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A E C I LIMITED Annual Report 2019

Jul 2, 2020

48653_rns_2020-07-02_8a997bcb-e2ef-4940-84ba-ad22bcc0854d.pdf

Annual Report

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ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

CONTENTS

AVAILABILITY OF DOCUMENTS 2
DECLARATION BY THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY 2
PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2
AUDIT COMMITTEE'S REPORT TO STAKEHOLDERS 3
DIRECTORS' REPORTS 6
SHAREHOLDER ANALYSES 9
EXTERNAL AUDITOR'S REPORTS 18
BASIS OF REPORTING AND SIGNIFICANTACCOUNTING POLICIES 21
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 29
ADMINISTRATION 100

AVAILABILITY OF DOCUMENTS

These annual financial statements are available electronically at https://www.aeciworld.com/reports/ar-2019/pdf/full-afs.pdf. The integrated annual report is also available on the Company's website (https://www.aeciworld.com/reports/ar-2019/pdf/full-iar.pdf) as is the Notice of Annual General Meeting of shareholders scheduled to be held on 26 May 2020 (https://www.aeciworld.com/reports/ar-2019/pdf/agm-notice.pdf). Stakeholders are advised that they are entitled to request printed copies of all or any of these documents by contacting the Group Company Secretary, in writing, as follows: EN Rapoo, Group Company Secretary, AECI Ltd, Private Bag X21, Gallo Manor, 2052; [email protected] or [email protected].

DECLARATION BY THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY

I hereby confirm that AECI Ltd has lodged with the Registrar of Companies all such returns in respect of the year under review as are required of a public company in terms of the Companies Act, and that all such returns are, to the best of my knowledge and belief, true, correct and up-to-date.

Nomini Rapoo Group Company Secretary

Woodmead, Sandton 24 February 2020

PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Group consolidated financial statements and the Company financial statements were published on 25 February 2020 and are for the year ended 31 December 2019. These comprise the Audit Committee's report to stakeholders, the Directors' report, the Declaration by the Group Company Secretary, the External Auditor's Report, the Basis of Reporting and Significant Accounting Policies, and the financial statements.

These financial statements have been audited as required by the Companies Act and their preparation was supervised by the Chief Financial Officer, Mr KM Kathan CA(SA), AMP (Harvard).

AUDIT COMMITTEE'S REPORT TO STAKEHOLDERS

Dear stakeholders

This report is provided by the Audit Committee ("the Committee") appointed in respect of the 2019 financial year of AECI Ltd. This report incorporates the requirements of the Companies Act, other regulatory requirements and King IV principles. The Committee's operation is guided by detailed terms of reference that are informed by the Companies Act and King IV and were approved by the Board.

MEMBERSHIP

The Committee was nominated by the Board in respect of the 2019 financial year and its members were confirmed by shareholders at the AGM held on 29 May 2019. Shareholders will be requested to confirm the appointment of the members of the Committee presenting themselves for re-election for the 2020 financial year at the AGM scheduled for 26 May 2020.

The Committee comprises solely Independent Non-executive Directors. Abridged biographies of these Directors are published at:

https://www.aeciworld.com/about-leadership.php

Members in the period were:

  • › PG Sibiya (appointed Chairman on 28 October 2019)
  • › FFT De Buck (appointed on 28 November 2019)
  • › GW Dempster (resigned on 29 May 2019)
  • › G Gomwe (Chairman until 28 October 2019)
  • › AJ Morgan

The Chief Executive, the Chief Financial Officer, the Group Financial Manager, the External Auditor and Internal Audit attend by invitation, as does the Group Tax Manager as required.

Mr Morgan has served on the Committee since 2010. He has indicated his intention to resign from the Board and relinquish all related responsibilities at the upcoming AGM. The Committee thanks him for his service and guidance during his tenure.

Mr Gomwe joined the Committee in 2015 and served as Chairman from September 2017 to October 2019, when Ms Sibiya succeeded him. He remains a Committee member. Ms De Buck was appointed in November 2019.

PURPOSE

The purpose of the Committee is to:

› assist the Board in overseeing the quality and integrity of the Company's integrated reporting process, specifically as it relates to the financial statements, and announcements in respect of the financial results, thereby enhancing the credibility of financial reporting and providing a channel for communication between the Board, the Internal and External Auditors and management;

  • › ensure that an effective control environment in the AECI Group is maintained by supporting the Board in the discharge of its duties relating to the safeguarding of assets, the operation of adequate systems and controls, the integrity of financial statements and reporting and related risk management;
  • › provide the Company's Financial Director, the External Auditor and the Head of Internal Audit with unrestricted access to the Committee and its Chairman, as required, in relation to any matter falling within the remit of the Committee;
  • › meet with the External Auditor, Senior Managers, Executives and Executive Directors as the Committee may elect;
  • › review and recommend to the Company's Board, for approval, the Company's unaudited interim financial results for the half-year to 30 June;
  • › review and recommend to the Company's Board, for approval, the Company's audited financial statements for the financial year to 31 December;
  • › oversee the activities of, and ensure coordination between, the activities of the Internal and External Auditors;

Five meetings were held in the year. Dates and attendance were as follows:

DIRECTOR 22 FEB 22 MAY 16 JUL 1 19 JUL 23 NOV
GW Dempster (resigned from the Committee on 29 May 2019)
MA Dytor*
G Gomwe (Chairman until 28 October 2019)
KM Kathan *
AJ Morgan
PG Sibiya (Chairman from 28 October 2019)

1 Special meeting.

* By invitation.

  • › perform duties that are assigned to it by the Companies Act and as governed by other legislative requirements, including the statutory Audit Committee functions required for some subsidiary companies;
  • › receive and deal with any complaints concerning accounting practices, the Internal Audit function or the content and audit of financial statements or related matters;
  • › conduct annual reviews of the Committee's work and terms of reference and make recommendations to the Board to ensure that the Committee operates at maximum effectiveness; and
  • › assess the performance and effectiveness of the Committee and its members on a regular basis.

In addition, the Chairman of the Committee meets regularly with the Head of Internal Audit without the External Auditor, other Executive Board members or the Company's Financial Director being present.

EXECUTION OF FUNCTIONS

The Committee executed its duties and responsibilities during the 2019 financial year in accordance with its terms of reference as they relate to the Group's accounting, internal auditing, internal control, and integrated reporting practices, specifically relating to the financial statements, and pursuant to the provisions of the JSE Listings Requirements.

During the year under review:

In respect of the External Auditor and the external audit, the Committee among other matters:

  • › nominated Deloitte & Touche as the External Auditor to shareholders for appointment as auditor for the financial year ended 31 December 2019, and ensured that the appointment complied with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements for the appointment of an auditor. The Committee confirms that the auditor is accredited by the JSE;
  • › approved the external audit engagement letter, the audit plan and the budgeted audit fees payable to the External Auditor;
  • › reviewed the audit, evaluated the effectiveness of the auditor, its independence and evaluated the External Auditor's internal quality control procedures;
  • › obtained an annual written statement from the auditor that its independence was not impaired;
  • › obtained assurance that no member of the external audit team was hired by the Company or its subsidiaries during the year;
  • › obtained assurances from the External Auditor that adequate accounting records were being maintained by the Company and its subsidiaries;
  • › applied a policy setting out the categories of non-audit services that the External Auditor may or may not provide, split between permitted, permissible and prohibited services;
  • › approved all non-audit services with Deloitte & Touche from its appointment onwards;

› considered whether any Reportable Irregularities were identified and reported by the External Auditor in terms of the Auditing Profession Act, No. 26 of 2005, and determined that there were none.

The Committee is satisfied with the quality of the external audit in relation to the audit quality indicators.

In respect of the financial statements, the Committee among other matters:

  • › confirmed the going concern as the basis of preparation of the interim and annual financial statements;
  • › reviewed compliance with the financial conditions of loan covenants and determined that the capital of the Company was adequate;
  • › examined and reviewed the interim and annual financial statements, as well as all financial information disclosed to stakeholders, prior to submission to and approval by the Board;
  • › ensured that the financial statements fairly present the financial position of the Company and of the Group as at the end of the financial year and the results of operations and cash flows for the financial year, and considered the basis on which the Company and the Group were determined to be going concerns;
  • › considered accounting treatments, significant unusual transactions and accounting judgements;
  • › considered the appropriateness of the Accounting Policies and adopted any changes thereto;
  • › ensured that the Company has established appropriate financial reporting procedures, and that those procedures are operating effectively;
  • › reviewed the External Auditor's audit report;
  • › reviewed the representation letter relating to the Group financial statements, which was signed by management;
  • › considered any problems identified and reviewed any significant legal and tax matters that could have a material impact on the financial statements; and
  • › met separately with management, the External Auditor and the Head of Internal Audit.

In respect of internal control and Internal Audit, including ad hoc investigations, the Committee among other matters:

  • › reviewed and approved the Internal Audit charter and annual audit plan and evaluated the independence, effectiveness and performance of the Internal Audit function and compliance with its charter;

  • › considered the reports of the Internal Auditor and the External Auditor on the Group's systems of internal control including financial controls, business risk management and the maintenance of effective internal control systems;

  • › received assurance that proper and adequate accounting records were maintained and that the systems safeguarded the assets against unauthorised use or disposal thereof;

  • › reviewed significant issues raised by the internal audit processes and the adequacy of corrective actions in response to significant internal audit findings; and

  • › based on the above, the Committee formed the opinion that there were no material breakdowns in internal control, including financial controls, business risk management and maintenance of effective material control systems.

In respect of risk management and IT, the Committee, insofar as relevant to its functions:

  • › considered the reports of Internal Audit and the External Auditor insofar as these were relevant to risk management and IT and could have an impact on financial controls, and ensured that the related management action plans were adequate;
  • › reviewed the progress made by management on the IT general control environment, which has received significant attention, and agrees that this area is of critical importance to the Group and focus must be maintained to ensure delivery of the enhancements in this key area. This will enable reliance on general IT controls and a more efficient audit approach to be adopted by the External Auditor;
  • › agreed that whilst a formal combined assurance model is not yet in place, embedding and strengthening the strategic and operational risk management environment is a key process to ensure that a solid foundation is laid for the development of a formal combined assurance model; and
  • › reviewed and considered feedback from the Financial Review and Risk Committees' meetings, including those that related to risk management and IT.

In respect of legal and regulatory requirements to the extent that these may have an impact on the financial statements, the Committee:

  • › monitored complaints received via the Group's whistle-blowing service, including complaints or concerns regarding accounting matters, Internal Audit, internal accounting controls, contents of the financial statements, potential violations of the law and questionable accounting or auditing matters; and
  • › considered reports provided by management, Internal Audit and the External Auditor regarding compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.

In respect of the coordination of assurance activities, the Committee reviewed the plans and work outputs of the external and internal auditors and concluded that these were adequate to address all significant financial risks facing the business.

Considered the appropriateness of the experience and expertise of the Chief Financial Officer and Financial Director and his Finance team and concluded that these were appropriate.

Considered the appropriateness of the experience and expertise and the effectiveness of the Head of Internal Audit and concluded that both his experience and expertise were appropriate.

The Committee has noted the following additions to its duties in terms of the JSE Listings Requirements amendment that took effect on 2 December 2019, and will address fulfilment of these duties in its 2020 work plan: to consider all entities included in the consolidated Group IFRS financial statements, to ensure that it has access to all the financial information, to allow the Company to effectively prepare and report on the financial statements of the Group.

CHANGE IN INTERNAL AUDIT MODEL

For the last number of years, the AECI Group's Internal Audit function operated as an in-house resource. The Audit Committee, assisted by the Executive Committee, reviewed this arrangement and concluded that a change to a co-sourcing model was appropriate.

The Group has diversified its geographic footprint extensively in recent years. This has resulted in a corresponding increase in complexity in governance matters such as auditing owing to differences in language, culture and regulatory requirements. As a consequence, the need for in-country specialist knowledge became evident. Accordingly, and at the conclusion of a detailed and rigorous process, PricewaterhouseCoopers ("PwC") was appointed as AECI's co-sourced Internal Audit partner, with effect from 1 October 2019. A core group of Internal Audit Managers remained with AECI and the balance of the team transferred to PwC.

KEY AUDIT MATTER

The Committee noted the key audit matter set out in the External Auditor's Report, as follows:

› the impairment assessment of goodwill amounts and indefinite life intangible assets that arose on the acquisition of Schirm GmbH and Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd.

The Committee has considered and evaluated this matter and is satisfied that it is represented correctly.

INDEPENDENCE OF THE EXTERNAL AUDITOR

The Committee is satisfied that Deloitte & Touche is independent of the Company and the Group after taking the following factors into account:

  • › representations made by Deloitte & Touche to the Committee;
  • › the Committee's review of the performance of the External Auditor and consequently nominated, for approval at the forthcoming AGM, Deloitte & Touche as the External Auditor for the 2020 financial year;
  • › the auditor does not, except as External Auditor or in rendering permitted non-audit services, receive any remuneration or other benefits from the Company (please refer to "Non-Audit Service Fees" below, and the Company's Non-Audit Services Policy, in particular. This is available at https://www.aeciworld.com/pdf/ policies/non-audit-services-policy.pdf;
  • › this is Deloitte & Touche's second year of appointment as External Auditor;
  • › the designated external audit partner has served for the same period; and
  • › in accordance with the criteria specified for independence by the Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors and international regulatory bodies.

NON-AUDIT SERVICE FEES

Deloitte & Touche was nominated as External Auditor by the Committee and appointed as External Auditor by shareholders at the AGM held on 29 May 2019.

Prior to appointment as External Auditor, Deloitte & Touche provided certain non-audit services to the Company. This work included a review of the Group's sustainability reporting, consulting services on the Group's innovation projects (the latter services were phased out in the first half of 2019), advisory services on government incentive programmes (which commenced prior to the appointment as External Auditor and in respect of which Deloitte & Touche no longer provides services) and sundry benchmarking and survey consulting. The auditor's independence was not impaired by this consultancy, advisory or other work undertaken.

All the service assignments still in progress at the time of Deloitte & Touche being appointed as External Auditor have now been completed. All services, other than those carried over and now complete, previously performed which could potentially have impaired the independence of Deloitte & Touche were transferred to other service providers. All new non-audit services performed by Deloitte & Touche during 2019 complied with the Company's Non-Audit Services Policy in terms of the type of service provided as well as the quantum thereof. The Committee, in line with this Policy, approved all non-audit services performed by Deloitte & Touche during the year. All non-audit services are pre-approved by Deloitte & Touche in accordance with their independence policy framework.

ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Following the review by the Committee of the annual financial statements of AECI Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2019, the Committee is of the view that in all material respects they comply with the relevant provisions of the Companies Act and IFRS and fairly present the Group and Company financial position at that date and the results of operations and cash flows for the year then ended.

Having met its obligations, the Committee recommended the annual financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2019 for approval to the AECI Board on 24 February 2020.

The Board has approved this report, which will be open for discussion at the forthcoming AGM.

On behalf of the Audit Committee

Philisiwe Sibiya Chairman

Woodmead, Sandton 24 February 2020

DIRECTORS' REPORT

The Directors have pleasure in submitting their report together with the consolidated and separate financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2019.

NATURE OF BUSINESS

PROFILE AND STRATEGY

AECI is a diversified Group of 16 companies. It has regional and international businesses in Africa, Europe, Asia's South Eastern region, North America, South America and Australia. Products and services are provided to a broad spectrum of customers in the mining, water treatment, plant and animal health, food and beverage, infrastructure and general industrial sectors.

The Group's strategy is to be the supplier of choice in the markets in which it operates and to continue to grow domestically as well as through ongoing expansion of its footprint within the geographies and markets served. In line with this strategy, businesses are managed in five growth pillars: Mining Solutions (AEL Intelligent Blasting, Experse and Senmin), Water & Process (ImproChem), Plant & Animal Health (Nulandis and Schirm), Food & Beverage (Lake Foods and Southern Canned Products), and Chemicals (Chemfit, Chemical Initiatives, ChemSystems, Industrial Oleochemical Products, Much Asphalt and SANS Technical Fibers). Included in this pillar is the Specialty Minerals South Africa joint venture.

These pillars are AECI's key operating segments.

AECI also has a property division, Acacia Real Estate. Its main activities are the management of the Company's leasing portfolio and the provision of services at the Umbogintwini Industrial Complex in KwaZulu-Natal. Together with Head Office support functions, including the treasury, Acacia Real Estate constitutes the Group's sixth reporting segment, namely Property & Corporate.

All business activities are underpinned by the Group's BIGGER values — of being Bold, Innovative, Going Green and being Engaged and Responsible.

MINING SOLUTIONS

These businesses provide a mine-to-mineral solution for the mining sector internationally. The offering includes surfactants for explosives manufacture, commercial explosives, initiating systems and blasting services right through the value chain to chemicals for ore beneficiation and tailings treatment.

WATER & PROCESS

ImproChem provides integrated water treatment and process chemicals, and equipment solutions, for a diverse range of applications in Africa. These include, inter alia, public and industrial water, desalination and utilities.

PLANT & ANIMAL HEALTH

Nulandis manufactures and supplies an extensive range of crop protection products, plant nutrients and services for the agricultural sector in Africa.

Schirm, based in Germany, is a contract manufacturer of agrochemicals and fine chemicals with a European and US footprint. It is the premier provider of external agrochemical formulation services in Europe.

FOOD & BEVERAGE

The businesses in this pillar supply ingredients and commodities to the dairy, beverage, wine, meat, bakery, health and nutrition industries.

The other main activity is the manufacture and distribution of a broad range of juice-based products and drinks, including formulated compounds, fruit concentrate blends and emulsions.

CHEMICALS

AECI's Chemicals businesses supply chemical raw materials and related services for use across a broad spectrum of customers in the manufacturing, infrastructure and general industrial sectors, mainly in South Africa and in other Southern African countries. SANS Technical Fibers is based in the USA.

AECI was registered as a company in South Africa in 1924 and has been listed on the JSE since 1966. The Company reported a profit for the year ended 31 December 2019 of R1,3 billion after tax. At the end of 2019 its market capitalisation was R13 billion and it had 7 506 employees.

INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, THE DIRECTOR OF A MAJOR SUBSIDIARY, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND PRESCRIBED OFFICERS IN ORDINARY SHARES

At 31 December 2019 the Directors, the Director of a major subsidiary (viz. AECI Mining Solutions Ltd), the Group Company Secretary and the Prescribed Officers had direct beneficial interests in the Company's ordinary share capital as set out on the facing page. None of their associates (as defined in terms of the JSE Listings Requirements) had any interests. No individual's direct beneficial interests changed between the end of the financial year and the publication of the annual financial statements on 25 February 2020 and none of them have any interests in the Company's preference shares.

No Non-executive Director has been granted options or shares. The Executive Directors, the Director of AECI Mining Solutions, the Group Company Secretary and the Prescribed Officers have been issued long-term incentive benefits as disclosed in note 31 to the financial statements.

BORROWING POWERS

In terms of its MOI the Company has unlimited borrowing powers.

INTERESTS IN ORDINARY SHARES

2019Direct 2019Indirect 2018Direct 2018Indirect
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
MA Dytor 105 097 83 291
KM Kathan 94 814 78 873
199 911 162 164
DIRECTOR OF AECI MINING SOLUTIONS LTD,A MAJOR SUBSIDIARY
EE Ludick 9 250 8 240
9 250 8 240
Prescribed Officers
MVK Matshitse * 13 364
DK Murray 10 487 5 639
DJ Mulqueeny 8 578
19 065 19 003
GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY
EN Rapoo 8 223 4 145
8 223 4 145
236 449 193 552

* Retired on 31 January 2019.

GOING CONCERN

The financial statements have been prepared using appropriate accounting policies, supported by reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates. The Directors are of the opinion that the Company and its subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates have adequate resources to continue as going concerns in the foreseeable future.

SHARE CAPITAL AND SHARE PREMIUM

The issued share capital of the Company is 121 829 083 listed ordinary shares of R1 each (2018: 121 829 083 shares), 10 117 951 unlisted redeemable convertible B ordinary shares of no par value (2018: 10 117 951 shares) and 3 000 000 listed 5,5% cumulative preference shares of R2 each (2018: 3 000 000 shares).

STRATE

The dematerialisation of the Company's issued shares commenced in July 2001. Shares still in paper form are no longer good for delivery and will need to be dematerialised before participation in any transaction.

Shareholders may direct any enquiries in this regard to the Company's Transfer Secretaries on telephone number +27 (0) 861 100 950 in South Africa, or +44 (0) 870 889 3176 in the United Kingdom.

An interim ordinary cash dividend of 156 cents was declared on 23 July 2019 and was paid on 2 September 2019.

A final ordinary cash dividend of 414 cents was declared on 24 February 2020 and will be paid on 6 April 2020.

Preference share dividends were paid on 14 June 2019 and on 13 December 2019. See note 26 to the financial statements for details in this regard.

CHANGES TO THE BOARD

The following changes in Non-executive Directors were announced during the year:

RESIGNATIONS

  • › Mr Graham Dempster, with effect from 30 September 2019;
  • › Ms Zellah Fuphe, with effect from 26 November 2019.

APPOINTMENTS

  • › Ms Fikile De Buck, with effect from 1 June 2019;
  • › Messrs Steve Dawson and Walter Dissinger, with effect from 1 January 2020.

DIRECTORATE AND SECRETARY

Details of the Directorate and Secretary of the Company are available at:

https://www. aeciworld.com/about-leadership.php

In terms of the Company's MOI Mr KM Kathan, Dr KDK Mokhele and Adv R Ramashia retire by rotation at the forthcoming AGM and, being eligible, offer themselves for re-election.

As already indicated, Ms De Buck was appointed to the Board on 1 June 2019 and the appointments of Messrs Dawson and Dissinger took effect on 1 January 2020, after the reporting date.

MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS

Details of the interests of shareholders who hold beneficial interests equal to or in excess of 5% of the Company's ordinary share capital are included in note 13 to the financial statements.

SPECIAL RESOLUTIONS

The Company passed the following resolutions at the AGM held on 29 May 2019:

    1. to approve the annual fees payable by the Company to its Non-executive Directors;
    1. to grant the Directors a general authority to repurchase the Company's issued shares; and
    1. to grant the Directors the authority to cause the Company to provide financial assistance to any company or other legal entity which is related or inter-related to the Company.

MATERIAL CHANGES

There have been no material changes in the financial or trading position of the Company and its subsidiaries since 31 December 2019.

REGULATORY INTERACTION

The Group is involved in various legal proceedings and is in consultation with its legal counsel, assessing the outcome of these proceedings on an ongoing basis. As proceedings progress, the Group's management makes provision in respect of legal proceedings where appropriate. Litigations, current or pending, are not likely to have a material adverse effect on the Group.

INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, DIRECTORS OF MAJOR SUBSIDIARIES, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND PRESCRIBED OFFICERS

During 2019 no contracts were entered into in which the above individual/s had an interest and which significantly affected the business of the Group. The same individual/s had no interests in any third party or company responsible for managing any of the business activities of the Group.

REMUNERATION AND EMPLOYEE INCENTIVE PARTICIPATION SCHEMES

Full details regarding the remuneration and participation in the Group's long-term incentive schemes by the Company's Executive Directors, the Director of a major subsidiary, the Group Company Secretary and Prescribed Officers are disclosed in note 31 to the financial statements.

DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITY STATEMENT

The Directors accept full responsibility for the accuracy of the information given and certify that, to the best of their knowledge and belief:

  • › there are no facts that have been omitted which would make any statement false or misleading;
  • › all reasonable enquiries to ascertain such facts have been made; and
  • › this statement contains all information required by law and the JSE Listings Requirements.

The Directors acknowledge that their responsibility includes:

  • › ensuring that internal controls relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, are appropriately designed, implemented and maintained;
  • › selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies; and
  • › making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances.

The Directors' responsibility also includes ensuring that adequate accounting records and an effective system of risk management are maintained.

After giving due, careful and proper consideration to these responsibilities, the Directors believe that their obligations under this statement have been met.

