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ANSON RESOURCES LIMITED — Capital/Financing Update 2023
Oct 15, 2023
64435_rns_2023-10-15_a07258cc-bdeb-4f6e-b30b-dc494f68689b.pdf
Capital/Financing Update
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ASX Announcement 16 October 2023
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Major Mineral Resource Upgrade at Paradox Lithium Project 1.5Mt LCE - 45% on previous reported Resource*
Completes Acquisition of Green Energy Lithium Project
Highlights:
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Major JORC 2012 Mineral Resource upgrade confirmed at Paradox Lithium Project in Utah, USA;
o1.504Mt of Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE) and 7.61Mt of Bromine, including, ▪ Indicated Resource of 366,737t of LCE and 1.91Mt of Bromine ▪ Inferred Resource of 1.14Mt of LCE and 5.70Mt of Bromine, -
Upgraded Mineral Resource represents:
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45% increase in previously reported Lithium Resource, including;*,
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6% increase in Indicated Resource
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▪ 117% increase in Inferred Resource
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Mineral Resource upgrade confirmed after Anson successfully completes the strategic acquisition of the Green River Lithium Project immediately adjacent to Paradox Project
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• The Upgraded Mineral Resource represents a further significant expansion of Anson’s lithium JORC Mineral Resource inventory in the Paradox Basin
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Potential for substantial further Mineral Resource expansion – Western Strategy drilling
Anson Resources Limited (ASX: ASN) (Anson or the Company) is pleased to announce a major upgrade to its JORC Code 2012 Mineral Resource estimate (Mineral Resource), to 1.5 million tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) (refer to Tables 1 and 2 below), at its Paradox Lithium Project (Project) in south-eastern Utah, USA.This represents a major step-change increase in Anson’s JORC Mineral Resource inventory at its Paradox Basin lithium assets, and a significant milestone in the development pathway of the Paradox Lithium Project.
The Mineral Resource upgrade comes after the Company advises it has successfully completed the acquisition of the Green Energy Lithium Project from Legacy Lithium Corporation (ASX Announcement 18 July 2023). The Green Energy Project is strategically located immediately adjacent to the Paradox Project, and increases the Project area by 8% to a total of 231.35 km[2] . It hosts 18 historic oil and gas wells – three of which have recorded lithium values – which has enabled Anson to deliver this Mineral Resource increase without the need for further drilling.
The new, upgraded JORC Mineral Resource is;
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1,504,237 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) and 7,608,700 tonnes of bromine, including,
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Indicated Resource of 366,737 tonnes of LCE and 1,910,000 tonnes of bromine; and
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oInferred Resource of 1,137,500 tonnes of LCE and 5,698,700 tonnes of bromine
*The Previous Mineral Resource was published on 2 November 2022.
Anson Resources Ltd ABN: 46 136 636 005 ASX: ASN OTC: ANSNF
Australian Registered Office Level 3, 10 Eagle Street BRISBANE QLD 4000 T: + 61 7 3132 7990
www.ansonresources.com
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A summary of the JORC Mineral Resource Estimate is presented in Table 1. Significant amounts of other minerals including Bromine (Br2), Boron (Boric Acid, H3BO3) and Iodine (I2) have also been estimated. A breakdown of the resources by aquifer is shown in Table 2. The Resource does not take into account potential replenishment of the brine zones.
The new, upgraded Mineral Resource represents a:
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45% increase on the previously reported Lithium Mineral Resource,
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44% increase on the previously reported Bromine Mineral Resource.
| Category | Brine Volume **(Ml3) ** |
Brine Tonnes (Mt) |
Li (ppm) |
Br (ppm) |
Contained (‘000t)1 |
Contained (‘000t)1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LCE | Br2 | |||||
| Indicated | 4,550 | 562 | 123 | 3,398 | 367 | 1,910 |
| Inferred | 16,584 | 1,954 | 109 | 2,915 | 1,138 | 6.699 |
| Resource | 21,134 | 2,516 | 112 | 3,023 | 1,504 | 7,609 |
Table 1: Paradox Lithium Project Total JORC Mineral Resource upgraded calculation.
| Horizon | Clastic Zone | Category | Brine (Mt) |
Li (ppm) |
Br (ppm) |
Contained (‘000t)1 |
Contained (‘000t)1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LCE | Br2 | ||||||
| CZ31 | 31 | Indicated | 57 | 165 | 2,814 | 50 | 162 |
| CZ31 | 31 | Inferred | 92 | 176 | 2,677 | 86 | 246 |
| CZ31 Resource | 149 | 172 | 2,738 | 136 | 408 | ||
| Other Clastics | 17, 19, 29, 33, 43, 45, 47, 49 |
Indicated | 194 | 86 | 3,378 | 89 | 646 |
| Other Clastics | 17, 19, 29, 33, 43, 45, 47, 49 |
Inferred | 612 | 98 | 3,102 | 317 | 1,892 |
| Other Clastics Resource | 806 | 95 | 3,145 | 406 | 2,538 | ||
| Mississippian | Indicated | 310 | 138 | 3,552 | 228 | 1,103 | |
| Mississippian | Inferred | 1,251 | 110 | 2,845 | 734 | 3,561 | |
| Mississippian Resource | 1,561 | 116 | 2,988 | 962 | 4,664 | ||
| TOTAL RESOURCE | 2,516 | 112 | 3,024 | 1,504 | 7,610 |
- Table 2: Paradox Lithium Project Mineral Resource Estimate for Clastic Zone 31, additional Clastic Zones and the Mississippian Units.
1 Lithium is converted to lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) using a conversion factor of 5.32 and boron is converted to boric acid (H3BO3) using a conversion factor of 5.72. Rounding errors may occur.
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Further Mineral Resource Expansion Potential
Anson is building a world-class JORC Mineral Resource inventory at its lithium assets in the Paradox Basin in Utah.
At the Paradox Lithium Project, future drilling of the “Western Strategy”, if successful, would significantly increase the brine tonnages based on the thicknesses of those units, as determined from historical oil exploration drilling in the area (ASX Announcement 5 October 2022).
In addition, the Big Flat Unit 2 well, within the acquaried Green Energy Project, see Figure 1 for the well location, has a known historical value of 173ppm lithium for the Clastic Zone 31 horizon. The reentry of this well, if successful, would further increase the brine tonnage based on similar thicknesses which would support either an extension of the life of mine or a possible production increase. An internal review considering these options and whether to continue with further drilling programs in the immediate future to increase the JORC Mineral Resource estimate is currently underway.
It should be noted that Anson plans to commence a JORC Mineral Resource definition drilling campaign at its Green River Project, located 50kms northwest of the Paradox Project. The Green River Project exhibits outstanding geological characteristics, which indicate its strong potential to deliver additional JORC Mineral Resources (ASX Announcement 2 October 2023).
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Figure 1: Plan shows the Mineral Resource classification for the Clastic Zone 31 horizon after resource upgrade.
