Medicare payments for certain

laboratory tests ordered while a patient received services in a hospital outpatient setting.

Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United States and elsewhere over the manner

in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which have resulted in several recent

Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product

pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government

program reimbursement methodologies for products. In addition, the U.S. federal government, state legislatures,

and other governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost containment programs, including

price-controls, restrictions on reimbursement, and requirements for substitution of generic products for branded

prescription drugs to limit the growth of government-paid health care costs. For example, the U.S. federal

government has passed legislation requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide rebates and discounts to

certain entities and governmental payors to participate in federal healthcare programs. Individual states in the

United States have also become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations

designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement

constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency

measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation, from other countries and bulk purchasing.

J. Packaging and Distribution in the United States and Other Jurisdictions

If our products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services

Administration, additional laws and requirements apply in the United States (and similar laws may apply in other

jurisdictions). Products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison

Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities also are potentially subject to

federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including

extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized

sale of pharmaceutical products.

The failure to comply with any of these laws or regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or

regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result

in criminal prosecution, fines or other penalties, injunctions, exclusion from federal healthcare programs,

requests for recall, seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product

approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. Any action

against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur

significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our

business in an adverse way.

Changes in regulations, statutes, or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the

future by requiring, for example, (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements, (ii) additions or modifications to

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product labeling, (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements.

If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

K. Other Environmental, Health and Safety Laws and Regulations

In the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, we may be subject to numerous environmental,

health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use,

storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our

operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological

materials, and may also produce hazardous waste products. Even if we contract with third parties for the

disposal of these materials and waste products, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or

injury resulting from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use or disposal of

our hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our

resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to

comply with such laws and regulations.

We maintain workers’ compensation employers’ liability insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may

incur due to injuries to our employees, but this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential

liabilities.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and

safety laws and regulations. Current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research,

development or production efforts. In addition, failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in

substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

L. Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Systems and Models

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local levels have been actively engaged in

advancing policy frameworks, guidance documents, discussion papers, standards, and proposed legislation

regarding the development and use of AI by life sciences companies and, where applicable, applying existing

regulatory frameworks (e.g., FDA regulations) to particular uses of AI. Likewise, the EU and other countries and

jurisdictions extensively regulate (or intend to extensively regulate) the development and use of AI systems and

models. The processes for monitoring emerging regulatory frameworks, evaluating how current and emerging

requirements for AI apply to our business, along with subsequent compliance with applicable requirements and

best practices, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

A biotech company could use AI in a number of different contexts. For example, it may use AI in the medicines

lifecycle for drug discovery, for non-clinical research and development, for data analysis in clinical trials and

analysis of real world data, for precision medicine (e.g., clinical decision support), for supporting clinical trial

design or assessing patient eligibility for clinical trials, for drafting medicinal product information documents, in

the manufacturing of medicinal products and in machinery, or to assist with post-authorization safety monitoring,

among other potential uses. If the AI is intended to perform a regulated activity (such as related to drug

manufacturing, release testing, or producing clinical/diagnostic outputs) or otherwise be used in operations that

are the subject of scrutiny by health authorities, the use of AI could trigger health authority oversight and, in

some cases, application of existing laws and regulations relevant to healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and/or medical

devices or sector-agnostic AI laws and regulations.

Outside the drug development and commercialization context, a biotech company may use AI for other

operational reasons. For example, a company may have plans to use automated personnel recruitment tools,

deploy facial recognition technology to ensure security of its services, use customer service chatbots, or allow its

employees to use generative AI or general-purpose AI tools to increase the efficiencies of administrative tasks.

A company will need to identify how it uses AI in its business operations, and identify the relevant applicable

regulatory regime that applies to ensure compliance. Failure to adhere to (or remain up to date with evolving)

regulatory requirements may lead to compliance actions, penalties and other risks.

United States

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In the United States, Congress, the White House, various federal agencies, and states have advanced proposed

AI legislation, policy frameworks, guidance documents, whitepapers, and governing principles to address the use

of AI, including when used in healthcare and life sciences. Of particular relevance to biotech companies, the FDA

has been adapting and applying existing regulatory frameworks to account for AI and has issued guidance,

discussion papers, and frameworks outlining FDA’s approach to regulation and oversight of health-related uses

of AI. To date, FDA has not issued a new regulatory framework specific to AI; rather, it has been applying its

existing regulations for drug and biologic discovery, development, clinical testing and manufacturing to

companies utilizing AI in these processes, such that companies seeking to incorporate AI into processes that are

subject to FDA oversight need to demonstrate compliance with the existing regulations for drug and biologic

sponsors. In this context, FDA issued two discussion papers on the use of AI in drug manufacturing (March

2023) and the development of drug and biological products (May 2023), and hosted a related public workshop in

August 2024. Following feedback on the discussion papers and the workshop, in January 2025, FDA issued its

first draft guidance document regarding uses of AI in drug development and other parts of the drug lifecycle,

entitled “Considerations for the Use of Artificial Intelligence to Support Regulatory Decision-Making for Drug and

Biological Products.” AI to support regulatory decision-making, within the scope of the draft guidance, includes AI

intended to support regulatory determinations made by FDA (e.g., with respect to safety or effectiveness of a

drug in a New Drug Application) and to support actions taken by sponsors in conformance with FDA’s regulatory

authority (e.g., current good manufacturing practices, post-marketing requirements, and INDs). The draft

guidance proposes a seven-step risk-based framework for assessing the risk and credibility of AI models

intended to support regulatory decision-making to determine whether the AI model is adequate for a specific use,

and describes the associated documentation FDA may expect to review in an application or during an inspection.

FDA also actively regulates some health-related AI as “software as a medical device,” or SaMD, under FDA’s

existing medical device frameworks and has issued guidance describing specific regulatory considerations that

may apply to AI-based SaMD. Most recently, FDA issued draft guidance in January 2025 on lifecycle

management and marketing submission recommendations for AI-enabled device software functions, and hosted

its inaugural Digital Health Advisory Committee meeting in November 2024 to discuss total product lifecycle

considerations for generative AI-enabled devices.

Additionally, at the executive level, the Trump Administration revoked a Biden Administration Executive Order on

the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development of Artificial Intelligence that Order contained a number of

directives that would have impacted the life sciences sector, including directives to HHS to establish an AI “Task

Force” responsible for issuing guidance on a number of AI topics (such as long-term safety and real-world

performance monitoring, predictive and generative AI, equity principles, and privacy and security standards),

develop a strategy for regulating the use of AI in drug development processes, develop an “AI assurance policy”

to evaluate the performance of AI-enabled healthcare tools, and establish a common framework for capturing

clinical errors resulting from AI deployed in healthcare settings. The Trump Administration issued a new

Executive Order in January 2025 on Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence that

established a policy of “global AI dominance” and directed entities to suspend, revise, or rescind any actions

taken under the Biden Administration Executive Order that are inconsistent with this policy.

Members of Congress also have introduced a number of bills on AI regulation and frameworks for regulating AI.

For example, the Bipartisan House AI Task Force released an AI report in December 2024 and the Bipartisan

Senate AI Working Group released a roadmap for AI policy in May 2024, both of which included sections on

policy recommendations for AI in health care. Senator Bill Cassidy (R-LA), who now chairs the Senate Health,

Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, also released a whitepaper on the “Framework for the Future of AI”

in September 2023 that disfavored a “one-size-fits-all” approach to AI regulation and instead called for a flexible

approach that takes into account the context of use and leverages existing frameworks.

U.S. state legislatures also have actively pursued AI legislation. For example, the Colorado AI Act imposes

requirements for developers and deployers of certain high-risk AI systems, and other laws will require notice or

disclosures for certain uses of generative AI or other AI systems. In addition to proposed and passed legislation,

regulators have sought to apply existing legal authorities to AI systems, including in the life sciences sector. For

example, the California Attorney General issued a legal advisory providing guidance to healthcare providers,

vendors, investors, and other healthcare entities that develop, sell, and use AI systems and similar technologies.

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The advisory advised entities on their obligations under existing California law and described certain health-

related uses of AI or marketing practices that might be unlawful.

We continue to monitor developments in the regulation of AI in drug and biologic development and

commercialization, or for more general business practices, and to assess the applicability of these evolving

frameworks and policies as well as existing legal frameworks that apply to our uses of AI. If we fail to meet

regulator expectations or comply with applicable requirements, that could impact our ability to utilize AI-related

processes or information in our development of product candidates or could subject us to delays, penalties or

other risks.

European Union

The EU Artificial Intelligence Act, or the EU AI Act, entered into force on August 1, 2024. It establishes rules

governing certain AI systems and general-purpose AI models that apply across the EU. It applies to various

actors along the AI value chain, including “providers” and “deployers” of AI systems classified as “high-risk,”

“providers” of general-purpose AI models, and “providers” of general-purpose AI models with “systemic risk.” It

also prohibits certain AI practices and imposes transparency requirements in relation to certain AI systems and

general-purpose AI models.

The EU AI Act sets out a transition period of two years (by August 2026) for most provisions, with the following

exceptions: (i) the provisions relating to prohibited AI practices and AI literacy apply after six months (by

February 2025); (ii) the provisions relating to general-purpose AI models and the AI Act’s governance framework

apply after one year (by August 2025); and (iii) the provisions relating to high-risk AI systems that are used as

safety components of products or are themselves products regulated by certain EU harmonization legislation

(e.g., machinery, medical devices) requiring third-party conformity assessments apply after three years (by

August 2027).

The EU AI Act applies to providers, located in or outside the EU, that place on the market or put into service AI

systems in the EU, or that place on the market general-purpose AI models in the EU. It also applies to deployers

of AI systems located or established in the EU, and to providers or deployers located or established outside the

EU where the output of the system is used in the EU. Whether a biotech company incurs obligations under the

EU AI Act depends on whether it develops, offers, or uses any AI systems or general-purpose AI models;

whether it qualifies as a “provider,” “deployer,” or other regulated actor; and the jurisdiction where the system is

put into service, where the system or model is placed on the market, or where the output of a system is used.

Providers and deployers of “high-risk AI systems” will need to comply with numerous obligations that apply to

such systems. The obligations for providers and deployers differ, with the majority of obligations falling to

providers. The EU AI Act also contemplates circumstances where a deployer or other third-party must assume

the obligations of the provider, e.g., where the third-party makes a substantial modification to a high-risk AI

system that has already been placed on the market or put into service, but where the modified system remains

high risk. The EU AI Act sets out an exhaustive list of “high-risk AI systems” in Annexes I and III. The categories

of such systems that might be relevant to offerings of biotech companies include products that require a notified

body conformity assessment under the EU Medical Devices Regulation 2017/745 or EU In Vitro Diagnostic

Medical Devices Regulation 2017/746.

The EU AI Act imposes a separate set of obligations on providers of “general-purpose AI models” and an

additional set of obligations on providers of “general-purpose AI models with systemic risk.” The European

Commission will designate general-purpose AI models that have “high-impact capabilities” as models with

“systemic risk.” Providers of general-purpose AI models—with or without “systemic risk”— must comply with

certain obligations, including to draw up technical documentation about the general-purpose AI model,

implement a copyright policy to comply with EU copyright laws, and make available a summary of the content

used to train the model. Additional obligations apply to providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic

risk, including, for example, to perform model evaluation (such as adversarial testing) and to report serious

incidents to the European Commission’s AI Office. Whether these obligations apply to a biotech company will

depend on whether it develops any general-purpose AI models (or have them developed on its behalf) and

places them on the market in the EU. If so, it will need to comply with the obligations that apply to all general-

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purpose AI models and assess whether any of these models could qualify as general-purpose AI models with

systemic risk, which would require it to comply with additional obligations.

Of particular relevance to the biotech industry, the EMA has published a reflection paper on the use of AI

(September 2024), which is aimed at biopharmaceutical companies intending to use AI in the lifecycle of their

medicines, including for drug discovery, design, and development. It also covers the use of medical devices with

AI/machine-learning (ML) technology that are used to generate data or other evidence to support an EU

marketing authorization for a medicine (i.e., used within the context of clinical trials or combined with the use of a

medicine). The EMA’s view of “high patient risk” or “high regulatory impact” that AI can have differs from the

classifications used in the EU AI Act. This requires biotech companies to assess whether the use of AI could

affect patient safety (“high patient risk”) or impact regulatory decision-making (“high regulatory impact”) for the

purpose of the EU medicines rules. This means that potentially, non-high-risk AI under the EU AI Act could still

be relevant to the EMA if it impacts patient safety or evidence generation for a medicine subject to regulatory

approval. The EMA guidance puts the onus on marketing authorization applicants/marketing authorization

holders to ensure AI used during the medicines lifecycle is compliant with the medicines rules. If a biotech

company intends to use AI in the context of its medicines it will need to carry out a regulatory impact and risk

analysis and potentially discuss use cases with the EMA, including when there is no clearly written guidance

available.

Failure to adhere to (or remain up to date with evolving) EU regulatory requirements may lead to delays,

compliance risks, and penalties.

Rest of World

Outside the United States and EU, the requirements governing the use and deployment of AI may vary from

country to country, though health regulators have taken some steps toward international harmonization on AI

best practices. For example, FDA, UK MHRA, and Health Canada have issued joint guiding principles on topics

such as good machine learning practices and transparency for ML-enabled devices. A company will need to

identify how it uses AI in its business operations, and identify the relevant applicable regulatory regime that

applies to ensure compliance. Failure to adhere to (or remain up to date with evolving) regulatory requirements

may lead to delays, compliance risks, and penalties.

XI. Intellectual Property

A. Introduction

We pursue a layered intellectual property strategy to protect our various technology platforms and their

application to the treatment of serious diseases, such as cancer and infectious diseases including COVID-19.

One focus of our intellectual property strategy is to provide protection for our platforms and products as they are

developed. We also pursue intellectual property protection for assets that may be used in future development

programs, may be of interest to our collaborators, and/or otherwise may prove valuable in the field.

Various aspects of our technology platforms and our product candidates are claimed in patent filings. We also

pursue other modalities of intellectual property protection, including trademark and trade secret protection, as

appropriate. Many of our intellectual property assets were developed and are owned solely by us, some have

been developed via collaboration and are jointly owned, and some have been acquired by acquisition and/or

licensed from third parties. We expect that we will continue to make additional patent application filings, and will

continue to pursue opportunities to acquire and license additional intellectual property assets, technologies,

platforms and/or product candidates, as developments arise or are identified.

Regardless, we cannot be certain that any of the patent filings or other intellectual property rights that we have

pursued or obtained will provide protection for any products as commercialized. The original version of our

Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine product, our Omicron XBB.1.5-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine, our

bivalent version (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5), and our Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent vaccine have

been approved by the FDA in the United States for individuals 12 and older. In addition, both the original version

of our Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine product, our Omicron XBB.1.5-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine, our

bivalent vaccine, and our Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent vaccine were also authorized by the FDA in the

United States under EUA for individuals 6 months to <12 years old. As further variants of SARS-CoV-2 arise, and

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its impact and characteristics evolve, the composition, manufacture, and use (including, e.g., dosage regimen) of

our COVID-19 vaccine products may be adjusted or modified and our filings may not protect them. Our other

product candidates are currently in clinical testing, with no certainty that they will be successful, or that significant

modification or adjustment may not be required for successful commercialization.

Our future commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other

proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business;

defend and enforce our patents and other intellectual property; preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets;

and operate without infringing, misappropriating or violating the valid and enforceable patents and other

intellectual property rights of third parties. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to

sell or importing our products may depend on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable

patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights that cover these activities. With respect to both our

owned and licensed intellectual property, we cannot be sure that patents will issue with respect to any of the

owned or licensed pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications that we, our co-owners

or our licensors may file in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our owned or licensed patents or any

patents that may be issued in the future to us or our licensors will be commercially useful in protecting any

products that we ultimately attempt to commercialize or any method of making or using such products. Moreover,

we may be unable to obtain patent protection for certain of our product candidates generally as well as with

respect to certain indications. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Intellectual Property” in this Annual

Report.

As of January 1, 2025 , our overall owned and in-licensed patent portfolio included more than 480 patent families,

each of which includes at least one filing in the United States or Europe, and several of which are pending or

granted in multiple jurisdictions. The patent families include at least 405 patent families that are solely or jointly

owned by BioNTech, including certain families acquired through our acquisitions and others that we have

licensed from a third party.

An issued patent provides its owner (or possibly its licensee) with a right to exclude others from making, using or

selling that which is claimed in the patent, for a specified period of time (the “term” of the patent), in the

jurisdiction in which the patent is issued. In the United States, and in many other countries, patents have a

presumptive term of 20 years from their effective filing date (which is the earliest non-provisional filing date to

which the patent claims priority). However, many jurisdictions, including the United States, require the payment

of periodic maintenance fees in order for patents to remain in force for the full 20-year term. The United States

also has provisions that require a patent term to be shortened if its claims are too similar to another patent

owned by the same party that has a shorter term. The United States and certain other jurisdictions also have

provisions that permit extension of patent term for patents that claim a drug or drug product, or its approved use,

if the patent was issued before clinical trials were completed and certain other requirements were satisfied. In

the United States, such extension is called a Patent Term Extension, or PTE, and it is limited to a period of not

more than five years, or the total patent term including the PTE cannot exceed 14 years after the date of

regulatory approval; only one patent can be extended per product approval. We did not extend any patent for our

COVID-19 vaccine ( Comirnaty ) when it was approved by the FDA in the United States in 2021 . The United

States also offers a different form of patent term extension, known as Patent Term Adjustment, or PTA, whereby

a particular patent’s term is automatically extended beyond the 20-year date if the U.S. Patent and Trademark

Office, or the USPTO, caused delay during its examination; however, potentially available PTA is reduced by any

amount of any delay caused by the patent applicant.

Below, we provide a summary of the contours of our current patent portfolio as it relates to different aspects of

relevant technology, including noting ownership and patent terms for filings included in the portfolio that are

directed to such aspects. Particularly given our pre-commercial state of development for many product

candidates, we cannot be certain that any of the patent filings in our portfolio will provide meaningful protection

for products that we do or attempt to commercialize.

B. Patent Portfolio

The patent portfolios for our most advanced programs are summarized below. Patent prosecution is a lengthy

process, during which the scope of the claims initially submitted to the USPTO and similar authorities for

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examination can be significantly narrowed by the time they issue, if they issue at all. We expect this could be the

case with respect to some of our pending patent applications referred to below.

mRNA

The patent portfolio for our mRNA therapeutic platforms and product candidates includes patent filings directed

to features of therapeutic mRNA structures, some of which are included in our COVID-19 vaccine and in current

development candidates. Our patent portfolio also includes patent filings directed to mRNA formulations

(including their production and use), including the lipoplex formulations currently utilized with our FixVac and

iNeST platforms, and the lipid nanoparticles currently utilized with our mRNA, RiboMab and RiboCytokine

platforms, as well as patent filings directed to mRNA manufacturing, and to uses of mRNA therapeutics. We

provide more detail below regarding the patent filings directed to these features.

mRNA Structure

Our patent portfolio includes patent filings directed to various features of mRNA structure, which may, for

example, contribute to increased immunogenicity (e.g., antigen presentation), translation efficiency, and/or

stability of mRNA constructs that include them. Such features include, for example, antigen-MHC fusions, 5’ cap

structures and related features, 3’ UTR structures, polyA tails, reduced-uracil content mRNAs, and modified

nucleoside RNAs. Filings directed to each of these features, and/or to RNA constructs that include them (singly

or in combination), or collectively, the mRNA Structure Filings, have been made in the United States and various

other jurisdictions. Some such mRNA Structure Filings are owned solely by BioNTech SE, which are referred to

collectively in this section as BioNTech, some jointly by BioNTech and one or more third parties, and some by

BioNTech licensors, such as Louisiana State University, or LSU, and the terms of the applicable agreement with

LSU, are further summarized below in “C. In-Licensing.” We have non-exclusive rights to use certain U.S. and

European patent filings owned by University of Pennsylvania and relating to RNA containing modified

nucleosides through our sublicense agreements with mRNA RiboTherapeutics, Inc. (MRT) and CellScript,

collectively, the MRT-CellScript Sublicenses, and summarized below in “C. In-Licensing”. Issued existing mRNA

Structure Filings have, and pending existing mRNA Structure Filings, if issued, would have, 20-year terms that

extend into the mid-2020s to the early-2040s.

mRNA Formulations

Our patent portfolio includes patent filings directed to various formulations for mRNA delivery, some of which are

utilized with current development candidates. For example, our portfolio includes patent filings directed to

lipoplex formulations and preparations thereof or collectively, the mRNA Lipoplex Filings. Issued mRNA Lipoplex

Filing(s) has/have, and pending existing mRNA Lipoplex Filings, if issued, would have, 20-year terms that extend

into the mid to late-2030s or early 2040s . Such mRNA Lipoplex Filings are solely owned by BioNTech or jointly

owned by BioNTech and TRON.

In addition, our portfolio includes U.S. and other patent filings directed to lipid nanoparticles and polyplex

technologies, which are solely owned by BioNTech or jointly owned by BioNTech and TRON, or collectively, the

mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle/Polyplex Filings. Issued mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle/Polyplex Filings have, and pending

mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle/Polyplex Filings, if issued, would have, 20 year terms that extend into the mid- to late

2030s or early 2040s . Some of such mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle/Polyplex Filings were granted in certain foreign

jurisdictions, and currently include U.S. issued patents. The terms of the co-ownership of such patent filings with

TRON are summarized below in “C. In-Licensing.”

mRNA Manufacturing

As discussed below, we utilize trade secret protection for many aspects of our mRNA manufacturing

technologies, including as currently utilized for production of certain of our development candidates. In addition,

our patent portfolio includes certain patent filings relevant to mRNA manufacturing, or collectively, the mRNA

Manufacturing Filings, which we believe may provide commercial value to protect product candidates and/or

support collaborations or other licensing arrangements. For example, our mRNA Manufacturing Filings include

U.S. and other patent filings relating to certain aspects of mRNA purification and production. These mRNA

Manufacturing Filings are either solely owned by BioNTech, or jointly owned by BioNTech and TRON and, if

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issued, would have 20-year terms that would extend into the mid- 2030s to early 2040s; there are patents

granted in certain foreign jurisdictions including EP, but no U.S. patent was yet issued.

mRNA Com mercial Products and Product Candidates

Our COVID-19 vaccine. Our COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2), marketed as Comirnaty , is our most advanced

mRNA product. It is currently sold in monovalent format (one mRNA) based on Omicron variants XBB.1.5, JN.1

and KP.2 . The Omicron KP.2-adapted monovalent COVID-19 vaccine has received full FDA approval for

individuals 12 years and older and EUA for individuals 6 months to 12 years old. Our monovalent XBB.1.5, JN.1-

and/or KP.2- adapted COVID-19 vaccines have received full and/or conditional marketing approval in various

other jurisdictions. In Europe, all three versions (XBB.1.5, JN.1- and KP.2-adapted monovalent vaccines) have

received marketing authorization for individuals 6 months and older. Additional COVID-19 vaccine candidates, as

well as various dosing regimens and use in patient populations with certain medical conditions are being tested

in clinical trials.

Comirnaty and Other COVID-19 Vaccine mRNA Product Candidates

Both our current and previously-marketed monovalent and bivalent COVID-19 vaccines utilize modified-

nucleoside mRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles and which encode an optimized SARS-CoV-2 full-length

spike protein antigen.

Our platform patent filings relevant to our COVID-19 vaccines, collectively, the “BNT162b2 Platform Filings”,

include certain mRNA Structure Filings relating to features for increasing translation efficiency and/or stability of

mRNA constructs (e.g., certain 3’ UTR structures containing a specific sequence element, interrupted polyA tails,

and certain 5’ cap/cap proximal sequence combinations), including filings that are jointly owned by BioNTech and

TRON; also relevant are certain mRNA Manufacturing Filings. Issued BNT162b2 Platform Filings have, and

pending BNT162b2 Platform Filings, if issued, would have 20-year terms extending into the late-2020s to the

early-2040s. We also have undertaken various patent filings specifically related to the BNT162b2 structure

(including as may be tailored based on particular SARS-CoV-2 variants), composition, formulation, packaging,

use and/or manufacture, collectively the BNT162b2 Filings, including filings that have arisen through

collaboration with third parties such as Pfizer. Such filings relevant to our COVID-19 vaccines, if issued, would

have 20-year terms that would extend into early 2040s.

As noted above, our MRT-CellScript Sublicenses grant us rights to use certain U.S. and European patents and

applications relating to mRNA containing modified nucleosides , including as used in BNT162b2. We also have a

non-exclusive license from the National Institutes of Health granting us a right to use certain technology

described in U.S. and European patent filings that may relate to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein mutations that

lock the S protein in an antigenically preferred prefusion conformation; such a variant is utilized in BNT162b2.

Additionally, we have obtained third-party licenses to technologies relating to certain lipids and/or lipid

nanoparticles and formulations used in BNT162b2, including a non-exclusive license from Acuitas granting use

rights relevant to proprietary lipid nanoparticles and formulations used in BNT162b2.

Additional COVID-19 vaccine mRNA product candidates are being developed and tested in clinical trials, which

share with BNT162b2 certain structural elements, and/or features of the composition, formulation, packaging,

use and/or method of manufacture. Thus, some or all of the BNT162b2 Platform Filings and/or BNT162b2

Filings, as well as the in-licensed rights discussed above with respect to BNT162b2, may be relevant to certain

of these candidates. We have also undertaken patent filings specifically related to structures and uses of certain

such additional candidates, including BNT162b4, which includes a T-cell antigen mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2

non-spike protein antigens that are highly conserved across a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants and were

chosen based on our proprietary target prioritization platform and which is being assessed in combination with

our monovalent and bivalent COVID-19 vaccine products, and BNT162b5, a bivalent product that includes RNAs

encoding enhanced prefusion spike proteins for the SARS-CoV-2 Original strain and an Omicron variant. Such

filings specifically relevant to BNT162b4 or BNT162b5, if issued, would have 20-year terms that would extend

into the early 2040s.

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Moreover, we are currently studying safety and efficacy of our COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine candidates in

various dosing regimens (including booster doses) and/or in different age groups and/or individuals with various

medical conditions, and also in combination with other vaccines or therapies. Certain of our patent filings,

including certain BNT162b2 Filings, cover such uses being tested in clinical trials.

Oncology mRNA Product Candidates

Certain mRNA oncology product candidates are also in clinical development and involve various platforms. Our

pipeline also includes mRNA product candidates for treatment of certain infectious diseases beyond COVID-19,

and mRNA product candidates for protein replacement therapy in certain rare diseases. We currently have more

than 10 clinical oncology programs in Phase 1 or Phase 2. Our most advanced clinical oncology programs

involve our iNeST immunotherapy product candidates being developed with our collaborator, Genentech. We

also have FixVac product candidates in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials and have initiated Phase 1 clinical

trials of our mRNA-based intratumoral immunotherapy developed through our collaboration with Sanofi.

FixVac

Our FixVac product candidates share many of the structural elements involved in our iNeST product candidates.

Thus, some or all of the mRNA Structure Filings relevant to our iNeST product candidates and discussed below

are also relevant to our FixVac product candidates. These patent filings, or the FixVac Platform Filings, include

mRNA Structure Filings relating to antigen-MHC fusions, certain 5’ cap structures, 3’ UTR structures containing a

specific sequence element, and interrupted polyA tails, which are solely or jointly owned by BioNTech or

BioNTech’s licensors. Issued FixVac Platform Filings have, and pending FixVac Platform Filings, if issued, would

have, 20-year terms extending into the mid-2020s to the mid-2030s. While we have pursued or obtained patent

protection covering components of FixVac product candidates, manufacturing-related methods and/or

formulations, we do not currently have any claims in our owned or in-licensed issued patents that cover the

overall construct used in our FixVac product candidates.

Our patent portfolio further includes U.S. and other patent filings relating to combined uses of our FixVac and

iNeST product candidates. Such issued patent filings have, and such pending patent filings, if issued, would

have, 20-year terms that extend into 2033, and are jointly owned by BioNTech and TRON.

Our current clinical trials for FixVac product candidates are studying such product candidates in treatment of

various cancers. While we do not currently have any claims in our owned or in-licensed issued patents that are

directed to use of our FixVac product candidates in the indications of these clinical trials, certain FixVac Platform

Filings include specific reference to treatment of these indications, and if issued, would have 20-year terms

extending into the mid-2030s.

iNeST

Our patent filings relevant to our iNeST product candidates include mRNA Structure Filings relating to features

for increasing antigen presentation (e.g., antigen-MHC fusions) and features for increasing translation efficiency

and/or stability of mRNA constructs (e.g., certain 5’ cap structures, 3’ UTR structures containing a specific

sequence element, and polyA tails of a particular length or interrupted polyA tails); mRNA Lipoplex Filings

relating to negatively charged lipoplexes (e.g., for spleen targeting); and mRNA Manufacturing Filings, or

collectively, the iNeST mRNA Platform Filings. While we have pursued or obtained patent protection covering

components of iNeST product candidates, manufacturing-related methods and/or formulations, we do not

currently have any claims in our owned or in-licensed issued patents that cover the overall construct used in our

iNeST product candidates.

Our patent portfolio further includes U.S. and other filings directed to the process of identifying neoantigens in

patient samples and/or predicting those that will be immunoreactive in an iNeST immunotherapy product, or

collectively, the Neoantigen Filings. Certain issued Neoantigen Filings have, and certain pending Neoantigen

Filings, if issued, would have 20-year terms that extend into the 2030s. Many of the Neoantigen Filings are solely

owned by BioNTech, or jointly owned by BioNTech and TRON; our acquisition of Neon added various

Neoantigen Filings, including both BioNTech U.S.-owned and in-licensed filings. BioNTech and TRON jointly own

issued EP patent number 2714071, whose claims recite steps relating to neoantigen selection, that were

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unsuccessfully opposed by multiple third parties. Said third parties have unsuccessfully appealed the decision to

reject such opposition and the patent was maintained as granted. In addition, related EP patent number 3473267

with claims reciting steps relating to neoantigen selection for an RNA vaccine encoding a recombinant

polyepitopic polypeptide was unsuccessfully opposed by a single third party. Said third party has instigated

appeal proceedings against this decision. Related EP patent number 3892295 from the same patent family with

claims reciting steps relating to neoantigen selection for an RNA vaccine encoding a recombinant polyepitopic

polypeptide is being opposed by a third party; claims in related U.S. cases are granted. If we are unsuccessful

in these opposition/appeal proceedings, the patent claims for our iNeST product candidates may be narrowed, or

a patent may not issue at all. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Intellectual Property” in this Annual

Report.

We are currently studying our iNeST product candidates for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, and adjuvant

pancreatic and bladder cancers in Phase 2 clinical trials. Certain iNeST mRNA Platform Filings and Neoantigen

Filings cover treatment of each of these indications. However, we do not currently have any claims in our owned

or in-licensed issued patents that are directed to use of iNeST product candidates in the indications of these

clinical trials.

RiboMabs and RiboCytokines

We own or license a number of patent filings directed to our RiboMab and RiboCytokine programs. Many are

owned solely by us, some are jointly owned, and some have been acquired or licensed.

Patent filings relevant to our RiboMab and RiboCytokine programs include certain mRNA Structure Filings that

are also relevant to our iNeST and/or FixVac product candidates, including certain patent filings relating to 3’

UTR structures containing a specific sequence element, and interrupted polyA tail structures; and patent filings

under the MRT-CellScript Sublicenses relating to nucleoside-modified mRNAs as well as certain patent filings we

have licensed from Acuitas and Genevant relating to lipid or non-liposomal formulations.

I nfectious Diseases beyond COVID-19

As is discussed elsewhere, we have collaborated with third parties, including Pfizer and UPenn, to develop

infectious disease mRNA vaccine candidates, some of which are currently in clinical trials at different phases,

including mRNA vaccines against influenza (Phase 3) and HSV (Phase 1). We are also developing our own

mRNA vaccines against malaria, which has recently entered Phase 1 clinical trial.

Certain patent filings that might be useful to our infectious disease mRNA vaccines include certain of the mRNA

Structure Filings and the mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle/Polyplex Filings as well as certain patent filings under the

MRT-CellScript Sublicenses, which include patent filings directed to nucleotide-modified mRNAs. Self-Amplifying

RNA Filings as discussed above may also be relevant. We have also undertaken and continue to undertake

filings specific to particular product candidates.

We have also licensed technologies relating to certain lipids and/or lipid nanoparticles and formulations that may

be useful for certain infectious disease mRNA vaccines.

Cell Therapy

Engineered Cell Therapy

Our engineered cell therapy product class features use of chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR-, T cell or

individualized T-cell receptors for oncology therapy. Our patent filings relevant to these platforms and product

candidates, or the CAR-T/TCR Filings, are generally co-owned by BioNTech SE, BioNTech US, and TRON. For

example, the CAR-T/TCR Filings include patent filings directed to various CAR-T formats and methods of

enhancing CAR-T cells by nucleic acid vaccination, as well as patent filings directed to compositions of matter

comprising individualized T-cell receptors, for example. The CAR-T/TCR Patent Filings, if issued, would have

patent terms that would extend into the mid-2030s to early 2040s.

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Certain CAR-T programs involve CAR-T-cell product candidates that target different members of the claudin

family. Our patent portfolio includes certain patent filings specifically relevant to our claudin-specific CAR-T-cell

product candidates and are jointly owned by BioNTech SE and TRON, or the Claudin-Specific CAR-T Cell

Filings. The issued Claudin-Specific CAR-T-cell filings have, and the pending Claudin-Specific CAR-T-cell filings,

if issued, would have, 20-year terms extending into the mid-2030s. The terms of our co-ownership of such patent

filings with TRON are summarized below in “—C. In-Licensing.”

Activated T Cells

Our acquisition of Neon included technologies for using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or PBMCs, (e.g.,

collected from apheresis material of patients) as a starting material to induce and/or expand ex vivo functional T

cells specific for therapeutically-relevant neoantigens.

Our BNT221 program, formerly Neon’s NEO-PTC-01 program, is a personalized adoptive T-cell therapy, which

uses multiple T-cell populations expanded from an individual patient’s PBMCs that together target a set of

neoantigens expressed by that patient’s tumor.

Patent filings relevant to BNT221, referred to herein as the T-cell Induction/Expansion Filings, are generally

solely owned by BioNTech US, or co-owned by BioNTech US and the Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI). For

example, the T Cell Induction/Expansion Filings include patent filings directed to therapeutic T cell compositions

and methods of ex vivo induction and/or expansion of antigen-specific T cells. An issued subsisting T-cell

Induction/Expansion Filing in the United States has, and pending subsisting T-cell Induction/Expansion Filings, if

issued, would have, patent terms that extend into the late-2030s to early-2040s.

Antibodies

Our antibodies product class features bispecific checkpoint immunomodulators for oncology therapy, which are

developed through collaboration with Genmab. Our development candidates include bispecific antibodies that

are designed to activate 4-1BB upon simultaneous binding to CD-40 or EpCAM . Our patent portfolio includes

certain patent filings relevant to such bispecific antibodies, or the Bispecific Checkpoint Modulator Filings, co-

owned by us and Genmab. Such Bispecific Checkpoint Modulator Filings, if issued, would have 20-year terms

that would extend into the late 2030s.

O ur collaboration with Genmab also includes development of monospecific antibody candidates to address

malignant solid tumors. For example, BNT313 is a CD27 antibody based on Genmab’s proprietary HexaBody

technology platform, specifically engineered to form an antibody hexamer (a formation of six antibodies) upon

binding its target on the cell membrane of the T cells. We have also undertaken and continue to undertake filings

specific to particular product candidates.

We own patent assets acquired from MabVax Therapeutics Holding, Inc., or the MabVax Filings, that relate to

various antibodies, including certain antibodies targeting sialyl Lewis A and ganglioside GD2, as well as nucleic

acid encoding them. Issued MabVax Filings have, and the pending MabVax Filings, if issued, would have, 20-

year terms that extend into the mid-2030s.

Small Molecule Immunomodulators

Our small molecule therapeutics product class features oncology treatment using small molecule product

candidates that activate the immune system via TLR7 agonism. Our patent portfolio includes patent filings

relevant to these TLR7 agonists, or the TLR7 Agonist Filings. Certain TLR7 Agonist Filings are directed to

substituted imidazoquinolines, and, if issued, would have 20-year terms that would extend into the late 2030s.

C. In-Licensing

Some of our intellectual property assets have been acquired by acquisition and/or in-licensing.

We have pursued a strategy of identifying and in-licensing third-party patents that we believe are complementary

to or otherwise interact synergistically with our own intellectual property portfolio. In addition to the agreements

described in the section “—B.X. Third-Party Collaborations” above, we have entered into material intellectual

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property licensing or option arrangements with Acuitas, Louisiana State University, MRT-CellScript, the NIH, and

TRON .

The key terms of these arrangements are summarized below.

Acuitas License Agreement

In April 2020, we entered into a Non-Exclusive License Agreement with Acuitas, or the Acuitas License

Agreement. Under the Acuitas License Agreement, Acuitas grants us a non-exclusive worldwide license, with the

right to sublicense (subject to certain conditions) under Acuitas’ LNP technology to develop, manufacture and

commercialize licensed products directed to the SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein. We have the option to

convert the non-exclusive licenses to exclusive licenses subject to certain additional financial obligations.

Under the Acuitas License Agreement, we must pay Acuitas up to between approximately $1.6 million and $2.45

million in development milestone payments, $2.5 million and $3.75 million in regulatory milestone payments and

$2.5 million and $3.75 million in commercial milestone payments upon the occurrence of certain milestone

events. We are further required to pay Acuitas a low single-digit tiered percentage royalty on net sales of

licensed products, subject to certain potential customary reductions. Our royalty obligations continue under the

Acuitas License Agreement on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until the later of (i) the

expiration of the last-to-expire licensed valid patent claim covering such licensed product in such country, (ii)

expiration of any data exclusivity, market exclusivity or supplemental protection certificates period for such

product in such country, and (iii) certain years following the first commercial sale of such product in such country.

The Acuitas License Agreement will continue on a product-by-product and a country-by-country basis until there

are no more payments owed to Acuitas for such product in such country. Upon expiration of the Acuitas License

Agreement, the license will become fully paid up and will remain in effect. We have the right to terminate the

Acuitas License Agreement for convenience following a certain notice period. Either party may terminate the

Acuitas License Agreement in the event of a material breach by the other party following a cure period.

Alternatively, instead of exercising our right to terminate in the event of Acuitas’ material breach, we may elect to

instead continue the license but reduce our milestone and royalty payment obligations to Acuitas by a certain

percentage. In the event of termination of the Acuitas License Agreement by us for convenience or by Acuitas for

our material breach, the licenses granted under such agreement will terminate, except that we will have the right

to sell off any remaining inventories of licensed products for a certain period of time.

LSU License Agreement

In May 2015, we entered into a Patent License Agreement with the Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State

University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, or LSU, and the University of Warsaw, or UW. The

agreement (which we refer to as the LSU Agreement) replaces and supersedes the earlier license agreement

between the parties.

Under the LSU Agreement, UW and LSU granted to us an exclusive royalty-bearing license under certain patent

rights relating to mRNA cap analogs and the synthesis and use of anti-reverse phosphorothioate analogs of the

mRNA cap in the United States, certain jurisdictions in the European Union and other countries. As consideration

for the license granted, we are obligated to pay running royalties in the low single digits on all net sales of

products utilizing the licensed patents and to pay annual maintenance fees to LSU.

We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop one or more marketable products utilizing

the licensed patents, upon which we would owe additional milestone payments to LSU.

The LSU Agreement remains in effect until expiration of the licensed patents. We have the right to terminate the

LSU Agreement for convenience with 60 days’ prior notice, and LSU and UW may terminate for our uncured

material breach.

CellScript and mRNA Ribotherapeutics License Agreement

BioNTech RNA (now merged into BioNTech SE) entered into the two MRT-CellScript Sublicenses discussed

above. Together, the MRT-CellScript Sublicenses grant BioNTech RNA worldwide, non-exclusive sublicenses

under the Penn Modified mRNA Patent Rights (as defined in the MRT-CellScript Sublicenses) to research,

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develop, make, import, use and commercialize products for in vivo uses in humans and non-human animals,

including therapeutic and prophylactic applications, and for certain uses in the diagnostic and prognostic field of

use and certain laboratory research or screening uses. Under these sublicenses, BioNTech RNA has the right to

grant sublicenses to affiliates and third parties.

BioNTech RNA must use reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize products under the sublicenses.

Furthermore, BioNTech RNA is obliged to pay MRT and CellScript development milestone payments of up to

approximately $26 million as well as royalties in the low to mid-single digits on net sales of licensed products,

depending on the field of use.

The agreements continue until the expiration or abandonment of the last licensed patent to expire or be

abandoned. BioNTech RNA may terminate the agreement for convenience with respect to all or certain patent

rights with 60 days’ prior written notice. MRT or CellScript may terminate the respective sublicense agreement

for payment default, uncured material breach or the bankruptcy of BioNTech RNA.

NIH License Agreement

On May 27, 2020, we and the HHS, as represented by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,

or NIAID, of the NIH, entered into a patent license agreement to facilitate the development of a vaccine against

COVID-19, or, as amended and restated on December 20, 2024, the NIH License Agreement. P ursuant to the

NIH License Agreement, our royalty obligation on Net Sales (as defined in the NIH License Agreement) of

Licensed Products (as defined in the NIH License Agreement, and which includes our and Pfizer’s COVID-19

vaccine) is an amount of up to a low single-digit percentage of Net Sales of Licensed Products. The NIH License

Agreement also provides a framework for a license for use in Combination Products (as defined in the NIH

License Agreement, and which would include the COVID-19 vaccine used in combination with other active

pharmaceutical ingredients).

The NIH License Agreement remains in effect until expiration of the licensed patents. We have the right to

terminate the NIH License Agreement for convenience with 60 days’ prior notice, and NIAID may terminate for

our uncured material breach.