APPROVAL OF CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated and separate annual financial statements of the Company were approved by the Board of Directors on 24 February 2020 and were signed on that date by:

Mark Dytor Mark Kathan Chief Executive Chief Financial Officer

Woodmead, Sandton 24 February 2020

SHAREHOLDER ANALYSES

1. ANALYSIS OF REGISTERED ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS AND COMPANY SCHEMES

Source: J.P. Morgan Cazenove

ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS

REGISTERED SHAREHOLDER SPREAD

In accordance with the JSE Listings Requirements, the following table confirms that on 27 December 2019 the spread of registered shareholders, as detailed in the integrated report and accounts, was:

Numberof holders % of totalshareholders Numberof shares % ofissued capital
SHAREHOLDER SPREAD
1 – 1 000 shares 3 916 69,93 1 146 681 0,94
1 001 – 10 000 shares 1 131 20,20 3 486 716 2,86
10 001 – 100 000 shares 381 6,80 13 174 987 10,81
100 001 – 1 000 000 shares 154 2,75 53 727 912 44,11
1 000 001 shares and above 18 0,32 50 292 787 41,28
TOTAL 5 600 100,00 121 829 083 100,00

PUBLIC AND NON-PUBLIC SHAREHOLDINGS

Within the shareholder base, we are able to confirm the split between public shareholdings the holdings of Directors1/Company-related schemes as being:

Numberof holders % of totalshareholders Numberof shares % ofissued capital
SHAREHOLDER TYPE
Public 5 592 99,86 109 707 935 90,05
Non-public 8 0,14 12 121 148 9,95
Treasury 1 0,02 11 884 699 9,76
Directors1/related holdings 7 0,13 236 449 0,19
TOTAL 5 600 100,00 121 829 083 100,00

1 Includes Company Directors, the Director of a major subsidiary, the Group Company Secretary and Principal Officers.

2. SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL INTERESTS

SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL INTERESTS ABOVE 3%

Through regular analysis of STRATE registered holdings, and pursuant to the provisions of section 56 of the Companies Act, the following shareholders held directly and indirectly equal to or in excess of 3% of the issued share capital as at 27 December 2019:

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SHAREHOLDINGS Total
shareholding % of
(number of shares) issued capital
INVESTMENT MANAGER
Allan Gray 18 008 013 14,78
PIC 11 955 154 9,81
PSG Asset Management 11 151 112 9,15
Kagiso Asset Management 7 237 542 5,94
Dimensional Fund Advisors 5 306 921 4,36
AECI Community Education and Development Trust 4 426 604 3,63
Investec Asset Management 4 059 837 3,33
The Vanguard Group 3 821 460 3,14
Sanlam Investment Management 3 770 162 3,09
TOTAL 69 736 805 57,24

2. SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL INTERESTS CONTINUED

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SHAREHOLDING POSITIONS ABOVE 3% WITH 12-MONTH CHANGE

shareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital
Government Employees Pension Fund ("PIC") 11 603 556 9,52
Allan Gray Balanced Funds 5 662 971 4,65
PSG Flexible Fund 4 907 426 4,03
AECI Community Education and Development Trust 4 426 604 3,63
TOTAL 26 600 557 21,83

BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDING POSITIONS ABOVE 3% WITH 12-MONTH CHANGE

2. SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL INTERESTS CONTINUED

PREVIOUSLY DISCLOSED HOLDINGS

INVESTMENT MANAGERS NOW HOLDING BELOW 3%

Total
shareholding % of
(number of shares) issued capital Previous %
INVESTMENT MANAGERN/A
TOTAL
BENEFICIAL OWNERS NOW HOLDING BELOW 3%
Totalshareholding % of
(number of shares) issued capital Previous %
BENEFICIAL OWNER
N/A
TOTAL

3. GEOGRAPHIC SPLIT OF ORDINARY SHAREHOLDERS

GEOGRAPHIC SPLIT OF INVESTMENT MANAGERS AND COMPANY-RELATED HOLDINGS

Totalshareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital
REGION
South Africa 83 679 128 68,69
USA and Canada 18 257 860 14,99
United Kingdom 2 396 189 1,97
Rest of Europe 1 252 119 1,03
Rest of the world 16 243 787 13,32
TOTAL 121 829 083 100,00

GEOGRAPHIC SPLIT OF BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDERS Total

shareholding % of
(number of shares) issued capital
REGION
South Africa 83 859 722 68,83
USA and Canada 17 734 453 14,56
United Kingdom 2 020 143 1,66
Rest of Europe 2 698 115 2,21
Rest of the world 15 516 650 12,74
TOTAL 121 829 083 100,00

4. SHAREHOLDER CATEGORIES

An analysis of beneficial shareholdings, supported by the section 56 enquiry process, confirmed the following beneficial shareholder types:

BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDER CATEGORIES Total
shareholding(number of % of issued
shares) capital
CATEGORY
Unit trusts/mutual funds 51 471 937 42,25
Pension funds 33 084 447 27,16
Black Economic Empowerment 5 596 271 4,59
Insurance companies 3 464 474 2,84
Private investor 3 290 563 2,70
Trading position 1 969 683 1,62
Exchange-traded fund 902 427 0,74
Custodians 695 615 0,57
Hedge fund 481 276 0,40
University 418 853 0,34
Medical aid scheme 418 393 0,34
Sovereign wealth 352 161 0,29
Local authority 239 467 0,20
Charity 228 980 0,19
Private equity 73 688 0,06
Remainder 19 140 848 15,71
TOTAL 121 829 083 100,00

BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDERS SPLIT BY CATEGORY (%)

42,2527,16 Unit trustsPension funds
4,59 Black Economic Empowerment
2,84 Insurance companies
2,70 Private investor
1,62 Trading position
18,47 Remainder

5. ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT STYLES

Analysis into institutional attributes broadly indicates the following split of investment approach within the shareholder base:

ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT STYLES (%)

18,55 Value
18,32 Index
15,35 Deep value
13,60 Growth1,14Growth at a reasonable price ("GARP")12,46 Growth excluding GARP
8,13 Quantitative
4,59 Black Economic Empowerment
2,81 Hedge fund
2,09 Trading position
1,85 Retail
14,71 Remainder

1. ANALYSIS OF REGISTERED PREFERENCE SHAREHOLDERS

Source: J.P. Morgan Cazenove

PREFERENCE SHAREHOLDERS

REGISTERED SHAREHOLDER SPREAD

In accordance with the JSE Listings Requirements, the following table confirms that on 27 December 2019 the spread of registered shareholders, as detailed in the integrated report and accounts, was:

Number ofholders % of totalshareholders Number ofshares % of issuedcapital
SHAREHOLDER SPREAD
1 – 1 000 shares 22 12,29 8 147 0,29
1 001 – 10 000 shares 116 64,80 576 986 20,38
10 001 – 100 000 shares 39 21,79 1 185 837 41,89
100 001 – 1 000 000 shares 2 1,12 1 059 852 37,44
1 000 001 shares and above
TOTAL 179 100 2 830 822 100

There are no non-public holders of preference shares.

2. SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL INTERESTS

SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL INTERESTS ABOVE 3%

Through regular analysis of STRATE registered holdings, and pursuant to the provisions of section 56 of the Companies Act, the following shareholders held directly and indirectly equal to or in excess of 3% of the issued share capital as at 27 December 2019:

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SHAREHOLDINGS Totalshareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital
INVESTMENT MANAGER
Gingko Investments No. 2 808 334 28,55
Philip Schock Char and Educational Trust 290 000 10,24
Legae Peresec 95 427 3,37
Monro Family Trust 92 491 3,28
TOTAL 1 286 252 45,44

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SHAREHOLDING POSITIONS ABOVE 3% WITH 12-MONTH CHANGE

2. SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND BENEFICIAL INTERESTS CONTINUED

BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDINGS

Totalshareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital
BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDINGS
Gingko Investments No. 2 808 334 28,55
Philip Schock Char and Educational Trust 290 000 10,24
Legae Peresec 95 427 3,37
Monro Family Trust 92 491 3,28
TOTAL 1 286 252 45,44

BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDING POSITIONS ABOVE 3% WITH 12-MONTH CHANGE

PREVIOUSLY DISCLOSED HOLDINGS

INVESTMENT MANAGERS NOW HOLDING BELOW 3%

Totalshareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital Previous %
INVESTMENT MANAGERN/A
TOTAL
BENEFICIAL OWNERS NOW HOLDING BELOW 3% Totalshareholding % Previous %
BENEFICIAL OWNERN/A

TOTAL — — —

3. GEOGRAPHIC SPLIT OF PREFERENCE SHAREHOLDERS

GEOGRAPHIC SPLIT OF INVESTMENT MANAGERS

Totalshareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital
REGION
South Africa 2 779 431 98,18
USA and Canada
United Kingdom
Rest of Europe 8 480 0,30
Rest of the world 42 911 1,52
TOTAL 2 830 822 100,00

GEOGRAPHIC SPLIT OF BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDERS

Totalshareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital
REGION
South Africa 2 794 953 98,73
USA and Canada
United Kingdom
Rest of Europe 8 480 0,30
Rest of the world 27 389 0,97
TOTAL 2 830 822 100,00

4. SHAREHOLDER CATEGORIES

An analysis of beneficial shareholdings, supported by the section 56 enquiry process, confirmed the following beneficial shareholder types:

BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDER CATEGORIES

Totalshareholding(number of shares) % ofissued capital
CATEGORY
Private investor 1 800 870 63,62
Trading position 95 427 3,37
Charity 22 000 0,78
Custodians 8 480 0,30
Unclassified 904 045 31,93
TOTAL 2 830 822 100,00

4. SHAREHOLDER CATEGORIES CONTINUED

BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDERS SPLIT BY CATEGORY

  • 63,62 Private investor
  • 3,37 Trading position
  • 0,78 Charity
  • 0,30 Custodians
  • 31,93 Unclassified

5. ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT STYLES

Analysis into institutional attributes broadly indicates the following split of investment approach within the shareholder base:

ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT STYLES

4,152,62 60,08 RetailTrading positionGrowth0,04Growth at a reasonable price ("GARP")2,58Growth excluding GARP
0,96 Value
0,30 Custody
31,89 Unclassified

EXTERNAL AUDITOR'S REPORT

TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF AECI LTD

REPORT ON THE AUDIT OF THE CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Opinion

We have audited the consolidated and separate financial statements of AECI Ltd and its subsidiaries ("the Group") set out on pages 21 to 99, which comprise the statements of financial position as at 31 December 2019, and the income statements and statements of comprehensive income, the statements of changes in equity and the statements of cash flows for the year then ended, and the notes to the financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies.

In our opinion, the consolidated and separate financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated and separate financial position of the Group as at 31 December 2019, and its consolidated and separate financial performance and its consolidated and separate cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards and the requirements of the Companies Act of South Africa.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing ("ISAs"). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Group in accordance with the sections 290 and 291 of the Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors' Code of Professional Conduct for Registered Auditors (Revised January 2018), parts 1 and 3 of the Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors' Code of Professional Conduct for Registered Auditors (Revised November 2018) (together with the IRBA codes) and other independence requirements applicable to performing audits of financial statements in South Africa. We have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities, as applicable, in accordance with the IRBA Codes and in accordance with other ethical requirements applicable to performing audits in South Africa. The IRBA Codes are consistent with the corresponding sections of the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants' Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants and the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants' International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (including International Independence Standards) respectively. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Key audit matter

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit of the consolidated and separate financial statements for the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the consolidated and separate financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. The key audit matter applies to the consolidated financial statements and there is no key audit matter for the separate financial statements.

KEY AUDIT MATTER HOW THE MATTER WAS ADDRESSED IN THE AUDIT

Impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets that arose on the acquisitions of Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd ("Much") and Schirm GmbH ("Schirm")

As disclosed in notes 4 and 5, the Group's goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets in respect of the acquisition in 2018 of Much and Schirm is as follows:

R millions Much Schirm
Goodwill 1 531 317
Brands* 64 80
Total 1 595 397

* Indefinite life intangible assets.

IAS 36 Impairment of assets ("IAS 36") requires assets that are not subject to amortisation, such as goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets to be assessed for impairment annually, irrespective of whether any impairment indicators exist.

The Directors performed an impairment assessment over the goodwill balances and brands by assessing the recoverable amount through the determination of the value-in-use amounts and comparing these to the carrying amounts. The value-in-use for the Much and Schirm group of cash generating units ("CGUs") was calculated using a discounted cash flow model.

Goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets were not considered impaired by the Directors in the current year.

Our audit procedures included the following:

  • › We assessed the design and implementation of key controls on management's budgeting and forecasting approval process;
  • › We focused our detailed testing of the review of impairment of the Much and Schirm goodwill on the key assumptions and inputs made by the Directors;
  • › Engaged our internal corporate finance specialists to assist with evaluating whether the value-in-use model used by Directors complies with the requirements of IAS 36;
  • › Engaged our internal corporate finance specialists to assist with validating the assumptions used to calculate the discount rates and recalculating these rates;
  • › Analysed and robustly challenged the revenue growth rates with reference to the budgets and the probability of achieving targets in the future;
  • › Tested the forecasts with reference to historical performance; and
  • › Reviewed the appropriateness of the disclosure in the financial statements.

KEY AUDIT MATTER HOW THE MATTER WAS ADDRESSED IN THE AUDIT

Impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets that arose on the acquisitions of Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd ("Much") and Schirm GmbH ("Schirm") continued

We considered the Goodwill and Brands impairment assessment of Much and Schirm to be a matter of most significance and a key audit matter due to:

  • › Their combined significant value to the Group's asset value;
  • › The acquisitions are recent to the Group and acquired in 2018; and
  • › Significant management judgement is applied along with significant estimation by the Directors in determining the value-in-use of the CGUs and selecting the appropriate key inputs of:
    • » revenue growth rates; and
    • » discount rates.

For both Much and Schirm, the revenue growth rates appear optimistic; however, these were within the acceptable range. The discount rates were at the lower end of the acceptable ranges.

The assumptions utilised were acceptable in the context of arriving at a conclusion in respect of the audit as a whole.

We have reviewed the disclosures in note 4 and 5 to the financial statements which contain the key assumptions utilised and the sensitivities which could arise should these assumptions vary and we consider these to be appropriate.

OTHER INFORMATION

The Directors are responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the Directors' Report, the Audit Committee's Report and the Declaration by the Group Company Secretary as required by the Companies Act of South Africa, which we obtained prior to the date of this report, and the Integrated Report, which is expected to be made available to us after that date. The other information does not include the consolidated and separate financial statements and our Auditor's Report thereon.

Our opinion on the consolidated and separate financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express an audit opinion or any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the consolidated and separate financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the consolidated and separate financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If, based on the work we have performed on the other information that we obtained prior to the date of this Auditor's Report, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIRECTORS FOR THE CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Directors are responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated and separate financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards and the requirements of the Companies Act of South Africa, and for such internal control as the Directors determine is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated and separate financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the consolidated and separate financial statements, the Directors are responsible for assessing the Group's and Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Directors either intend to liquidate the Group and/or Company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

AUDITOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AUDIT OF THE CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated and separate financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an Auditor's Report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these consolidated and separate financial statements.

As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs, we exercise professional judgement and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also:

  • › Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated and separate financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
  • › Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group's and Company's internal control.
  • › Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by the Directors.
  • › Conclude on the appropriateness of the Directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting and based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Group's and Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our Auditor's Report to the related disclosures in the consolidated and separate financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our Auditor's Report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Group and/or the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.

ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019 19

  • › Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the consolidated and separate financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the consolidated financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
  • › Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business activities within the Group to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and performance of the Group audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion.

We communicate with the Audit Committee regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

We also provide the Audit Committee with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.

From the matters communicated with the Audit Committee, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our Auditor's Report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.

REPORT ON OTHER LEGAL AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

In terms of the IRBA Rule published in Government Gazette No. 39475 dated 4 December 2015, we report that Deloitte & Touche has been the auditor of AECI Ltd for two years.

Deloitte & Touche Registered Auditor Per: Patrick Ndlovu Partner

24 February 2020

Buildings 1 and 2, Deloitte Place The Woodlands, Woodlands Drive Woodmead, Sandton

Private Bag X6, Gallo Manor, 2052 South Africa

BASIS OF REPORTING AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

REPORTING ENTITY

AECI Ltd ("the Company") is a public company domiciled in South Africa. The address of the Company's registered office is the First Floor, AECI Place, 24 The Woodlands, Woodlands Drive, Woodmead, Sandton. The consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended 31 December 2019 comprise the Company and its subsidiaries (together referred to as "the Group" and individually as "Group entities" or "business entities") and the Group's interest in associates and joint arrangements. The Group operates in six operating segments: Mining Solutions, Water & Process, Plant & Animal Health, Food & Beverage, Chemicals, and Property & Corporate. Refer to note 32 for further details.

BASIS OF PREPARATION

Statement of compliance

The Group financial statements and the Company financial statements have been prepared in compliance with IFRS, and interpretations of those Standards as adopted by the IASB, the SAICA Financial Reporting Guides issued by the Accounting Practices Committee, Financial Pronouncements as issued by the Financial Reporting Standards Council, the JSE Listings Requirements and in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act.

The following accounting standards, interpretations and amendments to published accounting standards, which are relevant to the Group but not yet effective, have not been adopted in the current year and will be applied in the reporting period in which they become effective:

IFRS 10 and IAS 28 (amendments) Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture — The amendments to these standards deal with situations where there is a sale or contribution of assets between an investor and its associate or joint venture. Specifically, the amendments state that gains or losses resulting from the loss of control of a subsidiary that does not contain a business in a transaction with an associate or a joint venture that is accounted for using the equity method, are recognised in the parent's profit or loss only to the extent of the unrelated investors' interests in that associate or joint venture.

Similarly, gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of investments retained in any former subsidiary (that has become an associate or a joint venture that is accounted for using the equity method) to fair value are recognised in the former parent's profit or loss only to the extent of the unrelated investors' interests in the new associate or joint venture.

The effective date of the amendments has yet to be set by the IASB; however, earlier application of the amendments is permitted. The Group anticipates that the application of these amendments may have an impact on the Group's financial results in future periods should such transactions arise.

› Amendments to IFRS 3 Definition of a business — The amendments to this standard clarify that while businesses usually have outputs, outputs are not required for an integrated set of activities and assets to qualify as a business. To be considered a business an acquired set of activities and assets must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs.

Additional guidance is provided that helps to determine whether a substantive process has been acquired.

The amendments introduce an optional concentration test that permits a simplified assessment of whether an acquired set of activities and assets is not a business. Under the optional concentration test, the acquired set of activities and assets is not a business if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar assets.

The amendments are applied prospectively to all business combinations and asset acquisitions for which the acquisition date is on or after the first annual reporting period beginning on or after 1 January 2020, with early application permitted.

› Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8 Definition of material — The amendments to these standards are intended to make the definition of material in IAS 1 easier to understand and are not intended to alter the underlying concept of materiality in IFRS Standards. The concept of "obscuring" material information with immaterial information has been included as part of the new definition.

The threshold for materiality influencing users has been changed from "could influence" to "could reasonably be expected to influence".

The definition of material in IAS 8 has been replaced by a reference to the definition of material in IAS 1. In addition, the IASB amended other Standards and the Conceptual Framework that contain a definition of material or refer to the term "material" to ensure consistency.

The amendments are applied prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020, with earlier application permitted.

BASIS OF MEASUREMENT

The Group financial statements and the Company financial statements have been prepared on the going concern basis using the historical cost convention, except for available-for-sale financial assets, contingent consideration, pension fund employer surplus accounts and post-retirement medical aid obligation liabilities which are measured at fair value. Equity-settled share-based payments are measured at fair value at the grant date.

FUNCTIONAL AND PRESENTATION CURRENCY

The Group financial statements and the Company financial statements have been prepared in South African rand, which is the Company's functional currency. All the financial information has been rounded to the nearest millions of rand, except where otherwise stated.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The significant accounting policies of the Group, as set out herein, have been applied consistently throughout the Group and are consistent with those followed in the prior year in all material respects, except to the extent that these have been affected by the adoption of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the Company also applies all of the Group's accounting policies.

BASIS OF CONSOLIDATION

Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are those entities controlled by the Company. An investor controls an investee when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.

The Group financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. The results of subsidiaries, including those acquired or disposed of during the year, are included from the dates control commenced and up to the dates control ceased. Inter-Group transactions and balances between Group entities, as well as any unrealised income and expenditure arising from such transactions, are eliminated on consolidation. Non-controlling interests in the net assets of subsidiaries are identified separately from the Group's equity therein.

The non-controlling interest, which represents the present ownership interests and would entitle shareholders to a proportionate share of the entity in the event of liquidation, is measured at the non-controlling interest's proportional share of the acquiree's identifiable net assets. Subsequent profits or losses, and each component of other comprehensive income, are attributed to non-controlling interest even if it results in the non-controlling interest having a deficit balance. All other components of non-controlling interest are measured at their acquisition date fair values.

Changes in the Group's interest in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as transactions with owners in their capacity as owners. Adjustments to non-controlling interests are based on a proportionate amount of the net assets of the subsidiary. No adjustments are made to goodwill and no gain or loss is recognised in the income statement.

Joint arrangements

Joint arrangements are those entities in respect of which there is a contractual agreement whereby the Group and one or more other parties undertake an economic activity, which is subject to joint control.

Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.

A joint venture is an arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.

A joint operation is an arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement.

The Group's participation in joint ventures is accounted for using the equity method. Joint ventures are recognised at cost initially, which includes transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, the Group financial statements include the Group's share of profits or losses and other comprehensive income of the equityaccounted investees, until the date on which joint control ceases. The Group's participation in joint operations is accounted for by recognising the Group's share of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses on a line-by-line basis.

Where a Group entity transacts with a joint arrangement of the Group, unrealised profits are eliminated to the extent of the Group's interest in the joint arrangement.

Associates

An associate is an entity in which the Group holds an equity interest, over which the Group has significant influence and is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint arrangement. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the associate but is not control or joint control over those policies.

An associate is recognised at cost in the Company financial statements.

An associate is recognised at cost initially in the Group. Post-acquisition results of associate companies are accounted for in the Group financial statements, using the equity method of accounting from the date that significant influence commences until the date that significant influence ceases. An impairment loss is measured by comparing the recoverable amount of the investment with its carrying amount. An impairment loss is recognised in the income statement and is reversed if there has been a favourable change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. Where a Group entity transacts with an associate of the Group, unrealised profits are eliminated to the extent of the Group's interest in the associate.

When the Group's share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity-accounted investee, the carrying amount of that interest is reduced to nil and the recognition of further losses is discontinued, except to the extent that the Group has an obligation to or has made payments on behalf of the investee.

Investments in subsidiaries

Investments in subsidiaries in the Company financial statements are recognised at cost less impairment losses and include the equity contributions of share-based payments to employees of subsidiaries as well as loans owing from non-operating subsidiaries.

BUSINESS COMBINATIONS AND GOODWILL

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method as at the acquisition date, which is the date on which control is transferred to the Group. Goodwill is not amortised. The goodwill of joint ventures and associates is included in the carrying amount of the relevant equity-accounted investee. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually.

Cash-generating units ("CGUs") represent the business operations from which the goodwill arose at the date of acquisition. On disposal of a subsidiary, joint venture or associate, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

The Group measures goodwill at the acquisition date as:

  • › the fair value of the consideration transferred; plus
  • › the recognised amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree; less
  • › the net recognised amount (generally fair value) of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Costs related to the acquisition, other than those associated with the issue of debt or equity securities that the Group incurs in connection with a business combination, are expensed as incurred.

Any contingent consideration is measured at fair value at the date of acquisition. The contingent consideration is remeasured at fair value at each reporting date and subsequent changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration are recognised in the income statement. A change in estimate of the contingent consideration is recognised in net operating costs and changes as a result of the time value of money are recognised in interest expense.

DEFERRED TAX

A deferred tax asset is the amount of income tax recoverable in future periods in respect of deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax losses and unused tax credits. A deferred tax liability is the amount of income tax payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.

Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their tax base. The tax base of an asset is the amount that is deductible for tax purposes if the economic benefits from the asset are taxable, or is the carrying amount of the asset if the economic benefits are not taxable. The tax base of a liability is the carrying amount of the liability less the amount deductible in respect of that liability in future periods.