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Anson’s Executive Chairman and CEO, Bruce Richardson commented, “The acquisition of the Green Energy Project from Legacy and the corresponding increase in the JORC Resource estimate is a milestone achievement for Anson. The discovery and development of this world class resource in the United State of America at this point in time is signficicant and a credit to the whole Anson team and in particular its geologist and consultants. This increase in resource has been achieved without needing to re-enter a well and the incur the related expenditure. The Company is working vigorously to bring the Paradox Lithium Project into production and will continue provide updates to the market as the Project develops.”
Appendix
The following information and tables are provided to ensure compliance with the JORC Code (2012) requirements for the reporting of Exploration Results and Mineral Resources for the Paradox Brine Project. Please also refer to JORC Tables 1, 2 and 3 below.
Geology and geological interpretation
The brine bearing units, clastic zones, have been interpreted from more than 100 oil and gas wells drilled throughout the Anson claims and the greater Paradox Basin. The lithological units have been correlated within the basin based on the drilling and are predictable over the whole basin. Twentyeight wells (refer table 5) were used to interpret the depth and thickness of these horizons within the Anson claims.
The reason for the presence of the supersaturated brines in the clastic breaks is that the clastic beds overlie rich potash and magnesium zones. In the geological concept of the evaporite cycle, the most soluble compounds are the last to precipitate. Therefore, the clastic units overlie end products of the preceding evaporite cycle. Potassium and magnesium chlorides and certain complex evaporite minerals can be found among the end products of evaporation.
The main brine zones in the project area have not been cored, but it has been adequately sampled and logged. There are four inter-bedded hydrogeological units within the clastic horizon from top to bottom:
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Anhydite;
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Black Shale;
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Dolomite; and
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Anhydrite.
The dolomite is quite porous and permeable, whereas the anhydrite and black shale is crushed and broken. When the zones containing brine are intersected during drilling, artesian flow begins which indicates vertical porosity, permeability and that communication exists between the layers. The fractured clastic zones form an excellent reservoir for supersaturated brines. At the extraction point, when brine is removed salt will flow into the voids from where the brine has been removed, due to these parameters. This would help maintain high reservoir pressure and assist in a high ultimate recovery of brine.
The three factors; high pressure, porosity (both horizontal and vertical) and shallow depth are key attributes of the Paradox Lithium Project and are not present anywhere else in the area. In combination, they provide strong indicators of low extraction costs and beneficial ESG outcomes.
The high flow rates from the four tested wells confirms this theory.
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In the White Cloud No. 2 well, which offsets the Long Canyon No. 1 well, brine started to flow when the top anhydrite was penetrated, and rapidly increased by the time the underlying black shale was penetrated, so that no further drilling was done. The dolomite zone was not drilled. Vertical porosity, permeability, and communication are indicated. Brine flows have been encountered in Clastic Zone 31 over a distance of six miles north-south and eight miles east-west.
Previously the brine aquifer had been interpreted/limited to the dolomitic sands with known porosity and excluded the potential for brine fluids within the anhydrite and shale lithologies. Spinnerflowmeter logging completed in Long Canyon Unit 2 and Skyline Unit 1 suggests that these units produce brine fluids from secondary porosity, and that the brine aquifer within Clastic Zone 31 has dual porosity based on both lithology and secondary porosity from fracture flow. Therefore, the extent of the brine aquifer has been extended to include the entirety of the clastic zone for the purposes of exploration targeting and resource estimation.
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the stratigraphy in the area of interest. Of importance is the correlation of the various sedimentary units between the wells. This correlation enables the clastic units of interest to be modelled over an extensive areal extent.
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Figure 2: Section line AA showing lithology of Paradox basin in area of interest.
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Figure 3: Section line BB showing lithology of Paradox basin in area of interest.
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Figure 4: Plan view showing claim area, topography and section lines.
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Figure 5: View showing surface topography, wells and modelled clastic zones.
Brine Aquifer Hydraulic Properties
Porosity (or total porosity) is the amount of open space between mineral grains and/or fractures. Certain geophysical logs can be utilized to estimate total porosity with significant accuracy. Anson had previously analysed a small subset of these logs from wells within the project area to estimate porosity of the dolomite in Clastic Zone 31. Utilizing a combination of neutron density logs and sonic logs total porosity was estimated for three wells as shown in Table 3.
| Hole Id | Clastic Zone | Depth From |
Depth To |
Thickness m |
Porosity | Log |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big Flat Unit 1 Big Flat 2 Big Flat 3 Big Flat Unit 6 Skyline Long Canyon 1 Utah State 16 Matthew Fed 1 Mathew Fed 2 Gold Bar 1 Gold Bar 2 Coors Cane Creek 32-1 Skyline Skyline Skyline |
31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 29 17 19 29 |
1813.6 1914.1 1871.5 1896.5 1895.9 1833.7 1854.7 1716.0 1837.9 2089.7 2158.0 1926.3 1873.9 1642.3 1695.0 1878.0 |
1819.7 1917.2 1874.5 1899.5 1906.2 1839.8 1862.3 1722.1 1844.0 2094.0 2164.7 1929.4 1880.6 1652.0 1706.0 1884.0 |
6.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 10.4 6.1 7.6 6.1 6.1 4.3 6.7 3.0 6.7 9.8 11.0 6.0 |
26.0% 21.0% 31.0% 30.0% 20.1% 24.2% 27.0% 20.0% 18.5% 20.0% 17.5% 25.0% 21.0% 19.3% 20.8% 16.0% |
GR Neutron Neuton Density GR Neutron Gr Neuton Neuton Density Sonic Neutron Density Sonic Neutron Density Sonic & Neutron Density Sonic & Neutron Density Sonic Neutron Density Neutron Density Neutron Density Neutron Density |
Table 3: The interpreted maximum porosities from down hole logs for Clastic Zone 31 within the Project area.
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Spinner-flowmeter logging completed in Skyline Unit 1 and Long Canyon Unit 2 suggest that these units also produce brine fluids from a secondary porosity, and that the brine aquifer within Clastic Zone 31 has dual porosity based on both lithology and secondary porosity from fracture flow. Figure 6 shows the interpretation of a spinner flowmeter test completed across Clastic Zone 31 in Long Canyon Unit 2.
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Figure 6: Spinner flowmeter log across perforated CZ 31 in Long Canyon Unit 2, with interpretations.
The spinner-flowmeter log indicates there is significant brine production from both the silty dolomite and shale lithologies in Clastic Zone 31 of Long Canyon Unit 2. Lithological thickness vs. flow contribution suggests that the shale has a higher transmissivity than the silty dolomite, which based on known textural differences, suggests significant secondary porosity (fracturing) within the shale. Without secondary porosity from fracturing, the common range of effective porosity for shale ranges from 0.5 to 5% (Driscoll 1986), which would have a corresponding limit on the transmissivity of the lithology. The lack of brine production contribution in the upper silty dolomite is likely due to poorly developed perforations or backpressure on the system limiting the brine flow discharge rate within upper zones of lower transmissivity.