TRON Agreements

In 2015, we and our subsidiaries BioNTech RNA (now merged into BioNTech SE), BioNTech Diagnostics GmbH,

BioNTech Protein Therapeutics GmbH, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Eufets GmbH and JPT Peptide

Technologies GmbH entered into a Master Agreement for Research Services with TRON. Concurrently with this

Master Agreement for Research Services, or the TRON Research Agreement, we entered into a License

Agreement with Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, or Ganymed, TRON, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

and Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, or the TRON License Agreement. The

TRON Research Agreement and TRON License Agreement together replaced and superseded our 2008

Cooperation, Purchase and Licensing Agreement with the University Mainz, or the 2008 Cooperation Agreement.

In 2015, we and our subsidiaries BioNTech RNA (now merged into BioNTech SE), BioNTech Diagnostics GmbH,

BioNTech Protein Therapeutics GmbH, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, BioNTech Innovative

Manufacturing Services GmbH and JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, entered into a Framework Collaboration

Agreement with TRON, or the TRON Collaboration Agreement.

TRON Research Agreement

Under the TRON Research Agreement, TRON from time to time performs certain services for us under work

orders, which may comprise innovative applied research projects, pre-defined research and development or

clinical research services. We and TRON meet at regular intervals, but no less than annually, to prepare an

overall non-binding project plan, which sets the scope, period and costs for the relevant projects contemplated

for that period. Individual work orders set the specific binding terms of each project or service. TRON is obligated

to render services in accordance with the scientific standards, all applicable laboratory and legal provisions and

with the care customary in the industry.

We are entitled to the exclusive rights to all inventions, methods, specifications, materials, documents, data,

know-how and other results (together, the Results) developed or discovered by TRON or by us and TRON jointly

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under the TRON Research Agreement, except to the extent they constitute improvements of the technologies

applied by TRON in the relevant projects. Under the TRON Research Agreement, TRON granted us a non-

exclusive, royalty-free license to use TRON Improvements if such TRON Improvements are necessary for the

continued development and exploitation of the Results or the manufacture or marketing of products which

contain any of the Results and are covered by a patent claiming any of the Results.

Under the TRON Research Agreement, TRON’s services rendered in the field of applied research are invoiced at

cost. For other services, fixed prices are to be set forth in the individual work orders. TRON invoices us monthly

and our payments are due no later than 10 days thereafter. Additionally, we are obligated to pay to TRON low

single-digit tiered royalties on net sales of any product developed under the TRON Research Agreement that is

covered by a patent claiming any of the Results.

The TRON Research Agreement limits each party’s liability to the other to intentional and grossly negligent

actions and, in the case of gross negligence, liability for indirect and consequential damages and lost profits is

excluded. We are obligated to indemnify TRON for all product liability claims in connection with the products and

for third-party claims asserting that the Results violate third-party intellectual property rights.

The TRON Research Agreement has an indefinite term, but may be terminated by either party on six months’

notice. If one of our subsidiaries terminates its role in the TRON Research Agreement, the agreement will survive

and continue without that subsidiary.

TRON License Agreement

The TRON License Agreement governs the ownership of and licenses under certain patents, inventions, know-

how, technologies and other knowledge (together, the Development Results) filed and created before January 1,

2015 in the course of our collaboration with TRON, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and

Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (collectively, the University Parties) and

Ganymed pursuant to the 2008 Cooperation Agreement.

The TRON License Agreement sets forth the parties’ rights with respect to the Development Results, mainly

depending on which parties have contributed to such Development Results. Ownership of the Development

Results and any patents and other intellectual property in certain shares to TRON, on the one hand, and

BioNTech and/or Ganymed, on the other hand included therein is allocated. Each party may assign its share in

the co-owned Development Results to its affiliates provided that such party provide notice of the transfer and the

identity of the new co-owner to the other co-owners. However, in case of an assignment of such share to a third

party (except in case of a material asset sale), the assigning party must obligate the assignee to comply with the

terms of the TRON License Agreement and the assigning party will remain bound by the obligations of the TRON

License Agreement unless the other co-owners have consented to discharge the assigning party from such

obligations.

The parties to the TRON License Agreement grant licenses to each other under their shares in the Development

Results substantially as follows. Ganymed is exclusively entitled to use the Development Results for certain

antibodies and antibody fragments that bind to certain defined targets, or the Ganymed Field of Use. We are

exclusively entitled to use the Development Results in any other field of use (including immunological

therapeutics, small molecule compounds, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics, micro-proteins,

antibody based in vitro (except for those in the Ganymed Field of Use), diagnostics and therapeutics based on

long-chain RNA as well as other cell therapy applications, immune cells transgenized with recombinant directed

against certain defined targets or chimeric antigen receptors and RNA-based pharmaceuticals). The University

Parties may use the Development Results for internal research purposes only. We have an obligation to use

reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize products in our field of use worldwide.

Under the TRON License Agreement, we and Ganymed must agree on which party will have the primary role in

filing, prosecuting, maintaining and defending jointly owned patents. We and Ganymed each have the exclusive

right to enforce the Development Results in our respective fields of use, subject to certain step-in rights of the

other parties.

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We are obligated to pay to the University Parties low single-digit tiered royalties on net sales on any product that

is covered by certain of the patents including in the Development Results. If licenses are granted to third parties,

we are obligated to pay to the University Parties a mid-single-digit share of all upfront payments, milestone

payments and other remuneration we receive from such third parties in consideration for the license. Regarding

upfront payments only, the University Parties’ share will be offset against subsequent license fees on net sales.

In addition, we are obligated to pay certain development and regulatory milestones up to a low seven-figure

amount to Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz.

The TRON License Agreement contains a limitation on liability as between the parties, wherein the parties will

only be liable to each other for intentional and grossly negligent actions, and, in the case of gross negligence,

liability for indirect and consequential damages and lost profits is excluded. We are obligated to indemnify the

University Parties and Ganymed for third-party claims of product liability or violation of applicable law based on

our distribution of our products or if we breach the TRON License Agreement or if we or one of our agents acts

culpably.

The TRON License Agreement will remain in effect as long as there are any obligations on us or Ganymed to

pay license fees. After expiry of the TRON License Agreement, each party will have a perpetual, non-exclusive,

royalty-free license to use the Developments Results. The TRON License Agreement may be terminated by any

party on six months’ notice. The licenses granted between the parties will survive such termination. The TRON

License Agreement also grants all parties termination rights for uncured material breaches. If only one party

terminates its role in the Agreement, the Agreement will survive and continue between the other parties.

TRON Collaboration Agreement

Under the TRON Collaboration Agreement, TRON from time to time undertakes certain projects in collaboration

with us under separate project specific agreements, comprising innovative non-clinical research and

development projects. We and TRON meet regularly to review and update project plans, and no less than

annually to agree the budget for the on-going projects for the coming calendar year. Individual project

agreements set the specific binding terms of each project. TRON is obligated to perform its obligations in

accordance with the scientific standards, all applicable technical laboratory and legal provisions and with the

care customary in the non-clinical biotechnology research industry.

Except for the results of a particular research project which has been funded exclusively by TRON, all of the

inventions, methods, specifications, materials, documents, data, know-how and other results (together, the

Results) developed or discovered by TRON or by us and TRON jointly under the TRON Collaboration Agreement

are jointly owned. Under the TRON Collaboration Agreement, TRON grants us an exclusive, worldwide,

sublicensable license under its interest in the Results to research and have researched, develop and have

developed, make and have made, use, and otherwise commercialize or have commercialized, and otherwise

commercially exploit, products in a field that is specified in the corresponding project agreement. The field of use

is either (a) the prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of all indications in humans and animals; or (b) the

prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of oncological diseases, infectious diseases and rare genetic diseases. We

are required to use our reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize products that exploit the Results.

Under the TRON Collaboration Agreement, TRON’s activities are invoiced at cost. TRON invoices us monthly

and our payments are due no later than 10 days thereafter. Additionally, we are obligated to pay to TRON low

single-digit tiered royalties on net sales of any product developed under the TRON Collaboration Agreement that

is covered by a patent claiming any of the Results or, in certain circumstances, by a patentable invention forming

part of the Results which we elect to maintain as a trade secret. If licenses under Results are granted to third

parties, we are obligated to pay to TRON a mid-single-digit share of all upfront payments, milestone payments

and other remuneration we receive from such third parties in consideration for the license. In addition, we are

obligated to pay a one-time only milestone of a low seven-figure amount to TRON the first time annual sales of a

product developed under the TRON Collaboration Agreement reach a low nine-figure number.

The TRON Collaboration Agreement limits each party’s liability to the other to cases of willful misconduct and

gross negligence and, in the case of gross negligence, liability for indirect and consequential damages and lost

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profits is excluded. We are obligated to indemnify TRON for all product liability claims in connection with the

products and for third-party claims asserting that the Results violate third-party intellectual property rights.

The TRON Collaboration Agreement came into force with retroactive effect from January 2015 and has an

indefinite term, but may be terminated by either party on nine months’ notice. If one of our subsidiaries

terminates its role in the TRON Collaboration Agreement, the agreement will survive and continue without that

subsidiary.

D. Trademark Portfolio

Certain features of our business and our product candidates are protected by trademarks. Our trademark

portfolio includes, but is not limited to, Comirnaty , BioNTainer , FixVac , RiboCytokine , RiboMab , Recon , and Neo-

Stim , including logo versions of some of these trademarks.

Brand names appearing in italics throughout this report are trademarks owned by BioNTech. All other trademarks

are the property of their respective owners.

E. Trade Secret Protection

Certain of our technologies, including in particular certain proprietary manufacturing processes or technologies

and/or neoantigen prediction technologies, are protected as trade secrets.

In addition to patent protection, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets and confidential know-how and continuing

technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We protect certain of our

technologies, including, in particular, certain proprietary manufacturing processes and technologies and/or

neoantigen prediction technologies, as trade secrets. However, trade secrets and confidential know-how are

difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, by using confidentiality agreements

with any future collaborators, scientific advisors, employees and consultants, and invention assignment

agreements with our employees. We also have agreements requiring assignment of inventions with selected

consultants, scientific advisors and collaborators. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection.

These agreements may also be breached, and we may not have an adequate remedy for any such breach. In

addition, our trade secrets and/or confidential know-how may become known or be independently developed by

a third party, or misused by any collaborator to whom we disclose such information. Despite any measures taken

to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products or to obtain

or use information that we regard as proprietary. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information,

third parties may independently develop the same or similar proprietary information or may otherwise gain

access to our proprietary information. As a result, we may be unable to meaningfully protect our trade secrets

and proprietary information.

XIII. Competition

We compete in an industry characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a complex

intellectual property landscape. We face substantial competition from many different sources, including large and

specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic research institutions and governmental

agencies and public and private research institutions.

Many of our competitors and potential competitors, either alone or with their collaborators, have greater

scientific, research and product development capabilities as well as greater financial, marketing, sales and

human resources and experience than we do. In addition, smaller or early-stage companies, including

immunotherapy-focused therapeutics companies, may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly

through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. Some of our collaborators, such as

Genmab and Pfizer, may also be competitors within the same market or other markets. Accordingly, our

competitors may be more successful than us in developing and potentially commercializing technologies and

achieving widespread market acceptance. In addition, our competitors may design technologies that are more

efficacious, safer or more effectively marketed than ours or have fewer side effects, or may obtain regulatory

approvals more quickly than we are able, which could eliminate or reduce our commercial potential. These

competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and

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establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies

complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

We anticipate that the key competitive factors affecting our technologies will be efficacy, safety, cost and

convenience, ease of distribution, storage and administration, as well as our ability to build a fully-integrated

biotechnology company. The availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors will also

significantly affect the pricing and competitiveness of our products. The timing of market introduction of our

products and competitive products will also affect competition among products. We expect the relative speed

with which we can develop our products, complete the clinical trials and approval processes, and supply

commercial quantities of the products to the market to be important competitive factors. Our competitors also

may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for

ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the

market.

Specifically, our marketed monovalent and bivalent COVID-19 vaccines and any other COVID-19 vaccines we

and Pfizer develop compete with other COVID-19 vaccines that have been approved or authorized for temporary

or emergency use and a number of vaccine manufacturers, academic institutions and other organizations

currently have programs to develop COVID-19 vaccine candidates.

XIV. L egal Proceedings

We are and may be involved in various legal proceedings, including patent litigation, product liability and other

product-related litigation, as well as other legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of

business, including, but not limited to, personal injury, consumer, off-label promotion, securities, antitrust,

employment law, tax, environmental, and/or other claims or investigations.

We currently do not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position,

and will continue to monitor the status of these and other claims that may arise. However, we could incur

judgments, enter into settlements or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of matters, which could have

a material adverse effect on our results of operations and/or our cash flows in the period in which the amounts

are accrued or paid. Our assessments, which result from a complex series of judgments about future events and

uncertainties, are based on estimates and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by management, but

that may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate, and unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that

might cause us to change those estimates and assumptions.

Certain pending matters to which we are a party are discussed below.

For a description of the risks relating to these and other legal proceedings we face and may in the future face

and our assessments thereof, see “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

Alnylam Proceedings

In March 2022, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Alnylam, filed a lawsuit against Pfizer and Pharmacia & Upjohn

Co. LLC in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware alleging that an existing patent owned by Alnylam,

U.S. Patent No. 11,246,933, or the ‘933 Patent, is infringed by the cationic lipid used in Comirnaty , and seeking

monetary relief, which is not specified in their filings. We filed a counterclaim to become party to the Alnylam

proceeding, and in June 2022, Alnylam added to its claims allegations that we induced infringement of the ‘933

Patent. Additionally, in July 2022, Alnylam filed a lawsuit against us, our wholly owned subsidiary, BioNTech

Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer and Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. LLC in the U.S. District Court for the District of

Delaware alleging that we also induced infringement of a newly issued patent, U.S. Patent No. 11,382,979, or

the ‘979 Patent, which is a continuation of the ‘933 Patent. The two lawsuits were consolidated on July 28, 2022.

In May 2023, Alnylam filed a third lawsuit against Pfizer Inc. and Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. LLC in the U.S.

District Court for the District of Delaware alleging infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 11,633,479; 11,633,480;

11,612,657; and 11,590,229, all of which are continuations of the ‘933 Patent. We filed a counterclaim to become

party to the new proceeding, and in July 2023, Alnylam added to its claims allegations that we induced

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infringement of the four new patents. All of the lawsuits have been consolidated into a single proceeding, which

is currently expected to go to trial in July 2025.

We believe we have strong defenses against the allegations claimed relative to each of the patents and intend to

vigorously defend ourselves in the proceedings mentioned above. However, our analysis of Alnylam’s claims is

ongoing and complex, and we believe the outcome of the suit remains substantially uncertain. Taking into

account discussions with our external lawyers, we do not consider the probability of an outflow of resources to

be sufficient to recognize a provision at the balance sheet date. In our opinion, these matters constitute

contingent liabilities as of the balance sheet date. However, it is currently impractical for us to estimate with

sufficient reliability the respective contingent liabilities.

CureVac Proceedings

Infringement Proceedings – EP’122, DE’961, DE‘974, DE’575, and EP’668

In July 2022, CureVac AG (CureVac) filed a lawsuit against us and our wholly owned subsidiaries, BioNTech

Manufacturing GmbH and BioNTech Manufacturing Marburg GmbH, in the Düsseldorf Regional Court, alleging

Comirnaty ’s infringement of one European patent, EP1857122B1, or EP’122, and three Utility Models

DE202015009961U1, DE202015009974U1, and DE202021003575U1. In August 2022, CureVac AG added

European Patent EP3708668B1, or EP’668, to its German lawsuit.

On August 15, 2023, the Düsseldorf Regional Court held a hearing on infringement with respect to all five IP

rights. At the hearing, the Court suspended its infringement ruling with respect to EP’122 until December 28,

On September 28, 2023, the Court issued orders suspending its infringement rulings with respect to the

remaining four IP rights (DE’961, DE’974, DE’575, and EP’668) pending validity decisions in the DE’961,

DE’974, and DE’575 cancellation proceedings before the German Patent and Trademark Office and in the

EP’668 opposition proceedings before the Opposition Division of the European Patent Office, or EPO. In the

September 28th orders, the Court explained that it was suspending its infringement rulings until validity decisions

are reached, while contemporaneously noting concerns regarding the validity of DE’961, DE’974, DE’575, and

EP’668. On December 28, 2023, the Düsseldorf Regional Court stayed the infringement proceedings as to

EP’122 until a final appellate decision is rendered as to the validity of EP’122 by the Federal Court of Justice. On

June 7, 2024, CureVac AG waived DE’575 and withdrew this utility model from the infringement proceedings. On

July 2, 2024, the EPO Opposition Division issued a preliminary opinion noting that it believes EP’668 is likely

invalid, and set an oral hearing for March 2025.

Infringement Proceedings – EP’755, DE’123, and DE’130

In July 2023, CureVac filed a second lawsuit against us and our wholly owned subsidiaries, BioNTech

Manufacturing GmbH and BioNTech Manufacturing Marburg GmbH, in the Düsseldorf Regional Court, alleging

Comirnaty ’s infringement of one European patent, EP4023755B1, or EP’755, and two Utility Models

DE202021004123U1, and DE202021004130U1. On June 7, 2024, CureVac waived DE’123 and withdrew this

utility model from the infringement proceedings. A hearing on infringement with respect to EP’755 and DE’130

that was scheduled to occur in the Düsseldorf Regional Court on September 10, 2024 was rescheduled for July

2025 and the Court suspended its infringement ruling with respect to DE’130 until a validity decision was

reached in the co-pending cancellation proceeding before the German Patent and Trademark Office. On July 24,

2024, the EPO Opposition Division issued a prelim inary opinion noting that it believes EP’755 is likely invalid,

and set an oral hearing for May 2025.

Nullity Proceedings – EP’122

In September 2022, we filed a nullity action in the Federal Patent Court of Germany seeking a declaration that

EP’122 is invalid. In April 2023, the Federal Patent Court of Germany issued a preliminary opinion in the EP’122

nullity action in support of the validity of EP’122. The preliminary opinion did not address any infringement of

EP’122. The preliminary opinion is a preliminary assessment by the court of the merits of a claim, and is non-

binding. On December 19, 2023, the Federal Patent Court held an oral hearing, after which it nullified EP’122.

On April 30, 2024, the Federal Patent Court issued a judgment containing its written reasons for nullifying

EP’122. On May 7, 2024, CureVac appealed the judgment, which is currently pending.

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Cancellation Proceedings – DE’961, DE‘974, and DE’575

In November 2022, we filed cancellation actions seeking the cancellation of the three German Utility Models in

the German Patent and Trademark Office. On December 27, 2023, the German Patent and Trademark Office

issued a preliminary opinion that DE’974 is likely to be cancelled. On January 23, 2024, the German Patent and

Trademark Office issued a preliminary opinion that DE’961 is likely to be cancelled based on invalidity pursuant

to para. 1 (2) no. 5 Utility Model Act. On March 7, 2024, the German Patent and Trademark Office issued a

preliminary opinion that DE’575 is likely to be cancelled. On June 6, 2024, CureVac submitted a written

statement to the German Patent and Trademark Office waiving DE’575. On June 12, 2024, we withdrew our

request for cancellation of DE’575. On June 25 and 26, 2024, the German Patent and Trademark Office heard

oral arguments regarding DE’961 and DE’974, and at the conclusion of the hearing on June 26, 2024, confirmed

that both DE’961 and DE’974 were cancelled. In November 2024, the German Patent and Trademark Office

issued its written decisions cancelling DE’961 and DE’974. CureVac has filed an appeal in both cancellation

proceedings, which are currently pending.

Cancellation Proceedings– DE’123 and DE’130

In November 2023, we filed cancellation actions seeking the cancellation of German Utility Models DE’123 and

DE’130 in the German Patent and Trademark Office. On June 6, 2024, CureVac submitted a written statement to

the German Patent and Trademark Office waiving DE’123. On June 12, 2024, we withdrew our request for

cancellation of DE’123. On December 5, 2024, the German Patent and Trademark Office issued a preliminary

opinion that DE’130 is likely to be cancelled.

United States

In July 2022, we and Pfizer filed a complaint for a declaratory judgment in the U.S. District Court for the District

of Massachusetts, seeking a judgment of non-infringement by Comirnaty of U.S. Patent Nos. 11,135,312;

11,149,278; and 11,241,493. In May 2023, the action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts

was transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, where CureVac filed counterclaims

asserting infringement of six additional U.S. patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 10,760,070; 11,286,492; 11,345,920;

11,471,525; 11,576,966; and 11,596,686. In July 2023, CureVac filed amended counterclaims to assert an

additional U.S. patent, U.S. Patent No. 11,667,910. In June 2024, CureVac voluntarily dismissed with prejudice

its claims of infringement with respect to the ‘493, ‘525, and ‘966 patents. Currently, a three-week jury trial is

scheduled to begin on March 3, 2025, and an one-week bench trial regarding the prosecution laches defense is

scheduled to begin on April 15, 2025.

United Kingdom

In September 2022, we and Pfizer filed a declaration of non-infringement and revocation action against EP’122

and EP’668 in the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, in the UK High Court of Justice, or the

UK High Court. In October 2022, CureVac responded by filing a counterclaim alleging infringement of the EP’122

and EP’668 patents in the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, in the UK High Court. On

December 18, 2023, we and Pfizer amended our pleadings to add a claim for revocation and declarations of

invalidity and non-infringement with respect to EP’755. The UK High Court held a trial on EP’668 and EP’755

between July 10, 2024 and July 24, 2024. On October 8, 2024, the UK High Court released a judgment finding

both EP’668 and EP’755 invalid. The UK High Court held a hearing on November 15, 2024, during which it

denied CureVac permission to appeal the judgment. On December 5, 2024, CureVac sought permission from the

UK Appeals Court to appeal the judgment. With respect to EP’122, on October 25, 2024, CureVac agreed to a

final and unappealable revocation of the UK designation of EP’122 and to discontinue its counterclaim for

infringement.

We believe we have strong defenses against the allegations claimed relative to each of the patents and utility

models and intend to vigorously defend ourselves in the proceedings mentioned above. However, our analysis of

CureVac’s claims is ongoing and complex, and we believe the ultimate outcomes remain substantially uncertain.

Taking into account discussions with our external lawyers, we do not consider the probability of an outflow of

resources to be sufficient to recognize a provision at the balance sheet date. In our opinion, these matters

constitute contingent liabilities as of the balance sheet date. However, it is currently impractical for us to estimate

with sufficient reliability the respective contingent liabilities.

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Moderna Proceedings

Germany

Infringement Proceedings – EP’949 and EP’565

In August 2022, Moderna filed a lawsuit against us and our wholly owned subsidiaries, BioNTech Manufacturing

GmbH, BioNTech Europe GmbH and BioNTech Manufacturing Marburg GmbH, as well as Pfizer, Pfizer

Manufacturing Belgium NV and Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals in the Düsseldorf Regional Court alleging

Comirnaty ’s infringement of two European patents, 3590949B1, or EP’949, and 3718565B1, or EP’565. On

November 7, 2023, the Opposition Division of the EPO revoked EP’565 after a one-day oral hearing, and on

December 7, 2023, it issued its written decision revoking EP’565. On December 8, 2023, the Opposition Division

issued a preliminary opinion noting that it believes EP’949 is likely invalid. As a result of those developments in

the EPO proceedings, the Düsseldorf Regional Court postponed its hearing on infringem ent with respect to

EP’949, originally scheduled for December 12, 2023, to January 21, 2025. On February 7, 2024, Moderna

appealed the Opposition Division’s revocation decision on EP’565, and the appeal is currently pending. On May

16, 2024, the Opposition Division decided that EP’949 is valid, in amended form, and issued its written decision

regarding the same on July 8, 2024. BioNTech appealed this decision, and the appeal is currently pending.

United Kingdom

In August 2022, Moderna filed a lawsuit asserting Comirnaty ’s infringement of EP’949 and EP’565 against us

and our wholly owned subsidiaries, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, BioNTech Europe GmbH and BioNTech

Manufacturing Marburg GmbH, and Pfizer Limited, Pfizer Manufacturing Belgium NV and Pfizer Inc. in the

Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, in the UK High Court. In September 2022, we and Pfizer

filed a revocation action in the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales requesting revocation of

EP’949 and EP’565.

The UK High Court held a trial between April 22, 2024, and May 21, 2024. On July 2, 2024, the UK High Court

released two judgments. The first judgment concerns the validity of EP’949 and EP’565. In this first judgment,

the UK High Court found that EP’565 is invalid and therefore not infringed, while EP’949 is valid and infringed.

The second judgment concerns whether Moderna’s October 2020 commitment not to “enforce [its] COVID-19

related patents against those making vaccines intended to combat the pandemic,” or the Patent Pledge,

amounted to a consent under UK law to carry out any acts that would otherwise amount to patent infringement.

With respect to this judgment, the UK High Court found that Moderna’s Patent Pledge amounted to consent to

carry out activities that might otherwise infringe its patents prior to March 2022, but not after March 2022.

The UK High Court held a hearing on September 25, 2024, during which it granted Pfizer and BioNTech

permission to appeal its judgment regarding the validity of EP’949, and denied Moderna permission to appeal its

judgment regarding validity of EP’565. On October 16, 2024, Moderna sought permission from the UK Appeals

Court to appeal the EP'565 judgment. On November 11, 2024, the UK Appeals Court denied Moderna’s

application to appeal; accordingly, the UK designation of EP'565 is finally revoked with no further opportunity to

appeal in the UK. No party sought permission to appeal the UK High Court’s judgment on the patent pledge.

United States

U.S. District Court Litigation

In August 2022, Moderna filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts against us and

our wholly owned subsidiaries BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH and BioNTech US Inc. and Pfizer Inc. alleging

Comirnaty ’s infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 10,898,574; 10,702,600 and 10,933,127 and seeking monetary

relief. On April 12, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts stayed the litigation pending

resolution of the inter partes review of U.S. Patent Nos. 10,702,600 and 10,933,127.

Inter Partes Review

In August 2023, Pfizer and we filed petitions seeking inter partes review of U.S. Patent Nos. 10,702,600 and

10,933,127 before the United States Patent Trial and Appeal Board, or the PTAB. On March 6, 2024, the PTAB

issued decisions institutin g inter partes review proceedings on all challenged claims of U.S. Patent Nos.

10,702,600 and 10,933,127. An oral hearing on the merits occurred on December 10, 2024, and a first-instance

decision by the PTAB is expected by March 2025.

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Netherlands

In September 2022, Moderna filed a lawsuit against us and our wholly owned subsidiary BioNTech

Manufacturing GmbH and Pfizer B.V., Pfizer Export B.V., C.P. Pharmaceuticals International C.V. and Pfizer Inc.

in the District Court of The Hague alleging Comirnaty ’s infringement of EP‘949 and EP’565. The District Court of

the Hague held a hearing on October 6, 2023, on infringement and validity with respect to EP’949. On December

6, 2023, the Court found EP’949 to be invalid. On March 5, 2024, Moderna appealed this decision, and the

appeal is pending. The EP’565 case has been stayed pending the outcome of Moderna’s appeal of the

Opposition Division’s revocation of EP’565.

Ireland

In May 2023, Moderna filed a lawsuit against us and our wholly owned subsidiary BioNTech Manufacturing

GmbH, Pfizer Inc., Pfizer Healthcare Ireland, Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, and C.P. Pharmaceuticals

International C.V. alleging Comirnaty ’s infringement of EP’949 and EP’565 in the High Court of Ireland. On

February 26, 2024, the High Court of Ireland stayed the lawsuit pending the final determination of the EPO

opposition proceedings for EP’949 and EP’565 (in each case including any appeals).

Belgium

In May 2023, Moderna filed a lawsuit against us, our wholly owned subsidiary BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH,

Pfizer Inc. and Pfizer Manufacturing Belgium alleging Comirnaty ’s infringement of EP’949 and EP’565 in the

Brussels Dutch-speaking Enterprise Court. On May 29, 2024, the parties filed a joint request to stay the

proceedings, which was entered by the Enterprise Court.

All of the above proceedings are currently pending .

We believe we have strong defenses against the allegations claimed relative to each of the patents and intend to

vigorously defend ourselves in the proceedings mentioned above. However, our analysis of Moderna’s claims is

ongoing and complex, and we believe the outcome of the suit remains substantially uncertain. Taking into

account discussions with our external lawyers, we do not consider the probability of an outflow of resources to

be sufficient to recognize a provision at the balance sheet date. In our opinion, these matters constitute

contingent liabilities as of the balance sheet date. However, it is currently impractical for us to estimate with

sufficient reliability the respective contingent liabilities.

Arbutus and Genevant Proceedings

In April 2023, Arbutus and Genevant filed a lawsuit against Pfizer and us in the U.S. District Court for the District

of New Jersey alleging that Pfizer and we have infringed the following patents owned by Arbutus: U.S. Patent

Nos. 9,504,651; 8,492,359; 11,141,378; 11,298,320; and 11,318,098, through the use of Genevant’s lipid

nanoparticle technology and methods for producing such lipids in Comirnaty , and seeking monetary relief. This

proceeding is currently pending.

We believe we have strong defenses against the allegations claimed relative to each of the patents and intend to

vigorously defend ourselves in the lawsuit mentioned above. However, our analysis of Arbutus and Genevant’s

claims is ongoing and complex, and we believe the outcome of the suit remains substantially uncertain . Taking

into account discussions with our external lawyers, we do not consider the probability of an outflow of resources

to be sufficient to recognize a provision at the balance sheet date. In our opinion, these matters constitute

contingent liabilities as of the balance sheet date. However, it is currently impractical for us to estimate with

sufficient reliability the respective contingent liabilities.

GlaxoSmithKline Proceedings

In April 2024, GSK filed a lawsuit against Pfizer, Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. LLC, BioNTech SE, BioNTech

Manufacturing GmbH, and BioNTech US Inc. in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware

alleging that the cationic lipid used in COMIRNATY ® infringes U.S. Patent Nos. 11,638,693; 11,638,694;

11,666,534; 11,766,401; and 11,786,467; and seeking monetary relief. On August 14, 2024, GSK filed an

amended complaint to assert infringement of three additional patents, U.S. Patent Nos. 11,759,422; 11,655,475;

and 11,851,660. This proceeding is currently pending.

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We believe we have strong defenses against the allegations claimed relative to each of the patents and intend to

vigorously defend ourselves in the lawsuit mentioned above. However, our analysis of GSK’s claims is ongoing

and complex, and we believe the outcome of the suit remains substantially uncertain. Taking into account

discussions with our external lawyers, we do not consider the probability of an outflow of resources to be

sufficient to recognize a provision at the balance sheet date. In our opinion, these matters constitute contingent

liabilities as of the balance sheet date. However, it is currently impractical for us to estimate with sufficient

reliability the respective contingent liabilities.

Ladewig Proceedings

In January 2024, we and certain of our officers and directors were named as defendants in a securities class

action complaint captioned Ladewig v. BioNTech SE filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of

California brought on behalf of a putative class of investors who purchased our securities from March 30, 2022

through October 13, 2023. Plaintiffs allege that we violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act by

stating that we were “well positioned” to remain a “market leader” in vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19

and by purportedly overstating demand for Comirnaty. Plaintiffs further allege that we failed to adapt our

inventory to reflect the emergence of new COVID variants. On July 15, 2024, the case was transferred to the

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.

We believe we have strong defenses against the allegations claimed and intend to vigorously defend ourselves

in the lawsuit mentioned above. We cannot reasonably estimate the maximum potential exposure or the range of

possible loss for this matter. Taking into account discussions with our external lawyers, we do not consider the

probability of an outflow of resources to be sufficient to recognize a provision at the balance sheet date. In our

opinion, these matters constitute contingent liabilities as of the balance sheet date. However, it is currently

impractical for us to estimate with sufficient reliability the respective contingent liabilities.

For additional information about events and developments since the end of the calendar year ended December

31, 2024, please see Note 22 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

C. Organizational Structure

See Item 18.

D. Property, Plant and Equipmen t

The following is a summary of our principal owned and leased real estate. We also lease other properties in the

ordinary course of business as part of our global operations.

Germany:

Our headquarters are located in Mainz , where we principally occupy:

• Approximately 10,780 square meters of laboratory, GMP manufacturing, storage and office space at An

der Goldgrube 12, 55131. We have owned the building and the land on which it stands since January 1,

2023.

• Approximately 4,000 square meters of office space at Freiligrathstraße 6, 55131 under a lease that has

been extended until December 31, 2027.

• Approximately 8,110 square meters of office and laboratory container space, including ancillary space, at

Freiligrathstraße 6, 55131. The lease of the office container space expires on June 30, 2027. We own

the laboratory container space.

• Approximately 1,000 square meters of office and GMP manufacturing space under a lease for part of the

building located at Kupferbergterrasse 15, 55161 that expires on March 31, 2027.

• A 3,950-square-meter laboratory and office building at Adam-Opel-Strasse 10, 55129, which we own. On

the approximately 13,000-square-meter property, there is also an undeveloped area for a planned

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laboratory and office building with a size of up to 12,000 square meters. Currently, a 2,125-square-meter

office containers are located in this area. The containers are rented until the end of December 2026.

• An office building, “Haus 4,” at Hechtsheimer Straße 2c, with approximately 7,000 square meters of total

space. The building is a freehold asset.

• Approximately 42,100 square meters of office space under a lease for two of three building parts at

Große Bleiche 54-56, 55131, under a lease that expires on December 31, 2029.

We intend to expand our capacity in Mainz as follows:

• In January 2022, we commenced construction of a four-story building that we will own at An der

Goldgrube 10. We have planned laboratory space for research and development, offices, storage

facilities, a conference center and cafeteria. As a result, we will have an additional 2,400 square meters

of laboratory space and 4,050 square meters of office space. Completion is planned for mid-2025.

• We also own a plot of land of approximately 8,750 square meters at Hechtsheimer Straße 2b, 55131,

where construction for a GMP manufacturing facility of approximately 18,000 square meters in total

commenced in 2021. Completion is planned for 2025. The start of operations is planned for 2026.

In Idar-Oberstein:

• The IMFS facility (consisting of buildings A to E and J) has a total area of approximately 13,470 square

meters. This includes approximately 2,660 square meters of storage space, approximately 1,270 square

meters of development and QC laboratory space, approximately 1,650 square meters of clean rooms,

and approximately 2,540 square meters of office space. We own this facility, including the GMP-certified

manufacturing suites.

◦ We occupy approximately 575 square meters of this space, which is used primarily for storage,

under a lease that has an initial expiry date of October 1, 2021, but which we have extended

until September 30, 2026. The warehouse is in Tiefenstein.

◦ We have been renting the warehouse for GMP products since April 2022. The warehouse has

an area of 1,156 square meters. The term is 5 years with the option to extend.

◦ Rental of a plot of land with 2,916 square meters. A container facility was built on it. The office

container facility has a size of approximately 1,474 square meters. Both contracts currently run

until June 2025. We intend to extend both contracts until December 2029.

In Marburg:

Behringwerke

• Our main manufacturing facility (H028) consists of 10,240 square meters, including 4,589 square meters

of GMP space, 2,422 square meters of technical and warehouse space, 540 square meters of laboratory

space and 2,690 square meters of office space. Effective January 1, 2025, we have also leased

additional 2,977 square meters space on the 1st and 2nd floors (H028), bringing the total leased space

to 13,217 square meters. The lease expires on December 31, 2034.

• Our main office building (H001) consists of 4,913 square meters of office space. The lease expires on

October 31, 2027.

Görzhausen

• As part of our BioNTainer program (BioNTech Innovation Center/BIC, M102), we occupy approximately

2,040 square meters. Approximately 804 square meters are used as office space and 1,236 square

meters as GMP and technical storage space under a lease that expires on December 31, 2031.

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• Our Plasmid Production/Miami (Microbial Manufacturing, M537) comprises 3,088 square meters,

including 1,021 square meters of usable GMP and laboratory space, 1,065 square meters of usable

technical and warehouse space and 448 square meters of usable office space. The lease expires on

December 31, 2031.

In Berlin:

• At our JPT facility, we occupy approximately 2,300 square meters of laboratories, general technical

production space, storage and offices.

• About 2,000 square meters are occupied under a lease contract that will expire when we move into our

new building.

• A new laboratory and office building, wholly owned by JPT, is under construction, with an expected

completion date in mid-2025.

• We have been renting an office of approximately 1,700 square meters since April 2023. The contract

runs until December 31, 2028, and may be extended.

In Munich , we have leased approximately 3,700 square meters in the Werksviertel. The lease is for 60 months

with options to extend.

In Neuried:

• We occupy approximately 1,732 square meters of laboratory and office space under a lease which will

expire on November 30, 2031.

• We leased additional space in July 2022 of approximately 1,470 square meters of laboratory, office and

storage space under a lease which will expire on August 30, 2029.

In Fussgoenheim , we lease approximately 3,448 square meters of freezer farm space. The term ends on

December 31, 2027.

In Mutterstadt , we occupy approximately 5,744 square meters of freezer farm space under a rental agreement.

We also lease a further 2,160 square meters of handling space. The term ends on December 31, 2027, with a

one-year extension option.

Global locations:

In Cambridge , Massachusetts, United States, we principally occupy:

• Approximately 2,490 square meters of laboratory and office space under a lease for part of a building

located at 40 Erie Street. The term was extended and will expire on September 30, 2028.

• Approximately 4,410 square meters of laboratory and office space under a lease for part of a building

located at 75 Sidney Street that has an initial term that expires on January 31, 2032.

In Gaithersburg , Maryland, United States, we principally occupy:

• Approximately 5,476 square meters containing office, laboratory and manufacturing space at 930 / 940

Clopper Road under a lease which will expire on July 31, 2033.

• Approximately 1,000 square meters containing office and laboratory space at 25 West Watkins under a

lease which will expire on November 30, 2033.

In Cambridge , United Kingdom, we principally occupy:

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• Approximately 7,400 square meters of shell and core laboratory and office space under a lease with an

initial term until October 13, 2033, including a tenant-only break option at year seven of the term. The

building is expected to be in operation during 2026.

In Vienna , Austria, we signed a lease in September 2022 for approximately 1,300 square meters of office and

laboratory space for part of the building located at Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030. The lease commenced on

April 1, 2023, with a lease term of eight years and an option to extend.

In Kigali , Rwanda, we have leased a plot of land of approximately 35,100 square meters to develop a modular

mRNA vaccine factory for the manufacturing of bulk drug substance and bulk drug product.

In Singapore , we own a production site. The entire area covers approximately 63,300 square meters. There is

office space of approximately 6,195 square meters, a production and technical building of approximately 20,000

square meters, and a warehouse of approximately 3,400 square meters.

In Melbourne , Australia, we have leased a plot of land of approximately 26,100 square meters at La Trobe

University to develop a freehold modular R&D and manufacturing center.

In Paris, France, our subsidiary InstaDeep signed a lease agreement for approximately 1,200 square meters of

office space with an initial term until December 31, 2029.

The acquisition of Biotheus, which closed in January 2025, is set to provide us with a significant infrastructure

component in Mainland China. The material sites are as follows:

• A freehold manufacturing facility in Nantong, covering an area of approximately 62,000 square meters.

While most of the site is currently in a shell and core condition, it is intended to be developed further to

support additional capacity.

• A leasehold asset in the form of the current Biotheus headquarters in Zhuhai, which comprises office,

lab, and pilot manufacturing space totaling approximately 5,500 square meters. The leases for the

building are structured between floors, with terms expiring between 2025 and 2027.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5 . Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” discussion should be read together with the

information in our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The following

discussion is based on our financial information prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International

Accounting Standards Board, or IASB, which may differ in material respects from generally accepted accounting

principles in other jurisdictions, including U.S. GAAP. The following discussion includes forward-looking

statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those

anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those

described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Please also see “Cautionary Statement

Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

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A. Operating Results

Financial Operations Overview

The following table shows our consolidated statements of profit or loss for each period presented :

(in millions €)	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	2022
Revenues	2,751.1	3,819.0	17,310.6
Cost of sales	(541.3)	(599.8)	(2,995.0)
Research and development expenses	(2,254.2)	(1,783.1)	(1,537.0)
Sales and marketing expenses	(67.9)	(62.7)	(59.5)
General and administrative expenses (1)	(531.1)	(495.0)	(481.7)
Other operating expenses (1)	(811.5)	(293.0)	(410.0)
Other operating income	140.6	105.0	815.3
Operating profit / (loss)	(1,314.3)	690.4	12,642.7
Finance income	664.0	519.6	330.3
Finance expenses	(27.4)	(23.9)	(18.9)
Profit / (Loss) before tax	(677.7)	1,186.1	12,954.1
Income taxes	12.4	(255.8)	(3,519.7)
Net profit / (loss)	(665.3)	930.3	9,434.4
Earnings / (Loss) per share
Basic earnings / (loss) per share	(2.77)	3.87	38.78
Diluted earnings / (loss) per share	(2.77)	3.83	37.77

(1) Adjustments to the year 2022 figures due to change in functional allocation of general and administrative expenses and

other operating expenses.

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023

Revenues

The following is a summary of revenues recognized for the periods indicated :

(in millions €)	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	Change — €	%
COVID-19 vaccine revenues	2,432.1	3,776.2	(1,344.1)	(36)
Other revenues	319.0	42.8	276.2	645
Total revenues	2,751.1	3,819.0	(1,067.9)	(28)

COVID-19 vaccine revenues

During the year ended December 31, 2024 , COVID-19 vaccines revenues were recognized from the supply and

sales of our COVID-19 vaccine worldwide, mainly comprising our share of the collaboration partner’s gross profit

derived from sales in the collaboration partner’s territory. During the year ended December 31, 2024 , our

commercial revenues decreased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, in line with a lower

COVID-19 vaccine market demand. In addition, write-downs by our collaboration partner Pfizer, significantly

reduced our gross profit share and hence negatively influenced our revenues for the year ended December 31,

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2024 . Our COVID-19 vaccine revenues are subject to seasonal effects in the fall / winter of the northern

hemisphere.

Other revenues

During the year ended December 31, 2024 , our other revenues were mainly derived from a pandemic

preparedness contract with the German government effectively supplemented in the three months ended March

31, 2024.