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying values of assets and liabilities for accounting purposes and their corresponding values for tax purposes. Deferred tax is also recognised on tax losses. No deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences relating to the initial recognition of goodwill, the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of an asset or a liability to the extent that neither accounting nor tax profit is affected on acquisition, and differences relating to investments in subsidiaries, joint arrangements and associates to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

A deferred tax asset is recognised only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the associated unused tax losses and deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Deferred tax assets are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates/laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment is measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes expenditure directly attributable to the acquisition of an asset. The cost of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials and direct labour and any other costs directly attributable to bringing the asset into a working condition for its intended use, as well as gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges and borrowing costs attributable to that asset. Depreciation is provided on property, plant and equipment (other than land) on the straight line basis at rates which will write off the assets over their estimated useful lives. Assets under construction are not depreciated until they are available for use. Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

› Property » land indefinite

» buildings 5 to 50 years
› Plant and equipment
» plant and equipment 3 to 30 years
» furniture and fittings 3 to 15 years
» computer equipment 3 to 10 years
» motor vehicles 3 to 12 years

When significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items of property, plant and equipment.

Gains and losses on disposals of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amounts of the items sold and are recognised in the income statement.

Specific plant spares are measured at cost and are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the plants to which they relate.

The cost of replacing part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied in the part will flow to the Group and its cost can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised. The cost of maintaining property, plant and equipment is recognised in the income statement.

INVESTMENT PROPERTIES

Investment properties, comprising properties or portions of properties leased to third parties, are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Land is not depreciated and buildings are depreciated on a straight line basis over their useful lives of 20 years. Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date. Any gain or loss on disposal (calculated as the difference between the net proceeds from disposal and the carrying amount) is recognised in the income statement.

Transfers to and from investment property are made when there is evidence of a change in use. Transfers are measured at the carrying amount immediately prior to transfer and no changes to the carrying amount are made unless the change in use results in an indication of impairment.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets are recognised if it is probable that future economic benefits will flow from the intangible assets and their costs can be measured reliably. Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only when it increases the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditure is recognised in the income statement as incurred.

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortised on a straight line basis over their estimated useful lives. The amortisation methods and estimated remaining useful lives are reviewed at least annually.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortised but are tested for impairment at each reporting date.

The estimated useful lives are as follows:

› Customer and marketing
relationships 5 to 20 years
› Brands indefinite
› Patents and trademarks 15 to 20 years
› Technical and licensing
agreements 17 years
› Other 3 to 10 years

Intangible assets are derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognised in the income statement when the asset is derecognised.

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination

Intangible assets acquired in a business combination, and recognised separately from goodwill, are recognised initially at their fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequently, these intangible assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Research costs are expensed in the income statement in the year in which they are incurred. Development costs are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are capitalised if they can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, it is probable that the asset will generate future economic benefits and the Group intends, and has sufficient resources, to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Development costs are expensed in the income statement if they do not qualify for capitalisation. If a project is abandoned during the development stage, the total accumulated expenditure is written off in the income statement.

NON-CURRENT ASSETS CLASSIFIED AS HELD FOR SALE

Management classifies a non-current asset (or disposal group) as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. Property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are not depreciated or amortised once they have been classified as held for sale.

A non-current asset (or disposal group) classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of its carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.

Any impairment loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill and then to the remaining assets and liabilities on a pro-rated basis except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets and employee benefits, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Group's accounting policies. Impairment losses on initial classification as held for sale, and subsequent gains or losses on remeasurement, are recognised in the income statement. Gains are not recognised in excess of any cumulative impairment losses.

IMPAIRMENT

Financial assets

The Group recognises a loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets except for the assets at fair value through other comprehensive income. The amount of expected credit losses is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition of the respective financial asset.

The Group recognises lifetime expected credit losses for accounts receivable and these are estimated using a provision matrix based on the Group's historical credit loss experience, adjusted for factors that are specific to the debtors, general economic conditions and an assessment of both the current and forecast direction of conditions, including the time value of money where appropriate.

For all other financial assets, the Group recognises lifetime expected credit losses when there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If there has been no significant increase in credit risk, the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses.

The Group determines increases in credit risk by considering any change in the risk of default occurring since the date of initial recognition. The Group considers that a rebuttable default has occurred when a financial asset is more than 90 days past due.

The carrying amounts of the Group's non-financial assets, other than inventories and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If there is any indication that an asset may be impaired, its recoverable amount is estimated to determine the extent of the impairment loss. The recoverable amount is the higher of its fair value, less costs to sell, and its value-in-use.

Value-in-use is estimated taking into account future cash flows, forecast market conditions and the expected lives of the assets. An impairment loss is recognised whenever the carrying amount of an asset or a CGU exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognised in the income statement. Subsequent to the recognition of an impairment loss, the depreciation charge for the asset is adjusted to allocate its remaining carrying value, less any residual value, over its remaining useful life.

Impairment losses recognised in respect of a CGU are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU and then to reduce the carrying amount of the other assets of the CGU.

An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the carrying amount of the asset or CGU does not exceed the net carrying amount that would have been determined if no impairment loss had been recognised. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised in the income statement.

Goodwill is allocated to CGUs that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination. Goodwill and the CGUs to which it has been allocated are tested for impairment on an annual basis, even if there is no indication of impairment. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed.

INVENTORIES

Inventories of raw and packaging materials, products and intermediates and merchandise are measured at cost using the first-in first-out method or the weighted average cost method, depending on the nature of the inventories or their use to businesses in the Group.

The cost of finished goods and work in progress comprises raw and packaging materials, manufacturing costs, depreciation and an appropriate allocation of production overheads. Costs may include transfers from other comprehensive income of any gain or loss on qualifying cash flow hedges of foreign currency purchases.

In all cases inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses, taking into account obsolescence.

PROVISIONS

A provision is recognised when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation, as a result of past events, for which it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will occur and where a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risks and uncertainties associated with the obligation. Non-current provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows to their present value at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessment of the time value of money. The unwinding of the discount is recognised in interest expense.

When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, the receivable is recognised as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably.

Environmental remediation

A provision for environmental remediation is recognised in accordance with the Group's SHEQ Policy and applicable legal requirements. The adequacy of the provision is reviewed annually at the reporting date against changed circumstances, legislation and technology.

SHARE CAPITAL

Share capital comprises ordinary shares and redeemable convertible B ordinary shares and is classified as equity. Issued ordinary shares are measured at the fair value of the proceeds received less any directly attributable issue costs. An amount equal to the par value of the shares issued is presented as share capital. The amount by which the fair value exceeds par value is presented as share premium. For no par value shares, the fair value is presented in full as share capital.

PREFERENCE SHARES

Preference shares are measured at historical cost, are cumulative and are classified as equity. Dividends paid are disclosed in the statement of changes in equity.

TREASURY SHARES

Treasury shares are Company shares held by a subsidiary and by the AECI Employees Share Trust ("EST") and are excluded from the shares recognised as Group equity.

EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit attributable to equity holders of the Group by the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue during the year.

Diluted earnings per share

Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profit attributable to equity holders of the Group by the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue, adjusted for the dilutive effect of the contingently returnable ordinary shares issued to the AECI Community Education and Development Trust ("CEDT"), the potential shares issued to the EST and the performance shares issued as part of the Group's Long-term Incentive Plan ("LTIP").

REVENUE

Revenue recognition

The Group recognises revenue from the following major sources:

  • › sale of goods in all its operating segments;
  • › sale of goods and related product application services in its Mining Solutions, Water & Process and Chemicals operating segments; and
  • › rental income and related facilities management services in its Property & Corporate operating segment.

Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Group recognises revenue when it transfers control of a product or service to a customer. For certain revenue categories the Group identifies "sale of goods and services" as "not distinct" and thus combines goods and services with other promised goods or services until it identifies a "combined bundle of goods and services" as a single performance obligation.

Sale of goods in all operating segments

For sales of goods to customers, revenue is recognised when control of the goods has transferred, being when the goods have been delivered to the customer's specific location (delivery). Following delivery, the customer has full discretion over the manner of use or further distribution and price to sell the goods, has the primary responsibility for the goods and bears the risks of obsolescence and loss in relation to the goods. A receivable is recognised by the Group when the goods are delivered to the customer as this represents the point in time at which the right to consideration becomes unconditional, since only the passage of time is required before payment is due.

Sale of goods and related product application services

The Group provides product application services to customers. These are performed as and when goods are delivered and relate mainly to:

  • › blasting services, where explosives are delivered directly to the point and location of usage, and detonated within hours of delivery; and
  • › dosing of chemicals directly into a customer's manufacturing or water treatment process, where the promise to the customer is a specific outcome to the process regardless of product volumes or service levels required to achieve that outcome.

The goods and services are delivered simultaneously or near-simultaneously and results in the product being used by the customer at that point in time. As a consequence, revenue is recognised when the product and related application service are delivered and the right to consideration becomes unconditional.

Rental income and related facilities management services in the Property & Corporate operating segment

IFRS 15 does not apply to revenue from lease contracts within the scope of IFRS 16 Leases. Consequently, the Group continues to recognise revenue in respect of rentals received from leasing activities on a straight line basis over the period of the lease, where fixed escalation clauses apply, and when there is a reasonable expectation that recovery of the lease rental is probable. Where no fixed escalation clauses are applicable to a lease, rental income is recognised in the period in which it is due by the lessee.

Facilities management services to lessees comprise rail, environmental and laboratory services, steam generation, effluent treatment, electricity provision and storage and handling services. Revenue from these services is recognised as and when the services are provided, since these services are usage-based and are delivered at a point in time.

FOREIGN CURRENCIES

Foreign currency translations

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currencies of each entity in the Group at the rates of exchange ruling on the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates of exchange ruling at the reporting date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are translated into the functional currency of the entity concerned at the rates of exchange ruling at the dates of the transactions.

Gains or losses arising on exchange differences are recognised in the income statement. Costs associated with forward cover contracts linked to borrowings are included in financing costs.

Foreign operations

The financial statements of foreign operations in the Group are translated into South African rand as follows:

  • › assets, including goodwill, and liabilities at the rates of exchange ruling at the reporting date;
  • › income, expenditure and cash flow items at the weighted average rate of exchange during the accounting period; and
  • › equity at historical rates.

Investments

Differences arising on translation are recognised in other comprehensive income and are presented in the foreign currency translation reserve in reserves. When the Group disposes of only part of its interest in a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, while retaining control, the relevant portion of the cumulative foreign currency translation reserve is recognised in non-controlling interest. Differences arising from a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, the settlement of which is neither planned nor likely in the foreseeable future, are considered part of the net investment in a foreign operation and are recognised in other comprehensive income in the foreign currency

translation reserve.

Offset

or expire.

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

non-derivative financial instruments.

Financial instruments are recognised at fair value initially. Directly attributable transaction costs are included in the amount recognised only when changes in fair value are not subsequently recognised in the income statement. Subsequent to initial recognition, these instruments are measured as set out as follows in respect of derivative and

If a legally enforceable right currently exists to set off recognised amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities, which are in determinable monetary amounts, and the Group intends either to settle on a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously, the relevant financial assets and financial liabilities are offset.

Non-derivative financial instruments Non-derivative financial instruments comprise investments in equity securities, the pension fund employer surplus accounts in the definedcontribution plans ("ESAs"), loans to and from subsidiaries, accounts receivable, cash, loans and borrowings, loans from joint ventures, contingent

consideration and accounts payable.

The Group recognises loans and receivables on the date on which they are originated. All other financial instruments are recognised on the date on which the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. The Group derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantively all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred. Any interest in transferred financial assets that is created or retained by the Group is recognised as a separate asset or liability. The Group derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged, cancelled Investments in unlisted equity securities are classified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and are measured at fair value with any gains or losses, including foreign exchange, recognised in other comprehensive income, along with the associated deferred tax.

When these assets are derecognised, the gain or loss accumulated in other comprehensive income is reclassified to retained income. Dividends on these investments are recognised in the income statement as investment income when they are declared and the Group has a right to receive them.

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses.

Cash

Cash is measured at amortised cost.

Loans to subsidiaries, joint arrangements and associates

Loans by the Company to subsidiaries, joint arrangements and associates are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities, including borrowings and accounts payable, are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Finance costs

Interest is recognised in the income statement in the period in which it is incurred.

Derivative financial instruments

The Group uses derivative financial instruments including currency swaps, forward rate agreements and forward exchange contracts to manage its exposure to foreign exchange risk arising from operational, financing and investment activities. The Group does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

Derivative instruments

Derivative instruments are recognised and measured at fair value with changes in fair value being included in the income statement, other than derivatives designated as cash flow hedges.

Hedge accounting

If a fair value hedge meets the conditions for hedge accounting, any gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk is included in the carrying amount of the hedged item and recognised in the income statement.

ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019 25

If a cash flow hedge meets the conditions for hedge accounting, the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognised in other comprehensive income and the ineffective portion is recognised in the income statement.

If an effective hedge of a forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a financial asset or a financial liability, the associated gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive income are transferred to the income statement in the same period in which the asset or liability affects the income statement.

If the hedge of a forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial asset or liability, the associated gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive income are included in the initial measurement of the cost of the asset or liability.

Hedge accounting is discontinued on a prospective basis when the hedge no longer meets the hedge accounting criteria (including when the hedge becomes ineffective), when the hedge instrument is sold, terminated or exercised, when, for cash flow hedges, the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, or when the hedge designation is revoked. Any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument for a forecast transaction is retained in other comprehensive income until the transaction occurs, unless the transaction is no longer expected to occur in which case it is transferred to the income statement.

INVESTMENT INCOME

Interest income is recognised in the income statement as it accrues and it is measured using the effective interest method. Dividend income from investments is recognised in the income statement when the shareholders' right to receive payment has been established.

LEASES

The Group leases various properties, plant and equipment. Rental contracts are typically entered into for fixed periods but may have extension options. Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a range of terms and conditions. Although the lease agreements do not impose any covenants, leased assets may not be used as security for borrowing purposes.

Up to and including the 2018 financial year, leases for property, plant and equipment were classified as either finance or operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) were charged to profit or loss on a straight line basis over the period of the lease.

From 1 January 2019, the Group recognised a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability at the lease commencement date, being the date at which the leased asset was available for use by the Group. The right-of-use asset was measured at cost initially and subsequently at cost less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for certain remeasurements in the lease liability.

The lease liability was measured initially at the present value of the lease payments not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the implicit rate in the lease or, if that rate could not be readily determined, the lessee's incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Group used the lessee's incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low value assets are recognised on a straight line basis as an expense in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. Low value assets are assets that, when new, have a value of R100 000 or less.

The Group elected to apply the practical expedient in IFRS 16 and accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single lease.

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

Short-term employee benefits

The cost of all short-term employee benefits is recognised in the income statement during the period in which the employee renders the related service. Accruals for employee entitlements to salaries, performance bonuses and annual leave represent the amount of the Group's present obligation as a result of employees' services provided up to the reporting date. Accruals are calculated at undiscounted amounts based on current salary rates.

Retirement benefits

The Group provides defined-contribution and, historically, defined-benefit funds for its employees, the assets of which are held in separate funds. These funds are financed by payments from employees and the Group, taking account of the recommendations of independent actuaries.

Defined-contribution plans

A defined-contribution plan is a post-retirement benefit plan under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. Obligations for contributions to defined-contribution pension plans are recognised in the income statement as the related service is provided.

The Group's two defined-contribution plans both have ESAs which were created through transfers from the ESAs in the AECI Pension Fund (a defined-benefit plan). These ESAs can only be utilised in accordance with the allowed uses as defined by the Pension Funds Act, No. 24 of 1956, as amended ("the Act").

The ESAs in the defined-contribution plans are recognised as financial assets and are measured at fair value, with all changes in fair value being recognised in the income statement.

The ESAs have been utilised to fund a portion of the employer contribution made on behalf of members to these funds. The ESAs are invested in money market assets and earn a return on this investment. The ESA of the AECI Defined Contribution Pension Fund may also increase as a result of the unvested retirement benefit equalisation target ("RBET"), transferred when employees leave the fund before becoming entitled to that portion of the RBET (see note 30).

Defined-benefit plans

A defined-benefit plan is a post-retirement benefit plan other than a defined-contribution plan. The Group's net obligation in respect of defined-benefit plans is calculated separately for each plan by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their services in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. Any unrecognised past service costs and the fair value of any plan assets are deducted. The discount rate is the yield at the reporting date on suitable corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Group's obligations. The South African obligations are contained in separate legal entities and are denominated in rand, while the German obligations, at Schirm, are unfunded and are denominated in euro.

Actuarial valuations are conducted annually by a qualified actuary and the calculation is performed using the projected unit credit method.

In the South African entities, the calculation results in a benefit to the Group. However, the recognised asset is limited to amounts credited to the ESAs in accordance with the Act, where this does not exceed the present value of economic benefits available in the form of reductions in future contributions to the plan. To calculate the present value of economic benefits, consideration is given to any minimum funding requirements that apply to any plan in the Group. An economic benefit is available to the Group if it is realisable during the life of the plan or on settlement of the plan liabilities.

The defined-benefit cost recognised in net operating costs in the income statement includes the current service cost and the net interest on the net defined-benefit liability/(asset). Net interest expense/(income) is the interest on the net defined-benefit liability/(asset) at the beginning of the period, calculated using the discount rate used in the prior year's actuarial valuation. The interest takes into account changes in the net defined-benefit liability/(asset) during the year as a result of contributions and benefit payments.

The defined-benefit cost relating to actuarial gains and losses, which include the return on plan assets (excluding the interest income recognised in the income statement) and the effect of the asset ceiling (excluding the interest cost) and any changes in actuarial assumptions or experience adjustments, are remeasurements and are recognised immediately in other comprehensive income.

26 ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019

Defined-benefit post-retirement medical aid obligations

The Group provides defined-benefit postretirement healthcare benefits to certain of its retirees and eligible employees. The Group's net obligation is calculated by estimating the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their services in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The discount rate is the yield at the reporting date on suitable corporate bonds that have maturity dates approximating the terms of the Group's obligations and are denominated in rand as the benefits are expected to be paid in rand.

Actuarial valuations are conducted annually by a qualified actuary and the calculation is performed using the projected unit credit method.

The defined-benefit cost recognised in net operating costs in the income statement includes the current service cost and the net interest on the net defined-benefit liability. Net interest expense is the interest on the net defined-benefit liability at the beginning of the period, calculated using the discount rate used in the prior year's actuarial valuation. The interest takes into account changes in the net defined-benefit liability during the year as a result of contributions and benefit payments.

The defined-benefit cost relating to actuarial gains and losses, which include any changes in actuarial assumptions or experience adjustments, are remeasurements and are recognised immediately in other comprehensive income.

Termination benefits

Termination benefits are recognised at the earlier of when the Group can no longer withdraw from the offer of those benefits or when the Group recognises costs of restructuring.

Other long-term employee benefits

The Group's obligation in respect of long-term employee benefits is the amount of future benefit that employees have earned in return for their services in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value. Remeasurements are recognised in the income statement in the period in which they arise.

SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS

The Group has equity-settled and cash-settled share-based compensation plans.

Cash-settled share-based scheme (benefit and retention units)

These schemes allow senior Group employees to participate in the performance of AECI's ordinary share price, in return for services rendered, through the payment of cash incentives which are based on the market price of AECI ordinary shares. These share appreciation rights are recognised as a liability at fair value at each reporting date, in the statement of financial position, until the date of settlement. The fair value of these rights is determined at each reporting date and the unrecognised cost is amortised in the income statement as an employee cost over the period that employees provide services to the Group.

Equity-settled share-based schemes

The EST equity-settled share-based scheme awards certain employees B ordinary shares which will be converted to ordinary shares after a 10-year lock-in period based on a predetermined award formula.

Senior employees are awarded performance shares. Performance shares are awards that entitle certain employees to receive ordinary shares after a three-year lock-in period based on the performance of the Company's ordinary share price relative to a peer group of listed companies. The 2019 allocations under the scheme carry two additional conditions, compared to the conditions that applied in prior years, relating to targets for the Company's headline earnings per share ("HEPS") and its return on net assets ("RONA") over the performance period.

Such equity-settled share-based payments are measured at fair value at the date of the grant. The fair value from the 2018 allocation also takes into account the expectation of achieving the HEPS and RONA targets.

The fair value determined at the grant of the equity-settled share-based payments is charged as an employee cost, with a corresponding increase in equity, on a straight line basis over the period that the employee becomes unconditionally entitled to the shares, based on management's estimation of the shares that will vest and adjusted for effects of non-market based vesting conditions. On settlement, where shares are repurchased in the market, the cost is recognised as a change in the share-based payment reserve.

INCOME TAX

Income tax comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax expense is recognised in the income statement except to the extent that it relates to a business combination or items recognised directly in equity or other comprehensive income.

Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of prior years.

DIVIDENDS

Dividends are recognised as a liability when declared and are included in the statement of changes in equity.

SEGMENT REPORTING

An operating segment is a component of the Group that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of the Group's other components. The operating results of all segments are reviewed monthly by the AECI Executive Committee to make decisions about resources to be allocated to them and to assess their performances.

Inter-segment transactions are concluded on terms that are no more and no less favourable than transactions with unrelated external parties.

The Group reports on its segments based on the nature of the products or services offered, as follows:

  • › Mining Solutions The businesses in this segment provide a mine-to-mineral solution for the mining sector internationally. The offering includes surfactants for explosives manufacture, commercial explosives, initiating systems and blasting services right through the value chain to chemicals for ore beneficiation and tailings treatment;
  • › Water & Process ImproChem provides integrated water treatment solutions and process chemicals, and equipment solutions, for a diverse range of applications in Africa. These include, inter alia, public and industrial water, desalination and utilities;
  • › Plant & Animal Health Nulandis manufactures and supplies an extensive range of crop protection products, plant nutrients and services for the agricultural sector in Africa. Schirm, based in Germany, is a contract manufacturer of agrochemicals and fine chemicals with a European and US footprint. It is the premier provider of external agrochemical formulation services in Europe;
  • › Food & Beverage These businesses supply ingredients and commodities to the dairy, beverage, wine, meat, bakery, health and nutrition industries. The other main activity is the manufacture and distribution of a broad range of juice-based products and drinks, including formulated compounds, fruit concentrate blends and emulsions;
  • › Chemicals Supply of chemical raw materials and related services for use across a broad spectrum of customers in the manufacturing, infrastructure and general industrial sectors mainly in South Africa and in other African countries;
  • › Property & Corporate Mainly property leasing and management in the office, industrial and retail sectors, and corporate functions including the treasury.

Segment reporting is based on IFRS and is representative of the internal structure used for management reporting.

SIGNIFICANT JUDGEMENTS MADE BY MANAGEMENT AND SOURCES OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY

The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets and liabilities, income and expenses. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an

ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.

The accounting policies which have been identified as including assumptions and estimation uncertainties that may have an impact on the future results are set out below:

Income and deferred tax

The Group is subject to income taxes in various jurisdictions which apply different tax legislation and the calculation of the Group's tax charge involves a degree of estimation and judgement. Deferred tax assets — with a carrying amount of R234 million at 31 December 2019 (2018: R382 million) (see note 10) — are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable income will be available in future against which they can be utilised. Future taxable profits are estimated based on business plans which include estimates and assumptions regarding economic growth, interest and inflation rates and market conditions.

Environmental remediation

Estimating the future costs of environmental remediation obligations is complex and requires management to make estimates and judgements because most of the obligations will be fulfilled in the future and laws are often not clear regarding what is required. The resulting provisions, with a carrying amount of R163 million at 31 December 2019 (2018: R149 million), are influenced further by changing technologies and social, political, environmental, safety, business and statutory considerations. As explained in note 16, the Group has to apply judgement in determining the environmental remediation provision.

Assets lives and residual values

Property, plant and equipment, investment property and intangible assets are depreciated or amortised over their estimated useful lives taking into account residual values, where appropriate. The actual lives of the assets and residual values are assessed annually and may vary depending on a number of factors. In reassessing asset lives, factors such as technological innovation, product lifecycles and maintenance programmes are taken into account. Residual value assessments consider issues such as current market conditions, the remaining useful life of an asset and disposal values.

At 31 December 2019 the carrying amounts of property, plant and equipment, investment proper ty and intangible assets were R5 722 million (2018: R5 768 million) (see note 1), R228 million (2018: R222 million) (see note 3) and R964 million (2018: R1 039 million) (see note 4) respectively.