During the re-entry and the development of the perforated intervals within Skyline Unit 1 and Long Canyon Unit 2 wells, Anson completed build-up tests to estimate production interval permeability. Build-up tests consisted of a short period of measured flow, followed by an immediate shut-in of flow at the well head and measurement of the pressure recovery. See Table 4. The data was analysed to determine the permeability of the formation (Horner plot, see Figure 7).
| Well ID | Initial Bottom Hole Pressure (psi) |
Period of Flow (min) |
Flow Rate (BWPD) |
Flow Rate (gpm) |
Permeability (md) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long Canyon Unit 2 | 5,209.5 | 70 | 2,201 | 64.2 | 1,698 |
| Skyline Unit 2 | 5,240.0 | 45 | 4,096 | 119.5 | 6,543 |
Table 4: Results of the downhole flow and pressure testing at Long Canyon and Skyline well.
In general, permeability increases with increasing effective porosity and decreases with increasing pressure. However, secondary porosity in the form of fracturing increases the bulk permeability of a geologic unit, as well as increasing its sensitivity to effective pressure.
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The locations of the historical oil wells from which the geophysical logs were obtained to calculate the volume of the Clastic Zone 31 brine horizons are shown in Figure 9 and the co-ordinates of the wells located within the project area are shown in Table 5.
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Figure 7: A plot of the Horner Analysis of the flow and build up test for Long Canyon No 2 well.
| Co-Ordinates (UTM) | Co-Ordinates (UTM) | Depth (m) |
CZ31 from (m) |
CZ31 to (m) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northing | Easting | ||||
| SKYLINE UNIT 1 | 4269654 | 610245 | 2,339 | 1,897 | 1,905 |
| LONG CANYON UNIT 2 | 4267637 | 612308 | 2,253 | 1,927 | 1,932 |
| Cane Creek 32-1-25-20 | 4270986 | 610154 | 3,479 | 1,874 | 1,881 |
| GOLD BAR UNIT 2 | 4274508 | 614414 | 2,953 | 2,159 | 2,166 |
| LONG CANYON No 1 | 4268364 | 611636 | 2,480 | 1,835 | 1,841 |
| Big Flat No 2 | 4267478 | 605659 | 2,459 | 1,886 | 1,894 |
| Big Flat No 2 (Pure Oil) | 4266772 | 605490 | 2,382 | 1,915 | 1,918 |
| Hobson USA 1 | 4264099 | 608069 | 2,036 | 1,831 | 1,836 |
| UTAH 2 | 4276336 | 617325 | 2,874 | 1,551 | 1,554 |
| MATTHEW FED 1 | 4269310 | 612087 | 2,119 | 1,717 | 1,723 |
| MATTHEW FED 2 | 4270303 | 611836 | 2,212 | 1,839 | 1,850 |
| COORS USA 1-10LC | 4267776 | 613129 | 2,584 | 1,928 | 1,931 |
| BIG FLAT UNIT 7 | 4270148 | 608230 | 2,376 | 1,931 | 1,938 |
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| Mineral Canyon Fed 1-3 | 4269985 | 604073 | 2,498 | 1,909 | 1,918 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big Rock Fed 1 | 4273747 | 605821 | 2,707 | 2,001 | 2,007 |
| Fed Bartlett Flat 10-27 | 4273027 | 603745 | 2,356 | 1,902 | 1,906 |
| Big Flat Unit 5 | 4272980 | 603792 | 2,208 | 1,896 | 1,903 |
| Big Flat Unit 6 | 4272980 | 603893 | 2,231 | 1,898 | 1,901 |
| WHITE CLOUD 1 | 4267097 | 614879 | 1,845 | 1,835 | 1,841 |
| GOLD BAR UNIT 1 | 4272680 | 610212 | 2,527 | 2,091 | 2,095 |
Table 5: Historic drill holes within or close to the Paradox Brine Project area.
The super-saturated brines, typically with a high density (1.25 - 1.30 g/cm3) have been intersected throughout the clastic zones of the Paradox Basin. Analytical results for lithium to date have been highest (up to 253ppm lithium) in the central to southern area of the project.
Effective Porosity
Effective porosity was measured from core in one well, Big Flat 2 by mercury injection. Test-work was carried out by Core Laboratories, Petroleum Services Division in Houston, Texas. During the mercury injection test, each clean dry sample was immersed in mercury in a pressure-sealed chamber. The pressure of the surrounding mercury was gradually increased from 0 psia up to 55,000 psia. The increasing pressure gradually forced the mercury to intrude into the sample pore spaces and the amount of mercury injected, expressed as a fraction of the sample pore volume, was determined. The relationship of injection pressure to mercury saturation was used to calculate several parameters, including pore throat size distribution, capillary pressure for various fluid systems, and Swanson permeability. The results for the effective porosity test-work are contained in table 6.
| Well | Sample No. | Depth from to(m) | Depth from to(m) | Sample Material |
Test / Analysis | thick(m) | Effective Porosity % |
Geology description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BigFlatNo2 | 277209 | 1914.1 | 1914.4 | Chunk | MICP | 0.30 | 8.2 | Anhydrite andDolomite |
| BigFlatNo2 | 277210 | 1914.4 | 1914.8 | Chunk | MICP | 0.30 | 14.5 | SiltyDolomite |
| BigFlatNo2 | 277211 | 1914.8 | 1915.4 | Chunk | MICP | 0.61 | 19.1 | Sugary dolomite, crumbly |
| BigFlatNo2 | 277212 | 1915.4 | 1916.0 | Chunk | MICP | 0.61 | 6 | Dolomite |
| BigFlatNo2 | 277213 | 1916.0 | 1916.6 | Chunk | MICP | 0.61 | 4.1 | Dolomite |
| no sample | 1916.6 | 1917.2 | mean of either side | 0.61 | 12.35 | |||
| BigFlatNo2 | 277215 | 1917.2 | 1917.8 | Chunk | MICP | 0.61 | 20.6 | Shale |
| no sample | 1917.8 | 1918.4 | meanofeitherside | 0.61 | 20.95 | |||
| BigFlatNo2 | 277217 | 1918.4 | 1919.0 | Chunk | MICP | 0.61 | 21.3 | Shaly dolomite |
| BigFlat No2 | 277218 | 1919.0 | 1919.6 | Chunk | MICP | 0.61 | 4.8 | SiltyAnhydrite |
| **1914.4 ** | 1919.0 | 4.6 | 14.9 |
Table 6: Effective Porosity test-work Big Flat 2.
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Clastic Zone 31 (CZ31) has been previously logged to extend from 1914.1m to 1917.2m. CZ31 is located between two halite/anhydrite units (salt cycles 15 and 16)1 so the examination of the chips here indicated that CZ31 may extend further to at least 1919 based on the geological description of shaly dolomite. The data within this zone is incomplete but the effective porosity for the missing interval has been estimated by averaging the results from either side of the non-sampled intervals. Clastic Zone 31 is considered to extend between zones where anhydrite has been logged and this corresponds to the interval 1914.4m to 1919.0m (highlighted in yellow in table). By estimating the missing intervals, the weighted average of effective porosity over a 4.6m width of CZ31 is 14.9%.
The neutron density log indicated a total porosity for CZ31 in the Big Flat 2 well of 21%. The ratio of total porosity to effective porosity in Big Flat 2 was applied to other data within CZ31 to estimate effective porosity in this clastic zone. Other clastic zones used an estimate of 14%. The other clastic zones are repeat sedimentary sequences with the Paradox Basin so hydraulic properties are assumed to be similar. Results of this can be found in Table 7.