Cost of Sales

From the year ended December 31, 2023 , to the year ended December 31, 2024 , cost of sales decreased by

€58.5 million , or 10 %, from €599.8 million to €541.3 million , mainly due to recognizing lower cost of sales from

our decreased COVID-19 vaccine sales, which included the share of gross profit that we owe our collaboration

partner Pfizer based on our sales. In addition, cost of sales was impacted by expenses arising from inventory

write-downs and scrapings in the context of the launch of our variant adapted COVID-19 vaccine in the amount

of €125.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 ( €94.5 million for year ended December 31, 2023 ).

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated:

(in millions €)	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	Change — €	%
Non-COVID-19 vaccine	2,018.2	1,470.1	548.1	37
COVID-19 vaccine	236.0	313.0	(77.0)	(25)
Total research and development expenses	2,254.2	1,783.1	471.1	26

(1) Break-down as per internal cost allocation logic.

From the year ended December 31, 2023 , to the year ended December 31, 2024 , our research and development

expenses increased by €471.1 million , or 26 %, from €1,783.1 million to €2,254.2 million , mainly influenced by

advancing key pipeline candidates, such as our ADC antibody and individualized cancer-immunotherapy product

candidates. Further contributions to the increase came from higher personnel expenses resulting from an

increase in headcount.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

From the year ended December 31, 2023 , to the year ended December 31, 2024 , our sales and marketing

expenses increased by €5.2 million , or 8 %, from €62.7 million to €67.9 million , mainly due to increased expenses

for setup and enhancement of commercial IT platforms and an increase in personnel expenses resulting from an

increase in headcount.

General and Administrative Expenses

From the year ended December 31, 2023 , to the year ended December 31, 2024 , our general and administrative

expenses increased by €36.1 million , or 7 %, from €495.0 million to €531.1 million , mainly influenced by

increased expenses for IT services as well as by an increase in personnel expenses resulting from an increase

in headcount.

Othe r Operating Result

From the year ended December 31, 2023 , to the year ended December 31, 2024 , o ur o ther result decreased by

€482.9 million , or 257 %, from negative €188.0 million to a negative result of €670.9 million . The decreased other

operating result was mainly due to the settlement of contractual disputes and related expenses to such disputes

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and other litigations. The amounts shown for contractual disputes are net of the related reimbursements to be

received.

Finance Result

From the year ended December 31, 2023 , to the year ended December 31, 2024 , our total financial result

increased by €140.9 million from a positive financial result of €495.7 million to a positive financial result of €636.6

million , which was driven by interest income earned on security investments as bonds, commercial paper,

reverse repos and deposits as well as fair value adjustments in relation to our money market funds.

Income Taxes

The following table summarizes our income taxes for the periods indicated:

(in millions €)	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	Change — €	%
Current income taxes	(2.3)	243.1	(245.4)	(101)
Deferred taxes	(10.1)	12.7	(22.8)	(180)
Income taxes expenses / (income)	(12.4)	255.8	(268.2)	(105)

Our current income taxes represent mainly corporate and trade taxes derived by our German tax group. The

decrease in profit during the year ended December 31, 2024 , as compared to the year ended December 31,

2023 , led t o lower taxable income for the year ended December 31, 2024 , for the German tax group. Corporate

and trade tax prepayments have been made exceeding the tax charge. Refunds will become due once tax

declarations have been filed and assessed.

As of December 31, 2024 , our accumulated tax losses comprised tax losses of German entities that were

incurred prior to the establishment of a tax group with BioNTech SE or by entities that are not within the tax

group or U.S. tax group .

The amount of deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses, and unused tax credits for which no

deferred tax asset is recognized in the statement of financial position as of December 31, 2024 , was €2,028.8

million . Thus, a s of December 31, 2024 , we have not recognized deferred tax assets for unused tax losses and

temporary differences in an amount of €332.4 million ( December 31, 2023 : €138.0 million ) as the criteria of the

recognition guidance for IAS 12, which requires that no reliance should be placed on future events that cannot

be controlled and are uncertain, are not met. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each

reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow

the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

As of December 31, 2024 , we maintain the non-recognition of deferred tax assets for unused U.S. federal and

state tax losses and tax credits at an amount of €30.5 million and €4.0 million , respectively, as there is not

sufficient probability in terms of IAS 12 that future taxable income will be available against which these unused

tax losses and tax credits can be utilized. The material unrecognized U.S. federal and state tax losses and tax

credits will begin to expire in 2036 .

The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable in come, the amount

and timing of which are subject to uncertainties. We may become subject to income tax audits and adjustments

by local tax authorities. The asse ssments of the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the nature of uncertain

tax positions are subject to significant judgment by management and subject to change .

The group does not recognize deferred tax liabilities for taxable temporary differences associated with

investments in subsidiaries, in cases where the group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the

temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

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The aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, for which deferred

tax liabilities have not been recognized is €14.5 million .

Information about Our Operating Segments

Decisions with respect to business operations and resource allocations are made by our Management Board, as

the chief operating decision maker based on BioNTech as a whole. Accordingly, we operate and make decisions

as a single operating segment, which is also our reporting segment.

Related Party Transactions

Related party transactions that occurred during th e years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are explained in

Item 7 . of this Annual Report as well as in Note 21 of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in

this Annual Report.

Key Performance Indicators

Financial key performance indicators

The following financial performance indicators are the focus of managing our operational business development.

We use the key figures on the basis of current exchange rates (not currency-adjusted) and take into account the

effects of potential M&A activities or collaborations to the extent that they are published.

R evenues

Total revenues mainly comprise expected commercial revenue, particularly in connection with our COVID-19

business as well as other revenue sources. Revenues are heavily influenced by the volumes available under the

collaboration and the agreed upon purchase quantities . Our revenues include our share of the collaboration

partners' gross profit and, hence, are also influenced by the incurring costs. For further information on the

composition of commercial COVID-19 vaccine sales and the components contained therein, see the comments

on revenues under Item 5. Operating Results. Our sales serve as a performance indicator of our commercial

earning power.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses are an indicator of our future earnings potential, as this is highly

dependent on the development of the clinical pipeline and t he responsible use of the financial resources

generated . This figure mainly includes expenses for the development of our clinical product candidates, early

exploratory research and research and development overhead costs.

Sales, general and administrative expenses

These costs include sales and marketing costs as well as general and administrative costs. We use this

measure to manage the costs associated with the expansion of the sales and marketing organization to ensure

the necessary infrastructure and digital capacity for future market-ready products, as well as to manage the

internal administrative and coordination functions associated with the expansion of research and development,

such as finance, human resources, or business development, with regard to the associated cost development.

In addition, we also use the following financial performance indicators:

Capital expenditures for operating activities

Capital expenditures for operating activities include expenditures for the acquisition of property, plant and

equipment as well as expenditures for the acquisition of intangible assets and rights of use, unless they are

made as part of business combinations. These mainly include expenditures for the expansion and improvement

of our research and development as well as manufacturing facilities and investments in a state-of-the-art IT

infrastructure to support the company in all digitization projects.

Non-financial key performance indicators

R&D Pipeline progress

Progress in research achievements, s uch as initiating registration-directed studies and advancing towards first

BLA submission , is a key performance indicator. We are working to clinically demonstrate the benefit of

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additional treatment approaches, further develop additional product candidates in the form of pivotal studies, and

continuously expand collaborations and manufacturing capabilities to offer innovative treatments to patients

around the world.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Given our strong financial, scientific and operational accomplishments, we believe we have the resources to

diligently allocate our current capital to drive a multi-platform strategy and deliver a fully integrated global

biotechnology company. We focus our R&D, on rapidly advancing our diversified clinical oncology pipeline with

synergistic potential, developing next generation COVID-19 vaccines to maintain leadership and pandemic

preparedness, as well as broadening the label of and access to the existing vaccine. We also plan to invest

heavily to build out our global development organization, bringing in talent with clinical and regulatory expertise

needed to accelerate our pipeline development. We are also diversifying our therapeutic area footprint, which will

enable us to fully leverage the potential of all technology platforms across autoimmune diseases, inflammatory

diseases, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and regenerative medicines. In addition, we plan

to enhance capabilities through complementary acquisitions, technologies, infrastructure and manufacturing. To

support our future trajectory, growing the organization and expanding our team is of utmost importance.

Additionally, investing in manufacturing capabilities for key technologies, deploying our global footprint in key

regions including Europe, the United States, Asia and Africa and building a targeted AI-enabled

commercialization team in key markets remain priorities for us. As a science and innovation driven company, we

will continue to focus investments on R&D and scaling the business for commercial readiness in oncology in

multiple countries by the end of 2025.

As of December 31, 2024 , we had cash and cash equivalents of €9,761.9 million , current security investments of

€6,536.2 million and non-current security investmen ts of €1,061.1 million accumulating to €17,359.2 million in

cash, cash equivalents and security investments. In general, the aim is to protect and maximize the financial

resources available for further research and development projects.

Cash and cash equivalents and financial securities are invested in accordance with our asset management and

investment policy, primarily with a focus on liquidity and capital preservation, and consist primarily of cash in

bank accounts and on hand as well as long- and short-term financial investments .

Cash Flow

The following table summarizes the primary sources and uses of cash for each period presented:

(in millions €)	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	2022
Net cash flows from / (used in):
Operating activities	207.7	5,371.4	13,577.4
Investing activities	(2,081.2)	(6,954.5)	(35.3)
Financing activities	(45.9)	(778.6)	(1,419.3)
Total cash inflow / (outflow) before change in cash and cash equivalents resulting from exchange rate differences and other valuation effects	(1,919.4)	(2,361.7)	12,122.8

Operating Activities

We derive cash flows from operations primarily from the sale of products and services rendered. Our cash flows

from operating activities are significantly influenced by cash we generate from our COVID-19 vaccine

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collaboration under which we receive a share of our collaboration partner’s gross profit as well as our use of

cash for operating expenses and working capital to support the business.

Cash received from our revenue streams exceeded the cash payments for our operating activities for the year

ended December 31, 2024 , resulting in a positive cash contribution of €184.0 million . Additionally, the positive

cash contribution from interest and other payments related to the security investments of €474.9 million and

grants of €106.0 million were offset mainly by exercised share-based payment programs and related wage tax

payments of €154.5 million as well as by tax payments of €389.2 million . In total, the cash inflow from operating

activities was €207.7 million .

Net cash generated in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 , was €5,371.4 million ,

comprising a profit before tax of €1,186.1 million , negative non-cash adjustments of €393.2 million , and a net

positive change in assets and liabilities of €5,574.8 million . Non-cash items primarily included net foreign

exchange differences as well as share-based payment expenses without cash-effect. The net positive change in

assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in trade receivables related to our COVID-19 collaboration

with Pfizer.

Net cash generated in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 , was €13,577.4 million ,

comprising a profit before tax of €12,954.1 million , positive non-cash adjustments of €370.9 million , and a net

positive change in assets and liabilities of €4,518.5 million . Non-cash items primarily included net foreign

exchange differences as well as share-based payment expenses without cash-effect. The net positive change in

assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease in trade receivables related to our COVID-19 collaboration

with Pfizer.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 , was €2,081.2 million . The amount

includes net inves tments of €1,400.1 million spend into security investments, €188.9 million in equity instru ments

and €165.8 million in intangibles, mainly driven from in-licensing arrangements. In addition , the amount for

capital expenditures supporting our operating activities amounts to €307.1 million whereof the majority was

related to investments in building our laboratory and office facilities in Mainz, Germany as well as the sites in

Singapore and Kigali, Rwanda .

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was €6,954.5 million. The amount

includes €5,912.1 million spend into security investments, €330.6 million caused by or driven from in-licensing

arrangements as well as €336.9 million for collaborations or M&A transactions. In addition , the amount for capital

expenditures supporting our operating activities amounts to €275.5 million whereof the majority was related to

investments in building our laboratory and office facilities in Mainz, Germany.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was €35.3 million, comprising the

release of €375.2 million cash deposits and compensated by €329.2 million, which was attributable to the

purchase of property, plant and equipment including the amounts spent with respect to the acquisition of the land

and laboratory as well as the office facility of our headquarter in Mainz, Germany. Intangible assets investments

amounted to €34.1 million, which was mainly attributable to certain patents and licenses. Therefore, the total

capital expenditure spent on tangible and intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2022,

amounted to €363.3 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 , was €45.9 million , comprising €43.6

million used for lease payments .

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was €778.6 million, comprising the

€738.5 million used for the share repurchase programs of ADS.

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was €1,419.3 million, comprising

the €986.4 million used for the first tranche of our $1.5 billion share repurchase program of ADS as well as the

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€484.3 million special cash dividend paid in June 2022. Whereas €110.5 million cash generated was attributable

to the Pfizer equity investment as part of our HZV collaboration.

Operation and Funding Requirements

As part of our capital allocation strategy, we expect to continue to incur operating expenses for the foreseeable

future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we and our collaborators:

• continue or expand our research or development of our programs in preclinical development;

• continue or expand the scope of our clinical trials for our product candidates;

• initiate additional preclinical, clinical, or other trials for our product candidates, including under our

collaboration agreements;

• continue to invest in our immunotherapy platforms to conduct research to identify novel technologies;

• change or increase our manufacturing capacity or capability;

• change or add additional suppliers;

• add additional infrastructure to our quality control, quality assurance, legal, compliance and other groups

to support our operations as a public company and our product development and commercialization

efforts, including new and expanded sites globally ;

• attract and retain skilled personnel;

• seek marketing approvals and reimbursement for our product candidates;

• devel op our sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure for our COVID-19 vaccine ;

• enhance our commercial infrastructure for other product candidates for which we are seeking to obtain

marketing approval;

• seek to identify and validate additional product candidates;

• acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies;

• acquire other companies;

• make milestone or other payments under any in-license agreements;

• maintain, protect, defend, enforce and expand our intellectual property portfolio; and

• experience any delays or encounter issues with any of the above.

We are a party to license and research and development agreements with universities and other third parties, as

well as patent assignment agreements, under which we have obtained rights to patents, patent applications and

know-how. We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs for clinical trials and clinical and

commercial supply manufacturing, and with vendors for preclinical research studies and for other services and

products for operating purposes. We work together with CMOs who manufacture our product candidates and

products, and enter into lease agreements to lease laboratory, GMP manufacturing, storage and office spaces.

Purchase obligations under our agreements, to the extent that they are quantifiable and not cancellable, have

been considered when defining our guidance for future cash commitments. Most of the committed cash outflow

within one year is related to lease payments amounting to €48.1 million commitments under purchase

agreements and contractual obligations amounting to €227.9 million . Further, we have lease payment obligations

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with an amount of €243.0 million and commitments under purchase agreements and contractual obligations of

€1,151.9 million for the years 2026 and beyond.

We are subject to all of the risks related to the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products,

and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that

may adversely affect our business.

Our future funding requirements, both near and long term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited

to:

• the initiation, progress, timing, costs, and results of preclinical or nonclinical studies and clinical trials for

our product candidates;

• the amount and timing of revenues and associated costs from sales of our COVID-19 vaccine;

• the results of research and our other platform activities;

• the clinical development plans we establish for our product candidates;

• the terms of any agreements with our current or future collaborators, and the achievement of any

milestone payments under such agreements to be paid to us or our collaborators;

• the number and characteristics of product candidates that we develop or may in-license;

• the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the FDA, the EMA and

other comparable regulatory authorities;

• the cost of filing, prosecuting, obtaining, maintaining, protecting, defending and enforcing our patent

claims and other intellectual property rights, including actions for patent and other intellectual property

infringement, misappropriation and other violations brought by third parties against us regarding our

product candidates or actions by us challenging the patent or intellectual property rights of others;

• the effect of competing technological and market developments, including other products that may

compete with one or more of our product candidates;

• the cost and timing of completion and further expansion of clinical and commercial scale manufacturing

activities sufficient to support all of our current and future programs;

• the cost of establishing sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for

which we may receive marketing approval and reimbursement in regions where we choose to

commercialize our products on our own; and

• the terms of any ADS repurchases we make.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Full details of our research and development activities and expenditures are given in Item 4 and under the

description of the “ Operating Results ” in this Item 5 within this Annual Report.

D. Trend Information

See the description of “ Operating Results ” as well as Liquidity and Capital Resources in this Item 5 , “Business

Overview” in Item 4 and “Risk Factors” in Item 3 within this Annual Report.

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E. Critical Accounting Estimates

For a discussion of our Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumption please refer to Note 3 to

our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

F. Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022

For a discussion of our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2022 , and a comparison of the years

ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 , please refer to Item 5 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year

ended December 31, 2023 .

Item 6 . Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A. Directors and Senior Management

Management Board (Vorstand)

In January 2024, our Supervisory Board unanimously appointed Annemarie Hanekamp to the Management

Board as our new Chief Commercial Officer (CCO), effective July 1, 2024. Annemarie Hanekamp replaced Sean

Marett, who retired as CCO and whose service contract and term of office ended prematurely by mutual

agreement. Sean Marett entered into a 12-month consultancy agreement with the Company on July 1, 2024, to

ensure a smooth transition of services.

The following table sets forth the names and functions of the current members of our Management Board, their

ages as of December 31, 2024 , and thei r terms :

Name	Age	Term Expires	Position
Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D.	59	December 31, 2026	Chief Executive Officer
Annemarie Hanekamp (1)	44	June 30, 2028	Chief Commercial Officer
Jens Holstein	61	June 30, 2025 (2)	Chief Financial Officer
Sierk Poetting, Ph.D.	50	November 30, 2026	Chief Operating Officer
Ryan Richardson	45	December 31, 2026	Chief Strategy Officer
James Ryan, Ph.D.	49	August 31, 2027	Chief Legal Officer and Chief Business Officer
Prof. Özlem Türeci, M.D.	56	May 31, 2025	Chief Medical Officer

(1) Appointed effective as of July 1, 2024. Annemarie Hanekamp replaced Sean Marett, who retired as CCO and whose

service contract and term of office ended prematurely by mutual agreement. Sean Marett entered into a 12-month

consultancy agreement with the Company on July 1, 2024, to ensure a smooth transition of services.

(2) Jens Holstein, our Chief Financial Officer, plans to retire at the end of his term. A successor will be announced in due

course.

The business address of the members of our Management Board is the same as our business address: An der

Goldgrube 12, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.

The following is a brief summary of the business experience of the members of our Management Board

(including Sean Marett, who retired as planned from the Management Board of BioNTech as of June 30, 2024):

Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D., co-founded BioNTech in 2008 and has served as our Chief Executive Officer since that

time. He is a physician, immunologist and leader in the development of novel approaches to fight cancer and

infectious diseases. Ugur Sahin is one of the world’s foremost experts on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

medicines. He has pioneered several fundamental breakthroughs enabling the development of mRNA vaccines

and other types of immunotherapies. He initiated and oversaw “Project Lightspeed”, the historic development of

the first mRNA vaccine for COVID-19, moving from lab and clinical testing to conditional approval within an

unprecedented 11-month period. He also leads BioNTech’s research and development of neoantigen specific as

well as non-neoantigen specific mRNA cancer immunotherapies, which can be individually tailored and produced

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on demand according to the profile of non-synonymous mutations identified by next-generation sequencing in

patients’ tumors. Ugur Sahin is co-inventor of more than 500 filed patents applications and patents. His

academic credentials include serving as a Full Professor in Translational Oncology & Immunology at Johannes

Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, where he was the supervisor of more than 50 Ph.D. students. He also

holds the role of Chairman of the Scientific Management Board of the Helmholtz Institute for Translational

Oncology (HI-TRON). Based on his contributions to scientific discovery, Ugur Sahin has received numerous

awards and recognitions, including the German Sustainability Award, the Mustafa Prize, and the German Cancer

Award. He is married to Özlem Türeci.

Annemarie Hanekamp is our Chief Commercial Officer. She joined BioNTech in 2024 and has more than 20

years of experience in the healthcare industry, including 15 years of commercial experience in companies

ranging from early-stage biotechnology companies to full-scale pharmaceutical companies. She successfully

delivered significant value in a broad range of roles: at Novartis (NYSE: NV), she led the U.S. and global teams

through a time of strategic opportunities and operational headwinds following an unprecedented strong launch

uptake of their novel treatment for prostate cancer. She was also responsible for building a new global oncology

organization following a company-wide transformation. At Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (NYSE: BMY), she held a

pivotal role in evolving the company’s U.S. oncology strategy, resulting in significant and sustainable growth

including an expanded market access as well as product launches. Annemarie Hanekamp holds degrees in

biomedical sciences as well as organizational leadership.

Jens Holstein is our Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining BioNTech in 2021, Jens was CFO of dual-listed

MorphoSys AG (Nasdaq/FWB: MOR) where he was instrumental in building a fully integrated biopharmaceutical

company. Before joining MorphoSys in 2011, Jens Holstein served in multiple CFO positions as well as general

management roles within the Fresenius SE Group. He served as Regional CFO for the region EME (Europe/

Middle East) and as Managing Director of Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH. From 2006 to 2010, he was

Regional CFO of Fresenius Kabi Asia Pacific Ltd., based in Hong Kong. Prior to this appointment, Jens Holstein

was Managing Director of Fresenius ProServe GmbH, and CFO and Labor Director of the company’s subsidiary

Wittgensteiner Kliniken AG. Earlier positions within Fresenius included General Manager of hospitalia care

GmbH, Commercial Manager of the Projects & Service business unit of Fresenius AG and Commercial Manager

of hospitalia international GmbH. Jens Holstein also spent several years in the consulting industry, including in

M&A with positions in Frankfurt and London. Jens Holstein holds a Diploma in Business Administration from the

University of Münster, Germany. He is also a non-executive member of the board of directors at global genomic

diagnostics company Veracyte Inc.

Sean Marett was our Chief Business Officer and Chief Commercial Officer until retiring from the Management

Board of BioNTech with effect as of June 30, 2024. He joined BioNTech in 2012. Prior to that, he worked in

global strategic and regional marketing and sales roles at GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE: GSK) in the United States

and Pfizer (NYSE: PFE) in Europe, before taking business development executive roles at Evotec (Nasdaq:

EVO; FWB: EVT) and Lorantis. He has successfully executed complex licensing transactions with large

pharmaceutical companies, negotiated M&A transactions and raised finance from investors. Sean Marett built

and ran a contract clinical manufacturing organization with operations across Europe and the United States for

over half a decade for the contract manufacturer NextPharma. Sean Marett has been Chairman of PHMR Ltd, a

company specializing in market access and pharmaceutical reimbursement, since 2017. He previously held non-

executive directorship of KWS BioTest Ltd (successfully sold to Charles River) from 2011 until 2018 and was a

member of the investment committee of Mann BioInvest Ltd, a fund dedicated to biotechnology and

pharmaceutical company investments from 2013 until 2016. He holds a BSc (Hons) in Biochemistry from Kings

College London and an MBA from Manchester Business School.

Sierk Poetting, Ph.D., is our Chief Operating Officer. He joined BioNTech in September 2014 from Novartis

(NYSE: NV), where he served in various positions from May 2012 to August 2014 as Vice President and Chief

Financial Officer for the Sandoz Division in North America. Sierk Poetting started his career as a consultant with

McKinsey & Company. A German citizen, Sierk Poetting holds a Master of Science in Optical Sciences from the

University of Arizona and a Ph.D. in Physics from the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich.

Ryan Richardson is our Chief Strategy Officer. He brings more than 20 years of experience in the healthcare

and finance industries to BioNTech. Ryan joined BioNTech in 2018 as Senior Vice President, Corporate

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Development & Strategy and was appointed to Chief Strategy Officer and a Member of the Management Board

in 2020. Prior to joining BioNTech, Ryan Richardson was an Executive Director in the Global Healthcare

Investment Banking team at J.P. Morgan in London, where he advised companies in the biotech and life

sciences industry on cross-border M&A, equity and debt capital financings. Earlier in his career, Ryan

Richardson worked as a Management Consultant to biopharmaceutical companies in the United States and

Europe, focusing on a wide range of strategic and operational projects in the areas of commercial strategy,

pricing and market access, new product planning, and R&D transformation. Ryan has also worked as a Health

Economist at IMS Health in London. Ryan was the recipient of the 2018 Eisenhower Zhi Xing Fellowship to

China, and the 2005-6 Robert R. Bosch Fellowship to Germany. Ryan Richardson holds an International MBA

from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, an MSc from the London School of Economics, and a

BS in Biology from the University of Kansas.

James Ryan, Ph.D., is our Chief Legal Officer and Chief Business Officer. He brings nearly 20 years of global

legal and IP expertise in the pharmaceutical industry to BioNTech. James Ryan joined the Company in 2018 as

General Counsel and Senior Vice President Legal & IP and was appointed to Chief Legal Officer and a Member

of the Management Board in 2023 and to Chief Business Officer in July 2024. He has guided BioNTech through

a wide range of key business, IP and transactional activities, mergers and acquisitions, strategic collaborations

and equity capital markets transactions, including the Company’s IPO in 2019. James Ryan and his teams

played a pivotal role in the successful development of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, supporting every

legal aspect of the program, its launch and commercialization. Prior to joining BioNTech, he established the legal

group of GW Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: GWPH), where he also served as Head of Legal Affairs. Earlier in his

career, James Ryan worked for a number of UK and U.S. law firms, including Special Counsel at Covington &

Burling LLP, where he specialized in commercial and strategic transactions with a focus on companies in the life

sciences sector. James has a Ph.D. in epigenetics from the University of St Andrews, is a member of the Law

Society of England & Wales, and is a member of the Law Society of Ireland.

Prof. Özlem Türeci, M.D., Co-founder and Chief Medical Officer of BioNTech, is a physician, immunologist, and

cancer researcher with translational and clinical experience. She has helped lead the discovery of cancer

antigens, the development of mRNA-based individualized and off-the-shelf immunotherapy candidates and other

types of immunotherapies which are currently in clinical development. Özlem Türeci leads the clinical

development of BioNTech’s “Project Lightspeed”, the company’s successful effort to develop and distribute an

mRNA-based vaccine against COVID-19, a historic achievement completed in less than one year. Özlem Türeci

previously served as CEO and Chief Medical Officer of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, which she co-founded

with Ugur Sahin and Christoph Huber. She is also a professor for Personalized Immunotherapy at the University

Medical Center Mainz and the Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON) and currently

serves as President of the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy (CIMT) in Germany. She is a recipient of the

German Sustainability Award, among other notable recognitions. Özlem Türeci is married to Ugur Sahin.

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Supervisory Board (Aufsichtsrat)

The following table sets forth the names and functions of the members of our Supervisory Board during 2024 ,

their ages as of December 31, 2024 , their terms (which expire on the date of the relevant year’s general

shareholders’ meeting) and their principal occupations outside of our Company :

Name	Age	Term Expires (1)	Principal Occupation
Helmut Jeggle (Chair Supervisory Board)	54	2026	Managing partner and entrepreneurial venture capital investor of Salvia GmbH (Supervisory Board member of 4SC AG, AiCuris AG and Tonies SE, Board Director at Bambusa Therapeutics Inc.)
Ulrich Wandschneider, Ph.D. (Deputy Chair Supervisory Board)	63	2027	Managing director of beebusy capital GmbH and independent consultant to companies in the lifescience and healthcare sector (Supervisory Board Member at Marienhaus GmbH)
Baroness Nicola Blackwood	45	2027	Managing Director and Chair of Oxford University Innovations Limited (Equity Partner, ReCode Health Ventures LLC, Trustee and Director of the Alan Turing Institute, Chair of the Advisory Board of Genomics England Limited, Independent NED on the RTW Biotech Opportunities Ltd.)
Prof. Anja Morawietz, Ph.D.	47	2026	Certified Public Accountant and Management Consultant, Professor of External Accounting and General Business Administration at the Nuremberg University of Applied Sciences Georg Simon Ohm
Michael Motschmann	67	2027	Member of the Management Board and head of equity investments of MIG Capital AG (Supervisory Board member AFFiRiS AG, APK AG, HMW-Emissionshaus AG and HMW- Innovations AG)
Prof. Rudolf Staudigl, Ph.D.	70	2026	Independent consultant (member of the Supervisory Board of TÜV Süd Aktiengesellschaft until 3 July 2024, member of the Supervisory Board of Groz-Beckert KG (Deputy Chair))

(1) Term expires as of the AGM during the years indicated.

The business address of the members of our Supervisory Board is the same as our business address: An der

Goldgrube 12, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.

The following is a brief summary of the prior business experience of the members of our Supervisory Board:

Helmut Jeggle has been Chair of our Supervisory Board since its foundation in 2008. He has a degree in

business administration from the University of Applied Sciences in Neu-Ulm and an MBA (Master of Business

Administration) from the Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology. From 2000 to 2007, Helmut Jeggle

held various positions at Hexal AG. From 2007 onwards, he was, among other things, in charge of Direct

Investments at ATHOS KG, the family office of the Strüngmann family, from which he resigned as general

partner (Komplementär) in April 2021 . Since 2014, Helmut Jeggle has been Managing Director of Salvia GmbH,

where he acts as an entrepreneurial venture capital investor. He is currently a member of two other supervisory

boards of listed companies, including 4SC AG (ETR: VSC) and Tonies SE (ETR: TNIE).

Ulrich Wandschneider, Ph.D., has served as a member of our Supervisory Board since 2018. He has more

than 20 years of experience in the healthcare sector as a manager in the operative business and as a member

of boards and committees. He was a Partner at Arthur Andersen until 2002 and at Deloitte from 2002 to 2004 in

the healthcare and life science sector for many years. From 2004 to 2016 Ulrich Wandschneider served as Chief

Executive Officer first of Mediclin AG later of Asklepios Kliniken GmbH & Co. KGaA. In addition to BioNTech SE,

he is part of the Supervisory Board of Marienhaus GmbH, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Oberberg GmbH

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and he serves as chairman or member of various Advisory Boards, such as chairman of the Advisory Board of

Argentum Pflege Holding GmbH and Panorama Fachklinik GmbH and member of the Advisory Board of Creative

Balloons GmbH.

Baroness Nicola Blackwood has served as a member of our Supervisory Board since May 25, 2023. She has

been Chair of Genomics England since 2020 and Chair of Oxford University Innovation since 2021. She is a

member of the House of Lords, the upper chamber of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (UK). Blackwood

was elected Member of Parliament for Oxford West and Abingdon 2010 to 2017 and served as Minister for

Innovation at the UK Department of Health and Social Care from 2016 to 2017 and 2019 to 2020 where she led

on life sciences, NHS data and digital transformation and global health security. Among other roles, she was

Chair of the technical regulator, the Human Tissue Authority, as well as a Chair of the UK House of Commons

Science and Technology Select Committee and a member of the House of Lords Science and Technology Select

Committee. Nicola Blackwood was educated at Trinity College of Music, London, St Anne’s College, Oxford, and

Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

Prof. Anja Morawietz, Ph.D., has served as a member of our Supervisory Board since 2022 . She has been a

professor of external accounting and general business administration at the Nuremberg University of Applied

Sciences Georg Simon Ohm since 2015. Her research areas are international and national accounting, current

developments in corporate governance and sustainability reporting. She also works as a freelance auditor,

particularly in audit-related consulting. Previously, she worked for ten years for auditing company KPMG AG,

where she conducted audits of annual and consolidated financial statements and advised clients on accounting

and regulatory issues. After training as a bank clerk at Norddeutsche Landesbank in Hanover, Anja Morawietz

studied business administration at Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, where she also completed her

doctorate as an external doctoral candidate.

Michael Motschmann has served as a member of our Supervisory Board since 2008. He co-founded MIG

Verwaltungs AG, or MIG, in 2004, where he serves on the Management Board and as Head of Equity

Investments. In his role with MIG, Michael Motschmann currently serves on the supervisory boards of several

private portfolio companies.

Prof. Rudolf Staudigl, Ph.D., has served as a member of our Supervisory Board since 2022 . He studied

chemistry at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, obtaining his Ph.D. (Dr. rer. nat) in 1981. After postdoctoral

research at Harvard University (Cambridge, USA) and Ludwig Maximilian University, he joined Wacker

Chemitronic in 1983. Mr. Staudigl became Vice President of Operations at Wacker Siltronic Corporation

(Portland, Oregon, USA) in 1989 and President a year later. He joined the Executive Board of Wacker

Chemitronic in 1993. In 1995, Rudolf Staudigl was appointed to the Executive Board of Wacker Chemie. In May

2008, Rudolf Staudigl was appointed President & CEO of Wacker Chemie AG. Until July 2024, he was a

member of the Supervisory Board of TÜV Süd Aktiengesellschaft. He currently serves as Deputy Chairman of

the Supervisory Board of Groz-Beckert.

B. Compensation

Amount of Compensation of Our Supervisory Board and Management Board Members

The compensation of the members of our Supervisory Board and Management Board is disclosed below in

accordance with S ection 162 Paragraph 1 of the German Stock Corporation Act, or AktG, and in line with our

Compensation Report published on our website at www.biontech.de .

Compensation is considered granted if it either has been actually received or the activities to which it relates

have been performed. Compensation is considered owed if the compensation components are legally due, but

have not yet been received. Where the preceding definition applies, compensation is referred to only as being

“granted and owed”. The Institute of Public Auditors in Germany, Incorporated Association (Institut der

Wirtschaftsprüfer, IDW) has provided two interpretations for the presentation. According to interpretation 1,

compensation is only shown as granted and owed in the year in which it is received (inflow principle;

Zuflussprinzip). According to interpretation 2, compensation may also be disclosed in the compensation report

for the financial year in which the activity underlying the compensation was performed (vesting principle;

Erdienungsprinzip). The Supervisory Board and the Management Board have decided to apply interpretation 2

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for short-term compensation components such as fixed compensation and short-term incentives, or STI, and

interpretation 1 for share-based payments (including long-term incentives, or LTI). An approach which deviates

from interpretation 1 was chosen because it allows a fair presentation of the actual benefits, which are, for

example, subject to final underlying share price developments.

The total compensation granted or owed according to Section 162 Paragraph 1 AktG to all members of the

Supervisory Board and the Management Board for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 , is presented

in the following sections.

Compensation of Our Supervisory Board Members

The compensation of our Supervisory Board reflects the duties, time commitment and demands of the role, the

Company’s market position, the need to be able to attract suitably qualified candidates and is designed to

promote the Company’s long-term development and business strategy.

Under article 9 of the Company’s Articles of Association, our Supervisory Board receives 100% fixed

compensation. All members of the Supervisory Board are also reimbursed for their expenses. While retaining the

system for the compensation of Supervisory Board members, the compensation of the Supervisory Board and its

committee members was adjusted during the year ended December 31, 2024, to take into account the

increasing time commitment required from them in terms of their activities, responsibilities and necessary

qualifications and competencies under German stock corporation and European laws and the life sciences

industry. The new system was approved by the Annual General Meeting, or AGM, on May 17, 2024, and was

applied on a pro rata basis upon the entry of the revised Articles of Association in our Commercial Register on

August 30, 2024. Pursuant to Section 113 Paragraph 3 AktG, as amended by the Act Implementing the Second

Shareholder Rights Directive, a listed company’s AGM must pass a resolution on the compensation of its

Supervisory Board members at least every four years.

Until August 30, 2024, each member of the Supervisory Board received annual base compensation of €70,000

(the Chair and Vice Chair received €210,000 and €105,000, respectively). The Chair of the Audit Committee

received an additional €30,000 per year. Other committee Chairs each received an additional €15,000 per year.

Each ordinary committee member received an additional €5,000 per committee. As of August 30, 2024, the

members of the Supervisory Board receive annual base compensation of €120,000 (the Chair and Vice Chair

receive €360,000 and €180,000, respectively). The Chair of the Audit Committee receives an additional €50,000

per year. Other committee Chairs each receive an additional €30,000 per year. Each ordinary committee

member receives an additional €10,000 per committee.

Compensation is provided on a pro rata basis for individuals who are members of the Supervisory Board or a

committee for part of the financial year. In 2023, this applied to Christoph Huber, who left as of our AGM on May

23, 2023, and Nicola Blackwood, who joined on the same date. Pro rata compensation was also paid to

members of the Product Committee, which was established on October 1, 2023.

BioNTech also covers any value-added tax applicable to compensation or expense reimbursement.

Supervisory Board members are included in our D&O liability insurance and are co-insured at our expense.

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The compensation granted and owed to our Supervisory Board members during the years ended December 31,

2024 and 2023 , is presented in the following table:

in thousands € (1)	Helmut Jeggle	Ulrich Wandschneider, Ph.D.	Baroness Nicola Blackwood (2)	Prof. Christoph Huber, M.D. (3)	Prof. Anja Morawietz, Ph.D.	Michael Motschmann	Prof. Rudolf Staudigl, Ph.D.
	Chair	Vice Chair
Base Compensation
2024	261	130	87	—	87	87	87
2023	210	105	42	28	70	70	70
Committee Compensation
2024	27	27	13	—	43	13	27
2023	16	9	4	2	35	10	20
Total
2024	288	157	100	—	130	100	114
2023	226	114	46	30	105	80	90

(1) The concept of compensation being granted or owed is described in the above section “ Amount of Compensation of Our

Supervisory Board and Management Board Members ”.

(2) Nicola Blackwood was appointed to the Supervisory Board by the AGM on May 25, 2023.

(3) Christoph Huber retired from the Supervisory Board on May 25, 2023.

Compensation of the Members of Our Management Board

We have entered into agreements with all current members of our Management Board. We believe that the

agreements between us and the members of our Management Board provide for payments and benefits

(including upon termination of employment) that are in line with customary market practice.

Fixed compensation is primarily paid out as a salary in twelve monthly installments within a calendar year. All of

the Management Board members’ activities for BioNTech Group companies are compensated by their base

compensation of €550,000 (in the case of Ugur Sahin, €700,000), during each of the years ended December 31,

2024 and 2023. Annemarie Hanekamp’s appointment on July 1, 2024, led to an effective annual fixed

compensation of €275,000 during the year ended December 31, 2024. Due to Sean Marett’s retirement on June

30, 2024, his effective annual fixed compensation during the year ended December 31, 2024, was €275,000.

James Ryan’s effective annual fixed compensation during the year ended December 31, 2023, was €183,333

due to his appointment to the Management Board as of September 1, 2023. His compensation is partly paid in

the U.K. (in GBP) by the Company’s subsidiary, BioNTech UK Limited, and partly in Germany (in Euro).

The Management Board’s service agreements also include an STI compensation component, which is an annual

performance-related bonus for the years of their respective service periods. The payout amount of the short-term

incentive compensation depends on the achievement of certain financial and non-financial performance criteria

of the Group in a particular financial year, which goals are set uniformly for all members of the Management

Board. The Supervisory Board exercises reasonable discretion in determining whether such criteria have been

achieved. 50% percent of the compensation is paid following determination of the actual achievement of the

performance targets at the end of the calendar month following the date on which the Supervisory Board has

approved the consolidated financial statements of the Company for the financial year that is relevant for the

determination of the STI (first installment) and is considered granted and owed in accordance with Section 162

AktG in the same financial year in which the activity to which the compensation relates was performed. T he

remaining amount (second installment) is subject to adjustments in relation to the development of the share price

between the determination date, when the STI achievement is determined, and the respective anniversary of

that date (i.e., in the event of an increase or decrease in the share price, based on the market price of ADSs

representing our ordinary shares, the payment amount is multiplied by the factor of the development of the share

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price). The second installment is also considered granted and owed in accordance with Section 162 AktG in the

same financial year in which the activity to which the compensation relates was performed, as the Management

Board member had already completed the activity to which it relates. During the year ended December 31, 2024 ,

the maximum short-term incentive compensation for Ugur Sahin, Jens Holstein, Sierk Poetting, Ryan

Richardson, James Ryan and Özlem Türeci was € 350,000 for Ugur Sahin a nd € 300,000 for the other

Management Board members . Based on the 2024 target achievement of 74%, the annual bonus amounts for

Ugur Sahin, Jens Holstein, Sierk Poetting, Ryan Richardson, James Ryan and Özlem Türeci for the year ended

December 31, 2024 , amounted to €259,000; €222,000; €222,000; €222,000; €222,000; and €222,000,

respectively. Following Sean Marett's retirement from the Management Board with effect as of June 30, 2024, his

maximum short-term incentive compensation was defined on a pro-rata basis and thus amounted to €150,000,

for the year ended December 31, 2024 . Pursuant to his separation agreement (see below in this section), he

was granted a guaranteed pro rata bonus in the amount of 100% of the maximum amount, that was paid out in

June 2024. Following Annemarie Hanekamp’s appointment to the Management Board with effect as of July 1,

2024, starting for the first time in the 2025 financial year, her maximum short-term compensation amounted to

€275,000. For the year ended December 31, 2024 , she was granted a pro-rata temporis guaranteed bonus in

the amount of 50% of the maximum amount, i.e., €137,500. The first half of the corresponding net amount is to

be paid out in April 2024 and the second half in January 2026, irrespective of the share price performance.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 , the maximum short-term incentive compensation for Ugur Sahin,

Jens Holstein, Sean Marett, Sierk Poetting, Ryan Richardson and Özlem Türeci was €350,000 for Ugur Sahin

and €300,000 for each other Management Board member. As James Ryan was appointed to the Management

Board on September 1, 2023, his maximum short-term compensation was defined on a pro rata basis and

amounted to €100,000. Based on the 2023 target achievement of 90%, the annual bonus amounts for Ugur

Sahin, Jens Holstein, Sean Marett, Sierk Poetting, Ryan Richardson, James Ryan and Özlem Türeci for the year

ended December 31, 2023, amounted to €315,000 for Ugur Sahin, €90,000 for James Ryan and €270,000 for

each other Management Board member.

Our Management Board’s service agreements provide for long-term, four -year incentive compensation

(Management Board Grant - LTI) through an annual grant of options to acquire BioNTech shares at the end of

the respective waiting periods of such agreements. The options are subject to the terms and conditions of the

respective authorizations of the AGM creating our Employee Stock Ownership Plan, or ESOP, and the applicable

option agreements . During the year ended December 31, 2024 , the number of options granted to Ugur Sahin,

Jens Holstein, Sean Marett, Sierk Poetting, Ryan Richardson, James Ryan and Özlem Türeci were calculated

based on a target value of €1,050,000 for Ugur Sahin and €550,000 for each other Management Board member.