Post-retirement benefit obligations

Post-retirement defined benefits are provided for certain existing and former employees. Actuarial valuations are based on assumptions which include employee turnover, mortality rates, the discount rate, the expected long-term rate of return of retirement plan assets, healthcare inflation costs and rates of increase in compensation costs. The net present value of current estimates for post-retirement medical aid benefits has been discounted to its present value at 9,7% per annum (2018: 9,8%), being the estimated investment return assuming the liability is fully funded. Medical cost inflation of Consumer Price Index ("CPI") +2% per annum has been assumed (2018: CPI +1%). The present actuarial value of the defined-benefit obligation at the reporting date was R207 million (2018: R216 million) (see note 30).

Impairments

An asset is impaired when its carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment annually while other assets are tested if there is an indication that they may be impaired. The assessment of recoverable amounts involves the application of judgement relating to the calculation of value-in-use, which is based on cash flow projections, variations in the amount and timing of these cash flows and the discount rate used to determine the present value of those future cash flows.

These are assessed for each CGU to which goodwill is attributed or for the CGU or asset where indicators of impairment have been assessed. See note 5 for significant assumptions on value-in-use for goodwill.

The carrying amounts of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives at 31 December 2019 were R3 201 million (2018: R3 410 million) (see note 5) and R144 million (2018: R147 million), respectively (see note 4).

Financial instruments

The fair value of unlisted investments requires judgement and estimation of the key inputs into valuation techniques used to determine the fair value. These investments had a carrying amount of R95 million at 31 December 2019 (2018: R97 million) (see note 28).

Determining expected credit losses requires assessments of general economic conditions, both current and future and their impact on the credit risk of financial assets, as well as using periods that amounts are past due, to indicate levels of credit loss expected. Credit losses may occur differently to these expectations, both in terms of timing and amount.

Leases

Extension and termination options are included in a number of leases across the Group. These terms are used to maximise operational flexibility in the management of contracts. The majority of extension and termination options held are exercisable only by the Group and not by the respective lessor.

The Group applied judgement to determine the lease term for some of the lease contracts, in which it is a lessee, that include renewal options. The assessment of whether the Group is reasonably certain to exercise such options impacts the lease term, which affects the amount of lease liabilities and right-of-use assets recognised.

In determining the lease term, management considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option or to not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated). The assessment is reviewed if a significant event or a significant change in circumstances occurs which affects this assessment and is within the control of the lessee.

At the reporting date, the carrying amounts of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities were R592 million (2018: R nil) (see note 2) and R576 million (2018: R nil) (see note 15) respectively.

STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION AT 31 DECEMBER 2019

GROUP COMPANY
R millions Note 2019 2018 2019 2018
ASSETS
NON-CURRENT ASSETS 11 884 11 681 10 676 10 396
Property, plant and equipment 1 5 722 5 768 555 536
Right-of-use assets 2 592 27
Investment propertyIntangible assets 34 228 2221 039 253 2494
Goodwill 5 9643 201 3 410 14696 754
Pension fund employer surplus accounts 30 662 341 662 341
Investment in subsidiaries 6 7 921 7 913
Loans to subsidiaries 6 399 434
Investment in joint ventures 7 33 258 28 28
Investment in associates 8 141 135 24 24
Other investments 9 107 126 97 113
Deferred tax 10 234 382
CURRENT ASSETS 11 249 10 594 6 583 6 160
Inventories 11 4 034 4 081 1 102 1 320
Accounts receivable 12 4 908 4 650 1 691 1 387
Other investments 9 252 218 116 135
Loans to joint ventures 7 7
Loans to subsidiaries 6 3 267 3 301
Tax receivable 77 57
Cash 1 978 1 581 407 17
TOTAL ASSETS 23 133 22 275 17 259 16 556
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
ORDINARY CAPITAL AND RESERVES 10 912 10 043 4 617 5 034
Share capital and share premium 13 110 110 128 128
ReservesRetained earnings 1 4879 315 1 5578 376 3464 143 2714 635
PREFERENCE SHARE CAPITAL 13 6 6 6 6
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY 10 918 10 049 4 623 5 040
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST 34 166 156
TOTAL EQUITY 11 084 10 205 4 623 5 040
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES 6 764 6 646 6 152 6 080
Deferred tax 10 527 547 132 60
Loans from subsidiaries 6 2 213 2 197
Non-current borrowings 14 5 237 5 475 3 480 3 480
Lease liabilities 15 366 11
Contingent considerationPut option liability 3634 1031 10—
Non-current provisions and employee benefits 16 32602 583 —316 333
CURRENT LIABILITIES 5 285 5 424 6 484 5 436
Accounts payable 17 4 683 5 010 1 999 2 072
Current borrowings 18 195 283 26 280
Lease liabilities 15 210 17
Loans from joint venturesLoans from subsidiaries 76 62 1304 284 303 043
Contingent consideration 36 15 15
Tax payable 120 131 13 11
TOTAL LIABILITIES 12 049 12 070 12 636 11 516
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 23 133 22 275 17 259 16 556

INCOME STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

GROUP COMPANY
R millions Notes 2019 2018 2019 2018
REVENUE 19 24 799 23 314 5 860 5 665
Net operating costs 20 (22 768) (21 315) (5 692) (5 300)
OPERATING PROFIT 2 031 1 999 168 365
Impairment of equity-accounted investee (78)
Profit on sale of joint venture 7 234
Share of profit of equity-accounted investees, net of tax 7, 8 30
PROFIT FROM OPERATIONS ANDEQUITY-ACCOUNTED INVESTEES 2 295 1 921 168 365
Dividends received 29 1 817
Net finance costs (457) (365) (270) (188)
Interest expense 22 (516) (403) (478) (413)
Interest received 23 59 38 208 225
PROFIT/(LOSS) BEFORE TAX 1 838 1 556 (102) 1 994
Tax (expense)/credit 24 (511) (529) 17 (82)
PROFIT/(LOSS) FOR THE YEAR 1 327 1 027 (85) 1 912
ATTRIBUTABLE TO:
Ordinary shareholders 1 291 990 (88) 1 909
Preference shareholders 3 3 3 3
Non-controlling interest 33 34
1 327 1 027 (85) 1 912
PER ORDINARY SHARE (CENTS):
— Basic earnings 25 1 223 938
— Diluted basic earnings 25 1 179 909
— Headline earnings 25 1 150 1 045
— Diluted headline earnings 25 1 108 1 012
— Ordinary dividends paid 26 522 489
— Ordinary dividends declared after the reporting date 26 414 366

STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
PROFIT/(LOSS) FOR THE YEAR 1 327 1 027 (85) 1 912
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS) NET OF TAX: 97 416 261 (27)
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: (149) 482 (1) 14
— Foreign currency loan translation differences (11) 64 (1) 11
— Foreign operations translation differences (138) 413
— Effective portion of cash flow hedges 5 3
Tax effect on items that may be reclassified subsequentlyto profit or loss: 3 (16) (3)
— Foreign currency loan translation differences 3 (16) (3)
Items that may not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: 338 (69) 366 (53)
— Remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations 326 (45) 354 (29)
— Remeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations 12 (24) 12 (24)
Tax effects on items that may not be reclassified subsequentlyto profit or loss: (95) 19 (104) 15
— Remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations (91) 11 (100) 7
— Remeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations (4) 8 (4) 8
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 1 424 1 443 176 1 885
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO:
Ordinary shareholders 1 388 1 389 173 1 882
Preference shareholders 3 3 3 3
Non-controlling interest 33 51
1 424 1 443 176 1 885

STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

R millions share capital capital reserve reserve
GROUP
BALANCE AT 1 JANUARY 2018TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 110 110 883444 224
Remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of defined-benefit obligationsRemeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of post-retirement
medical aid obligations
Cash flow hedge fair value adjustments
Foreign currency loan translation differences 64
Deferred tax on foreign currency loan translation differences (16)
Foreign operations translation differences 396
Profit for the year
TRANSACTIONS WITH OWNERS 35
Acquisition of non-controlling interest
Change in ownership percentage
Recognition of put option liability for the future buy-out
of non-controlling interests
Dividends paid
Share-based payment reserve 81
Settlement cost of performance shares (46)
BALANCE AT 31 DECEMBER 2018 110 110 1 327 259
Adjustment on adoption of IFRS 16, net of deferred tax
ADJUSTED BALANCE AT 1 JANUARY 2019 110 110 1 327 259
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR (146)
Remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations
Remeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of post-retirement
medical aid obligations
Foreign currency loan translation differences (11)
Deferred tax on foreign currency loan translation differences 3
Foreign operations translation differences (138)
Profit for the year
TRANSACTIONS WITH OWNERS 76
Dividends paid
Share-based payment reserve 83
(45)
Settlement cost of performance shares
Transfers between reserves 38

FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION RESERVE

The foreign currency translation reserve comprises all the Group's foreign exchange differences from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations, as well as from the translation of monetary items receivable from or payable to a foreign operation for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future.

SHARE-BASED PAYMENT RESERVE

The share-based payment reserve comprises the accumulated share-based payments over the vesting periods of the underlying instruments. Once instruments have vested, the reserve is transferred to retained earnings.

32 ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019

STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 CONTINUED

Change-inownership Cash flowhedge Totalother Retained Noncontrolling Preferenceshare Total
reserve reserves reserves earnings Total interest capital equity
(5) 1 102 7 980 9 192 116 6 9 314
5 449 940 1 389 51 3 1 443
(45) (45) (45)
11 11 11
(24) (24) (24)
8 8 8
5 5 5 5
64 64 64
(16) (16) (16)
396 990 396990 1734 3 413
1 027
(29) 6 (544) (538) (11) (3) (552)32
(4) (4) 32(15) (19)
(29) (29) (29) (29)
(540) (540) (28) (3) (571)81
81 81
(46) (46) (46)
(29) 1 557 8 376 10 043 156 6 10 205
11 11
(29) 1 557 8 387 10 054 156 6 10 216
(146) 1 534 1 388 33 3 1 424
326 326 326
(91) (91)
12 12
(4) (4)
(11) (11)
3 3
(138) (138) (138)
1 291 1 291 33 3 1 327
76 (606) (530) (23) (3) (556)
(568) (568) (23) (3) (594)
83(45) 83(45) 83(45)
38 (38)
(29) 1 487 9 315 10 912 166 6 11 084

CHANGE-IN-OWNERSHIP RESERVE

The change-in-ownership reserve is the reserve set aside for the buy-out of non-controlling interests at a date in the future. The future buy-out will be effected in terms of a put option held by the minority shareholders of the Much Asphalt group of companies.

STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

Ordinary
share Share
R millions capital premium
COMPANY
BALANCE AT 1 JANUARY 2018 122 6
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR
Remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations
Remeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations
Cash flow hedge fair value adjustments
Foreign currency loan translation differences
Profit for the year
TRANSACTIONS WITH OWNERS
Dividends paid
Share-based payment reserve
Settlement cost of performance shares
BALANCE AT 31 DECEMBER 2018 122 6
Adjustment on adoption of IFRS 16, net of deferred tax
ADJUSTED BALANCE AT 1 JANUARY 2019 122 6
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR
Remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of defined-benefit obligations
Remeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations
Deferred tax on remeasurement of post-retirement medical aid obligations
Foreign currency loan translation differences
Loss for the year
TRANSACTIONS WITH OWNERS
Dividends paid
Share-based payment reserve
Settlement cost of performance shares
Transfers between reserves
BALANCE AT 31 DECEMBER 2019 122 6

OTHER RESERVES

The reserve for effective cash flow hedges and the foreign currency translation reserve.

STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 CONTINUED

Share capital Share-based Total Preference
and share payment Other other Retained share Total
premium reserve reserves reserves earnings Total capital equity
128 225 225 3 362 3 715 6 3 721
11 11 1 871 1 882 3 1 885
(29) (29) (29)
7 7 7
(24) (24) (24)
8 8 8
3 3 3 3
8 8 8 8
1 909 1 909 3 1 912
35 35 (598) (563) (3) (566)
(598) (598) (3) (601)
81(46) 81(46) 81(46) 81(46)
128 260 11 271 4 635 5 034 6 5 040
2 2 2
128 260 11 271 4 637 5 036 6 5 042
(1) (1) 174 173 3 176
354 354 354
(100) (100) (100)
12(4) 12(4) 12(4)
(1) (1) (1) (1)
3
(88) (88) (85)
76 76 (668) (592) (3) (595)
83 83 (630) (630)83 (3) (633)83
(45) (45) (45) (45)
38 38 (38)

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

GROUP COMPANY
R millions Note 2019 2018 2019 2018
CASH GENERATED BY OPERATIONS i 3 347 2 955 497 597
Dividends received 50 18
Interest paid (456) (370) (480) (391)
Interest received 59 38 208 225
Tax paid ii (509) (302) (12) 32
Changes in working capital iii (538) (155) (132) (19)
Cash flows relating to defined-benefit costs (20) (19) (18) (17)
Cash flows relating to non-current provisions
and employee benefits (65) (136) (44) (85)
CASH AVAILABLE FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES 1 868 2 029 19 342
Dividends paid iv (594) (571) (633) (601)
CASH FLOWS GENERATED FROM
OPERATING ACTIVITIES 1 274 1 458 (614) (259)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES (302) (4 759) 1 320 (1 933)
Net replacement to maintain operations (551) (406) (77) (55)
Replacement of property, plant and equipment (674) (519) (99) (111)
investment property and intangible assets Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment, 123 113 22 56
Investments to expand operations (141) (4 353) 1 397 (1 878)
Acquisition of — property, plant and equipment (129) (291) (23) (29)
— intangible assets (16) (1) (15) (1)
— investment property (14) (36) (12) (36)
— investments (53) (5) 1 433 276
— subsidiaries, net of cash acquired (3 884) (2 087)
Loans with — associates and other investments 2 1 14 (1)
— joint ventures 69 (137)
Proceeds from disposal of joint venture 7 390
NET CASH GENERATED/(UTILISED) BEFORE
FINANCING ACTIVITIES 972 (3 301) 706 (2 192)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES (547) 3 519 (316) 2 084
Lease payments (246) (17)
Non-current borrowings — raised 4 331 2 380
Current borrowings — raised 875 4 526 26 2 622
— repaid (1 131) (5 281) (280) (2 872)
Buy-out of non-controlling interest (11)
Settlement of performance shares (45) (46) (45) (46)
INCREASE/(DECREASE) IN CASH 425 218 390 (108)
Cash at the beginning of the year 1 581 1 206 17 125
Translation (loss)/gain on cash (28) 157
CASH AT THE END OF THE YEAR 1 978 1 581 407 17

36 ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019

NOTES TO THE STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
i. CASH GENERATED BY OPERATIONS
Profit from operations 2 031 1 999 168 365
Adjusted for non-cash movements:
Defined-benefit and defined-contribution costs 95 88 88 84
Depreciation and amortisation 1 031 710 109 101
Share-based payment expense 83 81 52 39
Impairment of goodwill 147 31 58
Non-current provisions and employee benefits 31 40 22 7
(Surplus)/loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment (69) 6 1
Fair value adjustment on put option liability (2)
3 347 2 955 497 597
ii. TAX PAID
Owing at the beginning of the year (74) 28 (11) 43
Charge for the year (478) (412) (14) (22)
Business combinations 8
Owing at the end of the year 43 74 13 11
(509) (302) (12) 32
iii. CHANGES IN WORKING CAPITAL
Decrease/(increase) in inventories 47 (330) 218 (85)
(Increase)/decrease in accounts receivable (275) (208) (303) 106
(Decrease)/increase in accounts payable (269) 236 (47) (40)
(497) (302) (132) (19)
Translation differences (41) 147
(538) (155) (132) (19)
iv. DIVIDENDS PAID
Paid during the year (see note 26) (571) (543) (633) 601
Paid to non-controlling interest (23) (28)
(594) (571) (633) 601

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

1. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

R millions Property Plant andequipment Furnitureand fittings Computerequipment Motorvehicles Underconstruction Total
GROUP2019
COST 1 917 7 534 141 291 677 698 11 258
At the beginning of the year 1 847 7 304 138 320 659 705 10 973
Additions 10 175 5 19 8 586 803
Disposals (10) (263) (13) (66) (25) (30) (407)
Transfers 92 394 11 20 42 (559)
Translation differences (22) (76) (2) (7) (4) (111)
ACCUMULATED
DEPRECIATION ANDIMPAIRMENT 611 4 054 87 219 565 5 536
At the beginning of the year 536 3 787 90 254 538 5 205
Disposals (10) (246) (13) (65) (23) (357)
Depreciation for the year 89 542 11 33 57 732
Translation differences (4) (29) (1) (3) (7) (44)
CARRYING AMOUNT 1 306 3 480 54 72 112 698 5 722
2018
COST 1 847 7 304 138 320 659 705 10 973
At the beginning of the year 1 291 6 210 132 399 584 444 9 060
Additions 36 229 2 8 20 515 810
Additions through
business combinations 442 879 3 2 18 119 1 463
DisposalsTransfers (50)39 (593)331 (10)4 (104)9 (25)10 (12)(393) (794)—
Translation differences 89 248 7 6 52 32 434
ACCUMULATED
DEPRECIATION AND
IMPAIRMENT 536 3 787 90 254 538 5 205
At the beginning of the year 480 3 752 79 318 466 5 095
Disposals (34) (531) (8) (103) (26) (702)
Depreciation for the year 85 466 10 34 48 643
Translation differences 5 100 9 5 50 169
CARRYING AMOUNT 1 311 3 517 48 66 121 705 5 768

1. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT CONTINUED

R millions Property Plant andequipment Furnitureand fittings Computerequipment Motorvehicles Underconstruction Total
COMPANY
2019
COST 83 973 17 40 21 52 1 186
At the beginning of the year 56 981 22 54 21 103 1 237
Additions 3 76 2 13 2 26 122
Disposals (6) (111) (7) (27) (2) (20) (173)
Transfers 30 27 (57)
ACCUMULATED
DEPRECIATION ANDIMPAIRMENT 37 542 13 25 14 631
At the beginning of the year 37 585 18 47 14 701
Disposals (6) (109) (7) (27) (2) (151)
Depreciation for the year 6 66 2 5 2 81
CARRYING AMOUNT 46 431 4 15 7 52 555
2018
COST 56 981 22 54 21 103 1 237
At the beginning of the year 52 855 24 59 26 130 1 146
Additions 4 62 5 1 68 140
Disposals (31) (2) (10) (6) (49)
Transfers 95 (95)
ACCUMULATEDDEPRECIATION AND
IMPAIRMENT 37 585 18 47 14 701
At the beginning of the year 33 512 18 49 15 627
Disposals (1) (6) (2) (7) (3) (19)
Depreciation for the year 5 79 2 5 2 93
CARRYING AMOUNT

2. RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS

R millions Property Plant andequipment Motorvehicles Total
GROUP
2019
COST 434 25 351 810
Transition adjustment (see note 35) 411 23 361 795
Additions 19 3 22
Lease modifications 14 (11) 3
Translation differences (10) (1) 1 (10)
ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION AND IMPAIRMENT 96 10 112 218
Depreciation for the year 97 10 113 220
Translation differences (1) (1) (2)
CARRYING AMOUNT 338 15 239 592
COMPANY
2019
COST 38 4 42
Transition adjustment (see note 35) 29 1 30
Additions 9 3 12
ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION AND IMPAIRMENT 14 1 15
Depreciation for the year 14 1 15
CARRYING AMOUNT 24 3 27
3. INVESTMENT PROPERTY GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
COST 260 250 292 280
At the beginning of the year 250 241 280 271
Additions 14 36 12 36
Disposals (4) (27) (27)
ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION 32 28 39 31
At the beginning of the year 28 25 31 24
Depreciation for the year 4 3 8 7
CARRYING AMOUNT 228 222 253 249
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
,Fair value 12 1 042 797 1 889 1 563
Rental and service income from investment property 342 312 457 368
Direct operating expenses — relating to rental and service income (325) (325) (325) (325)

1 The fair value measurement for all of the investment properties has been categorised as a Level 3 fair value, based on the inputs of the valuation techniques used.

2 The fair value in the Group is lower than the fair value in the Company because certain properties become owner-occupied on consolidation.

The Company leases property, offices and industrial sites to external customers as well as to its subsidiary companies. The lease periods are between one and 10 years, with most leases having a three-year term, with annual rental escalations between CPI and 8%. At 31 December 2019, the gross lettable area of the office and industrial buildings was 177 133m2 (2018: 177 133m2). Revenue from the investment property also includes amounts related to the provision of steam, water, effluent management, rail services and bulk electricity, mainly at the Umbogintwini Industrial Complex.

3. INVESTMENT PROPERTY CONTINUED

MEASUREMENT OF FAIR VALUES

FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY

The fair value of investment property is determined by an external independent property valuation expert, having appropriate recognised professional qualifications and recent experience in the location and category of the property being valued, on a rolling three-year cycle in line with Group policy.

This entails valuing approximately a third of the Group's investment properties annually, thereby ensuring that each property is valued at least once in a three-year cycle. For the properties that were not subject to an independent valuation in any given year, an assessment of the key assumptions is performed by management. No significant changes to the existing key assumptions were identified in the current year.

The fair value for the investment property has been split into its components. Fair value measurement has been categorised as a Level 3 fair value based on the inputs of the valuation techniques used.

UNOBSERVABLE INPUTS

A number of valuation techniques were used, depending on the optimal likely use of the property. The following table summarises the valuation techniques used in measuring the fair value of investment property, as well as the significant unobservable inputs considered:

VALUATION TECHNIQUE SIGNIFICANT UNOBSERVABLE INPUTS INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KEYUNOBSERVABLE INPUTS AND FAIRVALUE MEASUREMENT
The comparable sales approach was used tovalue vacant land. Comparable sales for parcels of raw, unservicedor rezoned and fully serviced land. The enhanced fair value rate per square metrehas a direct influence on fair value.
The valuation model was based on sales ofcomparable properties in the surrounding area,which were analysed to provide an estimateof the value for the property with adjustments The land valued at Modderfontein andUmbogintwini is zoned for business use andis partially serviced but it is not immediatelysub-divisible and developable.
made for differing characteristics.The comparable transactions were analysedin terms of their use and the purchase pricewas adjusted for variances in the quality of thespace. This purchase price was then dividedby the land size to determine a value rate persquare metre. This rate was applied to the landin order to derive a fair value. Therefore, a fair value per square metre hadto be derived with reference to a comparableunzoned and unserviced parcel of land butenhanced by the perceived value of installedservices and zoning.
The income approach was used to valuethe buildings.The valuation model was based on discountedcash flows incorporating the lease obligations,including escalations, to termination.At lease expiry, a new lease is assumed andthe commencing rental is assumed to be thecurrent gross market rental escalated at anappropriate growth rate.The present value of the future cash flows wasadded to the present value of the hypotheticalexit value, being the hypothetical net annualincome capitalised into perpetuity at anappropriate market-related rate. › Capitalisation rate: 13,0%;› Vacancy rate for office space:10,0% – 20,0%;› Vacancy rate for industrial space:2% – 18%;› Operating expenses for all buildings:R22,50/m2 – R28,40/m2. The estimated fair value would increase/(decrease) if:› the capitalisation rate were lower/(higher);› the vacancy rate for office space werelower/(higher);› the vacancy rate for industrial space werelower/(higher);› the operating expenses for all buildingswere lower/(higher).
The discount and exit capitalisation rates weredetermined by reference to comparable sales,appropriate surveys prepared by industryprofessionals, benchmarking against othercomparable valuations, and after consultationwith experienced and informed professionalsin the property industry including other valuers,brokers, managers and investors.

4. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Customer andmarketing Technical andlicensing Patents,trademarks
R millions relationships Brands agreements and other Total
GROUP
2019
COST 886 144 139 55 1 224
At the beginning of the year 901 147 139 39 1 226
Additions 16 16
Translation differences (15) (3) (18)
ACCUMULATED AMORTISATION
AND IMPAIRMENT 159 67 34 260
At the beginning of the year 100 59 28 187
Amortisation for the year 61 8 6 75
Translation differences (2) (2)
CARRYING AMOUNT 727 144 72 21 964
2018
COST 901 147 139 39 1 226
At the beginning of the year 134 138 39 311
Additions through business combinations 733 139 872
Additions 1 1
Translation differences 34 8 42
ACCUMULATED AMORTISATION
AND IMPAIRMENT 100 59 28 187
At the beginning of the year 46 51 26 123
Amortisation for the year 54 8 2 64
CARRYING AMOUNT 801 147 80 11 1 039

INDEFINITE LIFE INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The brands relate to the cash generating units CGUs detailed below. Brands have an indefinite useful life and are assessed annually for impairment as part of the goodwill impairment assessment (see note 5).