Effective porosity in this case is essentially the same as drainable porosity as the re-entered wells at Cane Creek 32-1, Skyline and Long Canyon No2 all had high pressure flow to the surface with no pumping required.
| Hole Id | Clastic Zone |
Depth **From ** |
Depth To |
Thickness m |
Total Porosity |
Effective Porosity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big Flat Unit 1 Big Flat 2 Big Flat 3 Big Flat Unit 6 Skyline Long Canyon 1 Utah State 16 Matthew Fed 1 Mathew Fed 2 Gold Bar 1 Gold Bar 2 Coors Cane Creek 32-1 Skyline Skyline Skyline |
31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 29 17 19 29 |
1813.6 1914.1 1871.5 1896.5 1895.9 1833.7 1854.7 1716.0 1837.9 2089.7 2158.0 1926.3 1873.9 1642.3 1695.0 1878.0 |
1819.7 1917.2 1874.5 1899.5 1906.2 1839.8 1862.3 1722.1 1844.0 2094.0 2164.7 1929.4 1880.6 1652.0 1706.0 1884.0 |
6.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 10.4 6.1 7.6 6.1 6.1 4.3 6.7 3.0 6.7 9.8 11.0 6.0 |
26.0% 21.0% 31.0% 30.0% 20.1% 24.2% 27.0% 20.0% 18.5% 20.0% 17.5% 25.0% 21.0% 19.3% 20.8% 16.0% |
18.4% 14.9% 22.0% 21.3% 14.2% 17.2% 19.2% 14.2% 13.1% 14.2% 12.4% 17.7% 14.9% 13.7% 14.7% 11.4% |
Table 7: Effective porosity used in resource estimation.
1 Massouth (2012)
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Figure 8: Pressure build up test Long Canyon No 2 Well.
Figure 8 shows the pressure build up test on the Long Canyon No 2 well during re-entry. Once the flow was stopped the pressure build-up occurred quickly.
Sampling and sub-sampling techniques
Anson has re-entered and sampled four wells within the claim area. Table 8 summarises the assay results from the brine analysis. The brine is under pressure so flows to the surface naturally. The Clastic Zone intervals were located through previous hole geophysical logs. Following perforation of the interval to be sampled, a mechanical packer was set below the interval to isolate the brine produced and prevent comingling of a sample. The open intervals were then developed by swabbing. Fluid produced from the swabbing process was collected in approximately 1,000 litre (L) clean, high density polyethylene (HDP) totes. Separation of oil and water occurred within the totes, allowing for decanted samples of the produced brine fluid to be collected from the totes. Samples were collected into clean polyethylene bottles, labelled and packaged on site for shipment analytical laboratories.
Drilling techniques
No drilling was conducted as part of the sample collection. Previously drilled holes targeting different oil and gas producing horizons were utilised to access the clastic zones.
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Figure 9: Anson Claim outlines showing wells used to delineate Clastic Zones.
Criteria used for classification
Anson has re-entered four holes (table 8, highlighted in brown) and collected samples for analytical test-work. These holes were used as the basis for indicated resources. The wells have produced free flowing brine and the samples have been analysed for elements of interest. Resources have been classified as Indicated within 2 km of a sampled clastic zone. Inferred resources are within 4 km of a sampled horizon. This has been increased from the previous 1km and 3km respectively based on the increased number of samples and the continuity grade and effective porosity of overlapping zones around sampled holes. Historic data has now also been included in Indicated resources whereas previously this was only classified as Inferred. Recent sampling conducted by Anson has verified the historic sampling so this is now considered valid for inclusion on the higher confidence classification. Other holes sampled by previous explorers are also included in Table 8.
| Well Name | from_m | to_m | Clastic Zone |
Li_ppm | Br_ppm | I_ppm | B_ppm | Effective Porosity |
Brine Density |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BIG FLAT 1 BIG FLAT 2 BIG FLAT 3 BIG FLAT UNIT 6 UTAH STATE 16-1 GOLD BAR UNIT 1 COORS USA 1-10LC BIG FLAT UNIT 2 |
1,814 1,914 1,871 1,896 1,855 2,090 1,926 1,885 |
1,820 1,917 1,875 1,900 1,862 2,094 1,929 1,893 |
31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 |
173 | 1,150 | 18.4% 14.9% 22.0% 21.3% 19.2% 14.2% 17.7% |
|||
| CANE CREEK 32-1 | 1,667 | 1,678 | 17 | 60 | 4,166 | 31 | 60 | 1.27 |
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| CANE CREEK 32-1 | 1,728 | 1,738 | 19 | 68 | 3,345 | 0 | 114 | 1.27 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CANE CREEK 32-1 | 1,874 | 1,881 | 29 | 107 | 3,932 | 183 | 120 | 1.27 | |
| CANE CREEK 32-1 | 1,922 | 1,926 | 31 | 56 | 4,145 | 96 | 35 | 1.25 | |
| CANE CREEK 32-1 | 1,938 | 1,951 | 33 | 31 | 4,968 | 74 | 2 | 14.0% | 1.16 |
| Cane Creek No. 2 | 1,550 | 1,553 | 31 | 66 | 3,080 | 42 | 660 | ||
| GOLD BAR UNIT 2 | 1,891 | 1,897 | 17 | 6 | 2,550 | 0 | 7 | 1.31 | |
| GOLD BAR UNIT 2 | 2,140 | 2,145 | 29 | 24 | 1,825 | 211 | 51 | 1.25 | |
| GOLD BAR UNIT 2 | 2,158 | 2,165 | 31 | 17 | 680 | 0 | 66 | 12.4% | 1.25 |
| NO. 1 LONG CANYON UNIT NO. 1 USA HOBSON |
1,834 1,659 |
1,840 1,668 |
31 19 |
500 134 |
6,100 1,612 |
300 | 1,260 | 17.2% | 1.37 |
| NO. 2 LONG CANYON UNIT |
1,665 | 1,679 | 17 | 102 | 4,292 | 1,184 | 1.27 | ||
| NO. 2 LONG CANYON UNIT |
1,725 | 1,737 | 19 | 111 | 4,022 | 1,207 | 1.29 | ||
| NO. 2 LONG CANYON UNIT |
1,909 | 1,914 | 29 | 111 | 4,112 | 1,243 | 1.29 | ||
| NO. 2 LONG CANYON UNIT |
1,926 | 1,931 | 31 | 216 | 3,038 | 119 | 687 | 1.29 | |
| NO. 2 LONG CANYON UNIT |
1,970 | 1,974 | 33 | 96 | 882 | 1,039 | 1.29 | ||
| NO. 2 LONG CANYON UNIT |
2,238 | 2,380 | Mississippian | 187 | 3,793 | 1,265 | 7.6% | 1.29 | |
| SKYLINE UNIT 1 | 1,642 | 1,652 | 17 | 61 | 2,595 | 28 | 70 | 1.23 | |
| SKYLINE UNIT 1 | 1,695 | 1,706 | 19 | 146 | 3,462 | 0 | 143 | 1.28 | |
| SKYLINE UNIT 1 | 1,878 | 1,884 | 29 | 164 | 3,508 | 38 | 178 | 1.28 | |
| SKYLINE UNIT 1 | 1,896 | 1,903 | 31 | 183 | 3,652 | 156 | 160 | 14.2% | 1.27 |
| MATTHEW FED 1 MATTHEW FED 2 WHITE CLOUD 2 |
1,716 1,838 1,835 |
1,722 1,849 1,841 |
31 31 31 |
14.2% 13.1% |
1.28 |
Table 8: Assay results of the samples used in the Resource Estimation.