Upon Sean Marett’s resignation from the Management Board with effect as of June 30, 2024, the LTI 2024 grant

relating to the first six months of 2024 to which he was contractually entitled was immediately forfeited due to his

resignation . Following Annemarie Hanekamp's appointment on July 1, 2024, she received a guaranteed pro rata

LTI grant of €275,000 for the period from July 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024. This amount reflects 50% of the

annual target value and will be made available in shares or as a cash payment in 2025 . Starting January 1,

2025, Annemarie Hanekamp will participate in the LTI plan in force with a target value of €550,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 , the number of options granted to Ugur Sahin, Jens Holstein, Sean

Marett, Sierk Poetting, Ryan Richardson and Özlem Türeci was calculated based on a target value of

€1,050,000 for Ugur Sahin and €550,000 for each other Management Board member. As the LTI was allocated

prior to James Ryan’s appointment to the Management Board, he received a one-time signing cash payment of

€180,000 instead .

Taking the requirements of Section 87a Paragraph 1 AktG into account, the Supervisory Board proposed, and a

large majority of 97.33% of votes cast at the AGM on May 17, 2024 approved, a new compensation system,

which is designed to further develop the previous system while retaining its basic structure, effective as of

January 1, 2025. BioNTech has concluded new service agreements with the Management Board (also effective

as of January 1, 2025) to reflect the new compensation system. The then-current compensation system, as

approved by the AGM on June 22, 2021, is applied whenever agreements are entered into, amended or

extended and includes specific provisions with respect to benefits upon termination. Both the then-current and

the new compensation systems are available online on our website at www.biontech.de . The information and

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other content appearing on our website are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and our

website address is included in this report as an inactive textual reference only.

The total compensation granted or owed to all members of the Management Board for the years ended

December 31, 2024 and 2023 , is presented in the table below.

in thousands €	Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D.	Annemarie Hanekamp	Jens Holstein	Sean Marett (10)	Sierk Poetting, Ph.D.	Ryan Richardson	James Ryan, Ph.D. (2)	Prof. Özlem Türeci, M.D.
Fixed compensation (1)
2024	700	275 (11)	550	275	550	550	550	550
2023	700	—	550	550	550	550	183	550
Fringe benefits (3)
2024	5	64	5	15	19	27	109	—
2023	6	—	5	12	5	26	—	—
Short-term incentive – first installment (4)
2024	130	69 (12)	111	150 (14)	111	111	111	111
2023	158	—	135	135	135	135	45	135
Short-term incentive – second installment (5)
2024	130	69 (12)	111	— (14)	111	111	111	111
2023	158	—	135	135	135	135	45	135
Other variable compensation
2024	—	1,250 (13)	—	—	—	—	—	—
2023	—	—	600 (7)	—	—	—	180 (6)	—
Share-based payments (incl. long- term incentive) (8)
2024
Management Board Grant - LTI	4,386	—	—	—	1,774	1,785	—	1,754
CEO Grant 2019	259,531	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2023
ESOP 2018 (9)	—	—	—	19,289	—	—	—	—
Total
2024	264,882	1,727	777	440	2,565	2,584	881	2,526
2023	1,022	—	1,425	20,121	825	846	453	820

(1) For James Ryan, a part of the fixed compensation was paid by BioNTech UK Limited, a subsidiary of BioNTech SE.

Approximately 30% of his total compensation is attributable to his position as a member of the Management Board and

approximately 70% is attributable to his position as a director of BioNTech UK Limited.

(2) James Ryan’s compensation for the year ended December 31, 2023 was granted on a pro rata basis starting as of his

appointment to the Management Board on September 1, 2023.

(3) Includes social security, health and additional insurance, company bike and travel expenses. Other fringe benefits which

are integral to the performance of business duties, such as costs for security services, are not included in the amount.

(4) The STI in a given year is always paid out in two installments over two years. The first STI installment for the year ended

December 31, 2024 , will be paid out in April 2025, the month after the approval of the 2024 consolidated financial

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statements. This installment was considered granted and owed in 2024, the year in which the activity to which the

compensation relates was performed. The first STI installment for the year ended December 31, 2023 , was considered

granted and owed in 2023 and was paid out in April 2024 .

(5) The second STI installment for the year ended December 31, 2024 was also considered granted and owed in 2024, as

the Management Board had already completed the activity to which it relates. It will be paid out in February 2026 (subject

to an adjustment due to the share-price development). The second STI installment for the year ended December 31,

2023 , was considered granted and owed in 2023 and was paid out in February 2025 with adjustments due to the share-

price development. The amounts ultimately paid were as follows: Ugur Sahin €183 thousand, Jens Holstein

€157 thousand, Sean Marett €157 thousand, Sierk Poetting €157 thousand, Ryan Richardson €157 thousand, James

Ryan €52 thousand and Özlem Türeci €157 thousand.

(6) During the year ended December 31, 2023, James Ryan received a one-time signing cash payment of €180,000 as part

of his appointment to the Management Board. The one-time signing cash payment provided compensation in lieu of

participation in the LTI 2023 program, as the awards were allocated before his appointment and a pro rata allocation for

2023 would not have been permitted under the AGM authorizations then in force. Under those authorizations, which were

modified by the May 17, 2024 AGM, ESOPs could only be issued within the first six months of each calendar year. To

further strengthen his commitment to the Company, James Ryan used £50,000 (net of costs and expenses) to purchase

BioNTech shares during the year ended December 31, 2024.

(7) During the year ended December 31, 2023, upon the recommendation of the Compensation, Nomination and Corporate

Governance Committee, the Supervisory Board approved a special payment in the gross amount of €600,000 to Jens

Holstein, of which €150,000 (net of costs and expenses) was used to purchase 1,620 BioNTech shares during the year

ended December 31, 2023.

(8) Explanations of our share-based payment arrangements are given in Note 16 “ Share-Based Payments ” to our

consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The benefits from our share-based payment

arrangements (including long-term incentive) are considered granted and owed when the awards are settled . During the

years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, this principle applied to the option rights granted under the ESOP 2018

Program, CEO Grant 2019 and LTI 2020 Program as a result of their exercise and settlement.

(9) The amount shown is related to the option rights granted one-time under the ESOP 2018 Program. The table shows the

implied market value calculated using the closing price of an ADS of BioNTech on Nasdaq on the last day preceding the

exercise date converted from USD to Euro using the exchange rate published by the German Central Bank (Deutsche

Bundesbank) on the same day, as well as applying the effective exercise price and maximum cap mechanism. The

implied market value may vary from the benefit in kind. They are not to be seen as cash payments to the Management

Board, as the exercise was settled by delivering ADSs .

(10) Sean Marett’s compensation for the year ended December 31, 2024, was granted on a pro rata basis through his

retirement with effect as of June 30, 2024.

(11) Annemarie Hanekamp was appointed to the Management Board as Chief Commercial Officer (CCO) with effect as of July

1, 2024. Her compensation for the year ended December 31, 2024, was granted on a pro-rata basis.

(12) For the year ended December 31, 2024, Annemarie Hanekamp was granted a guaranteed pro rata bonus in the amount

of 50% of the maximum amount, i.e., €137,500. The first half of the corresponding net amount is to be paid out in April

2024 and the second half in January 2026, irrespective of the share price performance.

(13) The Supervisory Board granted Annemarie Hanekamp a one-time signing bonus of €1,750,000 as of her appointment.

Out of this amount, €1,250,000 was paid as a cash bonus in July 2024. The remainder of €500,000 will be granted in

shares (and considered owed) in July 2028 or, at the earliest possible date after a potential blackout period, provided she

is still a Management Board Member on June 30, 2028.

(14) For the year ended December 31, 2024, Sean Marett was granted a guaranteed pro rata bonus in the amount of 100% of

the maximum amount pursuant to his separation agreement, that was paid out in June 2024. For further information, see

below.

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As part of Sean Marett’s retirement from the Management Board with effect as of June 30, 2024, he and the

Supervisory Board entered into a separation agreement. Pursuant to this separation agreement, the following

payments apply subsequently to his termination and thus as a former Management Board member :

• a severance payment of €275,000 payable in monthly installments equivalent to the annual base fixed

salary for the remainder of his original term of appointment until December 31, 2024;

• an additional payment of €39,000 in respect of the 2024 STI to compensate him for the difference

between the 2024 target achievement of Management Board members of 74% (additional payment is

already reflected in the above total compensation granted and owed table) and his guaranteed pro rata

STI bonus in the amount of 100% of his maximum amount pursuant to his separation agreement ; and

• a grant of 5,760 phantom options representing one-quarter of the 2024 LTI award, which are subject to

the same conditions and waiting period that apply to the 2024 LTI awards granted to the Management

Board; all previous granted option rights will be dealt with in accordance with the LTI terms.

In addition, to ensure a smooth transition of services, Sean Marett entered into a 12-month consultancy

agreement with the Company on July 1, 2024, resulting in a compensation of €477,030 during the year ended

December 31, 2024 .

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Share-Based Payment Arrangements

The table below provides an overview of the share options and other share-based payment instruments

allocated to our Management Board and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 .

	Grant Date / Allocation Date	Number of Ordinary Shares Underlying Share Options / Number of Phantom Share Options	Option Exercise Price (€) (11)	Earliest Option Exercise Date (9)	Option Expiration Date	Name of the Program
Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D.	10/9/2019 (1)	—	13.74	10/9/2023	10/9/2029	CEO Grant 2019
	2/13/2020 (2)	—	29.63	2/13/2024	2/13/2030	LTI 2020 (10)
	5/12/2021 (3)	17,780	178.29	5/12/2025	5/12/2031	LTI 2021 (10)
	5/31/2022 (4)	19,997	146.40	5/31/2026	5/31/2032	LTI 2022 (10)
	5/22/2023 (5)	38,506	109.67	5/22/2027	5/22/2033	LTI 2023 (10)
	8/26/2024 (6)	53,233	75.91	8/26/2028	8/26/2034	LTI 2024 (10)
Jens Holstein	5/17/2021 (3)	6,463	179.83	5/17/2025	5/17/2031	LTI 2021 (10)
	7/1/2021 (8)	4,246	n/a (8)	7/1/2025 (8)	n/a (8)	Signing Bonus
	5/31/2022 (4)	14,664	146.40	5/31/2026	5/31/2032	LTI 2022 (10)
	5/22/2023 (5)	18,416	109.67	5/22/2027	5/22/2033	LTI 2023 (10)
	8/26/2024 (6)	25,459	75.91	8/26/2028	8/26/2034	LTI 2024 (10)
Sean Marett (12)	2/13/2020 (2)	38,968	29.63	2/13/2024	2/13/2030	LTI 2020 (10)
	5/12/2021 (3)	5,334	178.29	5/12/2025	5/12/2031	LTI 2021 (10)
	5/31/2022 (4)	7,332	146.40	5/31/2026	5/31/2032	LTI 2022 (10)
	5/22/2023 (5)	4,604	109.67	5/22/2027	5/22/2033	LTI 2023 (10)
Sierk Poetting, Ph.D.	13/2/2020 (2)	—	29.63	2/13/2024	2/13/2030	LTI 2020 (10)
	5/12/2021 (3)	7,112	178.29	5/12/2025	5/12/2031	LTI 2021 (10)
	5/31/2022 (4)	14,664	146.40	5/31/2026	5/31/2032	LTI 2022 (10)
	5/22/2023 (5)	18,416	109.67	5/22/2027	5/22/2033	LTI 2023 (10)
	8/26/2024 (6)	25,459	75.91	8/26/2028	8/26/2034	LTI 2024 (10)
Ryan Richardson	2/13/2020 (2)	—	29.63	2/13/2024	2/13/2030	LTI 2020 (10)
	5/12/2021 (3)	6,163	178.29	5/12/2025	5/12/2031	LTI 2021 (10)
	5/31/2022 (4)	7,465	146.40	5/31/2026	5/31/2032	LTI 2022 (10)
	5/22/2023 (5)	18,416	109.67	5/22/2027	5/22/2033	LTI 2023 (10)
	8/26/2024 (6)	25,459	75.91	8/26/2028	8/26/2034	LTI 2024 (10)
James Ryan, Ph.D. (7)	12/15/2020	1,163	n/a	12/15/2024	n/a	LTI 2020 (EEP)
	12/10/2021	313	n/a	12/10/2025	n/a	LTI 2021 (EEP)
	12/9/2022	740	n/a	12/9/2026	n/a	LTI 2022 (EEP)
	12/8/2023	750	n/a	12/8/2027	n/a	LTI 2023 (EEP)
	8/26/2024 (6)	25,459	75.91	8/26/2028	8/26/2034	LTI 2024 (10)
Prof. Özlem Türeci, M.D.	2/13/2020 (2)	—	29.63	2/13/2024	2/13/2030	LTI 2020 (10)
	5/12/2021 (3)	7,112	178.29	5/12/2025	5/12/2031	LTI 2021 (10)
	5/31/2022 (4)	14,664	146.40	5/31/2026	5/31/2032	LTI 2022 (10)
	5/22/2023 (5)	18,416	109.67	5/22/2027	5/22/2033	LTI 2023 (10)
	8/26/2024 (6)	25,459	75.91	8/26/2028	8/26/2034	LTI 2024 (10)

(1) Options vested in four equal installments on October 9 of 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. The entire award became

exercisable in 2023. The options were exercised in 2024.

(2) Options vested in four equal installments on February 13 of 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024, are now exercisable following

the expiry of the waiting period on February 13, 2024, and can only be exercised during defined exercise windows under

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our ESOP. Apart from Sean Marett, who did not exercise the options during 2024, all other options were exercised by the

respective Management Board members.

(3) Phantom share options were issued which vest in four equal installments on May 12 of 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025 for all

Management Board members except Jens Holstein, and in the case of Jens Holstein, vest in four equal installments on

May 17 of the same years. The options will not become exercisable before the expiry of the waiting period on May 12,

2025 and May 17, 2025, respectively, and can only be exercised during defined exercise windows.

(4) Phantom share options were issued which vest in four equal installments on May 31 of 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026 for all

Management Board members. These phantom options will not become exercisable before the expiry of the waiting period

on May 31, 2026, and can only be exercised during defined exercise windows.

(5) Options vest in four equal installments on May 22 of 2024, 2025, 2026 and 2027. The options will not become exercisable

before the expiry of the waiting period on May 22, 2027, and can only be exercised during defined exercise windows.

(6) Options vest in four equal installments on August 26 of 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028. The options will not become

exercisable before the expiry of the waiting period on August 26, 2028, and can only be exercised during defined exercise

windows.

(7) As James Ryan was not part of the Management Board at the time the 2023 LTI award was allocated, he did not receive

any options under this plan. Prior to his appointment, RSUs were granted to him under the BioNTech 2020 Employee

Equity Plan (EEP). RSUs issued under the LTI 2020 (EEP), LTI 2021 (EEP), LTI 2022 (EEP) and LTI 2023 (EEP)

programs vest annually in equal installments over four years commencing in December 2021, December 2022 and

December 2023 respectively and will be settled after a waiting period of four years. n/a = not applicable.

(8) In connection with Jens Holstein’s appointment to the Management Board as Chief Financial Officer on July 1, 2021, the

Supervisory Board granted him a one-time signing bonus of €800,000 in the form of 4,246 phantom shares. The phantom

shares vest in four equal installments on July 1 of 2022, 2023, 2024 and June 30, 2025 but will only be settled in cash on

July 1, 2025. The cash payment is subject to an effective settlement closing price cap. This means that the settlement

closing price shall effectively be adjusted to ensure that the current price of an ADS as of the settlement date does not

exceed 800% of the cash payment, which in respect of all phantom shares shall not exceed €6.4 million.

(9) Indicates the end of the respective waiting periods. Additional restrictions with respect to exercise windows may apply.

(10) Management Board Grant (Long-Term Incentive) in the respective years.

(11) All options are subject to an effective exercise price cap. This means that the exercise price shall be adjusted to ensure

that the current price of an ADS as of the exercise date does not exceed 800% of the exercise price. For the ESOP 2018

Program and the CEO Grant 2019, the maximum economic benefit receivable for any exercised option was capped at

$240.00 and the effective exercise price was capped at a Euro amount equivalent to $30.00. For the LTI 2020, the

maximum economic benefit receivable is capped at $246.24, and the effective exercise price is capped at a Euro amount

equivalent to $30.78. For the phantom share options issued under the LTI 2021 and 2022 programs and the options

issued under the LTI 2023 and 2024 programs, the maximum compensation that each member is entitled to receive,

together with other compensation components received in the respective grant year, shall not exceed €20.0 million for

Ugur Sahin and €10.0 million for all others.

(12) Upon Sean Marett’s resignation from the Management Board with effect as of June 30, 2024, the LTI 2024 grant relating

to the first six months of 2024 to which he was contractually entitled was immediately forfeited due to his resignation. As

part of Sean Marett’s retirement from the Management Board, he and the Supervisory Board entered into a separation

agreement, details of which are outlined in the section “ Compensation of the Members of Our Management Board ”

above.

Management Board Grant (Long-Term Incentive)

Our Management Board’s service agreements provide for long-term, P4Y -year incentive compensation

(Management Board Grant - LTI) through an annual grant of options to acquire BioNTech shares at the end of

the respective waiting periods of such agreements. The options are subject to the terms and conditions of the

respective authorizations of the AGM creating our Employee Stock Ownership Plan, or ESOP, and the applicable

option agreements .

The allocation of options in 2020 occurred in February 2020. In May 2021 and May 2022, Management Board

members received phantom options equivalent to the number of options they would have been entitled to

receive for 2021 and 2022 . During 2023 and 2024, options were granted in May 2023 and August 2024,

respectively.

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For the awards allocated as of February 13, 2020; May 12, 2021; May 17, 2021; May 31, 2022; May 22, 2023;

and August 2024, the exercise prices are $30.78 ( €29.63 ); $185.23 ( €178.29 ); $186.83 ( €179.83 ); $152.10

( €146.40 ), $113.94 ( €109.67 ) and €75.91 r espectively (all conversions from USD to EUR are calculated using

the foreign exchange rate as published by the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) as of December

31, 2024).

All options are subject to an effective exercise price cap, which means that the exercise price shall be adjusted

to ensure that the current price of an ADS as of the exercise date does not exceed 800% of the exercise price.

For the LTI 2020, the maximum economic benefit receivable is capped at $246.24, and the effective exercise

price is capped at a Euro amount equivalent to $30.78. For the phantom share options issued under the LTI

2021 and 2022 programs and the options issued under the LTI 2023 and 2024 programs, the maximum

compensation that each member is entitled to receive, together with other compensation components received in

the respective grant year, shall not exceed €20.0 million for Ugur Sahin and €10.0 million for all others.

The options vest annually in equal installments over four years commencing on the first anniversary of the

allocation date and become exercisable four years after the allocation date. Vested options can only be

exercised if each of the following performance criteria has been achieved: (i) at the time of exercise, the current

price is equal to or greater than the threshold amount (that is, the exercise price, provided that such amount

increases by seven percentage points on each anniversary of the allocation date); (ii) at the time of exercise, the

current price is at least equal to the target price (that is, (a) for the twelve-month period starting on the fourth

anniversary of the allocation date, $8.5 billion divided by the total number of the ordinary shares outstanding

immediately following the initial public offering (other than ordinary shares owned by BioNTech), and (b) for each

twelve-month period starting on the fifth or subsequent anniversary of the allocation date, 107% of the target

share price applicable for the prior twelve-month period); and (iii) the closing price for the fifth trading day prior to

the start of the relevant exercise window is higher than the exercise price by at least the same percentage by

which the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index (or a comparable successor index) is higher than it was on the last

trading day before the allocation date. Following the expiry of the waiting period, option rights may be exercised

during the exercise windows set out in the ESOP agreement. Option rights can be exercised up to ten years after

the allocation date, after which they will be forfeited without compensation.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 , the options granted under the LTI 2020 program vested and were

almost entirely exercised in 2024, with the exception of 38,968 options held by Sean Marett. During the year

ended December 31, 2024, the options granted under the LTI 2024 program were allocated to Ugur Sahin, Jens

Holstein, Sierk Poetting, Ryan Richardson, James Ryan and Özlem Türeci. Although Sean Marett resigned from

the board as of June 30, 2024, according to his service agreement, he would have been entitled to an LTI 2024

grant within the first six months of 2024. However, upon his retirement from the Management Board, all unvested

options from the LTI 2021, LTI 2022, LTI 2023, and LTI 2024 programs were immediately forfeited. Annemarie

Hanekamp joined the Management Board on July 1, 2024, after the allocation of the LTI 2024 grant. She

received a pro rata LTI grant of €275,000 (reflects 50% of the annual target value) that will be made in shares or

as a cash payment in 2025. She will participate in the applicable LTI plan as in force starting January 1, 2025.

Chief Executive Officer Grant (CEO Grant 2019)

In September 2019, we granted Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D., an option to purchase 4,374,963 of our shares under the

ESOP 2017/2019 program. All of these option rights vested and became exercisable in 2023, and were

exercised on August 9, 2024, with an exercise price for each option of €13.74 ( $15.00 ) calculated using the

foreign exchange rate published by the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) on the day before the

exercise date and by applying the effective exercise cap and the maximum cap mechanism as disclosed above.

The closing price of one ADS on Nasdaq on the settlement date converted from U.S. Dollars to Euro using the

exchange rate published by the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) on the same day was 73.68 and

led to an intrinsic value of the exercised options of €259.5 million .

In August 2024, the Supervisory Board determined that the award would be settled by the delivery of treasury

shares (in the form of ADSs) equal to the net value of the exercised option rights after deduction of (i) the

exercise price and (ii) the applicable wage taxes (including solidarity surcharge and church tax, if applicable) and

social security contributions resulting from the exercise.

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C. Board Practices

Two-Tiered Board Structure

We are a European public company with limited liability (Societas Europaea or SE) (also referred to as European

stock corporation, and in the official terminology of the European legislation referred to as European public

limited-liability company), having its seat in Germany. We have chosen to have a two-tiered SE structure. Hence,

our corporate bodies are the Management Board ( Vorstand ), the Supervisory Board ( Aufsichtsrat ) and the

shareholders’ meeting ( Hauptversammlung ). Our Management and Supervisory Boards are entirely separate,

and, as a rule, no individual may simultaneously be a member of both boards.

Our Management Board is responsible for the day-to-day management of our business in accordance with

applicable laws, our Articles of Association ( Satzung ) and the Management Board’s internal rules of procedure

( Geschäftsordnung ). Our Management Board represents us in our dealings with third parties.

The principal function of our Supervisory Board is to supervise our Management Board. The Supervisory Board

is also responsible for appointing and removing the members of our Management Board, representing us in

connection with transactions between a current or former member of the Management Board and us, and

granting approvals for certain significant matters.

Our Management Board and our Supervisory Board are solely responsible for and manage their own areas of

competency ( Kompetenztrennung ); therefore, neither board may make decisions that, pursuant to applicable

law, our Articles of Association or the internal rules of procedure are the responsibility of the other board.

Members of both boards owe a duty of loyalty and care to us. In carrying out their duties, they are required to

exercise the standard of care of a prudent and diligent businessperson. If they fail to observe the appropriate

standard of care, they may become liable to us.

In carrying out their duties, the members of both boards must take into account a broad range of considerations

when making decisions, including our interests and the interests of our shareholders, employees, creditors and,

to a limited extent, the general public, while respecting the rights of our shareholders to be treated on equal

terms. Additionally, the Management Board is responsible for implementing an appropriate and effective internal

control system and risk management system with regard to the scope of business activities and the risk situation

of the Company.

Our Supervisory Board has comprehensive monitoring responsibilities. To ensure that our Supervisory Board

can carry out these functions properly, our Management Board must, among other duties, regularly report to our

Supervisory Board regarding our current business operations and future business planning (including financial,

investment and personnel planning). In addition, our Supervisory Board or any of its members is entitled to

request special reports from the Management Board on all matters regarding the Company, our legal and

business relations with affiliated companies and any business transactions and matters at such affiliated

companies that may have a significant impact on our position at any time.

Under German law, our shareholders have, as a general rule, no direct recourse against the members of our

Management Board or the members of our Supervisory Board in the event that they are believed to have

breached their duty of loyalty and care to us. Apart from when we are unable to fulfill our third party obligations,

tortious conduct to board members or other special circumstances, only we have the right to claim damages

against the members of our two boards.

We may waive these claims to damages or settle these claims only if at least three years have passed since a

claim associated with any violation of a duty has arisen and only if our shareholders approve the waiver or

settlement at a shareholders’ meeting with a simple majority of the votes cast, provided that no shareholders

who in the aggregate hold one-tenth or more of our share capital oppose the waiver or settlement and have their

opposition formally recorded in the meeting’s minutes.

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Supervisory Board

German law requires that the Supervisory Board consists of at least three members, while a company’s articles

of association may stipulate a certain higher number. Our Supervisory Board currently consists of six members.

As we are not subject to co-determination, the members of our Supervisory Board are all elected by the

shareholders’ meeting in accordance with the provisions of the SE Regulation and the German Stock

Corporation Act ( Aktiengesetz ). German law does not require the majority of our Supervisory Board members to

be independent and neither our Articles of Association ( Satzung ) nor the rules of procedure for our Supervisory

Board provide otherwise. As per our Supervisory Board’s assessment, an appropriate number of shareholder

representatives on the Supervisory Board (i.e. the entire Supervisory Board) are independent if the Supervisory

Board has two independent members. The Supervisory Board considers Helmut Jeggle and Michael

Motschmann to be independent irrespective of the fact that they will soon have been members of the

Supervisory Board for a period of more than 14 years. As stated in the declaration to the German Corporate

Governance Code, or the Corporate Governance Code, ( Entsprechenserklärung ) published by the Company on

February 27, 2025 pursuant to Section 161 para. 1 of the German Stock Corporation Act ( Aktiengesetz ), which in

accordance with the Corporate Governance Code is issued in connection with the Declaration pursuant to

Section 315d in conjunction with Section 289f of the German Commercial Code ( HGB ), the length of

membership does not give rise to any fears of material conflicts of interest on the part of the members of the

Supervisory Board and therefore does not stand in the way of their independence. However, the rules of

procedure for our Supervisory Board provide that the Supervisory Board should have an independent member

with expertise in the field of accounting, internal control processes and auditing . Ulrich Wandschneider, Anja

Morawietz, Michael Motschmann and Rudolf Staudigl fulfill this role.

Under European law, a member of a supervisory board of an SE may be elected for a maximum term to be

specified in the articles of association, which must not exceed six years. Re-election, including repeated re-

election, is permissible. The shareholders’ meeting may specify a term of office for individual members or all of

the members of our Supervisory Board which is shorter than the standard term of office and, subject to statutory

limits, may set different start and end dates for the terms of members of our Supervisory Board. Our Articles of

Association provide for a term of approximately five years, depending on the date of the annual general

shareholders’ meeting in the year in which the term of the relevant member is to expire.

The shareholders’ meeting may, at the same time as it elects the members of the Supervisory Board, elect one

or more substitute members. The substitute members replace members who cease to be members of our

Supervisory Board and take their place for the remainder of their respective terms of office. Currently, no

substitute members have been elected or have been proposed to be elected.

Members of our Supervisory Board may be dismissed at any time during their term of office by a resolution of the

shareholders’ meeting adopted by at least a simple majority of the votes cast. In addition, any member of our

Supervisory Board may resign at any time by giving one month’s written notice – or, in the event of cause, giving

written notice with immediate effect – of his or her resignation to the Management Board.

Our Supervisory Board elects a chairperson and a deputy chairperson from its members. The deputy

chairperson exercises the chairperson’s rights and obligations whenever the chairperson is unable to do so. The

members of our Supervisory Board have elected Helmut Jeggle as chairperson and Ulrich Wandschneider as

deputy chairperson, each for the term of their respective membership on our Supervisory Board.

The Supervisory Board meets at least twice each calendar half-year. Our Articles of Association provide that a

quorum of the Supervisory Board members is present if at least three of its members participate in the vote.

Members of our Supervisory Board are deemed present if they attend the meeting via telephone or other

(electronic) means of communication (including via video conference) or submit their written vote through

another member. Additionally, our Articles of Association allow for resolutions to be taken via telephone or other

(electronic) means of communications (including via video conference).

Resolutions of our Supervisory Board are passed by the vote of a simple majority of the votes cast unless

otherwise required by law, our Articles of Association or the rules of procedure of our Supervisory Board. In the

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event of a tie, the chairperson of the Supervisory Board has the casting vote. Our Supervisory Board is not

permitted to make management decisions, but in accordance with European and German law and in addition to

its statutory responsibilities, it has determined that certain matters require its prior consent, including:

• entering into certain large transactions;

• acquiring any material interests in businesses of third parties (except group companies) or disposing of

material assets or shares of the Group (other than in relation to an internal reorganization);

• issuing shares from authorized capital, unless the shares are issued pursuant to a redemption of stock

appreciation rights; and

• acquiring treasury shares in return for valuable consideration.

Each member of the Supervisory Board shall disclose any conflicts of interest to the Supervisory Board,

especially those that may arise from providing advice or holding any offices or board positions at customers,

suppliers, creditors or other third parties. Material conflicts of interest that are not merely temporary and that are

specific to a particular Supervisory Board member shall result in this particular member leaving office. Our

Supervisory Board also puts in place adequate measures to limit, prevent or resolve conflicts of interest in

accordance with applicable legal requirements and the Company’s Conflicts of Interest Policy.

Our Supervisory Board conducted a self-assessment for the year ended December 31, 2024 . It covered all key

aspects of the Supervisory Board’s work, including its committees, its composition, its competence profile, its

main topics and its relationship with the Management Board. The results of the self-assessment have been

evaluated and will subsequently be presented to the Supervisory Board. Based on the self-assessment, the

Supervisory Board believes that it, its committees and the Management Board continue to operate at a

professional and cooperative level . No fundamental need for change was identified.

Supervisory Board Practices

Decisions are generally made by our Supervisory Board as a whole, however decisions on certain matters may

be delegated to committees of our Supervisory Board to the extent permitted by law. The chairperson, or if he or

she is prevented from doing so, the deputy chairperson, chairs the meetings of the Supervisory Board and

determines the order in which the agenda items are discussed, the method and order of voting, as well as any

adjournment of the discussion and passing of resolutions on individual agenda items after a due assessment of

the circumstances. Our Supervisory Board may designate further types of actions as requiring its approval.

In addition, each member of the Supervisory Board is obliged to carry out his or her duties and responsibilities

personally, and such duties and responsibilities cannot be generally and permanently delegated to third parties.

However, the Supervisory Board and its committees have the right to appoint independent experts for the review

and analysis of specific circumstances in accordance with its control and supervision duties under applicable

European and German law. We would bear the costs of any such independent experts that are retained by the

Supervisory Board or any of its committees.

Pursuant to Section 107 para. 3 of the German Stock Corporation Act ( Aktiengesetz ), the Supervisory Board

may form committees from among its members and charge them with the performance of specific tasks. The

committees’ tasks, authorizations and processes are determined by the Supervisory Board. Where permissible

by law, important powers of the Supervisory Board may also be transferred to committees.

T he Supervisory Board has established an Audit Committee, a Compensation, Nominating, Governance

Committee, a Capital Markets Committee and a Product Committee by resolution. Set forth in the table below

are the members of the respective committees during the year ended December 31, 2024 .

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Name of Committee	Members
Audit Committee	Prof. Anja Morawietz, Ph.D. (Chair), Prof. Rudolf Staudigl, Ph.D and Ulrich Wandschneider, Ph.D.
Compensation, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee	Prof. Rudolf Staudigl, Ph.D. (Chair), Baroness Nicola Blackwood and Michael Motschmann.
Capital Markets Committee	Helmut Jeggle (Chair), Prof. Anja Morawietz, Ph.D. and Michael Motschmann
Product Committee	Ulrich Wandschneider, Ph.D. (Chair), Baroness Nicola Blackwood and Helmut Jeggle

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of Anja Morawietz. (Chair), Rudolf

Staudigl and Ulrich Wandschneider. T he Audit Committee assists the Supervisory Board in overseeing the

accuracy and integrity of our financial statements, our accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of

our financial statements, the effective functioning of our internal control system, our risk management system,

our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, our independent auditor’s qualifications and

independence, the performance of the independent auditor and the effective functioning of our internal audit

functions, and, subject to certain limitations, adopts and implements pertinent decisions on behalf of the

Supervisory Board. The Audit Committee’s duties and responsibilities to carry out its purpose, include, among

others:

• oversight of the Company’s accounting, sustainability reporting, financial reporting processes,

sustainability reporting processes and the audit of the annual financial statements and the consolidated

financial statements and the (group) management reports and sustainability report and the effectiveness

of the internal control system;

• oversight of the effectiveness of the Risk Management System and the internal Audit System;

• monitoring the independent audit, in particular the selection and independence of the auditor, the quality

of the audit and the additional services provided by the auditor;

• making a recommendation to the Supervisory Board with respect to the proposal for the appointment of

the auditors;

• considering the commissioning of the audit engagement, as well as the compensation, retention and

oversight of the independent auditor;

• evaluating the qualifications, independence and quality of performance of the independent auditor;

• reviewing and pre-approving the audit and non-audit services to be performed by the independent

auditor;

• reviewing and discussing with the independent auditor the annual audit plan and overall auditing

strategy, the independent auditor's responsibilities and the management's responsibilities under the

auditing process, and reviewing with the independent auditor and management the critical accounting

policies and practices to be applied;

• reviewing of alternative treatments of financial information discussed by the independent auditor and the

board, the implications of using such alternative disclosures and treatments, and the independent

auditor's preferred treatment;

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• reviewing and discussing with the independent auditor and management the adequacy and

effectiveness of our internal accounting controls and critical accounting policies;

• reviewing and discussing with the independent auditor and management the results of our annual audit;

• reviewing non-financial reporting;

• reviewing the effectiveness of the compliance management system;

• reviewing, approving and monitoring any related party transactions in accordance with SEC regulations

or German law and reviewing and monitoring potential conflict of interest situations on an ongoing basis

for compliance with our policies and procedures; and

• overseeing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received regarding

accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters or other matters of compliance.

Within the limits of applicable European and German law, the Audit Committee shall have the resources and

authority appropriate to discharge its duties and responsibilities, including the authority to select, retain,

terminate, and approve the fees and other engagement terms of special or independent counsel, accountants or

other experts and advisors, as it deems necessary or appropriate for so discharging its duties and

responsibilities, without seeking approval of the Management Board or Supervisory Board.

All members of the Audit Committee qualify as “independent directors” as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3

under the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Rule 5605. Additionally, our Supervisory Board has determined that Anja

Morawietz, Rudolf Staudigl and Ulrich Wandschneider qualify as “audit committee financial expert” as that term

is defined under the Exchange Act. In addition, Anja Morawietz as Chair of the Audit Committee, Rudolf Staudigl

and Ulrich Wandschneider have the special knowledge and experience required by the German Corporate

Governance Code in the field of accounting and expertise in the field of auditing.

Compensation, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Compensation, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee for the year ended December 31, 2024

consisted of Rudolf Staudigl (Chair), Nicola Blackwood and Michael Motschmann. The Compensation,

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s duties and responsibilities to carry out its purpose include,

among others :

• preparing and discussing with management policies relating to the remuneration of the members of our

Management Board;

• reviewing and supervising corporate goals and objectives for the remuneration of the members of the

Management Board, including evaluation of the performance of the members of the Management Board

in light of these goals and proposals to the Supervisory Board for remuneration based on such

evaluations;

• reviewing all equity-based compensation plans and arrangements and making recommendations to the

Supervisory Board regarding such plans;

• assisting with identifying and recruiting candidates to fill positions on the Management Board and the

Supervisory Board;

• considering any corporate governance issue that arises and developing appropriate recommendations

for the Supervisory Board; and

• overseeing the evaluation of the Supervisory Board and reporting on its performance and effectiveness.

Capital Markets Committee

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Our Capital Markets Committee for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of Helmut Jeggle (Chair), Anja

Morawietz and Michael Motschmann. The Capital Markets Committee advises and makes recommendations to

the Supervisory Board on issues in connection with capital measures and takeover, merger and acquisition

activities. Its responsibilities include the following tasks:

• overseeing the activities of the Company relating to its capital structure and capital raising, including

preparation for and implementation of public offerings and share issuances; and

• overseeing the activities of the Company relating to takeovers, mergers and acquisitions activities.

Product Committee

Our Product Committee for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of Ulrich Wandschneider (Chair),

Nicola Blackwood and Helmut Jeggle. The Product Committee advises and makes recommendations to the

Supervisory Board with respect to our strategy and investment in research and development programs and

product launch preparations including commercialization . Its responsibilities include the following tasks:

• advising on strategy, execution and communication regarding relevant go-to-market efforts;

• overseeing the activities relating to (a) product development, (b) launch plans and (c) their execution;

and

• advising on market potential for products in clinical development.

Management Board

Our Supervisory Board determines the exact number of members of our Management Board, which must consist

of at least two members. Pursuant to the Articles, the Supervisory Board may also appoint a chairperson or a

spokesman of the Management Board. Ugur Sahin has been appointed the chair of the Management Board.

The members of our Management Board are appointed by our Supervisory Board for a term of up to five years.

They are eligible for reappointment or extension, including repeated re-appointment and extension, after the

completion of their term in office, in each case again for up to an additional five years. Under certain

circumstances, such as a serious breach of duty or a vote of no confidence by the shareholders in a

shareholders’ meeting, a member of the Management Board may be removed from office by our Supervisory

Board prior to the expiration of his or her term.

The members of our Management Board conduct the daily business of the Company in accordance with

applicable laws, our Articles of Association and the rules of procedure for the Management Board adopted by our

Supervisory Board. They are generally responsible for the management of our company and for handling our

daily business relations with third parties, the internal organization of our business and communications with our

shareholders.

A member of the management board of an SE governed by German law may not deal with or vote on matters

relating to proposals, arrangements or contractual agreements between himself or herself and the Company,

and a member of our Management Board may be liable to us if he or she has a material interest in any

contractual agreement between the Company and a third party which is not disclosed to and approved by our

Supervisory Board.

The rules of procedure for our Management Board provide that certain matters require a resolution of the entire

Management Board, in addition to transactions for which a resolution adopted by the entire Management Board

is required by law or required by our Articles of Association. In particular, the entire Management Board shall

decide on, among others:

• the budget plan for the following year, which is to be presented by the Management Board to the

Supervisory Board by December 10 of each year;

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• presentation of the Company’s financial statements and consolidated financial statements and reviews

of operations of the Company and the Group;

• reporting to the Supervisory Board;

• all measures and transactions that require the Supervisory Board’s approval;

• all measures and transactions that are of fundamental importance or involve an extraordinary economic

risk to us, including without limitation, establishing new lines of business or discontinuing existing ones,

acquisitions or sales of material business assets, material interests, holdings and investments and

material contracts or transactions ;

• convening the Company’s shareholders’ meetings and proposals for resolutions by the Company’s

shareholders’ general meetings; and

• appointment and termination of key managers in the Group.

Code of Conduct and Conflicts of Interest Policy

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct & Ethics, or Code of Conduct, which outlines the principles of

legal and ethical business conduct under which we do business. The Code of Conduct applies to all of our

Supervisory Board members, Management Board members, directors of our subsidiaries and employees. The

full text of the Code of Conduct is available on our website at https://www.biontech.de. The information and other

content appearing on our website are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and our website

address is included in this report as an inactive textual reference only. Any amendments or waivers from the

provisions of the Code of Conduct for members of our Supervisory or Management Boards will be made only

after approval by our Supervisory Board and will be disclosed on our website promptly following the date of such

amendment or waiver.

We have also adopted a Conflicts of Interest Policy which sets forth the procedures by which we manage

potential and actual conflicts of interest. Under the Conflicts of Interest Policy, which applies to all of our

Supervisory Board members, Management Board members, directors of our subsidiaries and employees, an

actual, potential or perceived conflict of interest must be disclosed when it first arises. If the conflict is

transactional in nature and involves a member of the Management Board or the Supervisory Board, the

Management or Supervisory Board, as the case may be, with the abstention of the conflicted member, shall

decide whether to approve the transaction.

In addition, we have implemented compliance policies that describe the compliance management systems that

have been implemented for us and our subsidiaries. Our compliance policies are designed to ensure compliance

with applicable legal requirements, while at the same time implementing high ethical standards that are

mandatory for both management and each employee. The overall responsibility for the compliance management

system lies with the Management Board. The Audit Committee will receive regular reports on the operation of the

compliance management system.

D. Employees

As of December 31, 2024 , we had 6,772 full-time equivalent employees working for us, of whom 1,282 hold a

doctoral degree or higher. The following tables provides an overview of employee full-time equivalent broken

down by function and by the regions of Europe, North America, Asia and Australia and Africa.

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Full-time equivalents	Clinical Research & Development	Scientific Research & Development	Operations	Quality	Supporting Functions	Commercial & Business Development	∑
Europe	597	1,543	1,075	419	1,856	182	5,672
North America	126	484	18	21	139	24	811
Asia and Australia	12	3	11	5	68	1	100
Africa	—	—	145	7	37	—	189
Total as of December 31, 2024	735	2,030	1,249	452	2,100	207	6,772
Europe	486	1,555	1,440	450	1,184	185	5,299
North America	90	440	7	7	109	7	660
Asia	—	—	24	—	4	—	28
Africa	—	19	59	—	68	—	146
Total as of December 31, 2023	576	2,014	1,530	457	1,365	192	6,133
Europe	243	1,102	1,300	384	924	140	4,093
North America	—	356	—	—	76	—	432
Asia	2	—	—	—	3	—	5
Total as of December 31, 2022	245	1,458	1,300	384	1,003	140	4,530

None of our employees has engaged in any labor strikes. We apply the collective labor agreements of the

chemical industry and related industries at our Marburg site. We have works councils at our Idar-Oberstein,

Mainz, Marburg, Munich, Vienna and Berlin (JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH) sites as well as a group works

council ( Konzernbetriebsrat ). Further, we maintain a couple of works agreements ( Betriebsvereinbarungen ) and

group works agreements ( Konzernbetriebsvereinbarungen ) with respect to certain topics at our Idar-Oberstein,

Mainz, Marburg and Berlin (JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH) sites or the group. We consider our relationship

with our employees to be positive and have not experienced any major labor disputes.