MUCH ASPHALT

Company brand 64

Much Asphalt is South Africa's largest manufacturer and supplier of asphalt products, bituminous road binders and emulsions. It has a strong brand reputation, established over more than 50 years of operations, and is recognised as a leader in its field.

Much Asphalt operates in terms of a business-to-business ("B2B") model and its customers include road construction companies ("RCCs"). These RCCs regularly approach Much Asphalt for non-binding quotations. They have their own in-house asphalt manufacturing capabilities or have relationships with competing asphalt manufacturers. Pricing plays a significant role in winning contracts, even though Much Asphalt may be able to negotiate prices based on its experience, the quality of the work provided and the technology it has at its disposal.

Given Much Asphalt's long history and that its predominant business model is B2B, with price competitiveness playing a major role in securing business against competitors with similar competitive products and manufacturing process, its brand was assessed as having an indefinite useful life.

SCHIRM

Company brand 80

Schirm was acquired via a share deal, resulting in its brand also being acquired by AECI. Schirm's name has a long tradition in the agrochemicals and fine chemicals industries. The name is considered a quality signal to the market and carries an attributable value. Schirm operates as a contract manufacturer and does not sell products under its own product brands or trademarks.

Since all of Schirm's sales are affected by its brand, total revenue was considered as the basis for the valuation. Due to Schirm's stable market position, characterised by a profound customer base and high barriers to entry for competitors, the Schirm brand was assessed as having an indefinite useful life.

4. INTANGIBLE ASSETS CONTINUED

Patents,trademarks
R millions and other
COMPANY
2019
COST 20
At the beginning of the year 5
Additions 15
ACCUMULATED AMORTISATION AND IMPAIRMENT 6
At the beginning of the year 1
Amortisation for the year 5
CARRYING AMOUNT 14
2018
COST 5
At the beginning of the year 4
Additions 1
ACCUMULATED AMORTISATION AND IMPAIRMENT 1
At the beginning of the year 1
CARRYING AMOUNT 4

5. GOODWILL

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
COST 3 500 3 585 936 936
At the beginning of the year 3 585 1 662 936 936
Additions through business combinations 1 836
Written off (23) (1)
Translation differences (62) 88
ACCUMULATED IMPAIRMENT LOSSES 299 175 240 182
At the beginning of the year 175 138 182 182
Written off (23)
Impairment charge for the year 147 31 58
Translation differences 6
CARRYING AMOUNT 3 201 3 410 696 754
Goodwill is allocated to CGUs based on the Group'soperating segments as follows:
Mining Solutions 467 467
Water & Process 349 349
Plant & Animal Health 483 545 100 100
Food & Beverage 51 198 4 62
Chemicals 1 851 1 851 592 592
CARRYING AMOUNT 3 201 3 410 696 754

IMPAIRMENT OF GOODWILL

Goodwill is tested for impairment by calculating the value-in-use of the CGU or CGUs to which the goodwill is allocated. The goodwill in the operating segments comprises individual CGUs, each of which has been tested for impairment. The goodwill balances are aggregated, per operating segment, due to no single CGU in each operating segment being considered individually significant.

5. GOODWILL CONTINUED

Value-in-use was determined by discounting the future cash flows expected to be generated from the continuing use of the CGU and was based on the following key assumptions:

  • › cash flows were projected based on actual operating results and the business plan for a period of at least five years, and using an average trading margin of between 8% and 11% over the five years;
  • › a pre-tax discount rate between 7% and 21% (2018: 8% and 22%) was applied in determining the recoverable amount of the CGU and the discount rate was estimated based on the Group's weighted average cost of capital, adjusted for the risk profile applicable to each CGU; and

› terminal value growth rates of between 2% and 6% (2018: 1% and 6%) were applied. This was based on sustainable earnings and a conservative growth model.

Other than Much Asphalt and Schirm (as disclosed below), a reasonably possible change in the assumptions used to calculate the value-in-use is not likely to cause the recoverable amount to fall below the carrying value of the remaining CGUs.

GROUP

IMPAIRMENTS DURING THE YEAR

The goodwill of R147 million on the Group's investment in Southern Canned Products (Pty) Ltd ("SCP"), in the Food & Beverage operating segment, was impaired. Lower trading margins in key customers' industries diminished SCP's ability to achieve the cash flow synergies identified at the time of acquisition.

The value-in-use of the CGU was reassessed at 31 December 2019 by discounting its expected future cash flows. Its recoverable amount was R296 million compared to its carrying value of R441 million and, accordingly, the goodwill of R147 million was fully impaired.

The impairment assessment was performed using a discounted cash flow model in accordance with the Group's policy on impairment of non-financial assets. The following key assumptions were applied:

  • › margins were determined by management, using judgement and best estimates derived from information available at the time;
  • › sales volumes were determined after considering sustainable production capacity and demand observed in the markets in which SCP operates;
  • › a discount rate of 16,5% was applied in the model and was calculated using the Group's weighted average cost of capital, the South African risk-free rate and the South African country risk premium;
  • › cash flows were projected based on actual operating results and the business plan for a period of five years; and
  • › a terminal value growth rate of 5,5% was applied and was based on sustainable earnings and a conservative growth model into perpetuity.

COMPANY

IMPAIRMENTS DURING THE YEAR

The divisional goodwill of R58 million on the Company's investment in Infigro, in the Food & Beverage segment, was impaired. The cash flow synergies relating to this business unit are no longer expected to be realised in full as a result of changes in market conditions, with new competitors negatively impacting margins and a significant slowdown in demand from the largest customer. The combination of these factors necessitated an impairment of the associated goodwill.

The value-in-use of the CGU was reassessed at 31 December 2019 by discounting the expected future cash flows to be generated from this CGU. The recoverable amount was R73 million compared to the carrying value of R140 million and, accordingly, the goodwill of R58 million was fully impaired.

The impairment assessment was performed using a discounted cash flow model, in accordance with the Group's policy on impairment of non-financial assets. The following key assumptions were applied:

  • › margins were determined by management, using judgement and best estimates derived from information available at the time;
  • › sales volumes were determined after considering sustainable production capacity and demand observed in the market in which Infigro operates;
  • › the discount rate of 15,3% applied in the model was calculated using the Group's weighted average cost of capital, the South African risk-free rate and the South African country risk premium;
  • › the cash flows were projected based on actual operating results and the business plan for a period of five years; and
  • › a terminal value growth rate of 5,5% was applied and was based on sustainable earnings and a conservative growth model into perpetuity.

IMPAIRMENT TESTING FOR CGUs CONTAINING GOODWILL

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill has been allocated to the Group's CGUs as follows:

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Much Asphalt1 1 531 1 531
Schirm1 317 376
Multiple units with individually insignificant goodwill2 1 353 1 503 696 754
CARRYING AMOUNT 3 201 3 410 696 754

1 The brands, which are intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, are included in the impairment assessment of the relevant CGUs (see note 4).

2 The remainder of the Group's goodwill comprises 33 CGUs which are individually insignificant.

5. GOODWILL CONTINUED

MUCH ASPHALT

The recoverable amount of this CGU was based on the value-in-use, estimated using discounted cash flows.

The key assumptions used in the estimation of the recoverable amount are set out below. The values assigned to the key assumptions represent management's assessment of future trends in the relevant industries and have been based on historical data from both external and internal sources.

GROUP
% 2019 2018
Discount rate 13,8 14,8
Terminal value growth rate 5,5 5,5
Budgeted revenue growth rate (average for the next five years) 9,0 13,2

A nominal discount rate was applied in determining the recoverable amount of the CGU and estimated based on the Group's weighted average cost of capital, adjusted for the risk profile applicable to the CGU, with a possible debt leveraging of 30%. The discount rate is influenced by changes in the country risk-free rate, currency default spread and risk premiums which, in turn, are influenced by changes in the macro-economic environment.

The cash flow projections included specific estimates for five years and a terminal growth rate thereafter. The terminal growth rate was determined based on management's estimate of the long-term compound annual earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation ("EBITDA") growth rate, consistent with the assumptions that a market participant would make.

Revenue growth was projected taking into account the average growth levels experienced over the past five years and the estimated sales volume and price growth for the next five years. It was assumed that sales would increase in line with projected government investment in road infrastructure that will materialise in the foreseeable future, based on the South African government's commitments to infrastructure spend as published by the National Treasury in its forecasts for the next five years.

The estimated recoverable amount of the CGU exceeded its carrying amount by approximately R298 million, but this amount is sensitive to changes in certain key assumptions. Management has identified that a reasonably possible change in two key assumptions could cause the carrying amount to exceed the recoverable amount. The following table shows the amount by which these two assumptions would need to change individually for the estimated recoverable amount to be equal to the carrying amount:

INCREASE/(DECREASE)REQUIRED FORCARRYING AMOUNTTO EQUALRECOVERABLEAMOUNT
% 2019 2018
Discount rate 1,1 1,8
Budgeted revenue growth rate (average for the next five years) (2,5) (4,1)

SCHIRM

The recoverable amount of this CGU was based on the value-in-use, estimated using discounted cash flows.

The key assumptions used in the estimation of the recoverable amount are set out below. The values assigned to the key assumptions represent management's assessment of future trends in the relevant industries and have been based on historical data from both external and internal sources.

GROUP
% 2019 2018
Discount rate 7,7 8,1
Terminal value growth rate 2,2 1,8
Budgeted revenue growth rate (average for the next five years) 4,3 5,7

A nominal discount rate was applied in determining the recoverable amount of the CGU and was estimated based on the Group's weighted average cost of capital, adjusted for the risk profile applicable to the CGU, with a possible debt leveraging of 15%. The discount rate is influenced by changes in the country risk-free rate, currency default spread and risk premiums which, in turn, are influenced by changes in the macro-economic environment.

The cash flow projections included specific estimates for five years and a terminal growth rate thereafter. The terminal growth rate was determined based on management's estimate of the long-term compound annual EBITDA growth rate, consistent with the assumptions that a market participant would make.

Revenue growth was projected taking into account the average growth levels experienced over the past five years and the estimated sales volume and price growth for the next five years. It was assumed that sales would increase in line with the expectation that challenges associated with the commissioning of the new synthesis plant and registration of certain products over the next five years, will be resolved.

5. GOODWILL CONTINUED

The estimated recoverable amount of the CGU exceeded its carrying amount by approximately €43 million (R690 million translated at 31 December 2019), but this amount is sensitive to changes in certain key assumptions. Management identified that a reasonably possible change in two key assumptions could cause the carrying amount to exceed the recoverable amount. The following table shows the amount by which these two assumptions would need to change individually for the estimated recoverable amount to be equal to the carrying amount:

INCREASE/AMOUNT (DECREASE)REQUIRED FORCARRYING AMOUNTTO EQUALRECOVERABLE
% 2019 2018
Discount rate 1,9 0,5
Budgeted revenue growth rate (average for the next five years) (5,2) (1,6)

6. INVESTMENT IN SUBSIDIARIES AND LOANS WITH SUBSIDIARIES

COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018
Unlisted shares (see note 33) 7 570 7 562
At cost 7 621 7 613
Less: impairment losses (51) (51)
Non-current loans to subsidiaries 351 351
,Amounts owing 13 351 351
Investment in subsidiaries 7 921 7 913
,Non-current loans from subsidiaries13 (2 213) (2 197)
NET INVESTMENT IN SUBSIDIARIES 5 708 5 716
,Interest-bearing non-current loans to subsidiaries13 399 434
,Interest-bearing current loans to subsidiaries23 3 267 3 301
INTEREST-BEARING LOANS TO SUBSIDIARIES 3 666 3 735
Interest-bearing current loans from subsidiaries3 (4 284) (3 043)
INTEREST-BEARING LOANS FROM SUBSIDIARIES (4 284) (3 043)
NET LOANS WITH SUBSIDIARIES (see note 33)3 (2 480) (1 154)

1 Other loans provided by and to the Company are not expected to be repaid within 12 months and are classified as non-current.

2 Business entities are funded through the central treasury of the Company and such loans are classified as current.

3 Net loans with subsidiaries is calculated as the sum of loans to and loans from subsidiaries.

The loans with non-operating business entities are considered part of the net investment in those entities and bear no interest.

All significant subsidiaries' financial information included in the financial statements is prepared as at the reporting date of the parent.

Impairment assessments on investments in unlisted shares of dormant entities were made with reference to the net asset value of those entities. Where this resulted in the value of the investment having a recoverable amount lower than the carrying value, the investments were impaired.

Impairment assessments on investments in and loans to subsidiaries were made with reference to the net asset value, future business plans and cash flow forecasts of those subsidiaries. Where this resulted in the value of the investment having a recoverable amount lower than the carrying value, the investments were impaired.

Loans bear interest at market-related variable rates, are unsecured and have no fixed terms of repayment.

7. INVESTMENT IN AND LOANS WITH JOINT VENTURES AND JOINT OPERATIONS

INTERESTS IN JOINT VENTURES

Specialty Minerals South Africa (''SMSA'') is a joint venture with Specialty Minerals Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Minerals Technologies Inc., which is a global leader in precipitated calcium carbonate technology. Accordingly, SMSA has access to the most up-to-date technology and technical services. The Company's products are used as a value-adding filler material in the manufacture of copy grade paper in South Africa.

The Group has a residual interest in the net assets of SMSA and thus it is classified as a joint venture. The joint venture is not a publicly listed entity and, therefore, it does not have published price quotations.

Crest Chemicals ("Crest") was a joint venture with the Brenntag (Holding) BV. Crest represents several international manufacturers of specialty and commodity chemical products and distributes these to a large number of industries in Southern Africa.

The Group's share of profit of joint ventures for the year was R21 million (2018: R2 million).

In 2019 the Group received dividends of R50 million from its joint ventures (2018: R18 million).

Summarised financial information for the joint ventures was as follows:

STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

R millions SMSA Total
2019
OWNERSHIP (%) 50
Current assets excluding cash and cash equivalents 26 26
Cash and cash equivalents 65 65
Non-current assets 11 11
TOTAL ASSETS 102 102
Trade and other payables 36 36
TOTAL LIABILITIES 36 36
NET ASSETS 66 66
Group's share of net assets 33 33
CARRYING AMOUNT 33 33
R millions Crest SMSA Total
2018
OWNERSHIP (%) 50 50
Current assets excluding cash and cash equivalents 464 25 489
Cash and cash equivalents 28 121 149
Non-current assets 172 13 185
TOTAL ASSETS 664 159 823
Trade and other payables 225 32 257
Non-current liabilities 27 27
TOTAL LIABILITIES 252 32 284
Non-controlling interest 25 25
NET ASSETS 387 127 514
Group's share of net assets 194 64 258
CARRYING AMOUNT 194 64 258

7. INVESTMENT IN AND LOANS WITH JOINT VENTURES AND JOINT OPERATIONS CONTINUED

INCOME STATEMENTS

R millions Crest SMSA Total
2019
OWNERSHIP (%) 50 50
Revenue 577 170 747
Net operating costs excluding depreciation and amortisation (550) (120) (670)
Depreciation and amortisation (11) (3) (14)
Interest expense (5) (5)
Interest received 1 4 5
Tax credit (4) (16) (20)
Non-controlling interest (1) (1)
PROFIT 7 35 42
Group's share of profit1 4 17 21

1 The Group's share of Crest's profit was for the six months ended 30 June 2019, at which date it was classified as held for sale.

R millions Crest SMSA Total
2018
OWNERSHIP (%) 50 50
Revenue 1 515 172 1 687
Net operating costs excluding depreciation and amortisation (1 563) (107) (1 670)
Depreciation and amortisation (10) (3) (13)
Interest expense (1) (1)
Interest received 2 5 7
Tax expense/(credit) 14 (18) (4)
Non-controlling interest (2) (2)
(LOSS)/PROFIT (45) 49 4
Group's share of (loss)/profit (23) 25 2

LOANS (FROM)/TO JOINT VENTURES

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Interest-bearing current loans (from)/to joint ventures (62) 7 (130) (30)

Loans bear interest at market-related variable rates, are unsecured and have no fixed terms of repayment.

DISPOSAL OF INTEREST IN JOINT VENTURE

The Group disposed of its 50% shareholding in Crest to its joint venture partner, Brenntag (Holding) BV on 29 November 2019. The business was part of the Chemicals operating segment and was classified as held for sale at 30 June 2019.

R millions 2019
GROUP
Final adjusted purchase price 430
Initial purchase price consideration received 390
Purchase price adjustment on working capital 1 40
Carrying value of investment disposed (196)
PROFIT ON SALE OF JOINT VENTURE 234

1 The purchase price was adjusted upwards by 50% of the amount by which Crest's final working capital exceeded its working capital target as agreed in the sale and purchase agreement. This additional amount was received after the reporting date.

7. INVESTMENT IN AND LOANS WITH JOINT VENTURES AND JOINT OPERATIONS CONTINUED

INTEREST IN JOINT OPERATION

DetNet is a joint arrangement with Dyno Nobel, a subsidiary of Incitec Pivot Ltd. DetNet is represented globally by both AEL Intelligent Blasting and Dyno Nobel, thus providing global access and support for all its products. The Group has rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities of DetNet and thus it is classified as a joint operation which is proportionately consolidated. On proportionate consolidation the investment in unlisted shares is derecognised and the joint operation's results are consolidated on a line-by-line basis into that of the Group.

COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018
Unlisted shares at amortised cost 28 28
PERCENTAGE HELD BY AECI
OWNERSHIP (%) 2019 2018
DetNet South Africa (Pty) Ltd 50 50

GROUP'S SHARE OF INCOME STATEMENT

R millions 2019 2018
OWNERSHIP (%) 50 50
Revenue 281 196
Net operating costs excluding depreciation and amortisation (229) (172)
Depreciation and amortisation (5) (3)
Interest received 4 3
Tax expense (15) (3)
PROFIT 36 21

GROUP'S SHARE OF FINANCIAL POSITION

R millions 2019 2018
OWNERSHIP (%) 50 50
Current assets excluding cash and cash equivalents 145 96
Cash and cash equivalents 34 25
Non-current assets 23 22
TOTAL ASSETS 202 143
Trade and other payables including provisions 47 25
Current financial liabilities excluding trade and other payables and provisions 2
Non-current liabilities 1 1
Non-current financial liabilities excluding trade and other payables and provisions 1
TOTAL LIABILITIES 51 26
NET ASSETS 151 117

8. INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATES

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
UNLISTED SHARES AT COST 299 299 24 24
At the beginning of the year 299 289 24 24
Acquisitions 10
POST-ACQUISITION ACCUMULATED LOSSES (158) (164)
Balance at the beginning of the year (164) (90)
Impairment (78)
Translation differences (3) 6
Current year's share of net profits/(losses) of associate companies 9 (2)
TOTAL INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATES 141 135 24 24

The Group has a 42,6% interest in PT Black Bear Resources Indonesia ("BBRI"). BBRI is an Indonesian company and owns an ammonium nitrate plant which supplies ammonium nitrate solution to the region, thereby improving AECI Mining Solutions' supply chain. BBRI is a strategic investment for that segment as it enables local supply to replace imports into this market.

The Group has a 49% interest in Clover Pride (Pty) Ltd ("Clover Pride"), a South African manufacturer and importer of olive oils, extra virgin olive oils, balsamic vinegars and related products.

The Group has a 27% interest in Specialised Road Technologies (Pty) Ltd ("SRT"). SRT has a wide range of specialised equipment at its disposal for road surveillance testing and its laboratory is equipped to meet the latest requirements of asphalt design protocol and performance grade binder specification testing. SRT is an associate of Much Asphalt and is consolidated in the Chemicals operating segment.

GROUP
R millions BBRI CloverPride SRT Total
2019
OWNERSHIP (%) 42,6 49,0 27,0
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
Current assets 110 56 35 201
Non-current assets 340 41 10 391
Current liabilities (121) (15) (3) (139)
Non-current liabilities (50) (13) (1) (64)
NET ASSETS (100%) 279 69 41 389
CARRYING AMOUNT OF INTEREST IN ASSOCIATE 97 34 10 141
2018
OWNERSHIP (%) 42,6 49,0 27,0
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
Current assets 114 42 30 186
Non-current assets 365 42 12 419
Current liabilities (222) (15) (1) (238)
Non-current liabilities (12) (2) (14)
NET ASSETS (100%) 257 57 39 353
CARRYING AMOUNT OF INTEREST IN ASSOCIATE 96 29 10 135

The Company's R24 million investment in Clover Pride is carried at cost less accumulated impairments.

8. INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATES CONTINUED

INCOME STATEMENT

Clover
R millions BBRI Pride SRT Total
2019
OWNERSHIP (%) 42,6 49,0 27,0
Revenue 200 127 27 354
Net operating costs excluding depreciation and amortisation (139) (109) (23) (271)
Depreciation and amortisation (46) (4) (50)
Interest expense (11) (2) (13)
Interest received 2 1 1 4
Tax expense (4) (4)
PROFIT 6 13 1 20
GROUP SHARE OF PROFIT 3 6 9
2018
OWNERSHIP (%) 42,6 49,0 27,0
Revenue 185 108 20 313
Net operating costs excluding depreciation and amortisation (139) (106) (17) (262)
Depreciation and amortisation (40) (3) (43)
Interest expense (12) (2) (14)
Interest received 1 1 2
Tax expense (1) (1)
LOSS (5) (5)
GROUP SHARE OF LOSS (2) (2)

9. OTHER INVESTMENTS

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
NON-CURRENT INVESTMENTS
Equity instruments 99 101 97 99
Unlisted shares1 95 97 93 95
Capital contributions 4 4 4 4
Loans and receivables2 8 25 14
OTHER NON-CURRENT INVESTMENTS 107 126 97 113
CURRENT INVESTMENTS
Money market investments3 136 83
Employer surplus accounts4 101 135 101 135
Loans and receivables2 15 15
OTHER CURRENT INVESTMENTS 252 218 116 135

1 During 2017, AECI invested US$5 million (R65 million translated at the time) in Origin Materials ("Origin"), a start-up company based in California, USA, that has pioneered the development of bio-based chemicals which can be processed into a large number of products for application in global markets. Included in the unlisted shares is a R22 million investment in the Good Chemistry Fund. The Group designates these investments as measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. The fair value of the investment in Origin was categorised as a Level 3 asset, because the shares were not listed on an exchange and there were no recent observable arm's length transactions in the shares other than the amount invested. The Good Chemistry Fund is also considered to be a Level 3 asset in the fair value hierarchy.

2 These loans have varying repayments terms ranging from no fixed repayment terms to a repayment period of 10 years. Interest on these loans is charged at fixed rates of between nil and 15% annually, and at floating rates of prime plus 1%.

3 The money market investment is an investment in a collective investment scheme with Investec Bank Ltd and a money market fund with Old Mutual Ltd. The investments are considered to be Level 1 financial assets and, therefore, their carrying values were the same as their fair values at the reporting date.

4 Employer surplus accounts include the surpluses from the AECI Defined Contribution Pension Fund and the AECI Employees Provident Fund. The funds are invested in a money market account and the investment is thus considered to be a Level 1 financial asset. Its carrying value, therefore, was the same as its fair value at the reporting date. See note 29 for further information in this regard.

10. DEFERRED TAX

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Deferred tax assets 234 382
Deferred tax liabilities (527) (547) (132) (60)
NET DEFERRED TAX LIABILITY (293) (165) (132) (60)
At the beginning of the year (165) 302 (60) (18)
Recognised in the income statement
— normal activities (33) (117) 31 (60)
Recognised in other comprehensive income
— foreign currency loan translation differences 3 (16)
— defined-benefit obligations (91) 11 (100) 7
— post-retirement medical aid obligations (4) 8 (4) 8
Business combinations (352)
Other (3) (1) 1 3
AT THE END OF THE YEAR (293) (165) (132) (60)
Analysis by major temporary differences:
Property, plant and equipment (598) (710) (61) (56)
Right-of-use assets and finance lease liabilities (13)
Intangible assets (232) (142)
Provisions and deferred income 468 424 193 177
Pension fund employer surplus accounts (214) (133) (214) (133)
Deferred foreign exchange differences (35) (68) (43) (47)
Computed tax losses 326 460
Other 5 4 (7) (1)
(293) (165) (132) (60)

Deferred tax assets of R234 million (2018: R382 million) were recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable income will be available in future against which they can be utilised. Future taxable profits were estimated based on business plans which include estimates and assumptions regarding economic growth, interest and inflation rates and market conditions. These deferred tax assets do not expire.