Sample analysis method
Samples taken by Anson from the four re-entry wells were assayed for a series of elements utilising different methodologies at different laboratories. SGS utilized EPA 6010B (ICP-AES) for analysis of cations, and a variety of standard methods for analysis of anions. WETLAB completed density analysis and anions by ion chromatography (EPA Method 300.0) for bromide, chloride, fluoride, and sulphate. WETLAB then subcontracted out the analysis for bromine (via Schoniger Combustion) to Midwest Microlab of Indianapolis, Indiana, and total metals by inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (EPA Method 200.7) for lithium, boron, and magnesium were subcontracted to Asset Laboratories of Las Vegas, Nevada.
The analysis of brines associated with oil and gas can be complex due to the interference of hydrocarbon organics when not properly prepared. Brines present challenges for analysis due the very high concentrations of anions such as calcium, chloride, and magnesium. The high concentrations of these elements drive the need for sample dilution in order to analyse for elements such as boron and lithium which can be anomalously high, yet significantly lower than calcium, chloride and magnesium. The dilution process inherently adds some level of uncertainty to the analysis and can create different analysis results between laboratories. Additionally, further work is required to characterize the in-situ parameters of the brine fluids so that the chemistry effects of changing temperature and pressure can be better understood.
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Assaying methods from historic holes have not been documented. The historic assay results have been sourced from the 1965 publication by Mayhew and Heylman.
Estimation methodology
Grades were estimated by inverse distance squared grade interpolation. A minimum of one and maximum of three wells were used for the estimation. No top cuts were applied to the estimation. A maximum search distance of 11km was used to ensure all blocks in the model were informed with grades, porosity and brine density. A search box was used to eliminate the edge effects of using a search ellipse.
Cut-off grade
No cut-off grades have been applied to the resource reporting.
Mining and metallurgical methods
No mining of metallurgical assumptions or factors have been used in estimating the resource. The resource is reported as an in-situ, contained metal resource. Assumptions have been made regarding effective porosity. Effective porosity values of between 11.4% and 21.3% have been estimated for Clastic Zone 31 and 14% has been assumed for Clastic Zones 17,19,29 and 33 based on test-work applied to Clastic Zone 31. The Mississippian has been sampled with an effective porosity of 7.6% measured. The four wells re-entered and sampled by Anson have all recorded high pressure, free flowing, brine fluids at surface. To date test-work has not required pumping. While high permeabilities were recorded during well testing additional test-work is required to establish effective yield of the CZ31 unit.
Classification
The model has been classified by radius around sampled wells. Indicated resources have been classified within 2 km of a sampled well and inferred resourced within 4 km of a sampled well. The following figures show the resource classification for Clastic Zones 17, 19, 29, 31 and 33, see Figures 10, 11 and 12. The JORC Resource interpretation for the Mississippian Units is shown in Figure 13. The new clastic zones samples have only been classified as Inferred due to the limited drillhole data collected to date, see Figure 14.
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Figure 10: Clastic Zone 31 Resource Classification.
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Figure 11: Clastic Zone 19 Resource Classification.
It can be seen that Clastic Zone 31 has the highest level of resource confidence due to greater levels of sampling and the effective porosity test-work conducted on the Big Flat 2 well.
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Figure 12: The Resource Classification for Clastic Zones 17, 29 and 33.
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Figure 13: The Mississippian Resource Classification.
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Figure 14: Plan showing the 0 to 4km Inferred Area of Influence for the newly assayed Clastic Zones (43, 45 & 47).
Block Model Details
The clastic zones were modelled using stratigraphic data from Massouth (2012). Each of the clastic zones, 17, 19, 29, 31, 33, 43, 45, 47 and the Mississippian were constructed in three dimensions using the top and bottom depths from the drillhole logs in the claim area. Block size was selected to maintain the stratigraphic delineation of each of the clastic units. The well logs extend beyond the claim boundaries, so the vertical positioning of the clastic units was delineated over the entire claim area. A point was placed at the top and bottom of each clastic unit for each well. These points were then used to construct a top and bottom surface for each clastic unit. Estimation was done with inverse distance squared interpolation.
References
Mayhew, E., Heylman, E., Concentrated Sub-surface Brines in the Moab Region, Utah Geol. and Min. Survey, Special Study no. 13, 1965
Fetter, C.W., Applied Hydrogeology (4th Edition); Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 592 p, 1988.
Massoth, T., Well Database and Maps of Salt Cycles and Potash Zones of the Paradox Basin, Utah, Utah Geological Survey, Open File Report 600, 2012
Manger, G.E., Porosity and Bulk Density of Sedimentary Rocks, USGC Bulletin 1144-E, 1963
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This announcement has been authorised for release by the Executive Chairman and CEO.
ENDS
For further information please contact: Bruce Richardson Media and Investor Relations Executive Chairman and CEO James Moses, Mandate Corporate E: [email protected] E: [email protected] Ph: +61 7 3132 7990 Ph: +61 420 991 574 www.ansonresources.com Follow us on Twitter @anson_ir
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About Anson Resources Ltd
Anson Resources (ASX: ASN) is an ASX-listed junior mineral resources company with a portfolio of minerals projects in key demand-driven commodities. Its core asset is the Paradox Lithium Project in Utah, in the USA. Anson is focused on developing the Paradox Project into a significant lithium producing operation. The Company’s goal is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition and development of natural resources that meet the demand of tomorrow’s new energy and technology markets.
Forward Looking Statements: Statements regarding plans with respect to Anson’s mineral projects are forward looking statements. There can be no assurance that Anson’s plans for development of its projects will proceed as expected and there can be no assurance that Anson will be able to confirm the presence of mineral deposits, that mineralisation may prove to be economic or that a project will be developed.
Competent Person’s Statement 1: The information in this announcement that relates to exploration target, mineral resources, exploration results and geology is based on information compiled and/or reviewed by Mr Greg Knox, a member in good standing of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Mr Knox is a geologist who has sufficient experience which is relevant to the style of mineralisation under consideration and to the activity being undertaken to qualify as a “Competent Person”, as defined in the 2012 Edition of the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves and consents to the inclusion in this report of the matters based on information in the form and context in which they appear. Mr Knox is a director of Anson.
Competent Person’s Statement 2 : The information contained in this ASX release relating to Exploration Results and Mineral Resource Estimates has been prepared by Mr Richard Maddocks, MSc in Mineral Economics, BSc in Geology and Grad Dip in Applied Finance. Mr Maddocks is a Fellow of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (111714) with over 30 years of experience. Mr Maddocks has sufficient experience that is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity being undertaken to qualify as a competent person as defined in the 2012 edition of the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.