E. Share Ownership

The share ownership information with respect to Management Board and Supervisory Board members is

presented in Item 7 below.

F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Not applicabl e .

Item 7 . Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A. Major Shareholders

The following table presents information, as of December 31, 2024 , regarding the beneficial ownership of our

ordinary shares for:

• each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to own beneficially 5% or more of our

outstanding shares;

• each member of our Supervisory Board;

• each member of our Management Board; and

• all members of our Supervisory Board and Management Board as a group.

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The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by each entity, person, and member of our Supervisory Board

and our Management Board is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC, and the information is not

necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under such rules, beneficial ownership

includes any ordinary shares over which the individual has sole or shared voting power or investment power as

well as any ordinary shares that the individual has the right to acquire within 60 days of December 31, 2024 ,

through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right. Except as otherwise indicated, and subject to

applicable community property laws, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with

respect to all ordinary shares held by that person. All of our ordinary shares and ADSs representing our ordinary

shares vote on an equal basis.

The percentage of outstanding ordinary shares is computed on the basis of 239,970,804 ordinary shares

outstanding as of December 31, 2024 . This amount excludes 8,581,396 shares held in treasury. Amounts

presented in this section include ordinary shares held in the form of ADSs. Unless otherwise indicated, the

address for each beneficial owner is An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany .

Name of Beneficial Owner	Number of Shares Beneficially Owned	Percentage Beneficially Owned
5% shareholders
AT Impf GmbH (1)	101,852,563	42.4 %
Medine GmbH (2)	40,432,177	16.9 %
All 5% shareholders, as a group	142,284,740	59.3 %
Members of the Supervisory Board and the Management Board
Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D. (3)	43,207,014	18.0 %
Annemarie Hanekamp	—	—
Jens Holstein	1,620	(8)
Sierk Poetting, Ph.D. (4)	767,539	(8)
Ryan Richardson	26,548	(8)
James Ryan, Ph.D.	790	—
Prof. Özlem Türeci, M.D.	786,999	(8)
Helmut Jeggle (5)	1,425,967	(8)
Ulrich Wandschneider, Ph.D. (6)	1,480	(8)
Baroness Nicola Blackwood	—	—
Prof. Anja Morawietz, Ph.D. (7)	240	(8)
Michael Motschmann	—	—
Prof. Rudolf Staudigl, Ph.D.	400	(8)
All members of our Supervisory Board and Management Board, as a group	46,218,597	19.3 %

(1) Consists of 101,852,563 ordinary shares held by AT Impf GmbH. The sole member of AT Impf GmbH is ATHOS KG, and,

as a result, ATHOS KG is deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities held by AT Impf GmbH. ATHOS KG via AT

Impf GmbH has de facto control over BioNTech based on its substantial shareholding, which practically enables it to

exercise the majority of voting rights to pass resolutions at our Annual General Meeting, or AGM. As of December 31,

2024 Thomas Maier is a general partner ( Komplementär ) of ATHOS KG and may be deemed to be beneficial owners of

the securities held by AT Impf KG. Mr. Maier disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares except to the extent of their

pecuniary interest therein.

(2) The sole shareholder of Medine GmbH is Ugur Sahin, and, as a result, Ugur Sahin is deemed to be the beneficial owner

of the securities held by Medine GmbH. Consists of 40,432,177 ordinary shares held by Medine GmbH, 1,320,787 of

which are held for the benefit of a former colleague pursuant to a trust arrangement. Pursuant to this arrangement,

Medine GmbH retains voting power, but not dispositive power, over such shares for so long as such shares are held in

trust and accordingly Medine GmbH and Ugur Sahin each may be deemed beneficially to own such shares.

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(3) Consists of the shares described in note 2 above, plus 2,774 ,837 ordinary shares held directly b y Ugur Sahin . He is the

sole shareholder of Medine GmbH.

(4) Consists of (a) 604,387 ordinary shares held by Tofino GmbH (Sierk Poetting is sole shareholder of Tofino GmbH), (b)

163,152 ordinary shares held directly by Sierk Poetting and (c) 1,638 ordinary shares held by his immediate family. Mr.

Poetting disclaims beneficial ownership of the 1,638 ordinary shares held by his immediate family except to the extent of

his pecuniary interest therein .

(5) Consists of (a) 332,316 ordinary shares held directly by Helmut Jeggle and (b) 1,093,651 ordinary shares held by Salvia

GmbH.

(6) Consists of 1,480 ordinary shares held by beebusy Capital GmbH. Ulrich Wandschneider is sole shareholder of beebusy

Capital GmbH.

(7) Consists of (a) 200 ordinary shares held directly by Anja Morawietz and (b) 40 ordinary shares held by her immediate

family.

(8) Less than one percent.

Holdings by U.S. Shareholders

Our share capital consists of ordinary shares, some of which are traded in the United States by means of

American Depositary Shares (ADSs), each representing one ordinary share. Our depositary, The Bank of New

York Mellon, is the holder of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs. Based on the limited information available

to us and the depositary, we generally cannot determine with certainty the number of U.S. shareholders or how

many shares such shareholders own.

B. Related Party Transactions

See Item 18.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See Item 18.

B. Significant Changes

Not applicable.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

A. Offer and Listing Details

ADSs representing our ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol

“BNTX” since October 10, 2019. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our ADSs.

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

ADSs representing our ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol

“BNTX” since October 10, 2019.

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

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E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

Item 10. Additional Information

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Associatio n

General

We were incorporated as a German stock corporation (Aktiengesellschaft) with the legal name Petersberg 91. V

AG under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany on June 2, 2008. We changed our name to BioNTech AG

on December 11, 2008. Effective as of March 8, 2019, the date on which the change of legal form and company

was registered with the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) of the local court ( Amtsgericht ) of Mainz,

Germany, we converted to a Societas Europaea with the legal name BioNTech SE. We completed our initial

public offering in October 2019. The principal legislation under which we operate and our shares are issued are

the Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 of October 8, 2001 on the Statute for a European company (SE), the

German Law on the Implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 of October 8, 2001 on the Statute

for a European company (SE) ( Gesetz zur Ausführung der Verordnung (EG) NR. 2157/2001 des Rates vom 8.

Oktober 2001 über das Statut der Europäischen Gesellschaft (SE) (SE-Ausführungsgesetz—SEAG) ) and the

German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz), in each case as amended.

We are registered with the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) of the local court ( Amtsgericht ) in Mainz,

Germany, under number HRB 48720. Our statutory seat is in Mainz, Germany, and our registered office is An der

Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany. Copies of our Articles of Association ( Satzung ) are publicly available from

the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) at the local court of Mainz, Germany, electronically at

www.unternehmensregister.de and as an exhibit to this Annual Report.

Share Capital

We have share capital registered in the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) in the amount of € 248,552,200 ,

which is divided into 248,552,200 registered shares ( Namensaktien ). All shares are shares with no par value

( Stückaktien ohne Nennbetrag ) with a notional amount attributable to each ordinary share of €1.00. Each issued

ordinary share is fully paid.

Form, Certification and Transferability of Shares

The form and contents of our share certificates, collective share certificates and global share certificates are

determined by our Management Board. A shareholder’s right to certification of its shares is excluded, to the

extent permitted by law and to the extent that certification is not required by the stock exchange on which the

shares or rights or certificates representing them are admitted to trading. We are permitted to issue collective

share certificates and global share certificates that represent multiple or all of our shares.

Our shares are freely transferable under German law.

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Changes in Our Share Capital During the Last Three Financial Years

Our share capital as registered with the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) amounts to €248,552,200 ,

including an amount of €8,581,396 relating to 8,581,396 ordinary shares held in treasury as of December 31,

2024 . Since January 1, 2022 , our share capital has changed as follows:

• On March 24, 2022, our share capital as registered with the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) was

increased by issuing 497,727 shares; and

• On May 20, 2022, our share capital as registered with the commercial register ( Handelsregister ) was

increased by issuing 1,744,392 shares.

Anti-takeover Provisions of Our Charter Documents

Our Articles of Association ( Satzung ) do not include any provisions that would have a direct effect of delaying,

deferring or preventing a change of control. However, in the event of a hostile takeover, we could use our

authorized capital to increase our share capital to issue new shares to an investor at a premium. An increase in

the number of shares outstanding could have a negative effect on a party’s ability to carry out a hostile takeover.

The provisions of German law relating to public bids and takeovers that require any such bids to be carried out in

a manner designed to safeguard equal and fair treatment to all shareholders and give them a right to be bought

out at an adequate compensation where a party acquires “control” (as such term is defined in such provisions)

over the relevant company do not apply.

Future Changes to the Share Capital

Authorized Capital

Under the relevant law, the general meeting of a European stock corporation (Societas Europaea) governed by

German law can authorize the Management Board, with the consent of the Supervisory Board, to issue shares in

a specified aggregate nominal amount of up to 50% of the issued share capital of such company at the time the

resolution becomes effective. The shareholders’ authorization becomes effective upon registration in the

commercial register ( Handelsregister ) and is valid for a maximum period of five years. Under § 4(5) of our

Articles of Association ( Satzung ), the Management Board is authorized to increase our share capital, on one or

more occasions, by a total of up to €122,657,313 by issuing, on one or more occasions, up to 122,657,313 new,

registered shares with no par value ( Genehmigtes Kapital ) in return for cash contributions or contributions in

kind, in each case with consent of the Supervisory Board. This authorization expires on June 21, 2026.

Any new shares issued from the authorized capital will participate in the profits starting with the financial year for

which the annual financial statements have not yet been submitted to the general meeting at the time of

registration of the implementation of the capital increase. Further details of a capital increase from the authorized

capital may be specified by the Management Board.

Conditional Capital

Pursuant to § 4(6) of our Articles of Association ( Satzung ), our share capital is conditionally increased by

€4,943,452 through issuance of new registered shares with no par value, or Conditional Capital ESOP

2027/2019 ( Bedingtes Kapital ESOP 2017/2019 ). The Conditional Capital ESOP 2017/2019 may only be used to

issue shares to the holders of option rights granted under the authorization for the Conditional Capital ESOP

2017/2019, or the Authorization 2017/2019.

The conditional capital increase will only be implemented to the extent that stock options under the Authorization

2017/2019 are exercised and such stock options are not serviced by our providing treasury shares or through

cash payments. Any new shares issued under the Conditional Capital ESOP 2017/2019 pursuant to § 4(6) of our

Articles of Association ( Satzung ) shall be entitled to dividends from the beginning of the previous financial year in

case they are created by the exercise of subscription rights until the start of the Annual General Meeting of the

Company and otherwise from the beginning of the financial year in which they are created as a result of the

exercise of the stock options.

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Pursuant to § 4(7) of our Articles of Association ( Satzung ), our share capital is conditionally increased by

€24,855,220 through issuance of new registered shares with no par value, or Conditional Capital WSV 2024

( Bedingtes Kapital WSV 2024 ). The conditional capital may only be used to issue shares to the holders or

creditors of option rights or conversion rights or those under an obligation to convert under warrant-linked or

convertible bonds avail of their option rights or conversion rights or where they are under an obligation to

convert, to the extent they satisfy their obligation to convert, or to the extent that we exercise a right to choose to

grant our shares, in whole or in part instead of paying a monetary amount due, and to the extent cash

compensation is not granted in each relevant case or treasury shares or shares of another stock-listed company

are not utilized for servicing.

Any new shares issued under the said Conditional Capital WSV 2024 pursuant to § 4(7) of our Articles of

Association ( Satzung ) shall carry an entitlement to dividends from the beginning of the financial year in which

they are created; however, as far as the law permits, the Management Board can confer dividend rights for new

shares in derogation of the foregoing.

Pursuant to § 4(8) of our Articles of Association ( Satzung ), our share capital is conditionally increased by

€1,300,000 through issuance of new, registered shares with no par value, or Conditional Capital ESOP 2021

( Bedingtes Kapital ESOP 2021 ). The Conditional Capital ESOP 2021 serves exclusively to grant rights to the

holders of stock options issued by the Company in accordance with the authorization granted by the Annual

General Meeting on June 22, 2021 under agenda item 6 letter d) also as amended by the resolution of the

Annual General Meeting on May 17, 2024 under agenda items 12 and 13, or the Authorization 2021.

The conditional capital increase will only be implemented to the extent that stock options under our ESOP are

exercised by the holders of the stock options issued by the Company on the basis of Authorization 2021 and

such stock options are not settled by the Company with treasury shares or through cash payments. Any new

shares issued under the Conditional Capital ESOP 2021 pursuant to § 4(8) of our Articles of Association

( Satzung ) shall participate in profits from the beginning of the preceding financial year in case they are created

by the exercise of subscription rights until the start of the annual general meeting of the Company and otherwise

from the beginning of the financial year in which they are created as a result of the exercise of the stock options.

Preemptive Rights

German law generally provides shareholders with preemptive rights when new shares convertible bonds, bonds

with warrants, profit participation rights or participating bonds are issued. This requirement, however, may also

be satisfied by way of a credit institution subscribing for the securities and then offering them to the shareholders

for purchase ( mittelbares Bezugsrecht ).

Further, it is possible for a shareholder resolution approved by three-quarters of the share capital voting on the

resolution to exclude preemptive rights both where the general meeting itself resolves that the new securities are

to be issued and in relation to the authorized capital, i.e., an authorization for the Management Board, with the

consent of the Supervisory Board, to resolve on the issuance of new securities; provided, however, that in each

case, the exclusion or the authorization to exclude preemptive rights, respectively, must be justified by specific

facts, in accordance with established case law of the German Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ). The German

Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) considers the exclusion of subscription rights justified if it (i) serves a purpose in

the company’s interests, (ii) is suitable for attaining such purpose, and (iii) is necessary and appropriate.

Additionally, the Management Board must submit a written report to the shareholders’ meeting in which it

presents the reasons for the exclusion of the subscription rights.

Accordingly, under our Articles of Association ( Satzung ), the Management Board may, with the consent of the

Supervisory Board, exclude such preemptive rights in a capital increase from the authorized capital in the

following circumstances:

• to exclude fractional amounts from the subscription right;

• in the case of a capital increase against cash contributions, if the issue price of the new shares is not

significantly lower than the market price of the company’s shares already listed on the stock exchange at

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the time the issue price is finally determined. However, this authorization shall only apply subject to the

provision that the shares issued excluding subscription rights in accordance with Section 186(3)

Sentence 4 AktG may not exceed a total of 10% of the share capital either at the time this authorization

takes effect or, if this amount is lower, at the time this authorization is exercised. This limit of 10% of the

share capital includes shares which are issued or disposed of during the term of this authorization until

the date of its exercise in direct or equivalent application of Section 186(3) Sentence 4 AktG. Shares

which are used to service bonds with convertible or option rights or convertible obligations are to be

offset against the 10% limit if these bonds were issued during the authorization period under exclusion of

shareholder subscription rights in accordance with Section 186(3) Sentence 4 AktG during the

entitlement period. Treasury shares are to be offset against the 10% limit, where they were disposed of

by the company during the term of this authorization with the exclusion of subscription rights pursuant to

or in analogous application of Section 186(3) Sentence 4 AktG;

• in the case of capital increases in exchange for contributions in kind, in particular in order to be able to

offer the shares to third parties when purchasing companies, parts of companies or interests in

companies as well as licenses or industrial property rights;

• in order to grant subscription rights to new shares to holders of conversion or option rights in respect of

bonds issued by the company or its subordinated domestic or foreign Group companies, to the extent to

which they would be entitled after exercising their conversion or option rights or after fulfilling an agreed

conversion obligation;

• to implement a scrip dividend by which shareholders are given the option to contribute their dividend

entitlements (either in whole or part) as a contribution in kind against issuance of our new shares;

• in case shares are to be issued to a member of our Management Board or to another person who is

employed by us or one of our affiliates. Additional restrictions with regard to the shares issued may be

agreed upon; and

• in order to be able to satisfy an option to acquire additional ordinary shares or American Depositary

Shares that has been agreed with the issuing banks in connection with a public offering of our shares in

the form of American Depositary Shares.

The total number of new shares issued from the authorized capital and under exclusion of subscription rights

pursuant to bullets one through three above may not exceed 20% of the share capital, either at the time that the

amendment to the Articles of Association ( Satzung ), resolved upon by the general meeting of June 21, 2021,

came into effect or, if lower, at the time of utilization of the authorization. To be counted against the

aforementioned 20% limit are: (i) those shares issued or to be issued to service conversion or option rights or

conversion or option obligations or tender rights of the issuer under bonds, if the bonds have been issued during

the term of this authorization up to the time of its exercise, excluding the subscription rights of shareholders, as

well as, to a certain extent (ii) treasury shares that have been disposed under exclusion of subscription rights

during the term of this authorization (except in the case of certain exceptions of the resolution to item no. 8 of the

general meeting of August 19, 2019).

Corporate Purpose of our Company

Our business objective, as described in § 2 of our Articles of Association ( Satzung ), is to research and develop,

as well as the manufacture and marketing of immunological and RNA-based drugs and test methods for the

diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer, infectious diseases and other serious diseases.

Shareholders’ Meetings and Voting Rights

Pursuant to our Articles of Association ( Satzung ), shareholders’ meetings may be held in person or virtually at

our seat or in any municipality in Germany with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Generally, shareholders’

meetings are convened by our Management Board, or our Supervisory Board. Shareholders representing in the

aggregate at least five percent of our ordinary shares may, subject to certain formal prerequisites, request that a

shareholders’ meeting be convened. Shareholders representing in the aggregate at least five percent of our

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ordinary shares or owning shares with an aggregate nominal value of at least €500,000 may request the addition

of one or several items to the agenda of any shareholders’ meeting. Shareholders’ meetings may be summoned

either via publication in the German Federal Gazette ( Bundesanzeiger ) or via mail or email, in each case

generally at least 30 days before the meeting.

Shareholders may participate and vote in the shareholders’ meeting if they are registered as a shareholder with

the Company’s share register. A shareholder who wishes to attend the shareholders’ meeting—either in person

or by proxy, which may also be appointed by us ( Stimmrechtsvertreter )—must register for the meeting, which

registration must occur no later than six days before the meeting (or at a later date, if so determined by our

Management Board).

Each share carries one vote at a shareholders’ meeting. Resolutions are, in accordance with our Articles of

Association ( Satzung ), generally taken by simple majority of the votes cast. However, under applicable German

and European law, a number of resolutions must be passed by either a three-quarter majority of the votes cast or

a three-quarter majority of the share capital represented at the meeting. The fact that in these cases the quorum

is determined in relation to the share capital or shares present (as opposed to, for example, all shares eligible to

vote) means that holders of a minority of our shares could potentially control the outcome of resolutions.

Claims against Directors and Shareholders’ Derivative Actions

Under German law, generally, the company, rather than its shareholders, is the proper claimant in an action with

respect to a wrong committed against the company, or in cases where there is an irregularity in the company’s

internal management or supervision. Therefore, such claims may only be raised by the company represented by

its management board, or, in the case of a wrong committed by a member of the management board, by the

supervisory board. This concerns, in particular, claims against members of the management board or the

supervisory board.

However, pursuant to German case law, the supervisory board is obliged to pursue the company’s claims

against the management board, unless the interest of the company keeps them from doing so. Further, the

management board, or, if a claim is against a member of the management board, the supervisory board, is

obliged to pursue the company’s claims against the designated individuals if so resolved by a simple majority of

votes cast during a shareholders’ meeting. With a simple majority of votes, shareholders can also request that a

representative pursue the claim on behalf of the company. The court may appoint such a representative upon the

request of shareholders holding at least 10% of the company’s share capital or a participation of at least

€1,000,000 in the share capital.

If the company is unable to fulfill its third-party obligations, the company’s creditors may pursue the company’s

damage claims against members of the management board for certain wrongdoings.

Under certain circumstances, shareholders can bring forward damage claims of the company against its

management on their own behalf. In order to bring forward such a claim one shareholder alone or together with

other shareholders needs to hold at least 1% of the company’s share capital or a participation of €100,000 in the

share capital. Additionally, the claimant(s) must comply with special claim approval procedures conducted before

a competent court which will allow the pertinent request only if there are circumstances justifying the assumption

that damage has been afflicted on the company by improper conduct or a gross breach of the law or the articles

of association.

Dividend Rights

Under German law, distributions of dividends on shares for a given financial year are generally determined by a

process in which the management board and supervisory board submit a proposal to the company’s annual

general shareholders’ meeting held in the subsequent financial year and such annual general shareholders’

meeting adopts a resolution.

German law provides that a resolution concerning dividends and distribution thereof may be adopted only if the

company’s unconsolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with German law show net retained

profits. In determining the profit available for distribution, the result for the relevant year must be adjusted for

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profits and losses brought forward from the previous year and for withdrawals from or transfers to reserves.

Certain reserves are required by law and must be deducted when calculating the profit available for distribution.

Shareholders generally participate in profit distributions in proportion to the number of shares they hold.

Dividends on shares resolved by the general shareholders’ meeting are paid annually, shortly after the general

shareholders’ meeting, in compliance with the rules of the respective clearing system. Dividend payment claims

are subject to a three-year statute of limitation in the company’s favor.

Authorization to Purchase and Sell Our Own Shares

We may not purchase our own shares unless authorized by the shareholders’ meeting or in other very limited

circumstances as set out in the AktG. The Company’s shareholders’ meeting held on May 17, 2024 authorized

the Management Board until May 16, 2029, provided it complies with the legal requirement of equal treatment, to

acquire treasury shares up to a total of 10% of the Company’s share capital at the time of the relevant resolution

or at the time the authorization is exercised. These shares held by the Company (including shares attributable to

it pursuant to the AktG) must never exceed 10% of the share capital. The shares may be purchased (i) through

the stock exchange, (ii) by means of a public offer directed to all shareholders of the Company, (iii) by means of

a public invitation to the shareholders to make a sales offer or (iv) from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

under very limited circumstances as specified in the authorization. Such shares may not be purchased for

trading purposes. The Management Board is authorized to use the shares only as specified in the authorization.

Squeeze-Out of Minority Shareholders

Under German law, the shareholders’ meeting of a stock corporation may resolve, upon request of a shareholder

that holds at least 95% of the share capital, that the shares held by any remaining minority shareholders be

transferred to the majority shareholder against payment of “adequate cash compensation” ( Ausschluss von

Minderheitsaktionären ). This amount must take into account the full value of the company at the time of the

resolution, which is generally determined using the future earnings value method ( Ertragswertmethode ).

A squeeze-out in the context of a merger ( umwandlungsrechtlicher Squeeze-Out ) only requires a majority

shareholder to hold at least 90% of the share capital.

Liquidation Rights

Apart from liquidation, e.g., as a result of insolvency proceedings, we may be liquidated with a vote of the

holders of at least three-quarters of the share capital represented at the shareholders’ meeting at which such a

vote is taken. If we are liquidated, any assets remaining after all of our liabilities have been paid off would be

distributed among our shareholders in proportion to their holdings in accordance with German statutory law. The

German Stock Corporation Act provides certain protections for creditors, which must be observed in the event of

liquidation.

C. Material Contracts

Except as otherwise disclosed in this Annual Report (including the exhibits thereto), we are not currently, and

have not been in the last two years, party to any material contract, other than contracts entered into in the

ordinary course of our business.

D. Exchange Controls

There are currently no legal restrictions in the Federal Republic of Germany on international capital movements

and foreign exchange transactions, except in limited embargo circumstances ( Teilembargo ) relating to certain

areas, entities or persons as a result of applicable resolutions adopted by the United Nations and the European

Union. Restrictions currently exist with respect to, among others, Afghanistan, Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina,

Burundi, Central African Republic, China, D.R. Congo, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Iran, Iraq,

Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Moldova and the Transnistria region , Montenegro, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Niger, North

Korea, Russia, Serbia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen and

Zimbabwe.

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For statistical purposes, there are, however, limited notification requirements regarding transactions involving

cross-border monetary transfers. With some exceptions, every corporation or individual residing in the Federal

Republic of Germany must report to the German Central Bank ( Deutsche Bundesbank ) (i) any payment received

from, or made to, a non-resident corporation or individual that exceeds €50,000 (or the equivalent in a foreign

currency) and (ii) (with the exception of individuals residing in the Federal Republic of Germany) in case the sum

of claims against, or liabilities payable to, non-resident corporations or individuals exceeds €6,000,000 (or the

equivalent in a foreign currency) at the end of any calendar month. Payments include cash payments made by

means of direct debit, checks and bills, remittances denominated in euros and other currencies made through

financial institutions, as well as netting and clearing arrangements.

E. Taxation

German Taxation

The following discussion addresses certain German tax consequences of acquiring, owning or disposing of the

ADSs. With the exception of “—Taxation of Holders Tax Resident in Germany” below, which provides an

overview of dividend taxation and of capital gains taxation with respect to holders that are residents of Germany,

this discussion applies only to U.S. treaty beneficiaries (defined below) that acquire the ADSs representing our

ordinary shares.

This discussion is based on domestic German tax laws, including, but not limited to, circulars issued by German

tax authorities, which, e.g., are not binding on the German courts, and the Treaty (defined below). It is based

upon tax laws in effect at the time of filing of this report. These laws are subject to change, possibly with

retroactive effect. For example, certain member states of the European Union are considering introducing a

financial transaction tax ( Finanztransaktionssteuer ) which, if introduced, may also be applicable on sales and/or

transfer of ADSs. There is no assurance that German tax authorities will not challenge one or more of the tax

consequences described in this section.

In addition, this discussion is based upon the assumption that each obligation in the deposit agreement and any

related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms. It does not purport to be a comprehensive or

exhaustive description of all German tax considerations that may be of relevance in the context of acquiring,

owning and disposing of ADSs.

The tax information presented in this report is not a substitute for tax advice. Prospective holders of ADSs should

consult their own tax advisors regarding the German tax consequences of the purchase, ownership, disposition,

donation or inheritance of ADSs in light of their particular circumstances, including the effect of any state, local,

or other foreign or domestic laws or changes in tax law or interpretation. The same applies with respect to the

rules governing the refund of any German dividend withholding tax ( Kapitalertragsteuer ) withheld. Only an

individual tax consultation can appropriately account for the particular tax situation of each investor.

General

Based on the circular issued by the German Federal Ministry of Finance ( BMF-Schreiben ), dated May 24, 2013,

reference number IV C 1-S2204/12/10003, as amended by the circular dated December 18, 2018 (reference

number IV C 1 – S 2204/12/10003), in respect of the taxation of American Depositary Receipts, or ADRs, on

domestic shares, or the ADR Tax Circular, for German tax purposes, the ADSs should, in light of the ADR Tax

Circular, represent a beneficial ownership interest in the underlying shares of BioNTech and qualify as ADRs for

the purpose of the ADR Tax Circular. If the ADSs qualify as ADRs under the ADR Tax Circular, dividends would

accordingly be attributable to holders of the ADSs for German tax purposes, and not to the legal owner of the

ordinary shares (i.e., the financial institution on behalf of which the ordinary shares are stored at a domestic

depository for the ADS holders). Furthermore, holders of the ADSs should be treated as beneficial owners of the

capital of BioNTech with respect to capital gains (see below in section “—German Taxation of Capital Gains of

the U.S. Treaty Beneficiaries of the ADSs”). However, investors should note that circulars published by the

German tax authorities (including the ADR Tax Circular) are not, e.g., binding on German courts, including

German tax courts, and it is unclear whether a German court would follow the ADR Tax Circular in determining

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the German tax treatment of the ADSs. For the purpose of this German tax section, it is assumed that the ADSs

qualify as ADRs within the meaning of the ADR Tax Circular.

Taxation of Holders Not Tax Resident in Germany

The following discussion describes selected German tax consequences of acquiring the ADSs, owning the ADSs

and disposing of the ADSs to a holder that is a U.S. treaty beneficiary. For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S.

treaty beneficiary” is a resident of the United States for purposes of the Convention between the Federal

Republic of Germany and United States of America for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of

Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital and Certain Other Taxes of 1989, as amended by

the Protocol as of June 4, 2008 ( Abkommen zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und den Vereinigten

Staaten von Amerika zur Vermeidung der Doppelbesteuerung und zur Verhinderung der Steuerverkürzung auf

dem Gebiet der Steuern vom Einkommen und vom Vermögen und einiger anderer Steuern in der Fassung vom

Juni 2008 ), hereinafter referred to as the “Treaty,” who is eligible for relevant benefits under the Treaty.

A holder will be a U.S. treaty beneficiary entitled to full Treaty benefits in respect of the ADSs if it is, inter alia:

• the beneficial owner of the ADSs (and the dividends paid with respect thereto);

• a U.S. tax resident corporation or individual;

• not also a resident of Germany for German tax purposes; and

• not subject to the limitation on benefits (i.e., anti-treaty shopping) article of the Treaty that applies in

limited circumstances.

Special rules apply to pension funds and certain other tax-exempt investors.

This discussion does not address the treatment of ADSs that are (i) held in connection with a permanent

establishment or fixed base through which a U.S. treaty beneficiary carries on business or performs personal

services in Germany or (ii) part of business assets for which a permanent representative in Germany has been

appointed.

General Rules for the Taxation of Holders Not Tax Resident in Germany

Non-German resident holders of ADSs are subject to German taxation with respect to German source income

( beschränkte Steuerpflicht ). According to the ADR Tax Circular, income from the shares should be attributed to

the holder of the ADSs for German tax purposes. As a consequence, income from the ADSs should be treated

as German source income.

German Withholding Taxation of Dividends of the U.S. Treaty Beneficiaries of the ADSs

Generally, the full amount of a dividend distributed by BioNTech to a non-German resident holder, which does

not maintain a permanent establishment or other taxable presence in Germany, is subject to (final) German

withholding tax at an aggregate rate of 26.375% (that amount consists of 25% on dividends distributed plus

solidarity surcharge of 5.5% on the amount of the withholding tax). The basis for the withholding tax is generally

the dividend approved for distribution by our general shareholder’s meeting. German withholding tax is withheld

and remitted to the German tax authorities by (i) the disbursing agent (i.e., the German credit institution, financial

services institution, securities trading enterprise or securities trading bank (each as defined in the German

Banking Act ( Kreditwesengesetz ) and in each case including a German branch of a foreign enterprise, but

excluding a foreign branch of a German enterprise)) that holds or administers the underlying shares in custody

and (a) disburses or credits the dividend income from the underlying shares, (b) disburses or credits the dividend

income from the underlying shares on delivery of the dividend coupons or (c) disburses such dividend income to

a foreign agent; or (ii) the central securities depository ( Wertpapiersammelbank ) in terms of the German

Depositary Act ( Depotgesetz ) holding the underlying shares in a collective deposit, if such central securities

depository disburses the dividend income from the underlying shares to a foreign agent, regardless of whether a

holder must report the dividend for tax purposes and regardless of whether or not a holder is a resident of

Germany. Dividend payments, to the extent funded from BioNTech’s tax-recognized contribution account

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( steuerliches Einlagekonto ), subject to certain prerequisites, do not form part of the taxable dividend income but

should lower the holder’s acquisition costs for the ADSs.

Pursuant to the Treaty, the German withholding tax may generally not exceed (i) 15% of the gross amount of the

dividends received by a U.S. treaty beneficiary other than a company holding ADSs which represent 10% or

more of the voting shares in BioNTech, and (ii) 5% of the gross amount of the dividends received by a U.S. treaty

beneficiary that is a company holding ADSs which represent 10% or more of the voting shares in BioNTech. The

excess of the total withholding tax, including the solidarity surcharge, over the maximum rate of withholding tax

permitted by the Treaty is refunded to U.S. treaty beneficiaries upon application. For example, for a declared

dividend of 100, a U.S. treaty beneficiary initially receives 73.625 (100 minus the 26.375% withholding tax

including solidarity surcharge). A U.S. treaty beneficiary other than a company holding ADSs which represent

10% or more of the voting shares in BioNTech is entitled to a partial refund from the German tax authorities in

the amount of 11.375% of the gross dividend (of 100). As a result, the U.S. treaty beneficiary ultimately receives

a total of 85 (85% of the declared dividend) following the refund of the excess withholding. However, it should be

noted that there is uncertainty as to how the German tax authorities will apply the refund process to dividends on

the ADSs with respect to non-German resident holders. Further, such refund is subject to the German anti-

avoidance treaty shopping rule (as described below in “—Withholding Tax Refund for U.S. Treaty Beneficiaries”).

German Withholding Taxation of Capital Gains of the U.S. Treaty Beneficiaries of the ADSs

The capital gains from the disposition of the ADSs realized by a non-German resident holder, which does not

maintain a permanent establishment or other taxable presence in Germany, would be treated as German source

income and be subject to German tax if the ADSs qualify as a Qualifying Participation. A Qualifying Participation

exists if a holder at any time during the five years preceding the disposition, directly or indirectly, owned at least

1% of BioNTech’s share capital, irrespective of whether through the ADSs or shares of BioNTech. If such holder

had acquired the ADSs without consideration, the previous owner’s holding period and quota would be taken into

account.

Pursuant to the Treaty, capital gains from the disposal of a Qualifying Participation realized by a U.S. treaty

beneficiary are, however, generally exempt from German taxation. Pursuant to the Treaty, U.S. treaty

beneficiaries are not subject to German tax in relation to capital gains from the disposal of a Qualifying

Participation even under the circumstances described in the preceding paragraph and therefore should not be

subject to German taxation on capital gains from the disposition of the ADSs.

German statutory law requires the disbursing agent to levy withholding tax on capital gains from the sale of

ADSs or other securities held in a custodial account in Germany. With regard to the German taxation of capital

gains, disbursing agent means a German credit institution, financial services institution, securities trading

enterprise or securities trading bank (each as defined in the German Banking Act and, in each case including a

German branch if a foreign enterprise, but excluding a foreign branch of a German enterprise) that holds the

ADSs in custody or administers the ADSs for the investor or conducts sales or other dispositions and disburses

or credits the income from the ADSs to the holder of the ADSs. The German statutory law does not explicitly

condition the obligation to withhold taxes on capital gains being subject to taxation in Germany under German

statutory law or on an applicable income tax treaty permitting Germany to tax such capital gains.

However, a circular issued by the German Federal Ministry of Finance, dated January 18, 2016, reference

number IV C 1-S2252/08/10004 :017, as most recently amended by circular dated September 16, 2019,

reference number IV C 1-S2252/08/10004 :027, provides that taxes need not be withheld when the holder of the

custody account is not a resident of Germany for tax purposes and the income is not subject to German taxation.

The circular further states that there is no obligation to withhold such tax even if the non-resident holder owns at

least 1% of the share capital of a German corporation. While circulars issued by the German Federal Ministry of

Finance are generally only to be adhered to by the German tax authorities but are, for example, not binding on

the German courts, in practice, the disbursing agents nevertheless typically rely on guidance contained in such

circulars. Therefore, a disbursing agent would only withhold tax at 26.375% on capital gains derived by a U.S.

treaty beneficiary from the sale of ADSs held in a custodial account in Germany in the event that the disbursing

agent did not follow the abovementioned guidance. In this case, the U.S. treaty beneficiary may be entitled to

claim a refund of the withholding tax from the German tax authorities under the Treaty, as described below in “—

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Withholding Tax Refund for U.S. Treaty Beneficiaries.” A refund of taxes withheld on capital gains from the

disposition of the ADSs which do not qualify as Qualifying Participations may also be claimed based on German

statutory domestic law.

Withholding Tax Refund for U.S. Treaty Beneficiaries

U.S. treaty beneficiaries are generally eligible for treaty benefits under the Treaty, as described above in “—

Taxation of Holders Not Tax Resident in Germany.” Accordingly, U.S. treaty beneficiaries are in general entitled

to claim a refund of (i) the portion of the otherwise applicable 26.375% German withholding tax

( Kapitalertragsteuer ) on dividends that exceeds the applicable Treaty rate and (ii) the full amount of German

withholding tax ( Kapitalertragsteuer ) on capital gains from the disposition of ADSs. The application for such claim

is generally to be filed with the Federal Central Office of Taxation ( Bundeszentralamt für Steuern ) within four

years after the end of the calendar year in which the capital gains or dividends have been received ( bezogen ).

However, in respect of dividends, the refund described in the preceding paragraph is only possible if, due to

special rules on the restriction of withholding tax credit, the following three cumulative requirements are met: (i)

the holder must qualify as beneficial owner of the ADSs for an uninterrupted minimum holding period of 45 days

within a period starting 45 days prior to and ending 45 days after the due date of the dividends, (ii) the holder has

to bear at least 70% of the change in value risk related to the ADSs during the minimum holding period as

described under (i) of this paragraph and has not entered into (acting by itself or through a related party) hedging

transactions which lower the change in value risk by more than 30%, and (iii) the holder must not be obliged to

fully or largely compensate directly or indirectly the dividends to third parties. If these requirements are not met,

then for a holder not being tax-resident in Germany who applied for a full or partial refund of the withholding tax

pursuant to a double taxation treaty, no refund is available. This restriction generally does only apply if (a) the

German tax underlying the refund application is below a tax rate of 15% based on the gross amount of the

dividends and (b) the holder does not directly own 10% or more of the shares of BioNTech and is subject to

income taxes in its state of residence, without being tax-exempt. The restriction of the withholding tax credit does

not apply if the holder has beneficially owned the ADSs for at least one uninterrupted year until receipt ( Zufluss )

of the dividends.

In general, as previously discussed, investors should note that it is unclear how the German tax administration

will apply the refund process to dividends on the ADSs. Further, such refund is subject to the German anti treaty

shopping rule. Generally, this rule requires that the U.S. treaty beneficiary (in case it is a non-German resident

company) maintains its own administrative substance and conducts its own business activities. In particular, a

foreign company has no right to a full or partial refund to the extent persons holding ownership interests in

BioNTech would not be entitled to the refund if they derived the income directly and the gross income realized by

the foreign company is not caused by the business activities of the foreign company, and there are either no

economic or other considerable reasons for the interposition of the foreign company, or the foreign company

does not participate in general commerce by means of a business organization with resources appropriate to its

business purpose. However, this shall not apply if the foreign company’s principal class of stock is regularly

traded in substantial volume on a recognized stock exchange, or if the foreign company is subject to the

provisions of the German Investment Tax Act ( Investmentsteuergesetz ). Whether or not and to which extent the

anti-treaty shopping rule applies to the ADSs has to be analyzed on a case by case basis taking into account all

relevant tests. In addition, the interpretation of these tests is disputed and to date no published decisions of the

German Federal Finance Court exist in this regard.

Due to the legal structure of the ADSs, only limited guidance from the German tax authorities exists on the

practical application of the refund process with respect to the ADSs and the respective limitations. Recently, the

German tax authorities have indicated that for ADR programs (which are considered comparable to ADS

programs) a collective tax certificate in connection with a withholding of tax amounts may no longer be issued by

the domestic depositary of the shares upon request of the foreign depositary agents. Rather, individual tax

certificates need to be issued which might delay a potential refund procedure. Moreover, the simplified refund

procedure based on electronic data exchange ( Datenträgerverfahren ) for claims for reimbursement based on

ADRs has been suspended temporarily by the tax authorities.

Taxation of Holders Tax Resident in Germany

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This subsection provides an overview of dividend taxation and of capital gains taxation with regard to the general

principles applicable to ADS holders that are tax resident in Germany. A holder is a German tax resident if, in

case of an individual, he or she maintains a domicile ( Wohnsitz ) or a usual residence ( gewöhnlicher Aufenthalt )

in Germany or if, in case of a corporation, it has its place of management ( Geschäftsleitung ) or registered seat

( Sitz ) in Germany.

The German dividend and capital gains taxation rules applicable to German tax residents require a distinction

between ADSs held as private assets ( Privatvermögen ) and ADSs held as business assets ( Betriebsvermögen ).

ADSs as Private Assets ( Privatvermögen )

If the ADSs are held as private assets by a German tax resident, dividends and capital gains (other than capital

gains from the disposition of a Qualifying Participation) are taxed as investment income and are principally

subject to 25% German flat income tax on capital income ( Abgeltungsteuer ) (plus a 5.5% solidarity surcharge

( Solidaritätszuschlag ) thereon, resulting in an aggregate rate of 26.375%), which is levied in the form of

withholding tax ( Kapitalertragsteuer ). In other words, once deducted, the holder’s income tax liability on the

dividends will be settled. Dividend payments to the extent funded from BioNTech’s tax-recognized contribution

account ( steuerliches Einlagekonto ), subject to certain prerequisites, do not form part of the taxable dividend

income but should lower the holder’s acquisition costs for the ADSs.

Holders of ADSs may apply to have their capital investment income assessed in accordance with the general

rules and with an individual’s personal income tax rate if this would result in a lower tax burden in which case

actually incurred expenses are not deductible. The holder would be taxed on gross personal investment income

(including dividends or gains with respect to ADSs), less the saver’s allowance of €1,000 for an individual or

€2,000 for a married couple and a registered civil union ( eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft ) filing taxes jointly.

The deduction of expenses related to the investment income (including dividends or gains with respect to ADSs)

is generally not possible for private investors.

Losses resulting from the disposal of ADSs can only be offset against capital gains from the sale of any shares

( Aktien ) and other ADSs. If, however, a holder holds a Qualifying Participation, 60% of any capital gains resulting

from the sale and transfer are taxable at the holder’s personal income tax rate (plus 5.5% solidarity surcharge

thereon). Conversely, 60% of any capital losses are recognized for tax purposes.

Since 2021, the basis for the calculation of the solidarity surcharge ( Solidaritätszuschlag ) has been reduced for

certain individual persons being subject to tax assessments (other than withholding taxes), and in certain cases,

the solidarity surcharge has been abolished. However, the abolition or reduction of the solidarity surcharge is not

applicable to corporations. In addition, the abolition or reduction of the solidarity surcharge will not affect

withholding taxes. Solidarity surcharge will still be levied at 5.5% on the full withholding tax amount and withheld

accordingly. There will not be any separate refund of such withheld solidarity surcharge (regardless of the

aforementioned exemption limits) in case the withholding tax cannot be refunded either.

Church tax generally has to be withheld, if applicable, based on an automatic data access procedure, unless the

holder of ADSs has filed a blocking notice ( Sperrvermerk ) with the Federal Central Tax Office. Where church tax

is not levied by way of withholding, it is determined by means of income tax assessment.