11. INVENTORIES

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Raw and packaging materials 1 471 1 524 204 233
In progress 18 68 6 10
Finished goods and merchandise 2 324 2 261 881 1 057
Consumable stores 205 186
Spares and other 204 211 29 30
Obsolescence provisions (188) (169) (18) (10)
4 034 4 081 1 102 1 320
Recognised in profit or loss:
Cost of inventories recognised as an expense 13 533 12 935 4 013 3 856
Losses and write-down of inventories 11 14 5 8
Inventory adjustments 81 64 (6) 7

12. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Trade (net of loss allowances) 4 035 4 086 1 193 1 109
Contracts with customers 4 032 4 084 1 190 1 107
Lease receivables 3 2 3 2
Pre-payments 126 197 24 29
VAT 332 144 52 32
Deposits 138 26 13 7
Other 217 156 35 43
Forward exchange contracts 28 26 3 8
Joint ventures and associates 32 15 38 16
Subsidiaries 333 143
4 908 4 650 1 691 1 387

Trade receivables are exposed to credit risk as described in note 28.

The maximum exposure to credit risk for trade receivables at 31 December by geographic region was:

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
South Africa 2 364 2 427 1 131 1 032
Rest of African continent 1 047 1 070 55 65
North America 99 47
South America 6 15
Asia 73 96 5 5
Australia 72 87
Europe 374 344 2 7
TRADE (NET OF LOSS ALLOWANCES) 4 035 4 086 1 193 1 109

CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK

The following table provides information on the exposure to credit risk and expected credit loss rates ("ECLs") for trade receivables by geographic region as at 31 December 2019:

GROUPR millions Weightedaverage lossrate (%) Grosscarryingamount Specific lossallowances Lifetime ECLallowance Total lossallowance Trade(net of lossallowances)
SOUTH AFRICA
Current (not yet due)1 1 894 (7) (7) 1 887
1 – 30 days past due 1 318 (3) (3) 315
31 – 60 days past due 2 129 (2) (2) 127
61 – 90 days past due 4 31 (1) (1) (2) 29
More than 90 days past due 100 66 (1) (59) (60) 6
2 438 (2) (72) (74) 2 364
REST OF AFRICAN CONTINENT
Current (not yet due) 1 766 (1) (4) (5) 761
1 – 30 days past due 1 196 (2) (2) 194
31 – 60 days past due 1 60 (1) (1) 59
61 – 90 days past due 2 30 (1) (1) 29
More than 90 days past due 100 81 (3) (74) (77) 4
1 133 (4) (82) (86) 1 047

1 Weighted average loss rate of less than 1%.

12. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE CONTINUED

GROUP

R millions Weightedaverage lossrate (%) Grosscarryingamount Specific lossallowances Lifetime ECLallowance Total lossallowance Trade(net of lossallowances)
EUROPE
Current (not yet due) 1 328 (1) (4) (5) 323
1 – 30 days past due 9 56 (2) (4) (6) 50
31 – 60 days past due
61 – 90 days past due 1 1
More than 90 days past due 100 2 (2) (2)
387 (3) (10) (13) 374
OTHER REGIONS
Current (not yet due)1 222 (1) (1) 221
1 – 30 days past due 26 26
31 – 60 days past due 1 1
61 – 90 days past due
More than 90 days past due 100 6 (4) (4) 2
255 (5) (5) 250

Other regions include Asia, Australia, North America and South America.

COMPANY

R millions Weightedaverage lossrate (%) Grosscarryingamount Specific lossallowances Lifetime ECLallowance Total lossallowance Trade(net of lossallowances)
SOUTH AFRICA
Current (not yet due)1 840 (2) (2) 838
1 – 30 days past due 192 (1) (1) 191
31 – 60 days past due 1 84 (1) (1) 83
61 – 90 days past due 4 21 (1) (1) (2) 19
More than 90 days past due 100 20 (1) (19) (20)
1 157 (2) (24) (26) 1 131
REST OF AFRICAN CONTINENT
Current (not yet due)1 41 41
1 – 30 days past due 6 6
31 – 60 days past due 1 8 8
61 – 90 days past due 7
More than 90 days past due 100 1 (1) (1)
56 (1) (1) 55

1 Weighted average loss rate of less than 1%.

Other regions amount to R7 million, with negligible losses expected. These include receivables from Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America.

The loss allowance is calculated using an ECL model instead of an incurred loss model. The Group uses a provision matrix to calculate ECLs, with amounts more than 90 days past due viewed as rebuttable default events. The weighted average loss rate is not applied to receivables that carry an insignificant risk of default due to credit insurance, letters of credit or other forms of guarantee.

The ECLs were calculated based on actual credit loss experience. The Group performed the calculation of ECL rates separately by segmenting exposures based on common credit risk characteristics and focused on the risks relevant to each geographic region.

Actual credit loss experience was adjusted to reflect differences between economic conditions during the period over which the historical data was collected, current conditions and the Group's view of economic conditions over the expected lives of the receivables.

12. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE CONTINUED

IMPAIRMENT ALLOWANCE OF TRADE RECEIVABLES

The movements in the allowance for impairment in respect of trade receivables were as follows:

2018
(16)
(19)
(6)
3
(38)
(37)
(1)

The decrease in loss allowance was attributable mainly to a decrease in the gross carrying amounts of trade receivables.

13. SHARE CAPITAL AND SHARE PREMIUM

NUMBER OF SHARES GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018
ORDINARY SHARES
Authorised
Ordinary shares of R1 each 180 000 000 180 000 000 180 180 180 180
B ordinary shares of no par value 10 117 951 10 117 951
LISTED ORDINARY SHARES AT THE
BEGINNING AND END OF THE YEAR
At the beginning of the year
Group 109 944 384 109 944 384 110 110
Company 121 829 083 121 829 083 122 122
At the end of the year
Group 109 944 384 109 944 384 110 110
Company 121 829 083 121 829 083 122 122
UNLISTED REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLEB ORDINARY SHARES AT THE BEGINNING
AND END OF THE YEAR
Company 10 117 951 10 117 951
Share premium less share issue expenses 6 6
Total ordinary shares
Group 109 944 384 109 944 384 110 110
Company 131 947 034 131 947 034 128 128
No par value treasury shares held by a consolidated trust 10 117 951 10 117 951
Par value treasury shares held by a subsidiary company 11 884 699 11 884 699
Total treasury shares 22 002 650 22 002 650
LISTED PREFERENCE SHARES
Authorised and issued
5,5% cumulative shares of R2 each 3 000 000 3 000 000 6 6 6 6

In terms of the Company's MOI, all payments of dividends on the preference shares and all payments to be made in respect of the preference shares in the event of liquidation shall be made in pound sterling and calculated as though the shares were one pound sterling per share. The capital repayment to preference shareholders in the event of liquidation is limited to 3 150 000 pound sterling (1,05 pound sterling per share).

13. SHARE CAPITAL AND SHARE PREMIUM CONTINUED

Other than treasury shares, the following beneficial shareholders held 5% or more of the Company's listed ordinary shares at 31 December 2019:

Numberof shares % of issuedordinaryshares
BENEFICIAL SHAREHOLDER
Allan Gray 18 008 013 14,8
PIC 11 955 154 9,8
PSG Asset Management 11 151 112 9,2
Kagiso Asset Management 7 237 542 5,9

CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

The Board of Directors' policy is to actively manage its capital base so as to maintain investor and market confidence and sustain future development of the business. The Board of Directors monitors the spread of shareholders, the level of dividends to ordinary shareholders and RONA. RONA is defined as operating profit plus share of profit of equity-accounted investees, net of tax, as a percentage of average operating assets less average operating liabilities (see note 32). There are no externally imposed capital requirements.

14. NON-CURRENT BORROWINGS

R millions (unless otherwise indicated) Weighted
average GROUP COMPANY
Facility Terms of repayment Interest rate 1 interestrate (%) 2019 2018 2019 2018
UNSECURED
LOCAL
LOANS
Term loan Repayable in full on 12 April 2021 JIBAR + 1,94% 8,96 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100
Repayable in full on 21 November 2021 JIBAR + 1,41% 8,41 200 200 200 200
Repayable in full on 21 November 2023 JIBAR + 1,60% 8,60 500 500 500 500
DMTN PROGRAMME2
AECI01 Repayable in full on 11 September 2021 JIBAR + 1,55% 8,56 360 360 360 360
AECI02 Repayable in full on 11 September 2023 JIBAR + 1,75% 8,81 520 520 520 520
AECI03 Repayable in full on 21 November 2022 JIBAR + 1,51% 8,51 500 500 500 500
AECI04 Repayable in full on 21 November 2023 JIBAR + 1,56% 8,56 300 300 300 300
FOREIGN
LOANS— US DOLLAR
Repayable in full on 23 November 2020 LIBOR + 1,45% 3,86 168 173
Repayable in full on 21 November 2021 LIBOR + 1,52% 3,93 196 201
Repayable in full on 21 November 2022 LIBOR + 1,83% 4,24 210 216
Repayable in full on 21 November 2023 LIBOR + 1,98% 4,39 281 287
LOANS— EURO
Repayable in full on 21 November 2023 EURIBOR + 2,00%3 1,64 535 559
Repayable in full on 21 November 2023 0,27% + 2,00% 2,27 535 559
TOTAL BORROWINGS 5 405 5 475 3 480 3 480
Current borrowings (see note 18) (168)
NON-CURRENT BORROWINGS 5 237 5 475 3 480 3 480

1 Applicable three-month base rate with interest accrued and repaid every three months.

2 The JSE Limited granted AECI the listing of its Senior Unsecured Floating Rate Notes, in terms of its Domestic Medium Term Note Programme ("DMTN Programme"), dated 4 September 2018. The DMTN Programme is guaranteed by AECI Mining Solutions Ltd, Chemical Services Ltd, Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd and AECI Mauritius Ltd, effective from 11 September 2018.

3 Three-month EURIBOR, provided that if at any time while any amount is outstanding under the facility, the sum of such margin and EURIBOR is negative, the lenders will apply a floor of minus 2% to EURIBOR, such that the sum of the margin and EURIBOR remains greater than or equal to zero %.

14. NON-CURRENT BORROWINGS CONTINUED

SUMMARY OF REPAYMENTS

TOTALOWING REPAYABLE DURING THEYEAR ENDING 31 DECEMBER TOTALOWING
R millions 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2018
GROUP
Borrowings denominated in rand 3 480 1 660 500 1 320 3 480
Borrowings denominated inforeign currency 1 925 168 196 210 1 351 1 995
TOTAL BORROWINGS 5 405 168 1 856 710 2 671 5 475
COMPANY
Borrowings denominated in rand 3 480 1 660 500 1 320 3 480
TOTAL BORROWINGS 3 480 1 660 500 1 320 3 480

15. LEASE LIABILITIES

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Transition adjustment (see note 35) 739 30
Additions 22 12
Lease payments (246) (17)
Lease modifications 3
Interest 62 3
Translation differences (4)
TOTAL LEASE LIABILITIES 576 28
Current lease liabilities (210) (17)
NON-CURRENT LEASE LIABILITIES 366 11

MATURITY ANALYSIS

Totalowing2019 Payablewithin1 year Payablebetween1 and5 years Payablethereafter Totalowing2018
(114) (44) (56) (14)
576 210 290 76
(3) (2) (1)
28 17 11
69031 25419 34612 90

15. LEASE LIABILITIES CONTINUED

INFORMATION REGARDING VARIABLE LEASE ESCALATIONS

Some of the vehicle and property leases in which the Group is the lessee contain annual future escalations that are linked to local country CPI. All other leases contain fixed escalation rates.

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Fixed escalation leases 488 28
Variable escalation leases 88
— linked to South African CPI 87
— linked to foreign CPI 1
TOTAL LEASE LIABILITIES 576 28

16. NON-CURRENT PROVISIONS AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION
At the beginning of the year 165 167 107 109
Paid during the year (4) (20) (1) (2)
Charged to net operating costs during the year (see note 20)
— Additional provision made 7 16
— Reversal of provision (5)
Translation differences 2
163 165 106 107
Current portion included in accounts payable (see note 17) (16)
AT THE END OF THE YEAR 163 149 106 107
EARNINGS-BASED INCENTIVE SCHEME (see note 30)
At the beginning of the year 22 37 21 35
Paid during the year (9) (19) (8) (18)
Charged to net operating costs during the year (see note 20)
— Additional provision made 3 4 3 4
16 22 16 21
Current portion included in accounts payable (see note 17) (16) (22) (16) (21)
AT THE END OF THE YEAR
EARNINGS-GROWTH INCENTIVE SCHEME (see note 30)
At the beginning of the year 91 119 40 53
Paid during the year (31) (59) (14) (27)
Charged to net operating costs during the year (see note 20)
— Additional provision made 24 36 14 16
— Reversal of provision (6) (5) (3) (2)
78 91 37 40
Current portion included in accounts payable (see note 17) (67) (67) (34) (30)
AT THE END OF THE YEAR 11 24 3 10

16. NON-CURRENT PROVISIONS AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
CASH-SETTLED SHARE-BASED INCENTIVE SCHEME (see note 30)
At the beginning of the year 22 45 22 45
Paid during the year (21) (12) (21) (12)
Charged to net operating costs during the year (see note 20)
— Additional provision made 8 4 8 4
— Reversal of provision (15) (15)
9 22 9 22
Current portion included in accounts payable (see note 17) (9) (22) (9) (22)
AT THE END OF THE YEAR
ACTUARIAL VALUATION OF OBLIGATIONS (see note 30)
Post-retirement medical aid obligations 207 216 207 216
Defined-benefit obligations 221 194
AT THE END OF THE YEAR 428 410 207 216
TOTAL NON-CURRENT PROVISIONS 602 583 316 333

ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

The environmental remediation provision is based on the Group's SHEQ Policy, obligations in terms of legislation to remediate land and the most appropriate end-use for the land. The expenditure is expected to be incurred as and when the Group is legally required to do so, depending on end-use for the land. The Group's environmental costs could increase depending on the impact of possible changes in legislation and possible changes in practices by environmental authorities.

EARNINGS-BASED, EARNINGS-GROWTH AND CASH-SETTLED SHARE-BASED INCENTIVE SCHEMES

The earnings-based incentive scheme, earnings-growth incentive scheme and cash-settled share-based incentive scheme provisions represent the present value of obligations to employees who have been granted units in terms of the incentive schemes (see note 30).

The amount payable depends on employees meeting the vesting conditions pertaining to their period of employment as well as the earnings of the Group or the Company's share price performance during the life of the units.

POST-RETIREMENT MEDICAL AID OBLIGATIONS

Details of the nature of the post-retirement medical aid obligations provision are disclosed in note 30. The costs will be incurred over the lifetime of all eligible employees and will vary depending on expected lives, changes to salary inflation, healthcare costs and discount rates.

Assumptions used to determine the obligations are also detailed in note 30.

17. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Trade 3 373 3 736 1 373 1 434
Payroll-related accruals 625 622 214 212
Other 221 183 105 148
Provisions 162 162 5 5
Accruals 110 110 67 67
Forward exchange contracts 65 26 25 9
VAT 25 27
Subsidiaries 151 121
Joint ventures and associates 10 17 3
4 591 4 883 1 940 1 999
Current portion of non-current provisions (see note 16) 92 127 59 73
4 683 5 010 1 999 2 072

18. CURRENT BORROWINGS

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Current portion of non-current borrowings (see note 14) 168
Unsecured interest-bearing short-term borrowings 27 283 26 280
195 283 26 280

19. REVENUE

DISAGGREGATION OF REVENUE BY NATURE

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
MINING SOLUTIONS 11 537 11 013
Sale of goods 9 983 9 449
Sale of goods and related product application services 1 554 1 564
WATER & PROCESS 1 452 1 376
Sale of goods 37 79
Sale of goods and related product application services 1 415 1 297
PLANT & ANIMAL HEALTH 4 783 4 423 2 591 2 433
Sale of goods 4 774 4 423 2 584 2 433
Sale of goods and related product application services 9 7
FOOD & BEVERAGE 1 466 1 248 503 461
Sale of goods 1 466 1 248 503 461
CHEMICALS 5 567 5 266 2 424 2 460
Sale of goods 5 505 5 215 2 370 2 409
Sale of goods and related product application services 62 51 54 51
PROPERTY & CORPORATE 338 311 343 295
Sale of goods 7 15
Sale of services 331 296 343 295
REVENUE RECOGNISED AT A POINT IN TIME 25 143 23 637 5 861 5 649
PROPERTY & CORPORATE 133 128 131 128
Rental income 133 128 131 128
Inter-segment (477) (451) (132) (112)
TOTAL 24 799 23 314 5 860 5 665

19. REVENUE CONTINUED

DISAGGREGATION OF REVENUE BY INDUSTRY

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Mining 11 848 11 263 272 295
Agriculture 4 843 4 719 2 551 2 404
Chemicals 2 819 2 271 364 380
Food and beverage 1 409 1 297 448 430
Oil and refining 715 650 224 197
Coatings, ink and adhesives 510 281 127 141
Textiles and leather 433 451 15 4
Paper and packaging 470 386 427 359
Toiletries, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals 348 371 339 367
Property 342 320 380 306
Detergents 251 192 250 192
Potable water 213 182 1
Engineering and foundry 144 191 142 188
Plastics and rubber 81 338 73 61
Steel and metals 56 85 20 48
Construction 40 62 11 34
Energy 39 76 2 24
Automotive 35 33 23 22
Appliances and furniture 10 17 4 11
Other 126 80 53 2
Subsidiaries 134 200
Sales to joint ventures and associates 67 49
TOTAL 24 799 23 314 5 860 5 665

DISAGGREGATION OF REVENUE BY GEOGRAPHICAL END MARKET

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
SACU 1 15 294 14 981 5 580 5 288
Rest of Africa 5 222 4 470 89 150
International 4 216 3 814 57 27
Subsidiaries 134 200
Sales to joint ventures and associates 67 49
TOTAL 24 799 23 314 5 860 5 665

1 Southern African Customs Union comprising South Africa, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho and Namibia.

20. NET OPERATING COSTS

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Cost of sales 16 497 15 528 4 741 4 543
Selling and distribution expenses 1 797 1 832 425 420
Administrative expenses 4 474 3 955 526 337
NET OPERATING COSTS 22 768 21 315 5 692 5 300
Net operating costs have been arrived at after taking into account:
Auditor's remuneration 31 50 12 26
— Audit fees 25 24 6 5
— Other services 6 26 6 21
Depreciation and amortisation 1 031 710 109 101
— Property, plant and equipment 732 643 81 93
— Investment property 4 3 8 7
— Right-of-use assets 220 15
— Intangible assets 75 64 5 1
Foreign exchange gains (387) (627) (1) (74)
Foreign exchange losses 425 539 13
Impairment of goodwill 147 31 58
Increase in non-current provisions and employee benefits 31 40 22 7
— Environmental remediation 2 16
— Earnings-based incentive scheme 3 4 3 4
— Earnings-growth incentive scheme 18 31 11 14
— Cash-settled share-based incentive scheme 8 (11) 8 (11)
Lease costs 127 229 18 33
Research and development expenditure 64 61 7 7
Fair value adjustment on put option liability 2
(Surplus)/loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment (69) 6 1
Total salaries and other staff costs 4 484 4 193 761 723
Salaries and other staff costs 4 401 4 112 709 684
EST share-based payment 3 (2)
Performance share-based payment 83 78 52 41

21. SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS

AECI EMPLOYEES SHARE TRUST ("EST")

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Equity-settled share-based payment 3 3
— recognised in profit from operations 3 (2)
— investment in subsidiaries and joint ventures 5

On 9 February 2012, the EST subscribed for 10 117 951 redeemable convertible AECI B ordinary shares of no par value, for no cash consideration. The EST will hold the shares on behalf of its beneficiaries for a period of 10 years. The beneficiaries are permanent employees who did not participate in any of the Group's existing long-term incentive schemes at 9 February 2012 and Black Managers who were employed as that same date in the Group's South African operations, and any other employees and Black Managers who are employed subsequently and granted allocations by the AECI Executive Committee.

62 ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019

21. SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS CONTINUED

The number of shares for Black Managers was determined on the basis of annual basic salary divided by the issue price of R75,82. The number of shares for the remaining eligible employees was 1 022 AECI B ordinary shares per employee plus 102 AECI B ordinary shares for every year of completed service up to a maximum of 10 years, as indicated in the following table:

Total numberof shares
Number of years of completed service allocated
Less than 1 1 022
1 1 124
2 1 226
3 1 328
4 1 430
5 1 532
6 1 634
7 1 736
8 1 838
9 1 940
10 2 042

The shares are unlisted, not transferable or saleable, have the same voting rights as AECI ordinary shares and any dividend declared on the B ordinary shares may not exceed the dividend declared on the ordinary shares.

At the end of the 10-year lock-in period, the shares allocated to beneficiaries will be distributed in accordance with the EST distribution formula. These entitlement shares will then be converted to AECI ordinary shares and the remainder of the B ordinary shares will be redeemed for no consideration. Any shares which have not been allocated to employees will be distributed to the AECI Community Education and Development Trust.

The number of shares to be distributed and available for conversion to AECI ordinary shares will be determined in accordance with the EST distribution formula:

A = B × {1 – [(C – E + F + X) ÷ D]}

A is the number of the vested B ordinary shares to which an EST beneficiary is entitled, provided that fractions arising will be rounded to the nearest whole number. If A is zero, there will be no distribution and the remaining vested shares not distributed will be redeemed for no consideration.

B is the total number of shares vested in beneficiaries at the termination date.

C is R75,82 being the issue price, increased by the rate of 85% of the prime rate compounded monthly in arrears during the 10-year EST term.

D is the volume weighted average price ("VWAP'') of an AECI ordinary share for the higher of the 30 or 60 trading days ending at the close of trading on the EST termination date.

E is an amount equal to the distributions which would have been paid on the vested shares had they been AECI ordinary shares instead of B ordinary shares and as though they had been held from 9 February 2012.

F is an amount equal to the dividends and any other payments and distributions which have actually been paid in respect of B ordinary shares over the EST term.

X is an amount equal to the aggregate administration costs of the EST paid by the Group over the EST term divided by the total number of B ordinary shares held by the EST.

A share-based payment expense is recognised as an equity-settled share-based payment in profit from operations, with a corresponding credit to a share-based payment reserve, and is recognised over the vesting period of the shares with reference to the fair value of the equity instruments granted. The vesting period is based on a forfeiture profile as follows:

PERCENTAGE OF B ORDINARY SHARES TO BE FORFEITED

%
Less than 3 years 100
3 but less than 4 years 80
4 but less than 5 years 60
5 but less than 6 years 40
6 but less than 7 years 20
More than 7 years

The fair value of the equity instruments was determined using a Monte Carlo option pricing approach to simulate the future share price of the Company's listed shares over the period of the transaction. The approach involves a large number of simulations of the price calculated at the end of the term, discounted to present value using a risk-free rate. The present value of all simulations is averaged to determine the fair value of the equity instrument.

21. SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS CONTINUED

The inputs for the model, based on market conditions at the grant date, and fair value determined were:

Firstallocation Secondallocation Thirdallocation Fourthallocation Fifthallocation
Market price of the Company's listed shares
at the grant date (rand) 88,89 80,95 116,76 120,59 91,00
Issue price (rand)1 75,82 75,82 75,82 75,82 75,82
Risk-free interest rates South African rand zero swaps curve
Prime rates South African rand prime curve
Dividend yield Based on 10% of forecast dividends
Grant date 30 Apr 2012 1 Oct 2012 1 Sep 2013 1 Sep 2014 31 Mar 2016
Termination date 9 Feb 2022 9 Feb 2022 9 Feb 2022 9 Feb 2022 9 Feb 2022
Hurdle price (rand)2 216,26 199,75 222,35 203,25 104,00
Share price volatility (% per annum)3 24,70 22,50 22,00 23,93 22,77
Vesting dates 7 years in accordance with the forfeiture profile above
Number of simulations 50 000 50 000 50 000 50 000 500 000
Fair value of equity instrument (rand) 18,54 12,27 29,64 32,81 8,08
Number of shares allocated 7 569 669 509 102 560 978 710 562 1 897 590

1 The issue price was calculated as the higher of the VWAP for the 30 or 60 trading days ended at the close of business on 7 October 2011, being the Friday prior to the signature date of the EST subscription agreement as determined by the rules.