Mr Maddocks is an independent consultant to Anson Resources Ltd. Mr Maddocks consents to the inclusion in this announcement of this information in the form and context in which it appears. The information in this
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announcement is an accurate representation of the available data from exploration at the Paradox Brine Project.
Information is extracted from reports entitled ‘Anson Obtains a Lithium Grade of 235ppm at Long Canyon No 2’ created on 1 April 2019, ‘Anson Estimates Exploration Target For Additional Zones’ created on 12 June 2019, ‘Anson Estimates Maiden JORC Mineral Resource’ created on 17 June 2019, ‘Anson Re-enters Skyline Well to Increase Br-Li Resource’ created on 19 September 2019, ‘Anson Confirms Li, Br for Additional Clastic Zones’ created on 23 October 2019 and all are available to view on the ASX website under the ticker code ASN. Anson confirms that it is not aware of any new information or data that materially affects the information included in the original market announcement and, in the case of estimates of Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves, that all material assumptions and technical parameters underpinning the estimates in the relevant market announcement continue to apply and have not materially changed. Anson confirms that the form and context in which the Competent Person’s findings are presented have not been materially modified from the original market announcement.
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JORC Code 2012 “Table 1” Report
Section 1 Sampling Techniques and Data
(Criteria in this section apply to all succeeding sections.)
| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Sampling techniques | • Nature and quality of sampling (e.g. cut channels, random chips, or specific specialized industry standard measurement tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as down hole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc.). These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad meaning of sampling. • Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample representivity and the appropriate calibration of any measurement tools or systems used. • Aspects of the determination of mineralization that are Material to the Public Report. • In cases where ‘industry standard’ work has been done this would be relatively simple (e.g. ‘reverse circulation drilling was used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverized to produce a 30 g charge for fire assay’). In other cases more explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralization types (e.g. submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information. |
• Historical oil wells (Gold Bar Unit #2, Cane Creek #32-1-25-20, Skyline Unit 1, and Long Canyon Unit 2) were utilized to access brine bearing horizons for sampling at the Paradox Project. Geophysical logging was completed to determine geologic relationships and guide casing perforation. Once perforated, a downhole packer system was utilized to isolate individual clastic zones and Mississippian Units (production intervals) for sampling. Perforation and packer isolated sampling moved from bottom to top to allow for the use of a single element packer. • Brine fluid samples were discharged from each sample interval to large 1,000 L plastic totes. Samples were drawn from these totes to provide representative samples of the complete volume sampled at each production interval. • The brine samples were collected in clean plastic bottles. Each bottle was marked with the location and sample interval. |
| Drilling Techniques | • Drill type (e.g. core, reverse circulation, open-hole hammer, rotary air blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc.) and details (e.g. core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc.). |
• Standard mud rotary drilling will be utilized to re-enter historical oil wells. The wells had been previously plugged and abandoned in some cases, requiring drill out of cement abandonment plugs. All drilling fluids were flushed from the well casing prior to perforation and sampling activities. • Historical drilling techniques into the Mississippian are not known but the wells were deep exploratory wells accessing oil and gas. |
| Drill Sample Recovery | • Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recoveries and results assessed. • Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples. • Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material. |
• No new drill holes were completed. Therefore, no drill chips, cuttings, or core was available for review. • Drill core from the wells located on the purchased ground had previously been collected and laboratory tested for specific yield etc. • Drilling procedures for well re-entry will only produce cuttings from cement plugs. • Drilling of the new units resulted in cuttings being collected at the same time as the brine sampling was carried out. |
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| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Logging | • Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies. • Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc.) photography. • The total length and percentage of the relevant intersections logged. |
• No new drill holes will be completed. • Cuttings and core samples have been retrieved from UGS and USGS core libraries. • Not all wells were cored, but cuttings were collected. • Cuttings were recovered from mud returns. • Sampling of the targeted horizons will be carried out at the depths interpreted from the historical records and newly completed geophysical logs. • The Mississippian Units and Clastic Zones 17,19,29,31 and 33 will be sampled. |
| Sub-sampling Techniques and Preparation |
• If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core taken. • If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc. and whether sampled wet or dry. • For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique. • Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximize representivity of samples. • Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second- half sampling. • Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled. |
• Bulk brine samples will be collected for potential further analysis. • Core samples were collected in the Long Canyon No 1, Big Flat Unit 1, Big Flat Unit 2 and Big Flat Unit 3 wells from the Mississippian Units. • Cuttings have been saved for most of the wells drilled in the area. |
| • For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique. • Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximize representivity of samples. • Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in-situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second- half sampling. Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled. |
Historic Wells • Sample size and quality were considered appropriate by operators/labs. Re-Entries • Sampling will follow the protocols produced by SRK for lithium brine sampling. • Samples will be collected in IBC containers and samples taken from them. • Duplicate samples kept Storage samples will also be collected and securely stored. • Bulk samples will also be collected for future use. • Sample sizes will be appropriate for the program being completed. |
|
| Quality of Assay Data and Laboratory Tests |
• The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is considered partial or total. • For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF instruments, etc., the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc. • Nature of quality control procedures adopted (e.g. standards, blanks, duplicates, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (i.e. lack of bias) and precision have been established. |
• Analysis of brine fluids were completed at several laboratories including SGS (Applied Technology and Innovative Centre), Empact Laboratories and Enviro-Chem Analytical, Inc. All labs followed a standard QA/QC program that included duplicates, standards, and blind control samples. Future sampling will also be carried out at these laboratories. • The quality control and analytical procedures used by the three analytical laboratories are considered to be of high quality. • The assaying technique for the Big Flat No 2 well in the Mississippian is not known. The sample was assayed by the Ethyl Corporation. • Duplicate and standard analyses are considered to be of acceptable quality. Limited downhole geophysical tools were utilized for orientation within the cased oil wells prior to perforation. These are believed to be calibrated periodically to provide consistent results. |
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| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Verification of Sampling and Assaying |
• The verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative company personnel. • The use of twinned holes. • Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols. • Discuss any adjustment to assay data. |
• Accuracy, the closeness of measurements to the “true” or accepted value, was monitored by the insertion of laboratory certified standards. • Duplicate samples in the analysis chain were submitted as part of the laboratory batch and results are considered acceptable. • Laboratory data reports were verified by theC P. • Historical assays are recorded in Concentrated Subsurface Brines, UGS Special Publication 13, printed in 1965. |
| Location of Data Points | • Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar and down-hole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations used in Mineral Resource estimation. • Specification of the grid system used. • Quality and adequacy of topographic control. |
• The location of historical oil wells within the Paradox Basin is well documented. • Coordinates of historical oil wells utilized for accessing clastic zones for sampling is provided in Table 9-1 of the report. • Re-entries re-surveyed by licensed surveyor. |
| Data Spacing and Distribution |
• Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results. • Whether the data spacing, and distribution is sufficient to establish the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied. • Whether sample compositing has been applied. |
• Data spacing is considered acceptable for a brine sample but has not been used in any Resource calculations. • There has been no compositing of brine samples. |
| Orientation of Data in Relation to Geological Structure |
• Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of possible structures and the extent to which this is known, considering the deposit type. • If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the orientation of key mineralized structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and reported if material. • |
• The Paradox Basin hosts bromine and lithium bearing brines within a sub- horizontal sequence of salts, anhydrite, shale and dolomite. The historical oil wells are vertical (dip -90), perpendicular to the target brine hosting sedimentary rocks. • The Mississippian consist of porous dolomite and limestone units. • Sampling records do not indicate any form of sampling bias for brine samples. |
| Sample Security | • The measures taken to ensure sample security. | • Brine samples previously collected were moved from the drill pad as necessary and secured. • All samples were marked with unique identifiers upon collection. |
| Audits or Reviews | • The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data | • No audits or reviews have been conducted at this point in time. |
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Section 2 Reporting of Exploration Results
(Criteria in this section apply to all succeeding sections.)
| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral Tenement and Land Tenure Status |
• Type, reference name/number, location and ownership including agreements or material issues with third parties such as joint ventures, partnerships, overriding royalties, native title interests, historical sites, wilderness or national park and environmental settings. • The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known impediments to obtaining a license to operate in the area. |
• The Paradox Basin Brine Project is located in southeastern Utah, USA, and encompasses a land position of 23,135 hectares. • The land position is constructed from 2,642 Federal placer mineral claims, and three mineral leases from the State of Utah. • A1 Lithium has 50% ownership of 87 of the 2,434 mineral claims through an earn-in joint venture with Voyageur Mineral Ltd. All other claims and leases are held 100% by Anson’s U.S. based subsidiary, A1 Lithium Inc. • The claims/leases are in good standing, with payment current to the relevant governmental agencies. |
| Exploration Done by Other Parties |
• Acknowledgment and appraisal of exploration by other parties. | • Historical exploration for brines within the Paradox Basin includes only limited work in the 1960s. No brine resource estimates had been completed in the area, nor has there been any historical economic production of bromine or lithium from these fluids. • The historical data generated through oil and gas development in the Paradox Formation has supplied some information on brine chemistry. |
| Geology | • Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralization. | • The geology of the Paradox Formation indicates a restricted marine basin, marked by 29 evaporite sequences. Brines that host bromine and lithium mineralization occur within the saline facies of the Paradox Formation and are generally hosted in the more permeable dolomite sediments. • Controls on the spatial distribution of certain salts (boron, bromine, lithium, magnesium, etc.) within the clastic aquifers of the Paradox Basin is poorly understood but believed to be in part dictated by the geochemistry of the surrounding depositional cycles, with each likely associated with a unique geochemical signature. |
| Drill Hole Information | • A summary of all information material to the understanding of the exploration results including a tabulation of the following information for all Material drill holes: -easting and northing of the drill hole collar -elevation or RL (Reduced Level – elevation above sea level in meters) of the drill hole collar -dip and azimuth of the hole -down hole length and interception depth -hole length. • If the exclusion of this information is justified on the basis that the information is not Material and this exclusion does not detract from the understanding of the report, the Competent Person should clearly explain why this is the case. |
• Four existing oil wells were re-entered and worked at the Paradox Project to collect brine samples. Although these wells may be directional, all wells are vertical (dip -90, azimuth 0 degrees) through the stratigraphy of interest. • Detailed historical files on these oil wells were reviewed to plan the re-entry, workover and sampling activities. • Following geophysical logging to confirm orientation within the cased well, potential production intervals were perforated, isolated and sampled. • The target horizons in the Paradox Formation are approximately 1,800 meters below ground surface. • Data on hundreds of historic wells is contained with a database published by the Utah Geological Survey. Open File Report 600 ‘WELL DATABASE AND MAPS OF SALT CYCLES AND POTASH ZONES OF THE PARADOX BASIN, UTAH’, published in 2012. |
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| Criteria | JORC Code Explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Data Aggregation Methods |
• In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or minimum grade • Brine samples taken in holes were averaged (arithmetic average) without 14 Criteria JORC Code explanation Commentary truncations (e.g. cutting of high grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated. • Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high-grade results and longer lengths of low-grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail. • The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values should be clearly stated. |
• No weighting or cut-off grades have been applied. |
| Relationship Between Mineralization Widths and Intercept Lengths |
• These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of Exploration Results. • If the geometry of the mineralization with respect to the drill hole angle is known, its nature should be reported. • If it is not known and only the down hole lengths are reported, there should be a clear statement to this effect (e.g. ‘down hole length, true width not known’). |
• The sediments hosting the brine aquifer are interpreted to be essentially perpendicular to the vertical oil wells. Therefore, all reported thicknesses are believed to be accurate. • Brines are collected and sampled over the entire perforated width of the zone. • The Mississippian Units are assumed to be porous and permeable over its entire vertical width based on drilling records and core samples. |
| Diagrams | • Appropriate maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of intercepts should be included for any significant discovery being reported These should include, but not be limited to a plan view of drill hole collar locations and appropriate sectional views. |
• A diagram is presented in the text showing the location of the properties and re- entered oil wells. |
| Balanced Reporting | • Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not practicable, representative reporting of both low and high grades and/or widths should be practiced to avoid misleading reporting of Exploration Results. |
• All data generated by A1 Lithium through re-entry, workover, and sampling of historical oil wells has been previously presented. No newly generated data has been withheld or summarized. |
| Other Substantive Exploration Data |
• Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be reported including (but not limited to): geological observations; geophysical survey results; geochemical survey results; bulk samples – size and method of treatment; metallurgical test results; bulk density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; potential deleterious or contaminating substances. |
• All available current exploration data has been presented. |
| Further Work | • The nature and scale of planned further work (e.g. tests for lateral extensions or depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling). • Diagrams clearly highlighting the areas of possible extensions, including the main geological interpretations and future drilling areas, provided this information is not commercially sensitive. |
• The well re-entries and sampling planned will cover the Paradox Formation and Leadville Limestone. • Future well re-entries will focus on wells surrounding the proposed re-entry locations to upgrade future JORC resources. |
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Section 3 Reporting of Mineral Resource Estimates
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Database integrity | • Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, for example, transcription or keying errors, between its initial collection and its use for Mineral Resource estimation purposes. • Data validation procedures used |
• Data has been verified by company personnel. • Historic data used in the estimation has been sourced from Utah Geological Survey publications. • |
| Site visits | • Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent Person and the outcome of those visits. • If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the case. |
• The competent person has not visited site • Other CP’s and consultants who have provided data and information for the estimate were on-site to supervise the wellre-entry, sampling and assaying procedures. |
| Geological interpretation |
• Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of) the geological interpretation of the mineral deposit. • Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made. • The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral Resource estimation. • The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource estimation. • The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology. |
• The geological interpretation, location and depth of the brine bearing units is very well known and documented through the drilling of hundreds of oil and gas wells over the past century. • The Paradox Basin is a large, deep basin containing thousands of metres of sediments containing various levels of oil, gas and brine. The sedimentary layers have been correlated over most, if not all, of the basin. This enables an accurate assessment of the position of the brine unit Clastic Zones 17, 19, 29, 31, 33 and Mississippian. |
| Dimensions | • The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as length (along strike or otherwise), plan width, and depth below surface to the upper and lower limits of the Mineral Resource. |
• The brine bearing units are encountered at depth over the entire Anson claim area. • Available data indicates that the units contains brine throughout its extent within the Anson claims. • The Anson claims cover an area of about 10km x 10km and this entire area has been covered by the estimation. • Within the claim area the brine unit (Clastic Zones 17, 19, 29, 31,33 and Mississippian) are found at vertical depths up to 1500m to 2500m below surface. • The producing unit averages 6m in thickness. |
| Estimation and modelling techniques |