ADSs as Business Assets ( Betriebsvermögen )

In case the ADSs are held as business assets, the taxation depends on the legal form of the holder (i.e., whether

the holder is a corporation or an individual).

Irrespective of the legal form of the holder, dividends are subject to the aggregate withholding tax rate of

26.375%. The withholding tax is generally creditable against the respective holder’s corporate income tax or

income tax liability. Due to special rules on the restriction of withholding tax credits in respect of dividends, a full

withholding tax credit requires that the following three cumulative requirements are met: (i) the holder must

qualify as beneficial owner of the ADSs for an uninterrupted minimum holding period of 45 days occurring within

a period starting 45 days prior to and ending 45 days after the due date of the dividends, (ii) the holder has to

bear at least 70% of the change in value risk related to the ADSs during the minimum holding period as

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described under (i) of this paragraph and has not entered into (acting by itself or through a related party) hedging

transactions which lower the change in value risk for more than 30%, and (iii) the holder must not be obliged to

fully or largely compensate directly or indirectly the dividends to third parties. If these requirements are not met,

three-fifths of the withholding tax imposed on the dividends must not be credited against the holder’s corporate

income tax or income tax liability, but may, upon application, be deducted from the holder’s tax base for the

relevant tax assessment period. A holder that is generally subject to German income tax or corporate income tax

and that has received gross dividends without any deduction of withholding tax due to a tax exemption without

qualifying for a full tax credit under the aforementioned requirements has to notify the competent local tax office

accordingly, has to file withholding tax returns for a withholding tax of 15% in accordance with statutory formal

requirements and has to make a payment in the amount of the omitted withholding tax deduction. The special

rules on the restriction of withholding tax credit (and the corresponding notification and payment obligations) do

not apply to a holder whose overall dividend earnings within an assessment period do not exceed €20,000 or

that has been the beneficial owner of the ADSs for at least one uninterrupted year until receipt ( Zufluss ) of the

dividends.

To the extent the amount withheld exceeds the income tax liability, the withholding tax will be refunded, provided

that certain requirements are met (including the aforementioned requirements).

Special rules apply to credit institutions ( Kreditinstitute ), financial services institutions

( Finanzdienstleistungsinstitute ), financial enterprises ( Finanzunternehmen ), life insurance and health insurance

companies, and pension funds.

In principle, dividends that a corporation receives from German or foreign corporations are subject to corporate

income tax (and solidarity surcharge thereon) at a rate of 15.825% and also subject to trade tax of between 7.0%

and 19.0% depending on the multiplier applied by the relevant municipality. However, with regard to holders in

the legal form of a corporation, capital gains are in general effectively 95% tax exempt from corporate income tax

(including solidarity surcharge). Dividends are also generally 95% tax exempt from corporate income tax

(including solidarity surcharge), inter alia, if the holder held at least 10% of the registered share capital

( Grundkapital oder Stammkapital ) of BioNTech at the beginning of the calendar year, or Qualifying Dividends.

Five percent of the capital gains and five percent of the Qualifying Dividends are treated as non-deductible

business expenses, respectively, and, as such, are subject to corporate income tax (including solidarity

surcharge); actual business expenses incurred to generate dividends may be deducted. The acquisition of a

participation of at least 10% in the course of a calendar year is deemed to have occurred at the beginning of

such calendar year for the determination of whether a dividend is a Qualifying Dividend. Participations in the

share capital of BioNTech held through a partnership, including co-entrepreneurships ( Mitunternehmerschaften ),

are attributable to the respective partner only on a pro rata basis at the ratio of its entitlement to the profits of the

partnership.

Capital gains and dividend income of a German tax resident corporation are generally subject to German trade

tax of between 7.0% and 19.0% depending on the multiplier applied by the relevant municipality. The

aforementioned 95% exemption for capital gains generally applies also for trade tax purposes. However, the

amount of any dividends after deducting business expenses related to the dividends is not subject to trade tax if

the corporation held at least 15% of BioNTech’s registered share capital at the beginning of the relevant tax

assessment period. In this case, the aforementioned exemption of 95% of the dividend income also applies for

trade tax purposes. Losses from the sale of ADSs are generally not tax deductible for corporate income tax and

trade tax purposes.

With regard to individuals holding ADSs as business assets, 60% of dividends and capital gains are taxed at the

individual’s personal income tax rate (plus 5.5% solidarity surcharge thereon). Correspondingly, only 60% of

business expenses related to the dividends and capital gains as well as losses from the sale of ADSs are

principally deductible for income tax purposes. Since 2021, the basis for the calculation of the solidarity

surcharge ( Solidaritätszuschlag ) has been reduced for certain individual persons being subject to tax

assessments (other than withholding taxes), and in certain cases, the solidarity surcharge has been abolished,

subject to the limitations described above in “—ADSs as Private Assets ( Privatvermögen )”. The dividend income

and 60% of the capital gains are generally subject to trade tax, which is fully or partly creditable against the

individual’s personal income tax by a lump-sum method. Dividends (after deduction of business expenses

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economically related thereto) are exempt from trade tax if the holder held at least 15% of BioNTech’s registered

share capital at the beginning of the relevant tax assessment period.

German Inheritance and Gift Tax ( Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer )

The transfer of ADSs to another person by inheritance or gift generally should be subject to German inheritance

and gift tax only if:

(i) the decedent or donor or heir, beneficiary or other transferee (a) maintained his or her domicile or a usual

residence in Germany, (b) had its place of management or registered office in Germany at the time of the

transfer, (c) is a German citizen who has spent no more than five consecutive years outside of Germany

without maintaining a domicile in Germany or (d) is a German citizen who serves for a German entity

established under public law and is remunerated for his or her service from German public funds (including

family members who form part of such person’s household, if they are German citizens) and is only subject

to estate or inheritance tax in his or her country of domicile or usual residence with respect to assets

located in such country (special rules apply to certain former German citizens who neither maintain a

domicile nor have their usual residence in Germany);

(ii) at the time of the transfer, the ADSs are held by the decedent or donor as business assets forming part of a

permanent establishment in Germany or for which a permanent representative in Germany has been

appointed; or

(iii) the ADSs subject to such transfer form part of a portfolio that represents at the time of the transfer 10% or

more of the registered share capital of BioNTech and that has been held directly or indirectly by the

decedent or donor, either alone or together with related persons.

The Agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America for the avoidance of

double taxation with respect to taxes on inheritances and gifts as of December 21, 2000 ( Abkommen zwischen

der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika zur Vermeidung der

Doppelbesteuerung auf dem Gebiet der Nachlass-, Erbschaft- und Schenkungssteuern in der Fassung vom 21.

Dezember 2000 ), hereinafter referred to as the “United States-Germany Inheritance and Gifts Tax Treaty,”

provides that the German inheritance tax or gift tax can, with certain restrictions, only be levied in the cases of (i)

and (ii) above. Special provisions apply to certain German citizens living outside of Germany and former German

citizens.

Other Taxes

No German transfer tax, value-added tax, stamp duty or similar taxes are assessed on dividend payments.

Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion describes material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the acquisition,

ownership and disposition of ADSs by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that acquires our ADSs and holds them

as a capital asset. This discussion is based on the tax laws of the United States, including the Internal Revenue

Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated or proposed thereunder, and

administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof. These tax laws are subject

to change, possibly with retroactive effect, and subject to differing interpretations that could affect the tax

consequences described herein. This section does not address the treatment of a non-U.S. holder, nor does it

address the tax treatment under the laws of any state, local or foreign taxing jurisdiction.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs that, for U.S. federal income

tax purposes, is:

• an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

• a domestic corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation);

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• an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

• a trust if (i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the trust’s

administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the

trust or (ii) a valid election under the Treasury regulations is in effect for the trust to be treated as a U.S.

person.

This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be applicable to U.S.

Holders in light of their particular circumstances or status (including, for example, banks and other financial

institutions, insurance companies, broker and dealers in securities or currencies, traders that have elected to

mark securities to market, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, partnerships or other

pass- through entities, corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, tax-exempt

organizations, pension plans, persons that hold our shares as part of a straddle, hedge or other integrated

investment, persons subject to alternative minimum tax or whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar).

If a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax

purposes) holds our ADSs, the tax treatment of a person treated as a partner in the partnership for U.S. federal

income tax purposes generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership.

Partnerships (and other entities or arrangements so treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes) and their

partners should consult their own tax advisors.

In general, and taking into account the earlier assumptions, for U.S. federal income and German tax purposes, a

holder of ADSs will be treated as the owner of the shares represented by those ADSs. Exchanges of shares for

ADSs, and ADSs for shares, generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or to German tax.

This discussion addresses only U.S. Holders and does not discuss any tax considerations other than

U.S. federal income tax considerations. Prospective investors are urged to consult their own tax

advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign tax consequences of the purchase,

ownership, and disposition of ADSs.

Dividends

Under the U.S. federal income tax laws, and subject to the passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, rules

discussed below, the gross amount of any dividend we pay out of our current or accumulated earnings and

profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is includible in income for a U.S. Holder and subject

to U.S. federal income taxation. Dividends paid to a noncorporate U.S. Holder that constitute qualified dividend

income will be taxable at a preferential tax rate applicable to long-term capital gains, provided that the U.S.

Holder holds the ADSs for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-

dividend date and meets other holding period requirements. Dividends we pay with respect to the ADSs

generally will be qualified dividend income.

A U.S. Holder must include any German tax withheld as part of the gross dividend payment, as described above

under “—German Taxation—General Rules for the Taxation of Holders Not Tax Resident in Germany,” even

though the holder does not in fact receive it. The dividend is taxable to the holder when the depositary receives

the dividend, actually or constructively. Because we are not a U.S. corporation, the dividend will not be eligible

for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations in respect of dividends received from

other U.S. corporations. The amount of the dividend distribution includible in U.S. Holder’s income will be the

U.S. dollar value of the Euro payments made, determined at the spot Euro/U.S. dollar rate on the date the

dividend distribution is includible in income, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S.

dollars. Generally, any gain or loss resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date

the dividend payment is included in income to the date the payment is converted into U.S. dollars will be treated

as ordinary income or loss and will not be eligible for the special tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income.

The gain or loss generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit

limitation purposes.

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To the extent a distribution with respect to ADSs exceeds our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as

determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, the distribution will be treated, first, as a tax-free return of

the U.S. Holder’s investment, up to the holder’s adjusted tax basis in its ADSs, and, thereafter, as capital gain,

which is subject to the tax treatment described below in “—Gain on Sale, Exchange or Other Taxable

Disposition.”

Subject to certain limitations, the German tax withheld in accordance with the Treaty and paid over to the

German taxing authority will be creditable or deductible against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability.

To the extent a refund of the tax withheld is available to a U.S. Holder under German law or under the Treaty, the

amount of tax withheld that is refundable will not be eligible for credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income

tax liability. See “—German Taxation—Withholding Tax Refund for U.S. Treaty Beneficiaries” above for the

procedures for obtaining a tax refund.

Gain On Sale, Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition

Subject to the PFIC rules described below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations”, a

U.S. Holder that sells, exchanges or otherwise disposes of ADSs in a taxable disposition generally will recognize

capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of

the amount realized and the holder’s tax basis, determined in U.S. dollars, in the ADSs. Gain or loss recognized

on such a sale, exchange or other disposition of ADSs generally will be long-term capital gain if the U.S. Holder’s

holding period in the ADSs exceeds one year. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders are taxed

generally at preferential rates. The gain or loss generally will be income or loss from sources within the United

States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. A U.S. Holder’s ability to deduct capital losses is subject to

limitations.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

We believe that we were a PFIC for our 2024 taxable year. Because the determination of our PFIC status is

made annually based on the factual tests described below, however, we cannot estimate with certainty at this

stage whether or not we are likely to be treated as a PFIC in the current taxable year or any future taxable years.

In particular, the total value of our asset test generally will be calculated taking into account the market price of

our ADSs or ordinary shares. This value has fluctuated considerably in the past, and may fluctuate considerably

in the future. Even if we determine that we are not a PFIC for a taxable year, there can be no assurance that the

IRS will agree with our conclusion regarding our PFIC status.

We are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which at least 75% of our gross income is “passive income” or

at least 50% of our gross assets during the taxable year (based on the average of the fair market values of the

assets determined at the end of each quarterly period) are assets that produce or are held for the production of

passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest,

rents, royalties, gains from commodities and securities transactions, and gains from assets that produce passive

income. In addition, cash and short-term investment are treated as passive assets regardless of the fact that

they may not produce any income. Rents and royalties received from unrelated parties in connection with the

active conduct of a trade or business are not considered passive income for purposes of the PFIC test. In

determining whether we are a PFIC, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each corporation in which we

own, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account.

If we are classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder will be subject to special rules with respect to

distributions on and sales, exchanges and other dispositions of the ADSs. In addition, a U.S. Holder that holds

the ADSs at any time during a taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC generally will continue to have

to treat such ADSs as ADSs in a PFIC, even if we no longer satisfy the income and asset tests described above,

unless the U.S. Holder elects to recognize gain, which will be taxed under the excess distribution rules described

below as if such ADSs had been sold on the last day of the last taxable year for which we were a PFIC.

Certain elections by a U.S. Holder, described below, generally alleviate some of the adverse consequences of

the excess distribution rules and would result in an alternative treatment of the ADSs, as described below.

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A U.S. Holder of PFIC shares must generally file an annual information return on IRS Form 8621 (Information

Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund) and will make

any of the elections described below such Form attached to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return

(including available extensions). The failure to file IRS Form 8621 could result in an extension of the statute of

limitations with respect to U.S. federal income tax.

Excess Distribution Rules. If we are a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder, then unless such U.S. Holder makes

one of the elections described below, a special tax regime will apply to the U.S. Holder with respect to (i) any

“excess distribution” (generally, aggregate distributions in any year that are greater than 125% of the average

annual distribution received by the holder in the shorter of the three preceding years or the holder’s holding

period for the ADSs) and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs. Under this regime,

any excess distribution and realized gain is treated as ordinary income and is subject to tax as if (a) the excess

distribution or gain had been realized ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period, (b) the amount deemed

realized in each year had been subject to tax in each year of that holding period at the highest marginal rate for

such year (other than income allocated to the current period or any taxable period before we became a PFIC,

which is subject to tax at the U.S. Holder’s regular ordinary income rate for the current year and is not subject to

the interest charge discussed below), and (c) the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax

had been imposed on the taxes deemed to have been payable in those years. If we are a PFIC, this tax

treatment for U.S. Holders applies also to indirect distributions and gains deemed realized by U.S. Holders in

respect of stock of any of our subsidiaries determined to be PFICs. In addition, dividend distributions do not

qualify for the lower rates of taxation applicable to long-term capital gains discussed above under “—Taxation of

Dividends.”

Elective Alternative Treatment. If we are a PFIC, the rules above do not apply to a U.S. Holder that makes an

election to treat ADSs as stock of a “qualified electing fund” or QEF. We intend to provide to U.S. Holders the

required information to make a valid QEF election and expect to provide that information after April 15, 2025 and

before August 15, 2025 on our corporate website. As a result, a U.S. Holder is expected to be able to make the

QEF election with respect to its ADSs with an extension to file its U.S. federal income tax return. A U.S. Holder

that makes a QEF election is required to include in income its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and net

capital gain as ordinary income and long-term capital gain, respectively, subject to a separate election to defer

payment of taxes, which deferral is subject to an interest charge. A U.S. Holder makes a QEF election generally

by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 to a timely filed United States federal income tax return for the year

beginning with which the QEF election is to be effective (taking into account any extensions). A QEF election can

be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. We intend to annually provide or make available the information

required for a U.S. Holder to make a valid QEF election.

The rules above also do not apply to a U.S. Holder that makes a “mark-to-market” election with respect to the

ADSs. This election is available with respect to the ADSs only if they meet certain minimum trading requirements

to be considered “marketable stock” for purposes of the PFIC rules. Generally, shares or ADSs are treated as

marketable stock if they are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange” within the meaning of applicable U.S.

Treasury Regulations. ADSs generally will be considered regularly traded during any calendar year during which

they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Any trades

that have as their principal purpose meeting this requirement will be disregarded. Our ADSs will be marketable

stock as long as they remain listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and are traded regularly.

A U.S. Holder that makes a valid mark-to-market election for the first tax year in which the holder holds (or is

deemed to hold) ADSs and for which we are a PFIC will be required to include each year an amount equal to the

excess, if any, of the fair market value of such ADSs the holder owns as of the close of the taxable year over the

holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs. The U.S. Holder will be entitled to a deduction for the excess, if any, of

the holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs as of the close of the taxable

year, but only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains with respect to such ADSs included by the U.S.

Holder under the election for prior taxable years. The U.S. Holder’s basis in such ADSs will be adjusted to reflect

the amounts included or deducted pursuant to the election. Amounts included in income pursuant to a mark-to-

market election, as well as gain on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of such ADSs, will be treated

as ordinary income. The deductible portion of any mark-to-market loss, as well as loss on a sale, exchange or

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other disposition of ADSs to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed net mark-to-market gains

previously included in income, will be treated as ordinary loss.

The mark-to-market election applies to the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent

taxable years, unless the shares cease to be treated as marketable stock for purposes of the PFIC rules or the

IRS consents to its revocation. The excess distribution rules described above generally will not apply to a U.S.

Holder for tax years for which a mark-to-market election is in effect. However, if we are a PFIC for any year in

which the U.S. Holder owns the ADSs but before a mark-to-market election is made, the interest charge rules

described above applies to any mark-to-market gain recognized in the year the election is made.

U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to our status as a PFIC, and the tax

consequences to them if we were a PFIC, including the reporting requirements and the desirability of

making, and the availability of, a QEF election or a mark-to-market election with respect to the ADSs.

Medicare Tax

Non-corporate U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds

generally are subject to a 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their net investment income, which may include their

gross dividend income and net gains from the disposition of ADSs. A U.S. person that is an individual, estate or

trust is encouraged to consult its tax advisors regarding the applicability of this Medicare tax to its income and

gains in respect of any investment in ADSs.

Information Reporting with Respect to Foreign Financial Assets

Individual U.S. Holders may be subject to certain reporting obligations on IRS Form 8938 (Statement of

Specified Foreign Financial Assets) with respect to the ADSs for any taxable year during which the U.S. Holder’s

aggregate value of these and certain other “specified foreign financial assets” exceed a threshold amount that

varies with the filing status of the individual. This reporting obligation also applies to domestic entities formed or

availed of to hold, directly or indirectly, specified foreign financial assets, including the ADSs. Significant

penalties can apply if U.S. Holders are required to make this disclosure and fail to do so.

U.S. Holders who acquire ADSs for cash may be required to file IRS Form 926 (Return by a U.S. Transferor of

Property to a Foreign Corporation) with the IRS and to supply certain additional information to the IRS if (i)

immediately after the transfer, the U.S. Holder owns directly or indirectly (or by attribution) at least 10% of our

total voting power or value or (ii) the amount of cash transferred to us in exchange for ADSs, when aggregated

with all related transfers under applicable regulations, exceeds $100,000. Substantial penalties may be imposed

on a U.S. Holder that fails to comply with this reporting requirement.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

In general, information reporting, on IRS Form 1099, will apply to dividends in respect of ADSs and the proceeds

from the sale, exchange or redemption of ADSs that are paid to a holder of ADSs within the United States (and in

certain cases, outside the United States), unless such holder is an exempt recipient such as a corporation.

Backup withholding (currently at a 24% rate) may apply to such payments if a holder of ADSs fails to provide a

taxpayer identification number (generally on an IRS Form W-9) or certification of other exempt status or fails to

report in full dividend and interest income.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. A U.S. Holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts

withheld under the backup withholding rules that exceed the U.S. Holder’s income tax liability by filing a refund

claim with the IRS .

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

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H. Documents on Display

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Accordingly, we are required to file reports

and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports on Form 6-K. The SEC

maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information about issuers, like us, that file

electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.

We also make available on our website, free of charge, our Annual Report and the text of our reports on Form 6-

K, including any amendments to these reports, as well as certain other SEC filings, as soon as reasonably

practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website address is

www.biontech.de. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual

Report and our website address is included in this Annual Report as an inactive textual reference only.

Statements contained in this Annual Report regarding the contents of any contract or other document are not

necessarily complete, and, where the contract or other document is an exhibit to the Annual Report, each of

these statements is qualified in all respects by the provisions of the actual contract or other documents.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to various risks in relation to financial instruments, including counterparty risk and currency risk.

Our risk management is coordinated by our Management Board. We do not engage in the trading of financial

assets for speculative purposes. The most significant financial risks to which we are exposed include the risks

discussed below.

Counterparty Risk

In order to mitigate default risks within our asset management portfolio, we diversify our cash investments

among various counterparties and instruments that have an investment grade rating. Transactions are carried

out within the limits approved by the treasury committee.

Foreign Currency Risk

We publish our consolidated financial statements in Euro. Revenue and expenses incurred in U.S. dollars will be

translated into Euro when they are reported in our consolidated financial statements. W e are subject to currency

risks, as our income and expenditures are denominated in Euro and the U.S. dollar. As such, we are exposed to

exchange rate fluctuations between these currencies. Cash inflows denominated in U.S. dollar mainly result from

generating proceeds under our collaboration agreements. Our commercial revenues are primarily collaboration

revenues from earnings based on our partners’ gross profit, which is shared under the respective collaboration

agreements and represents payments we receive in U.S. dollar. Cash outflows dominated in U.S. dollar mainly

result from amounts spent on research and development activities and license obligations as well as expanding

our global footprint further. With the aim of preserving capital, surplus liquidity is mainly invested in domestic

currency investments as exchange rate fluctuations can reduce the value of our financial positions. We limit the

effects of the identified risks by means of a coordinated and consistently implemented risk strategy. Besides

applying natural hedging relationships where possible, foreign exchange forward contracts are concluded, as a

matter of principle, as instruments to mitigate foreign currency exchange risk associated with foreign currency-

denominated payments.

For further disclosures relating to foreign exchange forward contracts, see Note 12 to our consolidated financial

statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Notwithstanding our efforts to mitigate some foreign currency exchange risks, there can be no assurance that

our hedging activities will adequately protect us against the risks associated with foreign currency fluctuations.

We believe the counterparties to our foreign currency forward contracts are creditworthy multinational

commercial banks. While we believe the risk of counterparty nonperformance is not material, a sustained decline

in the financial stability of financial institutions as a result of disruption in the financial markets could affect our

ability to secure creditworthy counterparties for our foreign currency hedging programs. Therefore, developments

on the financial markets are continuously monitored to enable us to respond to exceptional events at short

notice.

As a result, any substantial future appreciation or decline of the U.S. dollar against the Euro could have a

material effect on our revenue and profitability. As an example, if the U.S. dollar weakens by 5% against the

Euro, financial assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2024 would have an effect of

€12.9 million o n our profit before tax.

For additional information about our quantitative and qualitative market risks, see Note 12 to the consolidated

financial statements.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Fees and Expenses

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Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or ADS holders must pay:	For:
$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)	Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
$.05 (or less) per ADS	Any cash distribution to ADS holders
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to an ADS holder had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs	Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders
$.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year	Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees	Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when an ADS holder deposits or withdraws shares
Expenses of the depositary	Cable and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement) Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes	As necessary
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities	As necessary

The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or

surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects

fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a

portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services

by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system

accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash

distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are

obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees

for those services are paid.

From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally

arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services

provided to us by the depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its

duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency dealers or other

service providers that are owned by, or affiliated with, the depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or

commissions.

The depositary may convert currency itself or through any of its affiliates and, in those cases, acts as principal for

its own account and not as agent, advisor, broker or fiduciary on behalf of any other person and earns revenue,

including, without limitation, transaction spreads, that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on,

among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under

the deposit agreement and the rate that the depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign

currency for its own account. The depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained

in any currency conversion under the deposit agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at

the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders,

subject to the depositary’s obligations under the deposit agreement. The methodology used to determine

exchange rates used in currency conversions is available upon request.

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Payment of Taxes

ADS holders will be responsible for any taxes or other governmental charges payable on their ADSs or on the

deposited securities represented by any of their ADSs. The depositary may refuse to register any transfer of ADS

holders ADSs or allow him or her to withdraw the deposited securities represented by his or her ADSs until those

taxes or other charges are paid. It may apply payments owed to you or sell deposited securities represented by

his or her ADSs to pay any taxes owed and you will remain liable for any deficiency. If the depositary sells

deposited securities, if appropriate, it will reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay to ADS holders

any proceeds, or send to ADS holders any property, remaining after it has paid the taxes.

PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

Not applicable.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our

Chief Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and

procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures refer to controls and other procedures designed to ensure that

information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded,

processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitations, controls and procedures designed to ensure that

information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is

accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial

officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding our required

disclosures.

Based on the foregoing, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this

annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to

be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed,

summarized and reported within the time periods specified in by the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the

information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is

accumulated and communicated to our management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial

reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is

a process designed by or under the supervision of the Chief Financial Officer, to provide reasonable assurance

regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting

purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the IASB.

No system of internal control over financial reporting, including one determined to be effective, may prevent or

detect all misstatements. It can provide only reasonable assurance regarding financial statement preparation

and presentation. Also, projections of the results of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over

financial reporting into future periods are subject to inherent risk. The relevant controls may become inadequate

due to changes in circumstances or the degree of compliance with the underlying policies or procedures may

deteriorate.

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Our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of

December 31, 2024 . In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring

Organizations of the Treadway Commission in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)”.

Based on this assessment, our management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial

reporting as of December 31, 2024 is effective.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by

EY GmbH & Co. KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft , an independent registered public accounting firm. Their

report is included on page F-2. EY GmbH & Co. KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft is a member of the

Chamber of Public Accountants ( Wirtschaftsprüferkammer ), Berlin, Germany.

Changes in Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31,

2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial

reporting.

Item 16. [Reserved]

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our Audit Committee for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of Anja Morawietz. (Chair), Rudolf

Staudigl and Ulrich Wandschneider. All members of the Audit Committee qualify as “independent directors” as

such term is defined in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Rule 5605. Additionally, our Supervisory

Board has determined that Anja Morawietz, Rudolf Staudigl and Ulrich Wandschneider qualify as “audit

committee financial expert” as that term is defined under the Exchange Act.

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics & Business Integrity, or Code of Ethics, which outlines the principles of legal

and ethical business conduct under which we do business. The Code of Ethics applies to all of our Supervisory

Board members, Management Board members, directors of our subsidiaries and employees. The full text of the

Code of Ethics is available on our website at h ttps://www.biontech.de . The information and other content

appearing on our website are not part of this Annual Report and our website address is included in this Annual

Report as an inactive textual reference only. Any amendments or waivers from the provisions of the Code of

Ethics for members of our Supervisory or Management Boards will be made only after approval by our

Supervisory Board and will be disclosed on our website promptly following the date of such amendment or

waiver.

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

EY GmbH & Co. KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft , or EY, has served as our independent registered public

accounting firm for the years ended December 31, 2024 , December 31, 2023 , December 31, 2022 for which

audited financial statements appear in this Annual Report.

The following table sets out the aggregate fees for professional audit services and other services rendered by

EY in the periods indicated:

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(in millions €)	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023
Audit fees	2.8	3.2
Audit-related fees	—	0.3
Tax fees	0.6	0.1
Total fees for professional audit services and other services	3.4	3.6

In the year ended December 31, 2024 , audit fees related to professional services associated with the integrated

audit of our consolidated financial statements and our internal control over financial reporting as set out in this

Annual Report, professional services associated with interim reviews, audit fees related to the remuneration

report and professional services related to our statutory and regulatory filings for our subsidiaries. Due to

additional procedures related to the acquisition of InstaDeep and to an implementation of IT-systems in the year

ended December 31, 2023 , the expenses were lower during year ended December 31, 2024 . In the year ended

December 31, 2023 , audit fees related to professional services associated with the integrated audit of our

consolidated financial statements and our internal control over financial reporting, professional services

associated with interim reviews, audit fees related to the remuneration report and professional services related to

our statutory and regulatory filings for our subsidiaries.

In the year ended December 31, 2024 , no audit-related services have been received . In the year ended

December 31, 2023 , audit-related fees were attributable to assurance and related services including attest

related services and accounting consultations .

In the year ended December 31, 2024 , tax service fees were billed for services in conjunction with transactions,

especially with our financing and deal transactions. In the year ended December 31, 2023 , tax service fees billed

for services in conjunction with transactions, especially with our financing and deal transactions .

The Audit Committee evaluates the qualifications, independence and performance of the independent auditor as

well as pre-approves and reviews the audit and non-audit services to be performed by the independent auditor.

The external audit plan and fees for professional audit services and other services rendered by EY for the years

ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 , were approved by the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee monitors

compliance with the German and U.S. rules on non-audit services provided by an independent registered public

accounting firm.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Please see “Board Practices—Supervisory Board Practices—Audit Committee” in Item 6C of this Annual Report

for the information required by this Item 16D.

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Not applicable.

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

German Corporate Governance Code

The German Corporate Governance Code, or the Corporate Governance Code, was originally published by the

German Federal Ministry of Justice ( Bundesministerium der Justiz ) in 2002. The version currently in effect, dated

April 28, 2022 , was published in the German Federal Gazette ( Bundesanzeiger ) on June 27, 2022. The

Corporate Governance Code contains principles ( Grundsätze ), recommendations ( Empfehlungen ) and

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suggestions ( Anregungen ) relating to the management and supervision of German companies that are listed on

a stock exchange. It follows internationally and nationally recognized standards for good and responsible

corporate governance. The purpose of the Corporate Governance Code is to make the German system of

corporate governance transparent for investors. The Corporate Governance Code includes corporate

governance principles, recommendations and suggestions with respect to shareholders and shareholders’

meetings, the management and supervisory boards, transparency, accounting policies and auditing.

There is no obligation to comply with the recommendations or suggestions of the Corporate Governance Code.

The German Stock Corporation Act ( Aktiengesetz ) requires only that the management board and supervisory

board of a German company listed on a trading facility (such as a stock exchange) which is regulated and

supervised by government authorities issue an annual declaration that either (i) states that the company has

complied with the recommendations of the Corporate Governance Code or (ii) lists the recommendations that

the company has not complied with and explains its reasons for deviating from the recommendations of the

Corporate Governance Code ( Entsprechenserklärung ). In addition, a listed company is also required to state in

this annual declaration whether it intends to comply with the recommendations or list the recommendations it

does not plan to comply with in the future. These declarations must be made accessible to shareholders at all

times. If the company changes its policy on certain recommendations between such annual declarations, it must

disclose this fact and explain its reasons for deviating from the recommendations. Non-compliance with

suggestions contained in the Corporate Governance Code need not be disclosed.

As a listed company, o ur Management Board and Supervisory Board comply with the Corporate Governance

Code except for such provisions which are listed explicitly in the annual declaration and for which they provide

an explanation of non-compliance.

Differences in Corporate Law

The applicable provisions of the SE Regulation in conjunction with the German Stock Corporation Act as applied

to a European stock corporation that has its legal seat in Germany differ from laws applicable to U.S.

corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of certain differences between the provisions

of the SE Regulation in conjunction with the German Stock Corporation Act applicable to us and the General

Corporation Law of the State of Delaware relating to shareholders’ rights and protections. This summary is not

intended to be a complete discussion of the respective rights and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to

Delaware law and European and German law.

	European Union/Federal Republic of Germany	Delaware
Board System	A European stock corporation may choose to have a two-tier board structure composed of the Management Board (Vorstand) and the Supervisory Board (Aufsichtsrat). We have chosen this structure. The Management Board is responsible for running the company’s affairs and representing the company in dealings with third parties. The Supervisory Board of a European stock corporation under German law has a control and supervisory function. The Supervisory Board does not actively manage the company but certain Management Board actions require the approval of the Supervisory Board.	Under Delaware law, a corporation has a unitary board structure, and it is the responsibility of the board of directors to appoint and oversee the management of the corporation on behalf of and in the best interests of the stockholders of the corporation. Management is responsible for running the corporation and overseeing its day-to-day operations.

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Appointment and Number of Directors Under applicable European and German law, a European stock corporation governed by German law with a share capital of at least €3 million generally must have at least two members on its Management Board and the number of members shall be determined by or in the manner provided in the company’s articles of association. The Supervisory Board must consist of at least three but—depending on the share capital—no more than 21 Supervisory Board members, whereby the number of Supervisory Board members must be divisible by three if this is necessary for the fulfilment of co- determination requirements. The articles of association of the company must specify if the Supervisory Board has more than three members. Supervisory Board members are either appointed by the shareholders’ meeting or delegated by one or more individual shareholders if so provided for in the company’s articles of association. If the Supervisory Board consists of fewer members than is required to meet the quorum for resolutions (either statutory or pursuant to the company’s articles of association), a competent court may appoint additional members as needed to meet the quorum. The provisions of German law in relation to employees’ co-determination do not apply to the Company. Under Delaware law, a corporation must have at least one director and the number of directors shall be fixed by or in the manner provided in the bylaws.

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Removal of Directors	Members of the Management Board of a European stock corporation are appointed by the Supervisory Board for a maximum period of six years with an opportunity to be reelected. The articles of association may provide for a shorter term which in our case is up to five years. The members of the Management Board may be reelected, even repeatedly. The Supervisory Board may remove a member of the Management Board prior to the expiration of his or her term only for cause, such as gross breach of duties ( grobe Pflichtverletzung ), the inability to manage the business properly ( Unfähigkeit zur ordnungsgemäßen Pflichtausübung ) or a vote of no-confidence during the shareholders’ meeting ( Vertrauensentzug ). The shareholders themselves are not entitled to appoint or dismiss the members of the Management Board. Under European law, a member of the Supervisory Board of a company may be elected for a term of up to six years. The articles of association may provide for a shorter term. Our Supervisory Board members are, if the general meeting does not resolve on a shorter term, elected for a period up to the end of the general meeting deciding on the discharge for the fourth financial year after the election. Reelection, including repeated reelection, is permissible. Members of the Supervisory Board may be removed with or without cause by way of a general meeting resolution, with the applicable majority requirement depending on the relevant company’s articles of association.	Under Delaware law, any director or the entire board of directors may be removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors, except (i) unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise, in the case of a corporation whose board of directors is classified, stockholders may effect such removal only for cause; or (ii) in the case of a corporation having cumulative voting, if less than the entire board of directors is to be removed, no director may be removed without cause if the votes cast against his removal would be sufficient to elect him if then cumulatively voted at an election of the entire board of directors, or, if there are classes of directors, at an election of the class of directors of which he is a part.
Vacancies on the Board of Directors	Under the law, vacant positions on the Management Board are filled by the Supervisory Board in accordance with the general rules of appointment, which provide that vacancies are filled by the simple majority of votes of Supervisory Board members present or represented by proxy at the vote (with, under certain circumstances, the chairman having a casting vote), unless otherwise provided by the company’s articles of association. In case of emergencies, a vacant position on the Management Board may be filled by an individual appointed by the court. Vacant positions on the Supervisory Board are filled in accordance with the general rules of appointment.	Under Delaware law, vacancies and newly created directorships may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office (even though less than a quorum) or by a sole remaining director unless (i) otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or by-laws of the corporation or (ii) the certificate of incorporation directs that a particular class of stock is to elect such director, in which case a majority of the other directors elected by such class, or a sole remaining director elected by such class, will fill such vacancy.

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Annual General Meeting	A European stock corporation, which is governed by German law, must hold an annual shareholders’ meeting within six months of the end of its fiscal year. The annual shareholders’ meeting must be held at a location determined by the articles of association. If the articles of association do not provide for a specific location, the shareholders’ meeting shall be held at the company’s seat or, if applicable, at the venue (in Germany) where its shares are listed. Under the articles of association, the Management Board is authorized to provide for the Annual General Meeting to be held without the physical presence of the shareholders or their proxies at the location of the Annual General Meeting (virtual Annual General Meeting).	Under Delaware law, the annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at such place, on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the board of directors or as provided in the certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws.
General Meeting	Under the law, extraordinary shareholders’ meetings, in addition to the annual shareholders’ meetings, may be called either by the Management Board, or the Supervisory Board. Shareholders holding at least 5% of the company’s share capital are entitled to request that an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting be convened. In the event that the meeting is not then so convened, a competent court may order that the meeting be convened or authorize the shareholders or their representative to convene the meeting themselves.	Under Delaware law, special meetings of the stockholders may be called by the board of directors or by such person or persons as may be authorized by the certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws.
Notice of General Meetings	Under applicable European and German law, unless a longer period is otherwise provided for in the articles of association or applies because of registration requirements stipulated in the articles of association, the shareholders must be given at least 30 days’ advance notice of the shareholders’ meeting. Such notices must at least specify the name of the company, the statutory seat of the company, and the location, date and time of the shareholders’ meeting. In addition, the invitation must contain the agenda items as well as the Management Board’s and the Supervisory Board’s voting proposal for each agenda item and, depending on the circumstances, certain further information. If all shareholders entitled to attend the shareholders’ meeting are present or represented and do not object to the meeting being held, the formalities of calling and holding of a shareholders’ meeting do not apply.	Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, written notice of any meeting of the stockholders must be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting not less than ten nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting and shall specify the place, date, hour, and purpose or purposes of the meeting.

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Proxy	A shareholder may designate another person to attend, speak and vote at a shareholders’ meeting of the company on such shareholder’s behalf by proxy. With respect to Management Board meetings, a Management Board member may transmit its (written or verbal) vote via another Management Board member. With respect to Supervisory Board meetings, a Supervisory Board member may participate in voting by issuing a written vote to another Supervisory Board member or any third party entitled to attend the Supervisory Board meeting.	Under Delaware law, at any meeting of stockholders, a stockholder may designate another person to act for such stockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A director of a Delaware corporation may not issue a proxy representing the director’s voting rights as a director.
Preemptive Rights	Under the law applicable to European stock corporations governed by German law, existing shareholders have a statutory subscription right for any additional issue of shares or any security convertible into shares pro rata to the nominal value of their respective holdings in the company, unless (i) shareholders representing three-quarters of the registered share capital present at the shareholders’ meeting have resolved upon the whole or partial exclusion of the subscription right and (ii) there exists good and objective cause for such exclusion. No separate resolution on the exclusion of subscription rights is required if all shareholders waive their statutory subscription rights.	Under Delaware law, stockholders have no preemptive rights to subscribe to additional issues of stock or to any security convertible into such stock unless, and except to the extent that, such rights are expressly provided for in the certificate of incorporation.
Authority to Allot	Under applicable European and German law, the Management Board may not allot shares, grant rights to subscribe for or to convert any security into shares unless a shareholder resolution to that effect has been passed at the company’s shareholders’ meeting granting the Management Board with such authority— subject to the approval of the Supervisory Board—in each case in accordance with the provisions of the German Stock Corporation Act.	Under Delaware law, if the corporation’s certificate of incorporation so provides, the board of directors has the power to authorize the issuance of stock. It may authorize capital stock to be issued for consideration consisting of cash, any tangible or intangible property or any benefit to the corporation or any combination thereof. It may determine the amount of such consideration by approving a formula. In the absence of actual fraud in the transaction, the judgment of the directors as to the value of such consideration is conclusive.

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Liability of Directors and Officers	Under German law, any provision, whether contained in the company’s articles of association or any contract or otherwise, that purports to exempt a Management or Supervisory Board member from any liability that would otherwise attach to such board member in connection with any negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to the company is void. Under German law, members of both the Management Board and members of the Supervisory Board are liable to the company, and in certain cases to third parties or shareholders, for any damage caused to them due to a breach of such member’s duty of care. Apart from insolvency or special circumstances, only the company has the right to claim damages from members of either board. The company may waive or settle claims for damages against a negligent Management or Supervisory Board member only after the expiry of three years and only if the company’s shareholder meeting approves thereof and no minority holding at least 10% of the capital stock raises an objection. In case a third party raises claims directly against members of the Management Board or of the Supervisory Board, such members may claim from the company under additional requirements indemnification regarding liabilities arising out of or in connection with their services to the company.	Under Delaware law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation may include a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation and its stockholders for damages arising from a breach of fiduciary duty as a director. However, no provision can limit the liability of a director for: • any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders; • acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; • intentional or negligent payment of unlawful dividends or stock purchases or redemptions; or • any transaction from which the director derives an improper personal benefit.
Voting Rights	Under the relevant European and German law, each share, except for statutory non- voting preferred shares ( nicht stimmberechtigte Vorzugsaktien ), entitles its holder to vote at the shareholders’ meeting with, in the case of no-par value shares, each share conferring one vote. While German law does not provide for a minimum attendance quorum for shareholders’ meetings, the company’s articles of association may so provide. In general, resolutions adopted at a shareholders’ meeting may be passed by a simple majority of votes cast, unless a higher majority is required by law or under the company’s articles of association.	Delaware law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder.

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Shareholder Vote on Certain Transactions Under applicable European and German law, certain shareholders’ resolutions of fundamental importance require the vote of at least three-quarters of the share capital present or represented in the voting at the time of adoption of the resolution. Resolutions of fundamental importance include, in particular, capital increases with exclusion of subscription rights, capital decreases, the creation of authorized or conditional share capital, the dissolution of a company, a merger into or with another company, split-offs and split-ups, the conclusion of inter-company agreements ( Unternehmensverträge ), in particular domination agreements ( Beherrschungsverträge ) and profit and loss transfer agreements ( Ergebnisabführungsverträge ). Generally, under Delaware law, unless the certificate of incorporation provides for the vote of a larger portion of the stock, completion of a merger, consolidation, sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of a corporation’s assets or dissolution requires: • the approval of the board of directors; and • approval by the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock or, if the certificate of incorporation provides for more or less than one vote per share, a majority of the votes of the outstanding stock of a corporation entitled to vote on the matter.