2 The issue price increased by the rate of 85% of the prime rate compounded monthly in arrears over the 10-year EST term.

3 Volatility was measured using the daily historic volatility equally weighted over a period of 10 years, being equivalent to the EST term.

NUMBER OF SHARES
2019 2018
EST SHARE ALLOCATION
Number of shares issued to the EST 10 117 951 10 117 951
Number of shares allocated to beneficiaries (11 247 901) (11 247 901)
Number of shares forfeited 1 866 712 1 862 698
UNALLOCATED POOL SHARES 736 762 732 748

The EST is consolidated in the Group in line with IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, given that the AECI Executive Committee controls and determines the number of shares allocated to beneficiaries. The B ordinary shares are treated as treasury shares. Any dividends received by the EST are eliminated together with the dividend paid by the Company in the Group results. Dividends paid to beneficiaries of the EST are not eliminated.

B ordinary shares forfeited return to the pool of unallocated shares and are available for reallocation.

AECI PERFORMANCE SHARES ("PS")

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Equity-settled share-based payment 83 78 83 78
— Recognised in profit from operations 83 78 52 41
— Investment in subsidiaries and joint ventures 31 37
NUMBER OF SHARES
2019 2018
SHARE ALLOCATION
Number of PS allocated at the beginning of the year 1 954 285 1 368 141
Number of PS allocated to beneficiaries during the year 1 097 603 920 224
Number of PS exercised during the year (335 690) (313 895)
Number of PS forfeited during the year (200 602) (20 185)
TOTAL PS ALLOCATED AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2 515 596 1 954 285

The AECI Long-term Incentive Plan ("LTIP") was approved by shareholders in 2012. The purpose of the plan is to attract, retain, motivate and reward Executives and Managers who are able to influence the performance of AECI and its subsidiaries on a basis which aligns their interests with those of the Group.

21. SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS CONTINUED

Annual conditional awards of PS are allocated to Executives and Senior Managers. PS will vest on the third anniversary of their award to the extent that the Company has met specific performance criteria over the intervening period. Essentially the value per share that vests is the full value, but the number of shares that will vest will depend on whether the Company's performance over the intervening three-year period has been on target, or an under- or over-performance against the target(s) set at the award date. The PS do not have an issue price.

The methodology of vesting will target the Company's comparative total shareholder return ("TSR") in relation to a peer group of companies. A peer group of 16 JSE-listed companies (including AECI) has been used to determine AECI's relative performance. From 2018, in respect of new awards, the vesting performance measurements included a measure on RONA and growth of HEPS over the three-year vesting period.

The fair value of the PS was determined using a Monte Carlo option pricing approach to simulate the future share price of the Company's listed shares and those of the peer companies, and their correlations to one another. The approach involves a large number of simulations of the share prices using the spot share prices on the grant date, as well as risk-free interest rates and volatilities for the different shares as inputs. As the TSR calculation requires the simulation of a number of correlated random variables, the correlations between the share price returns of AECI and the peer companies are incorporated into the valuation. For each outcome of the AECI and peer companies' share prices, the TSR will be calculated, incorporating the historical TSR indices. A vesting percentage for the PS will be determined in accordance with the pre-defined ranking rules. The product of this vesting percentage and the simulated AECI share price will provide the fair value of the PS for each simulation. The present value of all simulations was averaged to determine the fair value of the PS.

The RONA and HEPS performance measures are estimated at each reporting period, based on actual results and latest forecasts of the RONA and HEPS for the Group, to determine the expected number of shares that will vest. The cost recognised in the income statement is adjusted accordingly, if required.

The inputs for the model, based on market conditions at the grant date, and fair value determined were as follows:

Fifthallocation Sixthallocation Seventhallocation Eighthallocation
Market price of AECI's listed shares at the grant date (rand) 83,00 106,28 114,87 95,86
Risk-free interest rates South African rand zero swaps curve
Prime rates South African rand prime curve
Dividend yield Based on forecast dividends
Grant date 30 Jun 2016 30 Jun 2017 16 Apr 2018 15 Apr 2019
Vesting date 30 Jun 2019 30 Jun 2020 16 Apr 2021 14 Apr 2022
AECI share price volatility (% per annum) 24,33 24,96 24,4 21,23
Fair value of equity instrument (rand) 108,51 199,46 110,89 86,40
Number of PS allocated 388 290 675 369 920 224 1 097 603

The fifth allocation was approved in June 2016 resulting in a grant date of 30 June 2016. The performance period was from 1 June 2016 to 1 June 2019. The sixth allocation was approved in June 2017 resulting in a grant date of 30 June 2017. The performance period is from 1 June 2017 to 1 June 2020. The seventh allocation was approved in April 2018 resulting in a grant date of 16 April 2018. The performance period is from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021. The eighth allocation was approved in April 2019 resulting in a grant date of 15 April 2019. The performance period is from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2022.

The fifth allocation of PS vested on 30 June 2019. The performance period for those shares was completed on 1 June 2019 and AECI achieved seventh position in the peer group, with the number of shares vesting equal to the allocated shares multiplied by 1,4. The number of PS granted to eligible employees was 388 290 with 52 600 shares having been forfeited prior to vesting. Each awarded share was multiplied by 1,4 and this resulted in 469 966 ordinary shares vesting to eligible employees. AECI contracted with Avior Capital Markets (Pty) Ltd ("Avior") to purchase the shares on the JSE Ltd and to deliver them to eligible employees on the vesting date. Avior purchased the shares at a cost of R45 million and this settlement was recognised in the share-based payment reserve. Avior facilitated the transfer or sale of shares as desired by eligible employees. The shares were settled in equity by AECI and the facilitation of further transactions on the vested shares does not alter the nature of the scheme.

22. INTEREST EXPENSE

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Non-current borrowings (364) (203) (304) (163)
Current borrowings (82) (196) (71) (182)
Lease liabilities (62) (3)
Subsidiary companies (95) (61)
Unwinding of discount (see notes 34 and 36) (8) (4) (5) (7)
(516) (403) (478) (413)

23. INTEREST RECEIVED

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Joint ventures 3 1
Subsidiary companies 181 206
Loans and receivables 56 37 27 19
59 38 208 225

Interest is received from financial assets at amortised cost (see note 28).

24. TAX (EXPENSE)/CREDIT

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Current tax (481) (410) (10) (24)
South African and foreign normal tax (451) (362) (10) (20)
Foreign withholding taxes (30) (43)
Securities transfer tax (5) (4)
Deferred tax (50) (94) 23 (35)
South African and foreign deferred tax (50) (94) 23 (35)
(531) (504) 13 (59)
Adjustment for prior years 20 (25) 4 (23)
South African and foreign normal tax 3 (2) (4) 2
Deferred tax 17 (23) 8 (25)
(511) (529) 17 (82)
Analysis of deferred tax charge by major temporary differences:
Property, plant and equipment (23) (36) (4) (5)
Right-of-use assets and finance lease liabilities 18
Intangible assets 1 5
Provisions and deferred income (36) 12 (58) (23)
Pension fund employer surplus accounts 80 18 80 18
Deferred foreign exchange differences (1) 5 3 (16)
Computed tax losses utilised (136) (87) (4)
Other 47 (11) 2 (5)
(50) (94) 23 (35)
Adjustment for prior years 17 (23) 8 (25)
(33) (117) 31 (60)
Computed tax losses
Utilised to reduce deferred tax or create deferred tax assets (484) (332) 4
Losses on which no deferred tax assets were raised becauseof uncertainty regarding their utilisation 92 20
(392) (312) 4

24. TAX (EXPENSE)/CREDIT CONTINUED

GROUP COMPANY
% 2019 2018 2019 2018
Reconciliation of tax rate computed in relation to profit before tax:
Effective rate 27,8 34,0 16,7 4,1
Capital and non-taxable receipts 11,4 4,0 25,6
Non-deductible expenses (3,7) (2,5) 4,1 (0,3)
Impairment of goodwill and equity-accounted investee (non-deductible) (2,2) (1,9) 15,9
S23N interest limitation (0,9) 16,3
Foreign withholding taxes (1,6) (2,2)
Adjustment for prior years 1,1 (1,4) (4,1) (1,2)
Capital gains (4,1)
Effects of share-based payment arrangements 2,2 1,0 (12,4) (0,2)
Securities transfer tax (0,9) (0,2)
Other (2,0) (2,1) (8,5) 0,2
SOUTH AFRICAN STANDARD RATE 28,0 28,0 28,0 28,0

25. EARNINGS PER SHARE

GROUP

R millions 2019 2018
HEADLINE EARNINGS ARE DERIVED FROM:
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders 1 291 990
Impairment of goodwill 1 147 31
Impairments related to equity-accounted investees — net 78
Impairments related to equity-accounted investees — gross1 78
Tax effect of impairments related to equity-accounted investees
Profit on disposal of joint venture — net 1 (167)
Profit on disposal of joint venture — gross1 (234)
Tax effects of profit on disposal of joint venture 67
(Surplus)/loss on disposal of investment property, property, plant and equipment — net 1 (58) 4
(Surplus)/loss on disposal of investment property, property, plant and equipment — gross1 (69) 6
Tax effects of disposal of investment property, property, plant and equipment 11 (2)
HEADLINE EARNINGS 1 213 1 103

1 The remeasurements had no non-controlling interest effect.

GROUP

2019 2018
EARNINGS PER ORDINARY SHARE
Basic (cents) 1 223 938
Headline (cents) 1 150 1 045
Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue 131 947 034 131 947 034
Weighted average number of ordinary shares held by the consolidated EST (10 117 951) (10 117 951)
Weighted average number of contingently returnable ordinary shares held by the CEDT (4 426 604) (4 426 604)
Weighted average number of shares held by a consolidated subsidiary (11 884 699) (11 884 699)
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF ORDINARY SHARES FOR BASICAND HEADLINE EARNINGS PER SHARE 105 517 780 105 517 780

Basic and headline earnings per share have been calculated on the profit attributable to ordinary shareholders and headline earnings, respectively, for the financial year as shown above and on the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue of 105 517 780, net of treasury shares (2018: 105 517 780 net of treasury shares).

25. EARNINGS PER SHARE CONTINUED

Cents 2019 2018
GROUP
DILUTED EARNINGS PER ORDINARY SHARE
Basic 1 179 909
Headline 1 108 1 012

The B ordinary shares issued to the EST in 2012, which may be converted to ordinary shares, the contingently returnable shares issued to the CEDT in 2012 and the PS allocations are all dilutive potential ordinary shares. The dilutive effect is based on the number of ordinary shares that are expected to be issued in future. Taking these dilutive potential ordinary shares into account, diluted EPS and diluted HEPS have been calculated on the profit attributable to ordinary shareholders and headline earnings, respectively, for the financial year as shown above and on a weighted average number of shares of 109 507 102 (2018: 108 965 495). AECI's average share price since the beginning of the financial year, used in the determination of potentially dilutive ordinary shares, was R95,36 (2018: R105,04). The other potential ordinary shares do not have an exercise price.

2019 2018
GROUP
RECONCILIATION OF THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF ORDINARY SHARESFOR DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares 105 517 780 105 517 780
Dilutive adjustment for potential ordinary shares 3 989 322 3 447 715

WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF ORDINARY SHARES FOR DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE 109 507 102 108 965 495

26. DIVIDENDS

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
ORDINARY
Final for the prior year: No. 170 of 366 cents (2018: 340 cents)paid on 8 April 2019 398 368 441 408
Interim for the current year: No. 171 of 156 cents (2018: 149 cents)paid on 2 September 2019 170 161 189 179
Total ordinary dividends paid: 522 cents (2018: 489 cents) 568 529 630 587
PREFERENCE
Nos. 162 and 163 paid on 14 June 2019 and 13 December 2019 respectively 3 3 3 3
EST
A dividend of 84 cents per share was declared in 2017 and paid in the prior year 7 7
A dividend of 49 cents per share was declared and paid in the prior year 4 4
571 543 633 601
Proposed final ordinary dividend No. 172 for the year ended31 December 2019 of 414 cents (2018: 366 cents) per share
payable on 5 April 2020 448 402 497 446
448 402 497 446

The Company also declared a dividend of 52 cents (2018: nil) on the B ordinary shares held by the EST, which is payable in 2020.

27. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

COMMITMENTS

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Capital commitments authorised 574 516 31 21
Contracted for 182 103 25 18
Not contracted for 392 413 6 3
Acquisitions authorised and contracted for 1 88 91
Future rentals on non-cancellable property, plant and equipment leases(see note 35) 932 35
Payable within 1 year 257 17
Payable between 1 and 5 years 547 18
Payable thereafter 128
Future rentals on short-term and low value assets 35
Payable within 1 year 22
Payable between 1 and 5 years 12
Payable thereafter 1

1 During September 2018 the Group, through its subsidiary, AECI Latam Produtos Quimicos Ltd, acquired an explosives business in Lorena, Brazil from Dinacon, for a cash consideration of US$6,3 million. At the reporting date, the conditions precedent to make the transaction unconditional had not yet been fulfilled. The initial accounting for the business combination has thus not been completed and, accordingly, it was not possible for IFRS 3 Business Combinations disclosures to be made.

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

The Group is involved in various legal proceedings and is in consultation with its legal counsel, assessing the outcome of these proceedings, on an ongoing basis. As proceedings progress, the Group's management makes provision in respect of legal proceedings where appropriate. Litigations, current or pending, are not likely to have a material adverse effect on the Group.

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT

The Group finances its operations by a combination of retained profits, current borrowings, non-current borrowings and financial instruments denominated in both rand and foreign currencies. The Group also enters into derivative transactions to manage the currency and interest rate risks arising from its operations.

The Group raises non-current and current borrowings centrally and on-lends to its business entities at market-related interest rates. The Group borrows in both the local and international debt markets in rand and foreign currencies. It uses derivatives, where appropriate, to generate the desired effective currency and interest rate profile. The derivatives used for this purpose are principally forward foreign currency contracts and forward rate agreements.

The Group does not write interest rate or currency options and only purchases currency options when these are considered to offer a cost-effective alternative to forward foreign exchange contracts. It is Group policy that no financial instruments be purchased or sold unless they relate to underlying commercial transactions.

The main risks arising in the normal course of business from the Group's financial instruments are currency, interest rate, liquidity, credit and equity price risk. This note presents information about the Group's exposure to these risks and the Group's objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing them. Further quantitative disclosures are included with other relevant notes as indicated.

The Board of Directors is responsible for the risk management activities in the Group. The Group's risk management policies are established to identify and analyse the risks faced by the Group, to set appropriate risk limits and controls, and to monitor risks and adherence to limits. Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect changes in market conditions and the Group's activities. The Internal Audit function undertakes both regular and ad hoc reviews of risk management controls and procedures, the results of which are reported to the Risk Committee. The Risk Committee oversees how management monitors compliance with the Group's risk management policies and procedures and reviews the adequacy of the Risk Management Framework in relation to the risks faced by the Group.

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTINUED

CATEGORIES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUES

CARRYING AMOUNT FAIR VALUE
R millions Notes 2019 2018 2019 2018
GROUP
FINANCIAL ASSETS
At fair value through other comprehensiveincome — equity instrument1 95 97 95 97
— Unlisted shares — Level 3 9 95 97 95 97
At fair value through profit or loss2 265 244 265 244
— Forward exchange contracts — Level 2 12 28 26 28 26
— Money market investment in collective investmentscheme — Level 1 9 136 83 136 83
— Employer surplus accounts — Level 1 9 101 135 101 135
Amortised cost 6 423 5 896
— Accounts receivable 3 12 4 422 4 283
— Cash 4 1 978 1 581
— Loans to joint ventures4 7 7
— Loans and receivables relating to other investments4 9 23 25
6 783 6 237 360 341
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Not measured at fair value (9 098) (9 966)
— Accounts payable 3 17 (3 604) (4 208)
— Loans from joint ventures4 7 (62)
— Borrowings5 14, 18 (5 432) (5 758)
At fair value through profit or loss (112) (67) (112) (67)
— Forward exchange contracts — Level 2 17 (65) (26) (65) (26)
— Contingent consideration — Level 3 (15) (10) (15) (10)
— Put option liability — Level 3 (32) (31) (32) (31)
(9 210) (10 033)

1 These financial assets have been designated at initial recognition to be carried at fair value through other comprehensive income.

2 These financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss because they are not measured at amortised cost nor at fair value through other comprehensive income.

3 The fair value for financial instruments such as short-term receivables and payables have not been disclosed because their carrying amounts are a reasonable approximation of fair value.

4 The fair value would not be materially different from the carrying amounts.

5 The fair values of the interest-bearing borrowings have not been disclosed as they are not materially different from the carrying amounts.

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTINUED

CATEGORIES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUES CONTINUED

CARRYING AMOUNT FAIR VALUE
R millions Notes 2019 2018 2019 2018
COMPANY
FINANCIAL ASSETS
At fair value through other comprehensiveincome — equity instrument1 93 95 93 95
— Unlisted shares — Level 3 9 93 95 93 95
At fair value through profit or loss2 104 143 104 143
— Forward exchange contracts — Level 2 12 3 8 3 8
— Employer surplus accounts — Level 1 9 101 135 101 135
Amortised cost 6 051 5 435
— Accounts receivable 3 12 1 612 1 318
— Cash 4 407 17
— Non-current loans to subsidiaries4 12 750 785
— Current loans to subsidiaries4 6 3 267 3 301
— Loans and receivables relating to other investments4 9 15 14
6 248 5 673 197 238
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
At fair value through profit or loss (40) (19) (40) (19)
— Forward exchange contracts — Level 2 17 (25) (9) (25) (9)
— Contingent consideration — Level 3 (15) (10) (15) (10)
Not measured at fair value (11 762) (10 808)
— Accounts payable 3 17 (1 629) (1 778)
— Borrowings5 14, 18 (3 506) (3 760)
— Loans from joint ventures4 7 (130) (30)
— Non-current loans from subsidiaries4 6 (2 213) (2 197)
— Current loans from subsidiaries4 6 (4 284) (3 043)
(11 802) (10 827)

1 These financial assets have been designated at initial recognition to be carried at fair value through other comprehensive income.

2 These financial assets are measured at fair value through profit or loss because they are not measured at amortised cost nor at fair value through other comprehensive income.

3 The fair value for financial instruments such as short-term receivables and payables have not been disclosed because their carrying amounts are a reasonable approximation of fair value.

4 The fair value would not be materially different from the carrying amounts.

5 The fair values of the interest-bearing borrowings have not been disclosed as they are not materially different from the carrying amounts.

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The carrying amounts of financial instruments are either at fair value based on methods and assumptions for determining the fair value, or at values which approximate fair value based on the nature or maturity period of the financial instrument.

Fair value measurements are classified into three levels, based on the observability and significance of the inputs used in making the measurement:

  • › Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
  • › Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices); and
  • › Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

The fair values for forward exchange contracts are based on quotes from brokers. Similar contracts are traded in an active market and the quotes reflect the actual transactions on similar instruments. The fair value of the money market investment in a collective investment scheme and the employer surplus accounts is based on quoted market prices (see note 9).

The fair value of the contingent consideration is calculated using discounted cash flows. The valuation model considers the present value of the expected future payment, discounted using a risk-adjusted discount rate of 9,2% (2018: 9,2%). The expected payment is determined by considering the possible scenarios of forecast EBITDA, the amount to be paid under each scenario and the probability of each scenario.

There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 or 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the year.

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTINUED

MARKET RISK

Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices, such as foreign exchange rates and interest rates, will affect the Group's income and the value of its financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is to manage and control exposures within acceptable limits.

(A) CURRENCY RISK

Where possible, the Group's non-South African operations match their assets and liabilities in the same currency to avoid unnecessary currency exposures. However, forward currency markets do not exist in some of the countries in which the Group operates.

Currency risk arises as a result of sale and purchase transactions, cash and borrowings in currencies other than rand. The currencies giving rise to currency risk are mainly euro and US dollar. Currency exposures are managed using appropriate exposure management techniques.

The management of each business entity is tasked with managing the foreign currency exposures arising in its own entity in consultation with the central treasury. All material purchases and sales in foreign currencies are transacted through the central treasury.

CURRENCY HEDGING

For foreign currency commitments, including highly probable forecast sales and purchases, the Group's policy is to hedge the full value of the transaction, and consequently designates an item in its entirety as the hedged item in a hedging relationship.

Since the notional amount, life and underlying of the hedging instruments and their corresponding hedged items are the same, it is expected that the value of the hedging instruments and the value of the corresponding hedged items will change systematically in opposite directions in response to movements in the underlying exchange rates.

FAIR VALUE HEDGES

Fair value hedges have been recognised for the net exposure to trading in foreign currency. Forward exchange contracts have been designated as hedging instruments in respect of amounts denominated in euro and US dollars.

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Value of the hedging instrument, based on the contract ratesProfit on the hedging instruments recognised in the income statement 2163 33366 3984 45315

CASH FLOW HEDGES

The Group has hedged its foreign currency exposure on imports of raw materials by entering into forward exchange contracts for the purchase commitments.

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Value of hedging instruments, based on the contract rates 81 8 34

Maturing of the hedging instruments and payment related to the corresponding hedged items occur simultaneously. The cash flows relating to the hedging instruments are expected to occur within 12 months from the reporting date and will not affect the income statement as the amount accumulated in equity will be removed from other comprehensive income and recognised in the initial cost of the related items of plant and equipment and inventory.

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Amount recognised directly in other comprehensive income under hedgeaccounting principles in respect of the effective portion of cash flow hedges (5)

EXPOSURE TO CURRENCY RISK

The Group's exposure to foreign currency risk at 31 December was:

2019 2018
R millions Euro US dollar Other Euro US dollar Other
Cash 21 116 96 31 187 88
Trade receivables 111 458 85 41 515 64
Trade payables (149) (532) (135) (205) (724) (92)
Gross exposure (17) 42 46 (133) (22) 60
Forward exchange contracts 21 242 (47) 254 228 (68)
NET EXPOSURE 4 284 (1) 121 206 (8)

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTINUED

The Company's exposure to foreign currency risk at 31 December was:

2019 2018
R millions Euro US dollar Other Euro US dollar Other
Cash 6 4 1
Trade receivables 3 30 1 3 58
Loans to subsidiaries 399 434
Trade payables (48) (137) (2) (80) (373)
Gross exposure (45) 298 (1) (77) 123 1
Forward exchange contracts 81 321 4 131 353 3
NET EXPOSURE 36 619 3 54 476 4

The following significant exchange rates applied during the year:

CLOSING RATE AVERAGE RATE
Rand 2019 2018 2019 2018
EuroUS dollar 15,7314,03 16,4514,37 16,1814,45 15,6113,24

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Based on the Group's net exposure to currency risk, a 10% strengthening of the rand at 31 December would have (decreased)/increased equity and profit by the amounts shown below, assuming all other variables remained constant:

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Equity (64) (16) (38) (39)
Profit for the year before tax (26) 23 (26) (49)

(B) INTEREST RATE RISK

The Group borrows extensively in both local and offshore markets to minimise its borrowing costs in rand terms.

Exposure to interest rate risk on borrowings and receivables is managed on a proactive basis. Depending on market conditions, the Group makes appropriate use of forward rate agreements, interest rate swaps and interest rate caps and floors to generate the desired interest rate profile and to manage exposure to interest rate fluctuations. No target levels of exposure are maintained.