• The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) applied and key assumptions, including treatment of extreme grade values, domaining, interpolation parameters and maximum distance of extrapolation from data points. If a computer assisted estimation method was chosen include a description of computer software and parameters used. • The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or mine production records and whether the Mineral Resource estimate takes appropriate account of such data. • The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products. Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade variables of economic significance (eg sulphur for acid mine drainage characterisation). |
• The brine grades were modelled using inverse distance squared grade interpolation. • A single composite for the producing unit in each well was used to estimate grades. • Lithium, Bromine, Iodine, Boron, porosity and brine density were all modelled where there was data present. • A search box was used to eliminate the edge effect of using a search ellipse. The search box was 8000m x 8000m to ensure all the project area was covered. • Minimum samples used in the estimation was 1 and the maximum was 3. • A total of 202 wells were used to determine the depth and thickness of the brine producing unit. Lithium grades are available for a total of 8 wells, some of which are outside the Anson claims; their grades were interpolated into the Anson claims. • Bromine data was from 7 wells and Iodine from 4. There were 20 density and 20 porositymeasurements. |
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| • In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average sample spacing and the search employed. • Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units. • Any assumptions about correlation between variables. • Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates. |
• The parent block size used was 500m x 500m with sub blocks to 20m x 20m to enable adequate definition of the brine unit. • There is correlation between variables based on the total dissolved solid (TDS) content. • of the brine. |
|
|---|---|---|
| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
| • Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping. • The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drill hole data, and use of reconciliation data if available. |
• Cutting of assays was not appropriate as grade is based on the TDS levels. Mapping of brine saturation levels indicates that the Paradox Basin does contain higher levels of saturation at its deeper centre. • Effective porosity was used Clastic Zone–14% Mississippian–7.6% • The brine is contained within the producing units (Clastic Zones 17, 19, 29, 31, 33, 43, 45, 45, 47 and Mississippian). The contained brine is estimated by multiplying the volume by the effective porosity and then by the brine density. |
|
| Moisture | • Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with natural moisture, and the method of determination of the moisture content. |
• Lithium brine is a liquid resource, moisture content is not relevant. • Density of the brine is approximately 1.2t/m³. Actual measurements of sampled material been used in the estimation. • Tonnages of product equivalent eg lithium carbonate are reported as dry tonnes. |
| Cut-off parameters | • The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied. |
• No cut-off grades were applied. • Based on field observations, the brine density and chemistry is relatively consistent. |
| Mining factors or assumptions |
• Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, minimum mining dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, external) mining • dilution. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential mining methods, but the assumptions made regarding mining methods and parameters when estimating Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the mining assumptions made. • |
• Testwork on re-entering historic wells has indicated that brine can be recovered from the producing unit. • To date four drill wells have been re-entered successfully with pumping tests producing mineral bearing brine. • Two holes, Long Canyon Unit 2 and Cane Creek 32-1 were deepened to provide a brine sample from the Mississippian zone. |
| Metallurgical factors or assumptions |
• The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding metallurgical amenability. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential metallurgical methods, but the assumptions regarding metallurgical treatment processes and parameters made when reporting Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the metallurgical assumptions made. |
• No assumptions regarding the metallurgical or recoverability characteristics of the brine have been assumed in the estimation. • However, lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide has been produced from bench top test-work from recently collected brine samples. |
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| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental factors or assumptions |
• Assumptions made regarding possible waste and process residue disposal options. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider the potential environmental impacts of the mining and processing operation. While at this stage the determination of potential environmental impacts, particularly for a greenfields project, may not always be well advanced, the status of early consideration of these potential environmental impacts should be reported. Where these aspects have not been considered this should be reported with an explanation of the environmental assumptions made. |
• The brine was produced from historic wells with no new drilling taking place except for the Mississippian in No 2 Long Canyon Unit which was deepened to intersect this unit. • No waste products are left on site. • No environmental assumptions were used in this estimation. • Environmental reports are being carried out for future pilot plant processing. |
| Bulk density | • Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the assumptions. If determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, the • frequency of the measurements, the nature, size and representativeness of the samples. • The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by methods that adequately account for void spaces (vugs, porosity, etc), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones within the deposit. • Discuss assumptions for bulk density estimates used in the evaluation process of the different materials. |
• Brine density measurements were based on samples from the pump tests carried out by Anson in 2018 and 2019. • Data was measured in commercial laboratories. • Total Porosity measurements were taken utilising a combination of neutron density logs and sonic logs for the three re-entry holes. Effective porosity was measured using high pressure mercury injection. • Permeability was measured during the well re-entry. Skyline returned 6,543 md (milli darcys) and Long Canyon 1,698 md. These indicate high levels of permeability. • Additional testwork is required to enable accurate estimates of effective or drainable porosity. |
| Classification | • The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into varying confidence categories. • Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant factors (ie relative confidence in tonnage/grade estimations, reliability of input data, confidence in continuity of geology and metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data). • Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person’s view of the deposit. |
• The Mineral Resource estimate is reported here in compliance with the 2012 Edition of the ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’ by the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC). The resource was classified as an Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource based on data quality, sample spacing, and lode continuity. • The recent pump tests carried out by Anson have provided samples with a known provenance and assaying technique. • These assays were used as the basis for the indicated resources. • Indicated Resources are within 2km of the well. • From 2 to 4km the resource is categorised as Inferred. • Outside 4km the brine mineralisation is encompassed in the Exploration Target. • The classification appropriately represents the level of confidence in the contained mineralisation and it reflects the competent persons view of the deposit. |
| Audits or reviews | The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource estimates. | • No audits or review of the Mineral Resource estimate has been conducted. |
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| Criteria | JORC Code explanation | Commentary |
|---|---|---|
| Discussion of relative accuracy/ confidence |
• Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and confidence level in the Mineral Resource estimate using an approach or procedure deemed appropriate by the Competent Person. For example, the application of statistical or geostatistical procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the resource within stated confidence limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of the factors that could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate. • The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnages, which should be relevant to technical and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the procedures used. These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be compared with production data, where available. • |
• The geology and stratigraphy of the Paradox Basin is very well known. • The brine unit the subject of this resource estimation is known to contain super saturated brine at pressure from the drilling of many oil and gas wells. • The resource is reported as in-situ tonnes of mineralisation. • Further testwork is required to enable recoverable volumes of brine to be estimated. • |
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