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Standard of Conduct for Directors Under applicable European and German law, both Management and Supervisory Board members must conduct their affairs with “the care and diligence of a prudent business man” and act in the best interest of the company. The scope of the fiduciary duties of Management and Supervisory Board members is generally determined by European and German legislation and by the courts. Statutory and fiduciary duties of members of the Management Board to the company include, among others: • to act in accordance with the law, the company’s articles of association and the rules of procedure for the Management Board, if any; • to report to the Supervisory Board on a regular basis as well as on certain important occasions; • to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence; • to maintain a proper accounting system; • to not compete, directly or indirectly, with the company without permission by the supervisory board; and • to secure that no further transactions are made in case of insolvency. Statutory and fiduciary duties of members of the Supervisory Board to the company include, among others: • to effectively supervise the Management Board’s handling of the company’s affairs; • to evaluate and issue a resolution on certain transactions which can only be conducted by the Management Board after approval of the Supervisory Board; • to approve the company’s financial statements; • to appoint the Management Board members and to represent the company in transactions between the company and members of the Management Board; and • to approve service contracts between individual members of the Management Board and the company. Delaware law does not contain specific provisions setting forth the standard of conduct of a director. The scope of the fiduciary duties of directors is generally determined by the courts of the State of Delaware. In general, directors have a duty to act without self-interest, on a well- informed basis and in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the best interest of the stockholders. Directors of a Delaware corporation owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to the corporation and to its stockholders. The duty of care generally requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. In general, but subject to certain exceptions, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Delaware courts have also imposed a heightened standard of conduct upon directors of a Delaware corporation who take any action designed to defeat a threatened change in control of the corporation. In addition, under Delaware law, when the board of directors of a Delaware corporation approves the sale or break-up of a corporation, the board of directors may, in certain circumstances, have a duty to obtain the highest value reasonably available to the stockholders.

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Stockholder Actions Under German law, generally, the company, rather than its shareholders, is the proper claimant in an action with respect to a wrong committed against the company, or in cases where there is an irregularity in the company’s internal management or supervision. Therefore, such claims may only be raised by the company represented by its Management Board, or, in the case of a wrong committed by a member of the Management Board, by the Supervisory Board. Additionally, pursuant to German case law, the Supervisory Board is obliged to pursue the company’s claims against the Management Board, unless the interest of the company keeps them from doing so. The Management Board, or, if a claim is against a member of the Management Board, the Supervisory Board, is obliged to pursue the company’s claims against the designated individuals if so resolved by a simple majority of votes cast during a shareholders’ meeting. With a simple majority of votes, shareholders can request that a representative pursues the claim on behalf of the company. If the company is unable to fulfill its third- party obligations, the company’s creditors may pursue the company’s damage claims against members of the Management Board for certain wrongdoings. Under certain circumstances, shareholders can bring forward damage claims of the company against its management on their own behalf. In order to bring forward such a claim one shareholder alone or together with other shareholders needs to hold at least one percent of the company’s share capital or a participation of €100,000 in the share capital. Additionally, the claimant(s) need(s) to pass through special claim approval procedures. Under Delaware law, a stockholder may initiate a derivative action to enforce a right of a corporation if the corporation fails to enforce the right itself. The complaint must: • state that the plaintiff was a stockholder at the time of the transaction of which the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiffs shares thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law; and • either (i) allege with particularity the efforts made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors and the reasons for the plaintiff’s failure to obtain the action, or (ii) or state the reasons for not making the effort. Additionally, the plaintiff must remain a stockholder through the duration of the derivative suit. The action will not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the Delaware Court of Chancery.

Foreign Private Issuer Exemptions

As a “foreign private issuer,” as defined by the SEC, although we are permitted to follow certain corporate

governance practices of the Federal Republic of Germany, instead of those otherwise required under the rules of

the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, for domestic issuers, we follow the Nasdaq corporate governance

rules applicable to foreign private issuers. While we voluntarily follow most Nasdaq corporate governance rules,

we intend to take advantage of the following limited exemptions:

• exemption from filing quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and providing current reports on Form 8-K

disclosing significant events within four days of their occurrence (however, we intend to furnish quarterly

financial information under cover of Form 6-K);

• exemption from compliance with Regulation FD, which generally requires that when a company

intentionally discloses material non-public information, it do so through a public disclosure that is broadly

available to all members of the public at the same time. However, we do furnish quarterly financial

information and other information on a more frequent basis under cover of Form 6-K, and intend to

continue doing so. Moreover, we comply with other securities laws, such as rule 10b-5 (rule targeting

securities fraud), among others;

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• exemption from Section 16 rules regarding sales of ordinary shares by insiders, which will provide less

data in this regard than the data provided to shareholders of U.S. companies that are subject to the

Exchange Act; and

• exemption from the Nasdaq rules applicable to domestic issuers requiring disclosure within four

business days of any determination to grant a waiver of the code of business conduct and ethics to

directors and officers. Although we will require board approval of any such waiver, we may choose not to

disclose the waiver in the manner set forth in the Nasdaq rules, as permitted by the foreign private issuer

exemption.

Furthermore, Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) provides that, as a foreign private issuer, we may rely on home country

corporate governance practices in lieu of certain of the rules in the Nasdaq Rule 5600 Series and Rule 5250(d),

provided that we nevertheless comply with Nasdaq’s Notification of Noncompliance requirement (Rule 5625) and

the Voting Rights requirement (Rule 5640) and that we have an audit committee that satisfies Rule 5605(c)(3),

consisting of committee members that meet the independence requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii). Although

we are permitted to follow certain corporate governance rules that conform to German requirements in lieu of

many of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we comply with the Nasdaq corporate governance rules

applicable to foreign private issuers. We may utilize these exemptions for as long as we continue to qualify as a

foreign private issuer.

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

Item 16J. Insider Trading Policies

We have adopted an insider trading policy that is reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable

insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to us. A copy is included as an

exhibit to this Annual Report.

Item 16K. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Our cybersecurity approach strives to adequately protect our information, systems, assets, physical locations,

and people. From a business perspective, this means protecting key information assets and complying with

applicable international and national privacy laws, information security policies and contractual obligations.

Our Information Security Policy, adopted in 2023, defines our information security management objectives and

principles, and our Data Privacy Policy, effective since 2021, provides for a consistent level of company-wide

data privacy and data protection. In addition, our Information Classification Policy, introduced internally during

the year ended December 31, 2023, provides a system for classifying and protecting our physical and digital

assets. These policies are applicable to BioNTech SE and its affiliates, including all Supervisory Board and

Management Board members, as well as all other officers and employees, and are part of our overall Information

Security Management System, or ISMS, that became effective in 2024 as part of the preparation for the ISO

27001 certification, which is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2025 .

The ISMS enables us to systematically manage information security through defined processes and structures.

This helps to reduce the risks of business interruptions, disclosure of sensitive data or intellectual property, and

other damages caused by IT security incidents. Additionally, as an operator of an essential service, we are

regulated by the IT Security Act and must comply with legislative requirements, including the implementation of

security measures to reduce the information security risks.

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We aim to prevent the implementation of overly complicated and time-consuming procedures that may lead to an

unnecessary increase in effort. We are striving to align the protection of data and the provision of essential

service with our organizational context and economic approach. We aim to create an ISMS that is not limited to

documentation but is fully integrated into daily practice.

Our processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats are integrated

into our overall enterprise risk management system, which was developed with input from internal and external

experts .

To achieve and preserve information security, we strive for the orderly planning, implementation, control, and

optimization of all activities required for the protection of data privacy and the detection, response and recovery

of data privacy risks. We are committed to the continual improvement of our ISMS based on the results of the

performance evaluation. We will initially seek certifications for our main manufacturing facility and an R&D site in

addition to the cybersecurity organization.

We take responsibility for the transparent communication and proper processing of personal data. This includes

the storage, access, retention, and security of all personal data when engaging with patients, employees,

customers, business partners, and vendors. We communicate our practices in a data privacy statement on our

corporate website. We require the third parties with which we contract to adhere to contractual privacy and

security provisions, and we request specific information from major vendors about their practices in protecting

data privacy.

When processing personal data, we are responsible for ensuring that we comply with applicable data protection

laws. These include the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ), the German

Commercial Code ( HGB ) , the German Federal Data P rotection Act ( BDSG ), the German IT Security Act 2.0 (IT-

SiG 2.0), the German Federal Office for Information Security Act ( BSIG ), and other privacy and data security

laws in the jurisdictions where we operate. In April 2023, we were designated as a part of Germany’s critical

infrastructure ( KRITIS ) under the BSIG, which has resulted in heightened reporting and verification obligations.

We are in the process of implementing a global data privacy framework that sets out the requirements and

standards applicable to processing personal data. The framework is being designed to foster compliance with

the applicable regulations and sets minimum standards for the Company. As part of our global strategy, privacy-

related documents, such as informed consent forms for clinical trials, are being standardized company-wide. The

forms facilitate the user-friendly implementation of the standards we have established and provide transparency

on how and why we process personal data.

In 2024, there were no substantiated complaints concerning material data breaches, including leaks, thefts, or

losses of personal data such as patient or customer data. Contracts and confidentiality agreements with clinical

trial sites were compliant with relevant regulations. We do not believe that any cybersecurity threats in 2024,

including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially aﬀected or are reasonably likely to

materially aﬀect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For a discussion

of cybersecurity and data privacy-related risks and uncertainties, see Item 3.D, “Risk Factors,” of this Annual

Report on Form 20-F.

Governance

We take a centralized approach to managing cyber and information security to facilitate consistent compliance

across entities and locations. Our overarching strategy was developed in 2021 by the Chief Operating Officer, or

COO, and Chief Information Security Officer, or CISO, in alignment with the Data Protection Officer and Head of

Global Security and Protection, and is regularly updated. The ISMS was implemented in 2024.

• The ISMS a udit committee (the Committee) is comprised of three people from the supervisory board and

the CFO. The Committee supports the ISMS and approves related policies and IT security protection

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measures. They are informed about the implementation progress and functioning of the ISMS and

determine the risk appetite as well as our risk strategy. The progress of the ISMS, along with related Key

Performance Indicators, is presented to the Committee on an annual basis. The Committee also informs

the entire Management Board about the outcome of its review.

Our COO and Management Board member , Sierk Poetting, is responsible for assessing and managing our

material risks from cybersecurity threats. His ambit includes reviewing our information security capabilities,

reporting data privacy issues to the Management Board , and supporting our Information Security Organization,

or ISO, in obtaining the resources it needs. The COO’s extensive experience in risk management, operations

and corporate governance, with over 11 years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry in particular, are

critical to the management of cyber and information security at the Company.

• The COO is supported by the CISO, who leads the ISO and is accountable for security strategy,

operations, and policy development and implementation. Our CISO, Raimond Jähn, was the department

lead of our IT security team starting in 2016, has led the cyber and information security transformation

program towards a new operating model since 2021, and was formally designated as CISO by the COO

in 2023. Our Head of Cyber and Information Security, Data Protection Officer, and Head of Global

Security and Protection each bring in additional expertise.

• Data privacy matters fall under the purview of our Chief Legal Officer , or CLO, and Management Board

member, James Ryan, who is supported by our Senior Director, Data Privacy. Dr. Ryan’s qualifications

include close to twenty years of expertise in legal and intellectual property matters, both within the

pharmaceutical industry as well as as an outside counsel with a focus on strategic life sciences

transactions. Together with his deep familiarity with the Company’s history, operations, and processes,

James Ryan is uniquely positioned to advise on data privacy matters.

For additional information on Sierk Poetting’s and James Ryan’s experience, see Item 6.A, “Directors and Senior

Management”.

PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

See Item 18.

Item 18. Financial Statements

The financial statements are filed as part of this Annual Report beginning on page F-1 .

Item 19. Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Description
1.1	Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant’s Report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-39081 ), filed with the SEC on N ovember 4, 2024 )
2.1	Form of Specimen American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.3)
2.2	Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
2.3	Form of Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary and holders and beneficial owners of the American Depositary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-6 (File No. 333-233898), filed with the SEC on September 23, 2019)
2.4*	Description of Securities of the Registrant

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4.1†	Master Agreement for Research Services by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, BioNTech Diagnostics GmbH, BioNTech Protein Therapeutics GmbH, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Eufets GmbH, JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH and TRON-Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz gemeinnützige GmbH, dated January 1, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.2†	Confirmation Letter by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH and TRON- Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz gemeinnützige GmbH dated September 15, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.3†	Supplementary Agreement for [***] Developments to the Master Agreement for Research Services by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, BioNTech Diagnostics GmbH, BioNTech Protein Therapeutics GmbH, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, BioNTech Innovative Manufacturing Services GmbH (f/k/a Eufets GmbH), JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH and TRON-Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz gemeinnützige GmbH, dated November 28, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.4†	License Agreement by and among the Registrant, TRON-Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz gemeinnützige GmbH, Johannes Gutenberg- Universität Mainz, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität and Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, dated January 1, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.5†	Framework Collaboration Agreement by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, BioNTech Diagnostics GmbH, BioNTech Protein Therapeutics GmbH, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, BioNTech Innovative Manufacturing Services GmbH, JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH and TRON- Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz gemeinnützige GmbH, dated August 29, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.6†	Amended Patent License Agreement by and among the Registrant, the Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College and Uniwersytet Warszawski, dated May 12, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.7†	Collaboration Agreement by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Genentech, Inc. and F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, dated September 20, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.8†	First Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Genentech, Inc. and F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, dated June 1, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.15 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 31, 2020)
4.9†	Second Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Genentech, Inc. and F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, dated December 6, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 31, 2020)
4.10	Joinder and Third Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Genentech, Inc. and F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, effective as of October 1, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081) filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022)
4.11†	Fourth Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Genentech, Inc. and F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, effective as of October 26, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081) filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022)
4.12†	Patent Sublicense Agreement by and between CellScript, LLC and BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, dated July 14, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)

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4.13†	Second Amendment to Patent Sublicense Agreement by and between CellScript, LLC and BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, effective as of August 1, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081) filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022)
4.14†	Patent Sublicense Agreement by and between mRNA RiboTherapeutics, Inc. and BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, dated July 14, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.15†	Second Amendment to Patent Sublicense Agreement by and between mRNA RiboTherapeutics, Inc. and BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, effective as of August 1, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 30, 2022)
4.16†	Research Collaboration and License Agreement by and among the Registrant, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH and Pfizer Inc., dated July 20, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.17†	Collaboration and License Agreement by and between the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania and BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH, dated October 9, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.18†	Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wolfram Richter, dated August 17, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.19†	Amendment No. 1 to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wolfram Richter, dated February 17, 2012 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.20†	Amendment No. 2 to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wolfram Richter, dated February 1, 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.21†	Amendment No. 3 to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wolfram Richter, dated March 6, 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.22†	Amendment No. 4 to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wolfram Richter, dated December 10, 2013 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.23†	Amendment No. 5 to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wolfram Richter, dated March 29, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.24†	Amendment No. 6 to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wolfram Richter, dated October 6, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.25†	Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wista-Management GmbH, dated April 12, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.26†	Amendment to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wista-Management GmbH, dated December 27, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233688), filed with the SEC on September 9, 2019)
4.27†	Amendment to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wista-Management GmbH, dated October 24, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.35 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081) filed with the SEC on March 31, 2020)
4.28†	Amendment to Lease Agreement by and among the Registrant and Wista-Management GmbH, dated June 1, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-233970), filed with the SEC on July 21, 2020)
4.29†	Amended and Restated Collaboration Agreement by and between the Registrant and Pfizer Inc., dated March 17, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.44 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 30, 2021)

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4.30†	Advance Purchase Agreement by and among BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer Inc., and the European Commission, dated November 20, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.51 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 30, 2021)
4.31†	Purchase Agreement by and among BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Pfizer Inc., and the European Commission, dated February 17, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.52 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 30, 2021)
4.32†	Lease for Buildings H028 and H30 by and between the Pharmaserv GmbH and Novartis Manufacturing GmbH (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.53 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 30, 2021)
4.33†	Lease Agreement by and between the Registrant, as successor-in-interest to Kite Pharma, Inc., and Tech Park 270 III, LLC, dated as of December 1, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.34 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.34†	Amendment No. 3 to Lease Agreement by and between the Registrant, as successor-in-interest to Kite Pharma, Inc., and Tech Park 270 III, LLC, dated as of July 24, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.35 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.35†	Amendment No. 4 to Lease Agreement by and between the Registrant, as successor-in-interest to Kite Pharma, Inc., and Tech Park 270 III, LLC, dated as of May 23, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.36 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.36†	License Agreement by and between the Registrant and Acuitas Therapeutics, Inc., dated as of April 7, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.37 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.37†	Advanced Purchase Agreement by and among the Registrant, Pfizer Inc. and European Commission, dated as of May 20, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.38 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.38†	Transfer of Source Code for MyMUT Software Versions by and between the Registrant and TRON gGmbH, dated as of May 5, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.39 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.39†	Amendment No. 6 to Lease Agreement by and between the Registrant and Tech Park 270, LLC, dated as of August 2, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.40 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.40†	Side Letter No. 5 to License and Collaboration Agreement by and between Registrant and Genmab A/S, dated August 12, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.41 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.41†	Amendment No. 1 to Collaboration and License Agreement by and between the Registrant and the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, dated as of September 8, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.42 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.42†	Transfer of Source Code MyMUT Software Versions by and between the Registrant and TRON gGmbH, dated as of September 10, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.43 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.43†	Amendment No. 2 to Collaboration and License Agreement by and between the Registrant and the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, dated as of December 22, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.44 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.44†	Lease for Areas and Rooms in Building 536 and 537 by and between the Pharmaserv GmbH and Novartis Manufacturing GmbH, dated as of January 19, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.45 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.45†	Amended and Restated License and Collaboration Agreement, by and between BioNTech SE and Genmab A/S, entered into July 18, 2022, effective as of May 19, 2015 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.46 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)
4.46†	Real Estate Purchase Contract with Conveyance Together with Inventory Purchase Contract by and between Santo Service GmbH, BioNTech Real Estate An der Goldgrube 12 GmbH & Co. KG and BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, dated as of December 12, 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.47 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 27, 2023)

259

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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4.47†	Deed of Amendment of Agreement related to the Sale and Purchase of Certain Shares of the Issued Share Capital of InstaDeep Ltd by and among the Registrant, InstaDeep Ltd and the Sellers set forth therein, dated as of July 31, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.47 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
4.48†	License and Collaboration Agreement, by and between the Registrant and OncoC4, Inc., dated as of March 17, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.48 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
4.49†	Amendment No. 1 to the License and Collaboration Agreement, by and between the Registrant and OncoC4, Inc., dated as of February 14, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.49 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
4.50†	License and Collaboration Agreement (HER2), by and between the Registrant and Duality Biologics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd., dated as of March 16, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.50 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
4.51†	License and Collaboration Agreement (B7H3), by and between the Registrant and Duality Biologics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd., dated as of March 31, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.51 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
4.52†	License and Collaboration Agreement (TROP2), by and between the Registrant and Duality Biologics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd., dated as of August 4, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.52 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
4.53†	License and Option Agreement, by and among Autolus Limited, Autolus Holdings (UK) Limited and the Registrant, dated as of February 6, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.54 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
4.54*†	Letter Re: Combination trials under License and Collaboration Agreements (HER2, B7H3 and TROP2), by and between the Registrant and Duality Biologics (Suzhou) Co. Ltd., dated as of November 13, 2024
4.55*†	Agreement and Plan of Merger, by and among BioNTech Collaborations GmbH, Simba Merger Sub, Biotheus and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, solely in its capacity as the Shareholders’ Agent, dated as of November 13, 2024
4.56*†	Amended and Restated Agreement, by and between the Registrant and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, as represented by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an Institute or Center of the National Institutes of Health, dated as of December 20, 2024
8*	List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant
11.1*†	Insider Trading Policy of the Company
12.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1*	Consent of EY GmbH & Co. KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
97	Compensation Clawback Policy (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-39081), filed with the SEC on March 20, 2024)
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Filed herewith.

† Certain information has been excluded from the exhibit because it is both (i) not material and (ii) the type of

information that the Registrant treats as private or confidential.

260

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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SIGNATURES

The Registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly

caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on Form 20-F on its behalf.

Date: March 10, 2025	BioNTech SE — By:	/s/ Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D.
		Prof. Ugur Sahin, M.D.
		Chief Executive Officer
Date: March 10, 2025	By:	/s/ Jens Holstein
		Jens Holstein
		Chief Financial Officer

F-1

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID:	F- 2
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss for the Years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022	F- 7
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2024 and 2023	F- 9
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022	F- 10
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 2024 , 2023 and 2022	F- 11
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F- 12

F-2

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING

FIRM

To the Shareholders and Supervisory Board of BioNTech SE.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of BioNTech SE (the

Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss,

comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period

ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial

statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the

financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash

flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with International

Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standard Board.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board

(United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024,

based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring

Organizations of the Treadway Commission “(2013 framework),” and our report dated March 10, 2025,

expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express

an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm

registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with

the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange

Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan

and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material

misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of

material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that

respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts

and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used

and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial

statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial

statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate

to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially

challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any

way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating

the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or

disclosures to which they relate.

F-3

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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	Revenue recognition from collaboration partner’s COVID-19 vaccine sales
Description of the Matter	As described in more detail in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenues associated with COVID-19 vaccine sales in a total amount of €2.4 billion. This includes €1.8 billion from the Company’s share of its collaboration partner´s gross profit. The Company is contractually eligible to receive a share of the collaboration partner’s gross profit from vaccine sales in the collaboration partner’s territories. Such gross profit share is recognized as collaboration revenue. In order to determine the gross profit share, the Company uses certain information from the collaboration partner, including vaccine sales outside of the United States and associated production costs, some of which is based on preliminary data shared by the partner and might differ once final data is available. Auditing revenue recognition specific to the gross profit share was complex due to the significant estimation uncertainty in inputs to the calculation. Specifically, the collaboration partner’s vaccine sales outside of the United States and associated manufacturing and shipping costs are partially estimated for the last month in the period based on historical information and could change based on the actual vaccine sales and costs incurred.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to revenue recognition from the collaboration partner’s vaccine sales outside of the United States. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions used to determine the gross profit share the Company is eligible to receive. Our audit procedures included, among others, reading the contract with the collaboration partner to understand key terms and obtaining an understanding of management’s methodology and assumptions used to calculate the gross profit share. We performed a hindsight analysis to assess management’s accuracy in estimating the collaboration partner’s vaccine sales outside of the United States and manufacturing and shipping costs. We obtained a confirmation directly from the collaboration partner regarding vaccine sales and cost inputs used to estimate the profit share. We performed a sensitivity analysis of the significant assumptions to evaluate the change in the gross profit share resulting from changing the assumptions, as well as an analysis of previous estimation compared to the actual payments obtained to date. We tested the completeness and accuracy of the Company’s gross profit share calculation. We evaluated the Company’s related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition from collaboration partner’s COVID-19 vaccine sales

Description of the Matter

As described in more detail in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenues associated with COVID-19 vaccine sales in a total amount of €2.4 billion. This includes €1.8 billion from the Company’s share of its collaboration partner´s gross profit. The Company is contractually eligible to receive a share of the collaboration partner’s gross profit from vaccine sales in the collaboration partner’s territories. Such gross profit share is recognized as collaboration revenue. In order to determine the gross profit share, the Company uses certain information from the collaboration partner, including vaccine sales outside of the United States and associated production costs, some of which is based on preliminary data shared by the partner and might differ once final data is available. Auditing revenue recognition specific to the gross profit share was complex due to the significant estimation uncertainty in inputs to the calculation. Specifically, the collaboration partner’s vaccine sales outside of the United States and associated manufacturing and shipping costs are partially estimated for the last month in the period based on historical information and could change based on the actual vaccine sales and costs incurred.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls related to revenue recognition from the collaboration partner’s vaccine sales outside of the United States. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions used to determine the gross profit share the Company is eligible to receive. Our audit procedures included, among others, reading the contract with the collaboration partner to understand key terms and obtaining an understanding of management’s methodology and assumptions used to calculate the gross profit share. We performed a hindsight analysis to assess management’s accuracy in estimating the collaboration partner’s vaccine sales outside of the United States and manufacturing and shipping costs. We obtained a confirmation directly from the collaboration partner regarding vaccine sales and cost inputs used to estimate the profit share. We performed a sensitivity analysis of the significant assumptions to evaluate the change in the gross profit share resulting from changing the assumptions, as well as an analysis of previous estimation compared to the actual payments obtained to date. We tested the completeness and accuracy of the Company’s gross profit share calculation. We evaluated the Company’s related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

F-4

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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	Claims and legal contingencies
Description of the Matter	As described in more detail in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is involved in various claims and litigations specifically related to patent infringements and product liability matters. The Company, assisted by their internal and external legal counsel, assesses the need to record a provision or disclose a contingency on a case-by-case basis considering the underlying facts of each matter. The Company discloses contingent liabilities in circumstances where a cash outflow is probable, but management is unable to make a reasonable estimate of the expected financial effect that will result from ultimate resolution of the proceeding, or a cash outflow is reasonably possible. A provision is recorded when a cash outflow is deemed probable and reasonably estimable. Auditing management's determination of whether a cash outflow of such patent or product liability matters is probable and reasonably estimable, reasonably possible or remote, and the related disclosures, is highly subjective and requires significant judgement.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls in assessing the completeness, valuation, presentation and disclosures with respect to such claims and legal proceedings. For example, this included testing controls related to the Company’s process for identification, recognition, measurement and disclosure of claims and legal contingencies. We assessed the fact patterns related to the claims and legal proceedings subject to evaluation by the Company and assessed their determination of the probability of their outcomes through review of presentations for board meetings and inspection of responses to inquiry letters received from both internal and external legal counsels. Further, we held discussions with internal legal counsel and external legal counsels to confirm our understanding of the allegations, reviewed legal expenses incurred, evaluated resolutions of claims already concluded against management’s assessment and obtained written representations from executives of the Company confirming the completeness and accuracy of the information provided. We evaluated the adequacy of the Company’s disclosures in relation to these matters

Claims and legal contingencies

Description of the Matter

As described in more detail in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is involved in various claims and litigations specifically related to patent infringements and product liability matters. The Company, assisted by their internal and external legal counsel, assesses the need to record a provision or disclose a contingency on a case-by-case basis considering the underlying facts of each matter. The Company discloses contingent liabilities in circumstances where a cash outflow is probable, but management is unable to make a reasonable estimate of the expected financial effect that will result from ultimate resolution of the proceeding, or a cash outflow is reasonably possible. A provision is recorded when a cash outflow is deemed probable and reasonably estimable. Auditing management's determination of whether a cash outflow of such patent or product liability matters is probable and reasonably estimable, reasonably possible or remote, and the related disclosures, is highly subjective and requires significant judgement.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls in assessing the completeness, valuation, presentation and disclosures with respect to such claims and legal proceedings. For example, this included testing controls related to the Company’s process for identification, recognition, measurement and disclosure of claims and legal contingencies. We assessed the fact patterns related to the claims and legal proceedings subject to evaluation by the Company and assessed their determination of the probability of their outcomes through review of presentations for board meetings and inspection of responses to inquiry letters received from both internal and external legal counsels. Further, we held discussions with internal legal counsel and external legal counsels to confirm our understanding of the allegations, reviewed legal expenses incurred, evaluated resolutions of claims already concluded against management’s assessment and obtained written representations from executives of the Company confirming the completeness and accuracy of the information provided. We evaluated the adequacy of the Company’s disclosures in relation to these matters

/s/ EY GmbH & Co. KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018

Cologne, Germany

March 10, 2025

F-5

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING

FIRM

To the Shareholders and Supervisory Board of BioNTech SE.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited BioNTech SE’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on

criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring

Organizations of the Treadway Commission “(2013 framework),” (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, BioNTech

SE (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of

December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board

(United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31,

2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income, changes in

stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the

related notes and our report dated March 10, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and

for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an

opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public

accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in

accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and

Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan

and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial

reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that

a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control

based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the

circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance

regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in

accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting

includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,

accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide

reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements

in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company

are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3)

provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or

disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect

misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that

F-6

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the

policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ EY GmbH & Co. KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft

Cologne, Germany

March 10, 2025

F-7

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss

(in millions €, except per share data)	Note	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	2022
Revenues	6	2,751.1	3,819.0	17,310.6
Cost of sales	7.1	( 541.3 )	( 599.8 )	( 2,995.0 )
Research and development expenses	7.1	( 2,254.2 )	( 1,783.1 )	( 1,537.0 )
Sales and marketing expenses	7.1	( 67.9 )	( 62.7 )	( 59.5 )
General and administrative expenses (1)	7.1	( 531.1 )	( 495.0 )	( 481.7 )
Other operating expenses (1)	7.2	( 811.5 )	( 293.0 )	( 410.0 )
Other operating income	7.2	140.6	105.0	815.3
Operating profit / (loss)		( 1,314.3 )	690.4	12,642.7
Finance income	7.3	664.0	519.6	330.3
Finance expenses	7.3	( 27.4 )	( 23.9 )	( 18.9 )
Profit / (Loss) before tax		( 677.7 )	1,186.1	12,954.1
Income taxes	8	12.4	( 255.8 )	( 3,519.7 )
Net profit / (loss)		( 665.3 )	930.3	9,434.4
Earnings / (Loss) per share
Basic earnings / (loss) per share	9	( 2.77 )	3.87	38.78
Diluted earnings / (loss) per share	9	( 2.77 )	3.83	37.77

(1) Adjustments to the year 2022 figures d ue to change in functional allocation of general and administrative expenses and

other operating expenses (see Note 7.2 ).

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-8

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in millions €)	Note	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	2022
Net profit / (loss)		( 665.3 )	930.3	9,434.4
Other comprehensive income
Other comprehensive income that may be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods, net of tax
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations		43.5	( 19.8 )	11.2
Net other comprehensive income / (loss) that may be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods		43.5	( 19.8 )	11.2
Other comprehensive loss that will not be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods, net of tax
Net gain / (loss) on equity instruments designated at fair value through other comprehensive income	12	( 146.6 )	3.7	10.5
Remeasurement gain / (loss) on defined benefit plans		—	0.3	0.6
Net other comprehensive income / (loss) that will not be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods		( 146.6 )	4.0	11.1
Other comprehensive income / (loss), net of tax		( 103.1 )	( 15.8 )	22.3
Comprehensive income / (loss), net of tax		( 768.4 )	914.5	9,456.7

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-9

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

(in millions €)		December 31,	December 31,
Assets	Note	2024	2023
Non-current assets
Goodwill	10	380.6	362.5
Other intangible assets	10	790.4	804.1
Property, plant and equipment	11	935.3	757.2
Right-of-use assets	20	248.1	214.4
Contract assets	6	9.8	—
Other financial assets	12	1,254.0	1,176.1
Other non-financial assets	14	26.3	83.4
Deferred tax assets	8	81.7	81.3
Total non-current assets		3,726.2	3,479.0
Current assets
Inventories	13	283.3	357.7
Trade and other receivables	12	1,463.9	2,155.7
Contract assets	6	10.0	4.9
Other financial assets	12	7,021.7	4,885.3
Other non-financial assets	14	212.7	280.9
Income tax assets	8	50.0	179.1
Cash and cash equivalents	12	9,761.9	11,663.7
Total current assets		18,803.5	19,527.3
Total assets		22,529.7	23,006.3
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Share capital	15	248.6	248.6
Capital reserve		1,398.6	1,229.4
Treasury shares	15	( 8.6 )	( 10.8 )
Retained earnings		19,098.0	19,763.3
Other reserves	16	( 1,325.5 )	( 984.6 )
Total equity		19,411.1	20,245.9
Non-current liabilities
Lease liabilities, loans and borrowings	12	214.7	191.0
Other financial liabilities	12	46.9	38.8
Provisions	17	20.9	8.8
Contract liabilities	6	183.0	398.5
Other non-financial liabilities	19	87.5	13.1
Deferred tax liabilities	8	42.4	39.7
Total non-current liabilities		595.4	689.9
Current liabilities
Lease liabilities, loans and borrowings	12	39.5	28.1
Trade payables and other payables	12	426.7	354.0
Other financial liabilities	12	1,443.4	415.2
Income tax liabilities	8	4.5	525.5
Provisions	17	144.8	269.3
Contract liabilities	6	294.9	353.3
Other non-financial liabilities	19	169.4	125.1
Total current liabilities		2,523.2	2,070.5
Total liabilities		3,118.6	2,760.4
Total equity and liabilities		22,529.7	23,006.3

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-10

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(in millions €)	Note	Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent — Share capital	Capital reserve	Treasury shares	Retained earnings	Other reserves	Total equity
As of January 1, 2022		246.3	1,674.4	( 3.8 )	9,882.9	93.9	11,893.7
Net profit		—	—	—	9,434.4	—	9,434.4
Other comprehensive income		—	—	—	—	22.3	22.3
Total comprehensive income		—	—	—	9,434.4	22.3	9,456.7
Issuance of share capital	15	0.5	67.1	—	—	—	67.6
Redemption of convertible note		1.8	233.2	—	—	—	235.0
Share repurchase program	16	—	( 979.5 )	( 6.9 )	—	—	( 986.4 )
Transaction costs	16	—	( 0.1 )	—	—	—	( 0.1 )
Dividends	16	—	—	—	( 484.3 )	—	( 484.3 )
Share-based payments	16	—	833.1	5.4	—	( 1,519.8 )	( 681.3 )
Deferred tax assets	16	—	—	—	—	554.7	554.7
As of December 31, 2022		248.6	1,828.2	( 5.3 )	18,833.0	( 848.9 )	20,055.6
Net profit		—	—	—	930.3	—	930.3
Other comprehensive loss		—	—	—	—	( 15.8 )	( 15.8 )
Total comprehensive income / (loss)		—	—	—	930.3	( 15.8 )	914.5
Treasury shares used for acquisition of business combination		—	102.6	1.1	—	—	103.7
Share repurchase program		—	( 731.6 )	( 6.9 )	—	—	( 738.5 )
Share-based payments	16	—	30.2	0.3	—	( 15.1 )	15.4
Current and deferred taxes		—	—	—	—	( 104.8 )	( 104.8 )
As of December 31, 2023		248.6	1,229.4	( 10.8 )	19,763.3	( 984.6 )	20,245.9
Net loss		—	—	—	( 665.3 )	—	( 665.3 )
Other comprehensive loss		—	—	—	—	( 103.1 )	( 103.1 )
Total comprehensive loss		—	—	—	( 665.3 )	( 103.1 )	( 768.4 )
Share-based payments	16	—	169.2	2.2	—	( 237.8 )	( 66.4 )
As of December 31, 2024		248.6	1,398.6	( 8.6 )	19,098.0	( 1,325.5 )	19,411.1

F-11

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in millions €)	Years ended December 31, — 2024	2023	2022
Operating activities
Net profit / (loss)	( 665.3 )	930.3	9,434.4
Income taxes	( 12.4 )	255.8	3,519.7
Profit / (Loss) before tax	( 677.7 )	1,186.1	12,954.1
Adjustments to reconcile profit before tax to net cash flows:
Depreciation and amortization of property, plant, equipment, intangible assets and right-of-use assets	298.0	183.4	123.3
Share-based payment expenses	100.9	51.4	108.6
Net foreign exchange differences	( 109.5 )	( 298.0 )	625.5
(Gain) / Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment	( 0.3 )	3.8	0.6
Finance income excluding foreign exchange differences	( 648.5 )	( 519.6 )	( 265.3 )
Finance expense excluding foreign exchange differences	27.4	7.9	18.9
Government grants	( 31.5 )	2.4	0.3
Unrealized (gain) / loss on derivative instruments at fair value through profit or loss	4.6	175.5	( 241.0 )
Working capital adjustments:
Decrease in trade and other receivables, contract assets and other assets	387.7	5,374.0	4,369.9
Decrease in inventories	74.5	81.9	62.9
Increase in trade payables, other financial liabilities, other liabilities, contract liabilities, refund liabilities and provisions	758.4	118.9	85.7
Interest received and realized gains from cash and cash equivalents	474.9	258.2	29.3
Interest paid and realized losses from cash and cash equivalents	( 13.5 )	( 5.4 )	( 21.5 )
Income tax paid	( 389.2 )	( 482.9 )	( 4,222.1 )
Share-based payments	( 154.5 )	( 766.2 )	( 51.8 )
Government grants received	106.0	—	—
Net cash flows from operating activities	207.7	5,371.4	13,577.4
Investing activities
Purchase of property, plant and equipment	( 286.5 )	( 249.4 )	( 329.2 )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment	1.2	( 0.7 )	0.6
Purchase of intangible assets and right-of-use assets	( 165.8 )	( 455.4 )	( 34.1 )
Acquisition of subsidiaries and businesses, net of cash acquired	—	( 336.9 )	—
Investment in other financial assets	( 12,370.3 )	( 7,128.4 )	( 47.8 )
Proceeds from maturity of other financial assets	10,740.2	1,216.3	375.2
Net cash flows used in investing activities	( 2,081.2 )	( 6,954.5 )	( 35.3 )
Financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of share capital and treasury shares, net of costs	—	—	110.5
Proceeds from loans and borrowings	—	0.3	0.8
Repayment of loans and borrowings	( 2.3 )	( 0.1 )	( 18.8 )
Payments related to lease liabilities	( 43.6 )	( 40.3 )	( 41.1 )
Share repurchase program	—	( 738.5 )	( 986.4 )
Dividends	—	—	( 484.3 )
Net cash flows used in financing activities	( 45.9 )	( 778.6 )	( 1,419.3 )
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	( 1,919.4 )	( 2,361.7 )	12,122.8
Change in cash and cash equivalents resulting from exchange rate differences	14.8	( 14.5 )	60.1
Change in cash and cash equivalents resulting from other valuation effects	2.8	164.8	( 0.5 )
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	11,663.7	13,875.1	1,692.7
Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31	9,761.9	11,663.7	13,875.1

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1 Corporate Information

BioNTech SE is a limited company incorporated and domiciled in Germany. American Depositary Shares (ADS)

representing BioNTech SE’s ordinary shares have been publicly traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market

since October 10, 2019. The registered office is located in Mainz, Germany (An der Goldgrube 12, 55131

Mainz). BioNTech SE is registered in the commercial register B of the Mainz Local Court under the number

HRB 48720. The accompanying consolidated financial statements, which were prepared in accordance with

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), present the financial position and the results of operations of

BioNTech SE and its subsidiaries, hereinafter also referred to as “BioNTech,” the “Group,” “we” or “us.”

Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 , were authorized for issue in

accordance with a resolution of the Supervisory Board on March 7, 2025 .

2 Significant Accounting Policies

2.1 Basis of Preparation

General

The consolidated financial statemen ts have been prepared in accordance with the IFRS Accoun ting Standards

as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) .

We prepare and publish our consolidated financial statements in Euros and round numbers to t housands or

millions of Euros , respectively. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be exact

arithmetic aggregations of the figures that preceded them and figures presented in the explanatory notes may

not add up to the rounded arithmetic aggregations. Rounding applied may differ from rounding published in

different units in the previous years.

Segment Information

Decisions with respect to business operations and resource allocations are made by our Management Board, as

the chief operating decision maker based on BioNTech as a whole. Accordingly, we operate and make decisions

as a single operating segment, which is also our reporting segment.

2.2 Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of BioNTech SE and its controlled

investees (subsidiaries).

The Group controls an investee if, and only if, the Group has

• power over the investee (i.e., existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities

of the investee);

• exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and

• the ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns.

Generally, there is a presumption that a majority of voting rights results in control.

Whether an investee is controlled is re-assessed if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to

one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when control is obtained over

the subsidiary and ceases when control over the subsidiary is lost.

The profit / (loss) and each component of other comprehensive income / (loss) for the period are attributed to the

equity holders of the parent of the Group and to the non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-

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Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

Table of Contents

controlling interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the consolidated

financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies in line with the Group’s accounting policies.

All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between

members of the Group are eliminated on consolidation.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity

transaction.

If control over a subsidiary is lost, the related assets (including goodwill), liabilities, non-controlling interests and

other components of equity are derecognized, while any resultant gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated

statements of profit or loss. Any investment retained is recognized at fair value.

2.3 Summary of Material Accounting Policies

2.3.1 Foreign Currencies

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in Euros, which is also our functional currency. For each

entity, the Group determines the functional currency, and items included in the consolidated financial statements

of such entities are measured using that functional currency. We use the direct method of consolidation and, on

disposal of a foreign operation, the gain or loss that is reclassified to the consolidated statements of profit or loss

reflects the amount that arises from using this method.

Transactions and Balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Group’s entities at their respective functional

currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot

rates of exchange at the reporting date.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the

exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

In determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or

part of it) on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance

consideration, the date of the transaction is the date on which the Group initially recognizes the non-monetary

asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts

in advance, the Group determines the transaction date for each payment or receipt of advance consideration.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign currency translation effects from the translation of operating activities include foreign exchange

differences arising on operating items such as trade receivables and trade payables and are either shown as

other operating income or expenses on a cumulative basis. Foreign currency translation effects presented within

finance income and expenses include foreign exchange differences arising on financing items such as loans and

borrowings as well as foreign exchange differences arising on cash and cash equivalents and are either shown

as finance income or expenses on a cumulative basis.

Foreign Currency Translation on Consolidation

Upon consolidation, the assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into Euros at the rate of

exchange prevailing at the reporting date and the transactions recorded in their consolidated statements of profit

or loss are translated at exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions.

The exchange differences arising on translation for consolidation are recognized in other comprehensive

income. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of other comprehensive income relating to that

particular foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss.

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Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying

amounts of assets and liabilities arising upon the acquisition are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign

operation and translated at the spot rate of exchange at the reporting date.

2.3.2 Current versus Non-Current Classifications

Assets and liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position are presented based on current or non-

current classification.

An asset is current when it is either: (i) expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in the normal

operating cycle, (ii) held primarily for the purpose of trading, (iii) expected to be realized within twelve months

after the reporting period, or (iv) cash or cash equivalents, unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to

settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when it is either: (i) expected to be settled in the normal operating cycle, (ii) held primarily for

the purpose of trading, (iii) due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or (iv) there is no

unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period. The

terms of the liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity

instruments do not affect its classification. The Group classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities, respectively.

2.3.3 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue

Identification of the Contract

We generate revenues from collaboration and license agreements, which contain multiple elements, including

licenses to use, research, develop, manufacture and commercialize candidates and products, research and

development services as well as obligations to develop and manufacture preclinical and clinical material and

products. We determined that those collaboration and license agreements qualify as contracts with customers. A

contract is an agreement between two or more parties that establishes enforceable rights and obligations.

Identification of Performance Obligations

Our customer contracts often include bundles of licenses, goods and services. If the granting of a license is

bundled together with delivering of goods and or the rendering of services, it is assessed whether these

agreements are comprised of more than one performance obligation. A performance obligation is only accounted

for as the grant of a license if the grant of a license is the sole or the predominant promise of the performance

obligation.

Determining Transaction Prices

We apply judgment when determining the consideration that is expected to be received. If the consideration in

an agreement includes a variable amount, we estimate the amount of consideration to which we will be entitled

in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. At contract inception, the variable consideration is

estimated based on the most likely amount of consideration expected from the transaction and constrained until

it is highly probable that a significant revenues reversal in the amount of cumulative revenues recognized will not

occur when the associated uncertainty with respect to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The

estimated revenues are updated at each reporting date to reflect the current facts and circumstances.

Allocation of Transaction Prices

If a contract with a customer contains more than one performance obligation, the transaction price is allocated to

each performance obligation based on relative standalone selling prices. We have established the following

hierarchy to determine the standalone selling prices.

• Where standalone selling prices for offered licenses, goods or services are observable and reasonably

consistent across customers, our standalone selling price estimates are derived from our respective

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Table of Contents

pricing history. However, due to the limited number of customers and the limited company history, this

approach can rarely be used.

• Where sales prices for an offering are not directly observable or highly variable across customers, we

follow a cost-plus-margin approach.

• For offerings that have highly variable pricing and lack substantial direct costs to estimate based on a

cost-plus-margin approach, we allocate the transaction price by applying a residual approach.

Judgment is required when estimating standalone selling prices.

Recognition of Revenues

For each separate performance obligation, it is evaluated whether control is transferred either at a point in time

or over time. For performance obligations that are satisfied over time, revenues are recognized based on a

measure of progress, which depicts the performance in transferring control to the customer. Under the terms of

our licensing arrangements, when we provide the licensee with a research and development license, which

represents a right to access our intellectual property as it exists throughout the license period (as our intellectual

property is still subject to further research) , the promise to grant a license is accounted for as a performance

obligation satisfied over time as our customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits from our

performance .

Revenues based on the collaboration partners’ gross profit, which is shared under the respective collaboration

agreements, are recognized based on the sales-based or usage-based royalty exemption; i.e ., when the

underlying sales occur, which is when the performance obligation has been satisfied. As described further in

Note 3 , judgment is applied to certain aspects when accounting for the collaboration agreements.

Revenue arrangements that involve two or more partners who contribute to the provision of a specific good or

service to a customer are assessed in terms of principal-agent considerations in order to determine the

appropriate treatment for the transactions between us and the collaborator and the transactions between us and

other third parties. The classification of transactions under such arrangements is determined based on the

nature and contractual terms of the arrangement along with the nature of the operations of the participants. Any

consideration related to activities in which we are considered the principal, which includes being in control of the

good or service before such good or service is transferred to the customer, is accounted for as gross revenues.

Any consideration related to activities in which we are considered the agent is accounted for as net revenues.

Revenues from the sale of pharmaceutical and medical products (e.g., COVID-19 vaccine sales and other sales

of peptides and retroviral vectors for clinical supply) are recognized when we transfer control of the product to

the customer. Control of the product normally transfers when the customer gains physical possession and we

have not retained any significant risks of ownership or future obligations with respect to the product. In general,

payments from customers are due within 30 days after invoic e . However, with respect to our collaboration with

Pfizer Inc., or Pfizer, there is a significant time lag between when revenues are recognized and the payments are

received. The contractual settlement of the gross profit share has a temporal offset of more than one calendar

quarter. As Pfizer’s financial quarter for subsidiaries outside the United States differs from ours, it creates an

additional time lag between the recognition of revenues and the payment receipt.

For certain contracts, the finished product may temporarily be stored at our location under a bill-and-hold

arrangement . Revenues from bill-and-hold arrangements are recognized at the point in time when the customer

obtains control of the product and all of the following criteria have been met: (i) the arrangement is substantive;

(ii) the product is identified separately as belonging to the customer; (iii) the product is ready for physical transfer

to the customer; and (iv) we do not have the ability to use the product or direct it to another customer. In

determining when the customer obtains control of the product, we consider certain indicators, including whether

title and significant risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customer and whether customer

acceptance has been received.

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Contract Balances

Contract Assets

A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to the customer. If we

transfer goods or services to a customer before the customer pays the respective consideration or before

payment is due, a contract asset is recognized for the earned consideration that is conditional.

Trade Receivables

A receivable represents our right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of

time is required before payment of the consideration is due).

Contract Liabilities

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which we have received

consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before

we transfer goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognized when the payment is made or

when the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when we fulfill our

performance obligations under the contract.

2.3.4 Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Regarding internal

projects, we consider that regulatory approval and other uncertainties inherent in the development of new

products preclude the capitalization of internal development expenses as an intangible asset until marketing

approval from a regulatory authority is obtained. Payments made to third parties, such as contract research and

development organizations as compensation for subcontracted research and development, that are deemed not

to transfer intellectual property are expensed as internal research and development expenses in the period in

which they are incurred. Such payments are only capitalized if they meet the criteria for recognition of an

internally generated intangible asset, usually when marketing approval has been received from a regulatory

authority. We have entered into agreements under which third parties grant licenses to us, which are known as

in-license agreements. If in-licensing results in consideration for the acquisition of intellectual property that meets

the definition of an identifiable asset, this is capitalized as an intangible asset unless the respective intellectual

property is mainly used as part of our general ongoing research and development activities without any intent to

market the respective product as such . If the transaction also includes research and development services to be

provided by the licensor, the share of consideration attributable to these services is recognized in research and

development expenses in line with the performance of the services. Sales-based milestone or royalty payments

incurred under license agreements after the approval date of the respective pharmaceutical product are

recognized as expenses in cost of sales as incurred.

Subsequent internal research and development costs in relation to intellectual property rights are expensed

because the technical feasibility of the internal research and development activity can only be demonstrated by

the receipt of marketing approval for a related product from a regulatory authority in a major market.

Prior to the second quarter of 2023 , we had assessed that inventory produced prior to successful regulatory

approval did not meet the criteria for capitalization as an asset, and accordingly expensed the costs of pre-

launch inventory as research and development costs. Based on the experience of the past years and the

developments since our COVID-19 vaccine was first authorized or approved for emergency or temporary use,

our assessment regarding the potential to produce economic benefits changed. Beginning with the second

quarter of 2023, pre-launch products from the Comirnaty product family with their potential for economic benefit

fulfill the recognition criteria for an asset under the IFRS Conceptual Framework. At each reporting date, the

respective inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. However, because it is not

probable until regulatory approval is obtained, we consider the net realizable value to be zero , as this is the

probable amount expected to be realized from its sale until approval is obtained. The write-down is recognized in

the statements of profit or loss as research and development expenses. If regulatory approval for a product

candidate is obtained, the relevant write-down would be reversed to a maximum of the original cost.

Subsequently, inventory is recognized as cost of sales.

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Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024

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2.3.5 Government Grants

Government grants and similar grants which are accounted for in accordance with IAS 20 are recognized where

there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with.

When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as other income on a systematic basis over the

periods that the related costs for which the grant is intended to compensate are expensed. When the grant

relates to an asset, it is recognized as deferred income within the consolidated statements of financial position.

Other income is subsequently recognized in our consolidated statements of profit or loss over the useful life of

the underlying asset subject to funding.

2.3.6 Taxes

Current Income Tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to

the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or

substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable

income.

In addition, current income taxes presented for the period include adjustments for uncertain tax payments or tax

refunds for periods not yet finally assessed by tax authorities , excluding interest expenses and penalties on the

underpayment of taxes. In the event that amounts included in the tax return are considered unlikely to be

accepted by the tax authorities (uncertain tax positions), a provision for income taxes is recognized.

Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which

applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred Tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and

liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• when the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a

transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the

accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; or

• in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, when the timing

of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary

differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax

credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that

taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused

tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

• when the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial

recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of

the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; or

• in respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, deferred tax

assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in

the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be

utilized.

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Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year in which

the asset is realized, or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or

substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it

has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered .

Recognition of Taxes

Current and deferred tax items are recognized similarly to the underlying transaction either in profit or loss, other

comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are offset if, and only if, we have a legally enforceable right to set off

the recognized amounts and intend either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability

simultaneously. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are only offset when we have a legally

enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred

tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either (i) the same taxable entity or

(ii) different taxable entities, which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to

realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of

deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

Sales Tax

Expenses and assets are recognized net of sales tax, except when the sales tax incurred on a purchase of

assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority.

The net amount of sales tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of

receivables or payables in the consolidated statements of financial position.

Global Minimum Taxation

Based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit

Shifting (BEPS) project to tackle tax avoidance, the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework (an association of about

140 countries) decided to introduce a global minimum taxation for large multinational groups (known as Pillar 2).

The Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules are intended to ensure that large multinational groups pay a minimum level

of tax on the income arising in each jurisdiction where they operate. In December 2021, the OECD published its

Model Rules, which serve as a draft bill for implementation into national domestic law, followed by guidelines and

commentaries published in March 2022. In December 2022, the EU adopted a corresponding directive (EU

2022/2523) that obliges EU member states to transpose the rules into national domestic law. If the effective tax

rate in any jurisdiction is below the minimum rate ( 15 % ), the Group may be subject to the so-called top-up tax or

a so-called qualified domestic minimum top-up tax.

Several jurisdictions in which the Group operates have transposed the OECD Model Rules into national

domestic law and brought them into force. In addition, the Group is closely following the progress of the

legislative process in each country in which the Group operates. As of the balance sheet date, the BEPS Pillar 2

regulations ( MinBestRL UmsG ) had already been transposed into German law ( MinStG ). The date of application

of the law in Germany is for financial years beginning after December 30, 2023. Subsequently, as the OECD

Model Rules have entered into force in Germany, the Group is obliged to file top-up tax information returns for all

entities which are part of the Group, beginning in financial year 2024. The Group falls within the scope of these

regulations. The Group carried out an analysis as of the reporting date to determine the fundamental impact and

the jurisdictions in which the Group is exposed to possible effects in connection with a Pillar 2 top-up tax.

2.3.7 Business Combinations and Goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured

as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, which is measured at acquisition date fair value, and the

amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree.

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Goodwill is initially measured at cost as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the

amount recognized for non-controlling interests and any previous interest held over the net identifiable assets

acquired and liabilities assumed.

Costs related to executing business combinations are recognized when they are incurred and are classified as

general and administrative expenses.

After initial recognition, goodwill is tested at least annually or when there is an indication for impairment. See

Note 2.3.10 . For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the

acquisition date, allocated to each of the cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the

combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

2.3.8 Intangible Assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets

acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition,

intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.

The portion of the consideration paid by us in in-licensing agreements to acquire rights to i ntellectual propert y is

recognized as an intangible asset, referred to as In-process R&D. If an in-licensing agreement includes research

and development services, the share of consideration attributable to these services is deferred and recognized in

research and development expenses as goods or services are received. Payments depending on the

achievement of specific milestones as part of the purchase of intangible assets, except for intangible assets

acquired in a business combination, are recognized as subsequent acquisition cost of the intangible asset and

as a financial liability once the milestone is reached.

The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either finite or indefinite.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized generally on a straight-line basis over the useful life and

assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The

amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at

the end of each reporting period at the least. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is

recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss in the expense category that is consistent with the

function of the intangible assets.

A summary of the useful lives applied to the Group’s intangible assets is as follows:

Intangible assets	Useful life (years)
Intellectual property rights	8 - 20
Licenses	3 - 20
Software	3 - 8

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment at least annually, or when there is an

indication for impairment, either individually or at the level of a cash-generating unit (see Note 2.3.10 for further

details). In the case of intangible assets not yet available for use, the point in time from which a capitalized asset

can be expected to generate economic benefit for the Group cannot be determined. Such assets are not

amortized, and therefore classified as having an indefinite useful life. The intangible assets not yet available for

use are tested for impairment annually, or when there is an indication for impairment on an individual basis. The

assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues to be

supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

We have classified advanced payments on intangible assets as intangible assets that are not yet ready for use.

Advanced payments on intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis .

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An intangible asset is derecognized upon disposal (i.e., at the date the recipient obtains control) or when no

future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising upon derecognition of

the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset)

is included in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

See Note 2.3.4 for further details in connection with our accounting of internally generated intangible assets.

2.3.9 Property, Plant and Equipment

Construction in progress is stated at cost. Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated

depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the

property, plant and equipment if the recognition criteria are met. All other repair and maintenance costs are

expensed as incurred.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Property, plant and equipment	Useful life (years)
Buildings	10 - 33
Equipment, tools and installations	7 - 18

Operating and business equipment has a useful life of 1 - 10 years and is reported under equipment, tools and

installations due to immateriality . Leasehold improvements disclosed in buildings have a useful life of the shorter

period of the underlying lease term or the economic useful live (see Note 2.3.16 ).

An item of property, plant and equipment initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal (i.e., at the date the

recipient obtains control) or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or

loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and

the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the consolidated statements of profit or loss when the asset is

derecognized.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at

each financial year-end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

2.3.10 Impairment of Non-Financial Assets

At each reporting date, we assess whether there is an indication that a non-financial asset may be impaired.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the

recoverable amount of each cash-generating unit (or group of CGUs) to which the goodwill relates. If any

indication exists, or when annual impairment testing is performed, we estimate the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable

amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or CGU’s fair value less costs of disposal and its

value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate

cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. If the asset does not

generate independent cash inflows, the impairment test is performed for the smallest group of assets that

generate largely independent cash inflows from other assets (CGU). When the carrying amount of an asset or

cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset or the non-current assets of the CGU are

considered impaired and written down to their recoverable amount.

Impairment losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss in expense categories

consistent with the function of the impaired asset.

Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are tested for impairment annually at the CGU level, as

appropriate, and when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

Intangible assets not yet available for use are not amortized, but rather tested for impairment when a triggering

event arises or at least once a year . The identification of triggering events takes place on a quarterly or on an ad

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hoc basis with the involvement of the responsible departments, taking internal and external information sources

into consideration. The impairment test is performed annually or if there are indications of impairment by

determining the asset’s value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated discounted future cash flows are

based on long-term forecast calculations reflecting the asset’s estimated product life cycles. The assumptions

are based on internal estimates along with external market studies. The result of the valuation depends to a

large extent on the estimates by the management of the future cash flows of the assets and the discount rate

applied, and is therefore subject to uncertainty. Any expense resulting from an impairment of intangible assets

with finite lives is recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss in the expense category that is

consistent with the function of the respective intangible assets.

2.3.11 Financial Instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or

equity instrument of another entity.

i) Financial Assets

Initial Recognition and Measurement

Financial assets are initially measured at fair value as of the trade date and – depending on their classification –

subsequently measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (OCI) or fair value

through profit or loss.

Subsequent Measurement

The measurement of financial assets depends on their classification, as described below.

Financial Assets Measured at Amortized Cost

Financial assets measured at amortized cost include trade receivables and other financial assets that are

generally measured using the effective interest rate (EIR) method. With respect to trade receivables, we applied

the practical expedient, which means that they are measured at the transaction price determined in accordance

with IFRS 15. Refer to the accounting policies in Note 2.3.3 . Other financial assets measured at amortized cost

are held to collect contractual cash flows, which are solely payments of principal and interest. Gains and losses

are recognized in our consolidated statements of profit or loss when the financial asset is derecognized, modified

or impaired.

Financial Assets Designated at Fair Value through OCI (Equity Instruments)

Upon initial recognition, we can irrevocably elect to classify equity investments as equity instruments designated

at fair value through OCI if they meet the definition of equity under IAS 32 and are not held for trading. The

classification is determined on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Gains and losses on these financial assets are

never recycled to profit o r loss. Dividends are recognized as other income in the consolidated statements of

profit or loss when the right of payment has been established. I f dividends clearly represent a recovery of part of

the cost of the investment they are recognized in the OCI . Equity instru ments designated at fair value through

OCI are not subject to impairment assessment. We elected to irrevocably classify our non-listed and listed equity

investments under this category. They are recognized using trade date accounting.

Financial Assets at Fair Value through Profit or Loss

When we acquire contractual rights to cash flows from the sale of patent-protected biopharmaceutical products

by unrelated biopharmaceutical companies as royalty assets and do not own the intellectual property or have the

right to commercialize the underlying products, royalty assets are recognized as financial assets measured at

fair value through profit and loss. We recognize day one gains and losses only when the fair value is evidenced

by a quoted price in an active market for the same instrument or is based on a valuation technique that only uses

data from observable markets. In all other cases, we defer the difference between the fair value at initial

recognition and the transaction price. After initial recognition, we recognize that deferred difference as a gain or

loss only to the extent that it arises from a change in a factor that market participants would take into account

when pricing the asset or liability.

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Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A financial

asset exists if the derivative has a positive fair value.

Derecognition

A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is

primarily derecognized (i.e., removed from the consolidated statements of financial position) when the rights to

receive cash flows from the asset have expired or have been transferred in terms of fulfilling the derecognition

criteria.

Impairment of Financial Assets

An allowance for expected credit losses (ECLs) is considered for all non-derivative financial debt investments,

including cash , time deposits and debt securities of the Group. ECLs are based on the difference between the

contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all of the cash flows that the Group expects to

receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will

include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the

contractual terms.

Since our financial debt investments are considered to be investments with low risk, the expected credit loss in

the upcoming twelve months is used to determine the impairment loss. Wherever a considerable increase in the

default risk is assumed, the lifetime expected credit loss of the financial asset is considered.

For trade receivables and contract assets the Group applies a simplified approach in calculating ECLs. This

means that the Group does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognizes a loss allowance based on

lifetime ECLs at each reporting date. We have established an ECL model that is based on the probability of

default (PD), considers the respective country default probabilities and takes the maturities into account. In order

to determine the PD of companies, we use the maturities of the trade receivables and the score of the

companies.

If there is objective evidence that certain trade receivable s or contract assets are fully or partially impaired,

additional loss allowances are recognized to account for expected credit losses. A debtor’s creditworthiness is

assumed to be impaired if there are objective indications that the debtor is in financial difficulties, such as the

disappearance of an active market for its products or impending insolvency.

ii) Financial Liabilities

Financial liabilities are generally measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate (EIR) method.

Derivatives with negative fair values not designated as hedging instruments and liabilities for contingent

consideration in business combinations are measured at fair value.

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables,

net of directly attributable transaction costs.

Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost include loans and borrowings, trade payables and other financial

liabilities. They are measured at amortized cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognized in the

consolidated statements of profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the EIR

amortization process.

Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that

are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included as finance costs in the consolidated statements

of profit or loss.

Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires.

When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms,

or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the

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derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective

carrying amounts is recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss.

iii) Expenses and Income from Exchange Forward Contracts

Effects from foreign exchange forward contracts, which are measured at fair value through profit or loss, are

shown as either other operating income or other operating expenses on a cumulative basis and might switch

between those two items during the year-to-date reporting periods.

2 .3.12 Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is a market-based measurement. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or

market information is available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market

information might not be available. When a price for an identical asset or liability is not observable, another

valuation technique is used. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, there are

three levels of the fair value hierarchy:

• Level 1 contains the use of quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the

asset or liability either directly or indirectly.

• Level 3 inputs are unobservable.

Within this hierarchy, estimated values are made by management based on reasonable assumptions, including

other fair value methods.

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, we

determine whether transfers have occurred between levels in the fair value hierarchy by re-assessing

categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the

end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, classes of assets and liabilities have been determined on the basis of

the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy, as explained

above.

2.3.13 Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:

• raw materials and supplies: purchase cost on a first-in / first-out basis ; or

• unfinished goods and finished goods: cost of direct materials and labor, including both internal

manufacturing and third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, and a proportion of

manufacturing overheads based on the normal operating capacity, but excluding borrowing costs.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less estimated costs of

completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Write-offs are recorded if i nventories are

expected to be unsaleable , do not fulfill the specification defined by our quality standards or if their shelf-life has

expired. For our inventories subject to the collaboration partners’ gross profit share mechanism, we consider the

contractual compensation payments in the estimate of the net realizable value.

Beginning with the second quarter of 2023, pre-launch products from the Comirnaty product family with their

potential for economic benefit fulfill the recognition criteria for an asset under the IFRS Conceptual Framework.

At each reporting date, the respective inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

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However, because is not probable until regulatory approval is obtained, we consider the net realizable value to

be zero, as this is the probable amount expected to be realized from its sale until approval is obtained.

2.3.14 Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term investments that we consider to

be highly liquid (including deposits, money market funds and reverse repos) with an original maturity of three

months or less that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of

changes in value. Deposits with an original maturity of more than three months are recognized as other financial

assets.

2.3.15 Treasury Shares

We apply the par value method to our repurchases of outstanding American Depositary Shares, or ADSs.

Accordingly, t he nominal value of acquired treasury shares is deducted from equity and shown in the separate

item “Treasury shares”. Any premium paid in excess of the nominal value of a repurchased ADS is deducted

from the capital reserve . On the trade date, we recognize a liability, and on the settlement date, we settle in cash.

We recognize the foreign exchange differences that may occur between the trade and settlement date as profit

or loss.

2.3.16 Leases

At the inception of a contract, we assess whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains,

a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange

for consideration.

At inception or on reassessment of a contract that contains a lease component, the consideration in the contract

is allocated to each lease component on the basis of their relative standalone prices. However, for leases of land

and buildings in which we are a lessee, we have elected not to separate non-lease components, and instead

account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

We reco gnize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date.

The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost.

The depreciation of the right-of-use asset is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of

the assets or shorter lease term, as follows:

Right-of-use assets	Useful life or shorter lease term (years)
Buildings	2 - 25
Equipment, tools and installations	2 - 5
Production facilities	2 - 3
Automobiles	3 - 4

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the

commencement date, discounted using the incremental borrowing interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate

cannot be readily determined, the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the incremental borrowing rate

is used as the discount rate.

The lease liability is subsequently measured at amortized cost using the EIR method . It is remeasured when

there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the

estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if we change our

assessment of whether we will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease liability is

remeasured, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded

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in the consolidated statements of profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced

to zero.

Right-of-use assets are presented separately and lease liabilities are presented under “Financial liabilities” in the

consolidated statements of financial position.

Short-Term Leases and Leases of Low-Value Assets

We have elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases of machinery that

have a lease term of 12 months or less or leases of low-value assets. We recognize the lease payments

associated with these leases as an expense in the consolidated statements of profit or loss on a straight-line

basis over the lease term.

2.3.17 Provisions

Provisions are recognized when there is a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it

is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation

and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation . When we expect some or all of a provision

to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate

asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain.

A provision is also recognized for certain contracts with suppliers for which the unavoidable costs of meeting the

obligations exceed the economic benefits expected to be received. The economic benefits considered in the

assessment comprise the future benefits we are directly entitled to under the contract as well as the anticipated

future benefits that are the economic consequence of the contract if these benefits can be reliably determined.

T he expense relating to a provision is presented in the consolidated statements of profit or loss net of any

reimbursement if reimbursement is considered to be virtually certain.

2.3.18 Share-Based Payments

Employees (and others providing similar services) receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments,

which are settled in equity instruments (equity-settled transactions) or in cash (cash-settled transactions).

In accordance with IFRS 2, share-based payments are generally divided into cash-settled and equity-settled.

Both types of payment transactions are measured initially at their fair value as of the grant date. The fair value is

determined using an appropriate valuation model, further details of which are given in Note 16 . Rights granted

under cash-settled transactions are remeasured at fair value at the end of each reporting period until the

settlement date. The cost of share-based payment awards is recognized over the relevant service period,

applying either the straight-line method or the graded vesting method, where applicable.

These costs are recognized in cost of sales, research and development expenses, sales and marketing

expenses or general and administrative expenses, together with a corresponding increase in equity (other

reserves) or other liabilities, over the period in which the service is provided (the vesting period). The cumulative

expense recognized for cash- and equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date

reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired, and also reflects the best estimate of the number of

equity instruments expected to ultimately vest.

Service and non-market performance conditions are not taken into account when determining the grant date fair

value of awards, but the likelihood of the conditions being met is assessed as part of our best estimate of the

number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. Market performance conditions are reflected within the

grant date fair value. Any other conditions attached to an award, but without an associated service requirement,

are considered to be non-vesting conditions. Non-vesting conditions are reflected in the fair value of an award

and lead to an immediate expensing of an award unless there are also service and/or performance conditions.

If we have a choice of settling either in cash or by providing equity instruments, the rights granted are accounted

for as an equity-settled transaction, unless there is a present obligation to settle in cash.

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If, due to local tax regulations, an amount is withheld for the employee’s tax obligations and paid directly to the

tax authorities in cash on the employee’s behalf, the entire share- based payment program remains an equity-

settled plan based on the IFRS 2 classification. Accordingly, t he amount withheld for the employee’s tax

obligations expected to be paid directly to the tax authorities is reclassified from “Other reserves” to “Other non-

financial liabilities”.

2.3.19 Cash Dividend

We recognize a liability to pay a dividend when the distribution is authorized. As per the corporate laws of

Germany, a distribution is authorized when it is approved by the general shareholder meeting. A corresponding

amount is recognized directly in equity.

2.4 Standards Applied for the First Time

In 2024 , the following potentially relevant new and amended standards and interpretations became effective, but

d id n ot have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements:

Standards / Interpretations	Date of application
Amendments to IFRS 16 Leases: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures: Supplier Finance Arrangements	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current	January 1, 2024
Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements: Non-current Liabilities with Covenants	January 1, 2024

2.5 Standards Issued but Not Yet Effective

The new and amended standards and interpretations that are issued but not yet effective by the date of issuance

of the financial statements and that might have an impact on our financial statements are disclosed below. We

have not adopted any standards early and intend to adopt these new and amended standards and

interpretations, if applicable, when they become effective .

Standards / Interpretations	Date of application
Amendments to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates: Lack of Exchangeability	January 1, 2025
Amendments to the Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments: – Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7	January 1, 2026
Annual Improvements Volume 11	January 1, 2026
Contracts Referencing Nature-dependent Electricity – Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7	January 1, 2026
IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements	January 1, 2027
IFRS 19 Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures	January 1, 2027

An analysis of the effects of IFRS 18 on us with regard to the presentation and disclosures in the financial

statements has been started and is ongoing. IFRS 18 requires additional defined subtotals (operating, investing,

financing) in the statement of profit and loss and disclosures about management performance measures, and

adds new principles for aggregating and disaggregating information. With regard to the first-time application of

the other standards and interpretations listed in the table and other standards amended in the annual

improvements, it is currently estimated that there will be no material impact on our consolidated financial

statements.

3 Sig nificant Accounting Judgements , Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates

and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, the

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accompanying disclosures and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and

estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or

liabilities affected in future periods.

Significant accounting judgments, as well as k ey assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of

estimation uncertainty at the reporting date that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the

carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. We based our

assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the consolidated financial statements were prepared.

Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market

changes or circumstances arising that are beyond the control of the Group. Such changes are reflected in the

assumptions when they occur.

Revenues from Contracts with Customers

We applied the following judgments, estimates and assumptions that significantly affect the determination of the

amount and timing of revenues from contracts with customers :

Identification and Determination of Performance Obligations

We generate revenues from collaboration and license agreements, which contain multiple elements, including

licenses to use, research, develop, manufacture and commercialize candidates and products, research and

development services as well as obligations to develop and manufacture preclinical and clinical material and

products. We determined that those collaboration and license agreements qualify as contracts with customers. A

contract is an agreement between two or more parties that establishes enforceable rights and obligations. At

inception of each agreement, we apply judgment when determining which promises represent distinct

performance obligations. If promises are not distinct, they are combined until the bundle of promised goods and

services is distinct. For some agreement s, this results in accounting for goods and services promised in a

collaboration and license agreement as a single performance obligation with a single measure of progress. For

these combined performance obligations, we assess which of these promises is the predominant promise to

determine the nature of the performance obligation. When licenses are granted, we determined that the grant of

the license is the predominant promise within the combined performance obligations. In our view, we grant our

customers a right to access or a right to use our intellectual property due to the collaboration and license

agreements.

Measurement of the Transaction Price

Our collaboration and license agreements often include variable considerati on , which is contingent on the

occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event (i.e., reaching a certain milestone). When determining deferred

revenues from a collaboration and license agreement, we need to estimate the amount of consideration to which

we will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to our customers.

As there are usually only two possible outcomes (i.e., milestone is reached or not), we have assessed that the

method of the most likely amount is the best method to predict the amount of consideration to which we will be

entitled. At contract inception, the most likely amount for milestone payments is estimated to be zero . We have

assessed that the likelihood of achieving the respective milestone decreases depending on how far the expected

date of achieving the milestone lies in the future. At each reporting date, we use judgment to determine when to

include variable consideration in the transaction price in such a way that it is highly probable that a significant

revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the associated uncertainty

with respect to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. We have concluded that future milestone

payments are fully constrained at the end of the current financial year.

Future milestone payments would become unconstrained upon the satisfaction of the milestone event,

specifically a development event, regulatory approval or achievement of a sales milestone.

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Allocation of the Transaction Price to Performance Obligations and Revenue Recognition as Performance

Obligations are Satisfied

We allocate the transaction price to performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices,

which are generally based on our best estimates and interpretations of facts and circumstances of each

contractual agreement and may require significant judgment to determine appropriate allocation.

Upfront payments and reimbursement for expenses are initially deferred on our consolidated statements of

financial position. We assessed that no significant financing component exists within our collaboration

agreements since the overall business purpose of advanced payments is to support the payment structure rather

than to provide a significant benefit of financing. For performance obligations in which the costs vary based on

progress, an input-based measure that takes into account cost incurred is the most reliable indicator of the

progress of the related research activities. In other cases, revenue recognition on a straight-line basis may be

the most reliable indicator of our performance toward complete satisfaction. If the contractual activities progress,

the achievement of development milestones will be used to measure the progress toward complete satisfaction.

We evaluate the measure of progress in each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of

performance and related revenue recognition. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up

basis, which would affect revenues and net profit or loss in the period of adjustment.

Upon successfully commercializing a pharmaceutical product, the collaboration and license agreements also

provide for additional profit-sharing or tiered royalties earned when customers recognize net sales of licensed

products as well as sales milestone payments. Revenue is recognized based on the sales-based or usage-

based royalty exemption; i.e., when, or as, the underlying sales occur, which is when the performance obligation

has been satisfied.

Principal-Agent Considerations

Collaboration agreements that involve two or more partners who contribute to the provision of a specific good or

service to a customer are assessed in terms of principal-agent considerations . Under our current collaboration

agreements, the allocation of marketing and distribution rights defines territories in which the collaboration

partner acts as a principal in each case. We recognize revenue net based on the collaboration partners’ gross

profit in territories where the partner is responsible for supply, and on a gross basis when directly supplying our

customers in our territories when control has been transferred. Amounts paid to collaboration partners for their

share of our profits earned where we are the principal in the transaction are recorded as cost of sales.

Pfizer Agreement Characteristics

With respect to our collaboration with Pfizer, commercial revenues are recognized based on our collaboration

partner’s gross profit from COVID-19 vaccine sales, which is shared under the respective collaboration

agreement. In determining commercial revenues pursuant to this collaboration agreement, we are reliant on our

collaboration partner for details regarding its gross profit for the period at hand. Some of the information which

our collaboration partner provides us with to identify the gross profit is, by necessity, preliminary and subject to

change.

Pfizer’s gross profit share is calculated based on sales and takes into account transfer prices. The latter include

manufacturing and shipping costs, which represent standard prices and include mark-ups on manufacturing

costs as specified by the terms of the agreement. Manufacturing and shipping cost variances were considered

as far as those have been identified . Nevertheless, those input parameters may be adjusted once actual costs

are determined. The sales as reported by Pfizer have been used to estimate license obligations in terms of

royalties and sales milestones. Sales milestones and royalties are recognized as they are earned by the

partners. Sales milestones are shared equally, while royalty payments are borne by the partners on the basis of

revenues in the territories for which the partners are responsible and subsequently deducted as cost under the

gross profit shared. The estimated royalty fees applied to net sales reflect the license obligations to the extent

currently identified from third-party contractual arrangements. Changes in estimates are accounted for

prospectively, when determined.

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Manufacturing cost variances include among others expenses from unused contract manufacturing capacities

and overstock inventories finally scrapped. As only materialized costs – which for example means manufacturing

capacities finally lapsed or inventories finally scrapped – are shared with the partner in a cash-effective manner,

the gross profit share impact is anticipated once assessed as being highly probable to occur . Any changes to this

assessment will be recognized prospectively.

Pfizer’s determination of manufacturing and shipping costs also affects the transfer prices that have been

charged to COVID-19 vaccine supplies that it manufactures and supplies to us and may be subject to adjustment

whenever manufacturing and shipping cost variances are identified. Likewise, our own cost of sales and the

respective gross profit share owed to our partner may be adjusted prospectively, when changes are determined.

For contract balances related to the Pfizer agreement , see Note 6 . Judgment is required in determining whether

a right to consideration is unconditional and thus qualifies as a receivable.

Intangible Assets

Significant assumptions and estimates are required for the identification of a potential need to recognize an

impairment loss. These estimates include management’s assumptions regarding future cash flow projections and

economic risks that require significant judgment and assumptions about future developments. T hey can be

affected by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, changes in business strategy, assumptions regarding

funding ability of expected R&D expenses, assumptions regarding the size of addressable markets and number

of addressable indications as well as the time and probability to reach market.

Changes to the assumptions underlying our assessment of the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets

could require material adjustments to the carrying amount of our recognized goodwill and intangible assets, as

well as to the amounts of impairment charges recognized in profit or loss.

Significant assumptions and estimates are also required to determine the appropriate amount of amortization of

intangible assets. They relate in particular to the determination of the underlying useful life. The useful life of an

intangible asset is based on our estimates regarding the period over which the intangible asset is expected to

generate economic benefits for us.

Contingencies

Disclosures in respect of third-party claims and litigation for which no provisions have been recognized

disclosures are made in the form of contingent liabilities , unless a potential outflow of resources is considered

remote. It is not practicable to estimate the financial impact of our contingent liabilities due to the uncertainties

around lawsuits and claims as outlined above.

For further disclosures relating to contingencies see Note 18 .

Research and Development Expenses

The nature of our business and primary focus of our activities, including development of our platforms and

manufacturing technologies, generate a significant amount of research and development expenses. Research

costs are expensed as incurred. Development expenditures on an individual project are recognized as an

intangible asset if, and only if, the capitalization criteria are met. Based on our assessment, we have concluded

that, d ue to the inherent risk of failure in pharmaceutical development and the uncertainty of approval, these

criteria are usually not met before regulatory approval is achieved . The related expenditure is reflected in the

consolidated statements of profit or loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. We have entered into

agreements under which third parties grant licenses to us, which are known as in-license agreements. If in-

licensing results in consideration for the acquisition of intellectual property that meets the definition of an

identifiable asset, this is capitalized as an intangible asset. If the transaction also includes research and

development services to be provided by the licensor, the share of consideration attributable to these services is

recognized in research and development expenses in line with the performance of the services. The allocation of

consideration attributable to the acquisition of intellectual property and consideration attributable to the research

and development services provided by the licensor requires management to make judgements and assumptions .

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These judgments and assumptions need to be applied on a case-by-case basis and can materially affect our

research and development expenses.

Business Combinations

In our accounting for business combinations, judgment is required in determining whether an intangible asset is

identifiable and whether it should be recorded separately from goodwill. Additionally, estimating the acquisition-

date fair values in conjunction with purchase price allocation involves estimation uncertainty and discretionary

decisions. The necessary measurements are based on information available on the acquisition date and on

expectations and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by management. These judgments,

estimates and assumptions can materially affect our financial position and profit.

Share-Based Payments

Determining the fair value of share-based payment transactions requires the most appropriate valuation for the

specific program, which depends on the underlying terms and conditions. We used valuation models such as a

binomial or Monte Carlo simulation model for the measurement of the cash- and equity-settled transactions’ fair

value, taking into account certain assumptions relating to a number of factors, including the volatility of the stock

price, the determination of an appropriate risk-free interest rate, expected dividends and the probability of

reaching a minimum hurdle to exercise the relevant options. For awards which were granted prior to the initial

public offering, at a time where no quoted market prices existed, the valuation model assumptions included the

option’s underlying share price. For awards which were granted after the initial public offering, the grant date’s

share prices on the Nasdaq Global Select Market were included in the valuation.

A fluctuation assumption is applied when estimating the number of equity instruments for which service

conditions are expected to be satisfied and will be revised if material differences arise. Ultimately, a true-up to

the number satisfied by the settlement date will be recorded.

For further disclosures relating to share-based payments, see Note 16 .

Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in more than one tax jurisdiction. Due to the increasing complexity of tax laws

and the corresponding uncertainty regarding the legal interpretation by the fiscal authorities, tax calculations are

generally subject to an elevated amount of uncertainty. To the extent necessary, possible tax risks are taken into

account in the form of provisions.

We do not recognize or we would i mpair deferred tax assets if it is unlikely that a corresponding amount of future

taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, tax loss carry forwards and

tax credits can be utilized. The assessment whether a deferred tax asset can be recognized or is impaired

requires significant judgment, as we need to estimate future taxable profits to determine whether the utilization of

the deferred tax asset is probable. In evaluating our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, we consider all

available positive and negative evidence, including the level of historical taxable income and projections for

future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are recoverable. Based on the

requirements in IAS 12, to not place reliance on future events that are uncertain as they for example cannot be

controlled, managements a ssessment takes particular into account the fact that there is an inherent risk of failure

in pharmaceutical development and an uncertainty of approval which is dependent on external regulatory

agencies’ opinions. This also includes management’s assessment on the character and amounts of taxable

future profits, the periods in which those profits are expected to occur, and the availability of tax planning

opportunities.

Our management continued to take the view that deferred tax assets on tax losses carried forward that relate to

subsidiaries which have a loss-making history cannot be recognized. This includes the assessment that those

subsidiaries have neither any taxable temporary differences nor any tax planning opportunities available that

could support the recognition of deferred tax assets.

For further disclosures relating to deferred taxes, see Note 8 .

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4 Group Information

Information about Subsidiaries

The consolidated financial statements include the following subsidiaries :

Name	Country of incorporation	Registered office	% equity interest — December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
BioNTech BioNTainer Holding GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Collaborations GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	n/a (1)
BioNTech Delivery Technologies GmbH	Germany	Halle	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Diagnostics GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Europe GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Idar-Oberstein Services GmbH	Germany	Idar-Oberstein	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Individualized mRNA Manufacturing GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Innovation and Services Marburg GmbH	Germany	Marburg	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Innovation GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Innovative Manufacturing Services GmbH	Germany	Idar-Oberstein	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Manufacturing Marburg GmbH	Germany	Marburg	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Real Estate Holding GmbH	Germany	Holzkirchen	100 %	100 %
InstaDeep DE GmbH	Germany	Berlin	100 %	100 %
JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH	Germany	Berlin	100 %	100 %
NT Security and Services GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
reSano GmbH	Germany	Mainz	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Australia Pty Ltd.	Australia	Melbourne	100 %	100 %
BioNTech R&D (Austria) GmbH	Austria	Vienna	100 %	100 %
Simba Merger Sub	Cayman Islands	George Town	100 %	n/a (1)
BioNTech (Shanghai) Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.	China	Shanghai	100 %	100 %
InstaDeep France SAS	France	Paris	100 %	100 %
Biopharma BioNTech Israel Ltd.	Israel	Tel Aviv	100 %	100 %
New Technologies Re	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	100 %	100 %
InstaDeep Nigeria Limited	Nigeria	Lagos	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Rwanda Ltd.	Rwanda	Kigali	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.	Singapore	Singapore	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Pharmaceuticals Spain S.L	Spain	Barcelona	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Switzerland GmbH	Switzerland	Basel	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Taiwan Co. Ltd.	Taiwan	Taipei	100 %	100 %
InstaDeep Tunisia SARL	Tunisia	Tunis	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Turkey Tıbbi Ürünler Ve Klinik Araştirma Ticaret Anonim Şirketi	Turkey	Istanbul	100 %	100 %
BioNTech UK Ltd.	United Kingdom	London	100 %	100 %
InstaDeep Ltd.	United Kingdom	London	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Research and Development, Inc.	United States	Cambridge	100 %	100 %
BioNTech USA Holding, LLC	United States	Cambridge	100 %	100 %
BioNTech US Inc.	United States	Cambridge	100 %	100 %
BioNTech Delivery Technologies (US), LLC	United States	Cambridge	100 %	100 %
InstaDeep LLC	United States	Dover	100 %	100 %
JPT Peptide Technologies Inc.	United States	Cambridge	100 %	100 %

(1) Included during the year ended December 31, 2024 .

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All entities listed above are included in our consolidated financial statements.

Parent Company

ATHOS KG, Holzkirchen, Germany, is the sole shareholder of AT Impf GmbH, Munich, Germany, and beneficial

owner of the following percentage of ordinary shares in BioNTech at the dates as indicated. ATHOS KG via AT

Impf GmbH has de facto control over BioNTech based on its substantial shareholding, which practically enables

it to exercise the majority of voting rights to pass resolutions at our Annual General Meeting, or AGM.

Name	Country of incorporation	Registered office	Ownership of ordinary shares in BioNTech (in %) — December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
AT Impf GmbH	Germany	Munich	42.44 %	43.77 %

Entity with Significant Influence over the Group

Medine GmbH, Mainz, Germany, owned the following percentage of ordinary shares in BioNTech at the following

dates as indicated:

Name	Country of incorporation	Registered office	Ownership of ordinary shares in BioNTech (in %) — December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Medine GmbH	Germany	Mainz	16.85 %	17.01 %

5 Bu sin ess Combinations

Acquisition of Biotheus