The interest rate risk profile of financial liabilities at 31 December was:

TOTAL FLOATING RATEFINANCIAL LIABILITIES FIXED RATEFINANCIAL LIABILITIES
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018
GROUP
Rand
— Current (see note 18) 27 283 27 283
— Non-current 3 480 3 480 3 480 3 480
US dollar
— Current 168 168
— Non-current 687 877 687 877
Euro
— Non-current 1 070 1 118 535 559 535 559
5 432 5 758 4 897 5 199 535 559
Loans from joint ventures 62 62
TOTAL 5 494 5 758 4 959 5 199 535 559

TOTAL FLOATING RATEFINANCIAL LIABILITIES FIXED RATEFINANCIAL LIABILITIES
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018
COMPANY
Rand
— Current 26 280 26 280
— Non-current 3 480 3 480 3 480 3 480
3 506 3 760 3 506 3 760
Loans from joint ventures 130 30 130 30
Loans from subsidiaries 4 284 3 043 4 284 3 043
TOTAL 7 920 6 833 7 920 6 833 -

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTINUED

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

The Group has used a sensitivity analysis technique that measures the estimated change to profit or loss of an instantaneous increase or decrease of 1% (100 basis points) in market interest rates, from the rate applicable at 31 December, for each class of financial instrument with all other variables remaining constant. This analysis is for illustrative purposes only, as in practice market rates rarely change in isolation.

The Group is exposed mainly to fluctuations in the following market interest rates: JIBAR, LIBOR, EURIBOR and money market rates. Changes in market interest rates affect the interest income or expense of floating rate financial instruments.

A change in the above market interest rates at the reporting date would have increased/(decreased) profit before tax by the amounts shown below.

The analysis has been performed on the basis of the change occurring at the start of the reporting period and assumes that all other variables, in particular foreign currency exchange rates, remained constant. The analysis was performed on the same basis as that used for 2018.

(DECREASE)/INCREASE IN PROFIT BEFORE TAX
2019 2018
R millions Upwardchange ininterest rate Downwardchange ininterest rate Upwardchange ininterest rate Downwardchange ininterest rate
3-month JIBAR 35 (35) 35 (35)
3-month LIBOR 9 (9) 9 (9)
3-month EURIBOR 5 (5) 6 (6)
Money market 3 (3)

LIQUIDITY RISK

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Group manages liquidity risk through the management of working capital and cash flows. A balance between continuity of funding and flexibility is maintained through the use of borrowings from a range of institutions, with varying debt maturities.

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTINUED

(I) MATURITY PROFILE OF FINANCIAL LIABILITIES AT 31 DECEMBER

GROUP

R millions Carryingamount Contractualcash flows Within1 year 1 to 2 years 2 to 5 years
2019
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Unsecured borrowings 5 478 6 572 595 458 5 519
— Capital 5 432 5 600 195 168 5 237
— Interest accrued 1 46 972 400 290 282
Loans from joint ventures 62 62 62
Trade and other payables 3 604 3 604 3 604
Contingent consideration 15 15 15
Put option liability 32 44 44
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Forward exchange contracts
— inflows (28) (1 363) (1 363)
— outflows 65 1 147 1 147
TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 9 228 10 081 4 060 458 5 563
PERCENTAGE PROFILE (%) 100 40 5 55
2018
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Unsecured borrowings 5 811 7 074 646 536 5 892
— Capital 5 758 5 758 283 173 5 302
— Interest accrued 1 53 1 316 363 363 590
Trade and other payables 4 155 4 155 4 155
Contingent consideration 10 16 16
Put option liability 31 47 47
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Forward exchange contracts
— inflows (26) (1 475) (1 475)
— outflows 26 1 062 1 062
TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 10 007 10 879 4 388 552 5 939
PERCENTAGE PROFILE (%) 100 40 5 55

1 Interest is based on the closing rate at 31 December and the repayment dates of the borrowings.

28. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT CONTINUED

COMPANY

Carrying Contractual Within
R millions amount cash flows 1 year 1 to 2 years 2 to 5 years
2019
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Unsecured borrowings 1 167 4 307 368 244 3 694
— Capital 1 126 3 506 26 3 480
— Interest accrued 1 41 801 342 244 214
Loans from joint ventures 130 130 130
Non-current loans from subsidiaries 2 213 2 213 2 213
Current loans from subsidiaries 4 284 4 284 4 284
Trade and other payables 1 588 1 588 1 588
Contingent consideration 15 15 15
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Forward exchange contracts
— inflows (3) (472) (472)
— outflows 25 66 66
TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 9 419 12 131 5 979 244 5 907
PERCENTAGE PROFILE (%) 100 49 2 49
2018
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Unsecured borrowings 1 426 4 829 583 303 3 943
— Capital 1 380 3 760 280 3 480
— Interest accrued 1 46 1 069 303 303 463
Loans from joint ventures 30 30 30
Non-current loans from subsidiaries 2 197 2 197 2 197
Current loans from subsidiaries 3 043 3 043 3 043
Trade and other payables 1 732 1 732 1 732
Contingent consideration 10 29 29
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL LIABILITIES
Forward exchange contracts
— inflows (8) (569) (569)
— outflows 9 82 82
TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 8 439 11 373 4 901 332 6 140
PERCENTAGE PROFILE (%) 100 43 3 54

1 Interest is based on the closing rate at 31 December and the repayment dates of the borrowings.

The Company's liquidity risk is managed through short-term borrowing facilities from which funding is drawn down as and when required. In addition, the repayment of loans from subsidiaries is controlled by the Company as these loans do not have fixed repayment terms and repayment can be deferred if needed.

(II) BORROWING FACILITIES

The Group ensures that adequate borrowing facilities are in place. The Group maintains a policy of ensuring that expected peak cash flows over the next 12 months are comfortably exceeded by existing facilities in order to preserve operational flexibility.

Some of the Group's loan agreements contain financial covenants. As in the prior year, the Group complied with all such covenants.

CREDIT RISKS

Credit risks arise on cash, investments and accounts receivable. The risk on cash is managed by investing with financially sound institutions only and by setting prudent exposure limits for each institution. The risk arising on trade receivables is managed through normal credit policies using credit limits, continual review and exception reporting. The exposure to credit risk relating to trade receivables is decentralised, with each operating business entity managing its own credit control procedures because of the Group's diversified customer base. Adequate allowance is made for impairment losses.

Details of the carrying amounts and exposure to credit risk of trade receivables, as well as impairments recognised, are disclosed in note 12.

At the reporting date, the maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of each financial asset.

29. RELATED PARTY INFORMATION

The significant operating subsidiaries of the Group are identified in note 33, joint ventures in note 7 and associate companies in note 8.

All transactions and balances with these related parties have been eliminated in accordance with and to the extent required by IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements, IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements and IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures.

No dividends were received from associate companies in 2019 (2018: nil).

Transactions with Directors are disclosed in note 31.

Transactions with related parties are concluded on terms that are no more and no less favourable than transactions with unrelated external parties.

R millions 2019 2018
COMPANY
TRANSACTIONS THAT TOOK PLACE WITH RELATED PARTIES OF THE COMPANY WERE:
Leasing income and sales by the Company to
— Subsidiaries 181 200
Sales to the Company by
— Subsidiaries 77 138
— Joint ventures 29 87
Dividends received by the Company from
— Subsidiaries 1 817
Interest received by the Company from
— Subsidiaries 179 205
— Joint ventures 2 1
Interest paid by the Company to
— Subsidiaries 88 54
— Joint ventures 7 6
Rental of premises to the Company by
— Subsidiaries 32 31
Secretarial and administration fees paid to the Company by
— Subsidiaries 179 164
— Joint ventures 7 9
OUTSTANDING BALANCES WITH RELATED PARTIES OF THE COMPANYAT 31 DECEMBER WERE: (see notes 6 and 7)
Loan amounts owing to the Company by
— Subsidiaries 4 017 4 086
Loan amounts owing by the Company to
— Subsidiaries 6 497 5 240
— Joint ventures 130 30
R millions 2019 2018
GROUP
KEY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL COMPENSATION:
— short-term employee benefits 44 34
— post-retirement benefits 2 2
— other long-term benefits 5 6
51 42

Accounts receivable from and payable to related parties of the Group and the Company are disclosed in notes 12 and 17. Loans with joint ventures and dividends received from joint ventures are disclosed in note 7.

Key management personnel are the Directors, Prescribed Officers and Managing Directors or equivalent of operating business entities.

The key management personnel compensation above relates to the Managing Director or equivalent and excludes Directors' and Prescribed Officers' remuneration which is set out in note 31.

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

RETIREMENT BENEFITS

The Group provides retirement benefits for all its permanent employees by means of an independent defined-contribution pension fund and an independent defined-contribution provident fund. The Group has four legacy defined-benefit pension funds which have no active members. The employees of certain acquired companies have separate retirement benefit arrangements. Schirm has statutory arrangements whilst Much Asphalt makes available membership in umbrella funds which employees may contribute to.

Restructuring of the Group's pension funds commenced in 2014 and progress has been reported annually in prior integrated reports.

Restructuring of the AECI Pension Fund ("APF") and the AECI Supplementary Pension Fund ("ASPF") was completed during the year. The remaining pensioners were settled and their assets transferred to Sanlam. The Conversion Reserve Account in the APF, set aside at the start of the process, was distributed to stakeholders in line with the agreement between the Company and the APF. This resulted in "agterskot" benefit payments to all stakeholder groups. Most of these payments have been made, with the fund's net assets being reduced to reflect the pending payment of the remaining payments to be made. The Company was allocated R224 million of this reserve. This amount was allocated to its employer surplus account ("ESA") in the APF and was subsequently transferred, under s15E of the Pension Funds Act ("the Act"), to the AECI Defined Contribution Pension Fund ("ADCPF"). A similar process occurred in the ASPF with stakeholders receiving payments in line with the agreement. The ESA in the ASPF was utilised to make payments in line with the agreement between the Company and the ASPF and there was no allocation to the Company in this fund, with the remaining few liabilities settled in 2019. The liabilities and assets for the remaining members have not yet been accounted for as a settlement but the asset values to be settled were set aside in 2015, with an asset limitation being applied to reduce AECI's recognised asset to the amount in the ESA.

Once the remaining administrative matters have been completed, the two funds will be placed into liquidation. There are no further liabilities to stakeholders in respect of these two funds.

The AECI Employees Pension Fund ("AEPF") and the Dulux Employees Pension Fund ("DEPF") made significant progress in their own restructuring during the year. The DEPF's application to transfer its pensioners was approved in February 2019 and the AEPF applications were approved in June 2019, with the pensioner members in both funds transferring to Old Mutual thereafter. The benefits of the pensioner members were enhanced by 89% (DEPF) and 58% (AEPF) through distribution of surplus in these funds to stakeholders. As part of this process and in line with the agreements between the funds and the Company, allocations were made to the ESA of each fund of R115 million (AEPF) and R5 million (DEPF), respectively, and these allocations were subsequently transferred under s15E of the Act to the ADCPF.

The restructuring process will continue during 2020 and it is anticipated that any remaining reserves will be distributed to members and the funds will then be placed into liquidation during 2021.

As already described, AECI transferred assets from the ESA of the APF, AEPF and DEPF to the ESA of the ADCPF during the year. The total amount was R388 million. The ESA in the ADCPF has been utilised to continue taking a contribution holiday. In addition, assets from the ADCPF ESA were transferred to that of the AECI Employees Provident Fund ("AEPrF") (R90 million) during the year. The ESA of the AEPrF is also being utilised to continue taking a contribution holiday.

The four legacy funds no longer have any ongoing obligations to members and the Company has no further obligations to former members of these funds in the form of benefits. The liquidation process is expected to take some time as it is a legislated process. However, there are no longer any IAS 19 obligations to be accounted for.

All funds are governed by the Act. The Act provides that any actuarial surplus in any fund belongs to the fund and that the only portion of the assets of the funds that may be utilised by, or for the benefit of, the employer are any credit balances in the ESA, unless specified otherwise in the fund's rules. The ESA in the funds represent the asset ceiling.

The assets of the funds are under the control of the Trustees of the respective funds. Regulation 28 of the Act limits the amount and extent to which the funds may invest in particular classes of assets. The Trustees' investment strategies are aligned with the nature of the funds' liabilities and the achievement of adequate returns to ensure that those obligations can be settled when they are due. The assets are invested in segregated or pooled investments with a spread of asset classes including bonds, insurance policies and cash.

Defined-benefit funds are actuarially valued every year using the projected unit credit method of valuation by an independent firm of consulting actuaries, while for defined-contribution funds no valuations are required.

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

The Group has the following ESAs:

GROUP AND COMPANY

R millions 2019 2018
NON-CURRENT 662 341
AECI Pension Fund ("APF") 18
AECI Employees Pension Fund ("AEPF") 12
AECI Supplementary Pension Fund ("ASPF") 3 5
Dulux Employees Pension fund ("DEPF") 1
AECI Defined Contribution Pension Fund ("ADCPF") 659 305
CURRENT— CLASSIFIED AS A FINANCIAL ASSET AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS
(see note 9) 101 135
AECI Employees Provident Fund ("AEPrF") 37 17
AECI Defined Contribution Pension Fund ("ADCPF") 64 118
763 476
PENSION FUNDS' ESAs ADCPF AEPrF Total
R millions 2019 2019 2019
At the beginning of the years15E transfer from the APF, AEPF and DEPFs15E transfer from the APFContribution holidayUnvested retirement benefit equalisation targetInvestment return 423388(90)(61)2538 17—90(74)—4 440388—(135)2542
AT THE END OF THE YEAR 723 37 760

The financial information of the defined-benefit funds has been disaggregated even though the plans have similar risks subsequent to the settlements that took place during the year.

Based on interim valuations by the funds' actuaries, the defined-benefit funds' financial positions at 31 December were:

GROUP AND COMPANY

R millions APF2019 ASPF2019 AEPF2019 DEPF2019 Total2019 Total2018
FAIR VALUE OF PLAN ASSETS 11 3 84 6 104 1 444
At the beginning of the year 566 6 833 39 1 444 1 865
Interest income 37 47 1 85 183
Return on plan assets below interest income (14) (1) (40) 2 (53) (76)
s15E transfers (250) (132) (6) (388) (470)
Benefits paid (18) (18) (58)
Assets transferred on settlement (328) (2) (606) (30) (966)
PRESENT ACTUARIAL VALUEOF DEFINED — BENEFIT OBLIGATIONS (382)
At the beginning of the year (8) (362) (12) (382) (394)
Interest expense (17) (17) (37)
Benefits paid 18 18 58
Actuarial gain from changes in financial assumptions 9
Actuarial gain/(loss) on experience 2 2 (18)
Present value of liabilities settled 6 361 12 379
ASSET CEILING (11) (84) (6) (101) (1 026)
At the beginning of the year (540) (1) (459) (26) (1 026) (984)
Interest cost (35) (29) (1) (65) (101)
Change in the effect of the asset ceiling 564 1 404 21 990 59
PENSION FUNDS' ESA 3 3 36

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

The fair value of the funds' plan assets at 31 December 2019 comprised bonds (81%; 2018: 7%), cash (19%; 2018: 52%) and insurance policies (nil; 2018: 41%). The fair value of the funds' plan assets at 31 December 2019 did not comprise any equity instruments nor any AECI shares.

Principal actuarial assumptions applied at 31 December in the valuations were:

% 2019 2018
Discount rate 9,96
Expected return on plan assets 9,96
Future price inflation 5,58
Expected salary increases
Future pension increases 5,03

As the funds have no future long-term obligations to members, there are no relevant actuarial assumptions used in the current year's valuations.

The funds are not sensitive to any changes in actuarial assumptions.

The total R162 million cost recognised in the income statement (2018: R145 million) in respect of the defined-contribution funds represents contributions payable by the Group at rates specified in the rules of the schemes. These contributions were paid from the ESA of the defined-contribution funds as a contribution holiday (R143 million) and in cash (R19 million).

Amounts recognised in the income statement in respect of the defined-benefit obligations were:

GROUP AND COMPANY

R millions APF2019 ASPF2019 AEPF2019 DEPF2019 Total2019 Total2018
Interest cost (17) (17) (37)
Expected return on plan assets 37 47 1 85 182
Change in the effect of the asset ceiling (35) (29) (1) (65) (101)
Loss on settlement (2) (2) (2)
Fair value of assets transferred on settlement (328) (2) (606) (30) (966)
Liabilities extinguished 6 361 12 379 (2)
Asset ceiling utilised 322 245 18 585
RECOGNISED IN THE INCOME STATEMENT 2 (2) 1 1 42
Remeasurements recognised in other comprehensive incomein respect of the defined-benefit obligations were:
Actuarial gain on financial assumptions 9
Actuarial gain/(loss) on experience 2 2 (16)
Actual return in excess of expected interest income (14) (1) (40) 2 (53) (76)
Settlement loss (322) (245) (18) (585)
Change in the effect of the asset ceiling 564 1 404 21 990 59
RECOGNISED IN OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME 230 119 5 354 (24)

The employees of Schirm in Germany are entitled to retirement benefits which are dependent on their seniority, length of service and level of pay. The plans are unfunded. The defined-benefit obligations are actuarially valued every year using the projected unit credit method of valuation by an independent firm of consulting actuaries. The liability is denominated in euro and the disclosure has been prepared using the year-end ZAR:€ exchange rate.

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

R millions 2019 2018
GROUP
At the beginning of the year (194)
Acquired through business combination (158)
Benefits paid 2 2
Exchange rate difference 6 (19)
RECOGNISED IN THE INCOME STATEMENT (7) (4)
Current service cost (4) (2)
Interest expense (3) (2)
RECOGNISED IN OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (28) (15)
Actuarial loss from changes in financial assumptions (30) (6)
Actuarial gain/(loss) on experience 2 (9)
PRESENT ACTUARIAL VALUE OF DEFINED-BENEFIT OBLIGATIONS (221) (194)

Principal actuarial assumptions applied at 31 December in the valuations were:

% 2019 2018
Discount rate 1,06 1,70
Expected salary increases 2,00 2,00
Future pension increases 1,75 1,75

A reasonably possible change in the discount rates and mortality rates used in the valuation will not have a material impact on the liability.

POST-RETIREMENT MEDICAL AID ("PRMA") BENEFITS

The Group provides medical aid benefits for all its permanent employees domiciled in South Africa, principally via the AECI Medical Aid Society. Historically, qualifying employees were granted a subsidy on their medical aid contributions after retirement. The obligation of the employer to continue to subsidise medical aid contributions after retirement is no longer a condition of employment for new employees and has not been offered since 1 January 2002.

The subsidy is a portion of the required medical aid contributions of participating members in a ratio between 3,0% and 66,7% of the total contribution, depending on each employee's date of employment in the Group. The medical aid fund is liable to pay medical claims in terms of its rules and the risk in respect of the liability relates to the increase in contribution levels required by the medical aid fund. The Group does not have any specific obligation to the medical aid fund.

Based on interim valuations by the actuaries, the funded status of the PRMA obligations at 31 December was:

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Present actuarial value of defined-benefit obligations (207) (216) (207) (216)
At the beginning of the year (216) (185) (216) (185)
Current service cost (1) (1) (1) (1)
Interest cost (20) (17) (20) (17)
Benefits paid 18 17 18 17
Net actuarial gains/(losses) 12 (30) 12 (30)
NET PRMA LIABILITY (207) (216) (207) (216)

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

Principal actuarial assumptions for the PRMA obligations were:

GROUP

% 2019 2018
Annual increase in healthcare costs CPI +2 CPI +1
Discount rate 9,70 9,80

Healthcare cost inflation was estimated based on CPI, with the result that the percentages used in the valuation were:

% 20192018
2021 6,4
2022 and thereafter 7,8

Estimated employer's contributions in respect of PRMA obligations for the coming year for both the Group and the Company are R19 million, representing the subsidies for the remaining eligible pensioner members.

Amounts recognised in the income statement in respect of the PRMA obligations were:

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Current service cost (1) (1) (1) (1)
Interest cost (20) (17) (20) (17)
RECOGNISED IN THE INCOME STATEMENT (21) (18) (21) (18)
Remeasurements recognised in other comprehensive incomein respect of PRMA obligations:
Actuarial gain 12 (30) 12 (30)
RECOGNISED IN OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME 12 (30) 12 (30)
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 31 Dec Discountrate +1% Discountrate -1% Futureinflation +1% Futureinflation -1%
For a change in significant actuarial assumptions:
Present actuarial value of obligations (R millions) (207) (189) (228) (227) (190)
Change in liability (%) (8,5) 10,2 9,8 (8,4)
Current service cost for 2020 (R millions) 1 1 1 1 1
Change in current service cost (%) 9,4 (16,0)
Interest cost for 2020 (R millions) 20 20 20 22 19

Change in interest cost (%) — — 9,5 (4,2)

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

CASH-SETTLED SHARE-BASED SCHEME ("BENEFIT UNITS")

The Group offered benefit units, without payment, to those employees of the Company or its subsidiary companies who the Board of Directors, in its absolute discretion, considers play a role in the management of the Company or its subsidiary companies and contribute to their growth and profitability.

The benefit on realisation of a benefit unit is calculated based on the AECI share price at its exercise date after deducting the issue price of that unit, and is settled in cash.

Participants are entitled to exercise their units as follows:

After 2 years — up to 20% of the units

After 3 years — up to 40% of the units

After 4 years — up to 60% of the units

After 5 years — up to 100% of the units

If a unit is not exercised within 10 years from the date such unit was granted, it will lapse.

If a participant retires on pension, or otherwise leaves the employ of the Group or one of its subsidiary companies for a reason approved by the Board of Directors, the participant shall nevertheless continue to have the same rights and obligations under the scheme in respect of the participant's units as if the participant had remained in the employ of the Group.

In the event that a participant ceases to be an employee other than as a result of death, retirement on pension or other reasons approved by the Board of Directors, any unit not yet exercised will lapse.

Details of benefit units at 31 December were:

Issue price NUMBER OF UNITS
Expiry date Grant date (Rand) Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding
February 2019 March 2009 43,42 382 650 333 490 49 160
February 2020 March 2010 59,80 399 316 243 514 41 412 114 390
February 2021 March 2011 83,82 447 640 226 635 68 878 152 127
1 229 606 803 639 159 450 266 517
GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Cash-settled share-based payment transactions recognisedin the income statement 7 (4) 7 (4)
Total carrying amount of cash-settled share-based transactionliabilities (see note 16) 9 9 9 9
Total intrinsic value of vested cash-settled share-basedtransaction liabilities 9 11 9 11

DEFERRED SHARES FOR EXECUTIVES AND SENIOR MANAGERS ("DS")

The Group offered DS, without payment, to those employees of the Company or its subsidiary companies who the Board of Directors, in its absolute discretion, considers play a significant role in the management of the Company or subsidiary companies and contribute to their growth and profitability.

The benefit on realisation of a DS is calculated based on the AECI share price at the exercise date after deducting the issue price of that unit, and is settled in cash.

Vesting will take place on the third anniversary of the allocation (or the closest working day).

If a participant leaves the employ of the Group or one of its subsidiary companies for any reason on or before the vesting date, any units granted will lapse.

Details of DS at 31 December were:

NUMBER OF UNITS
Expiry date Grant date Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding
July 2019 August 2016 137 874 107 884 29 990

DS were issued for the first time in January 2016. No allocations were made after August 2016 and the scheme has been terminated.

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Cash-settled share-based payment transactions recognisedin the income statement 1 8 1 8
Total carrying amount of cash-settled share-based transactionliabilities (see note 16) 13 13
Total intrinsic value of vested cash-settled share-basedtransaction liabilities 11 11

EARNINGS-BASED INCENTIVE SCHEMES ("EBIS UNITS")

The Group offers EBIS units, without payment, to those employees of the Company or its subsidiary companies who the Board of Directors, in its absolute discretion, considers play a significant role in the management of the Company or its subsidiary companies and contribute to their growth and profitability.

The benefit on realisation of an EBIS unit is calculated on an earnings number, similar to HEPS of the Group, as published at every reporting date of the Group, after deducting the issue price of that unit.

Participants are entitled to exercise their units as follows:

FOR UNITS ISSUED FROM 2010

After 3 years — up to 33,3% of the units After 4 years — up to 66,6% of the units

After 5 years — up to 100% of the units

FOR UNITS ISSUED PRIOR TO 2010

After 2 years — up to 20% of the units

After 3 years — up to 40% of the units

After 4 years — up to 60% of the units

After 5 years — up to 100% of the units

If a unit is not exercised within 10 years from the date such unit was granted, it will lapse.

If a participant retires on pension, or otherwise leaves the employ of the Group or one of its subsidiary companies for a reason approved by the Board of Directors, the participant shall nevertheless continue to have the same rights and obligations under the scheme in respect of the participant's units as if the participant had remained in the employ of the Group.

In the event that a participant ceases to be an employee other than as a result of death, retirement on pension or other reasons approved by the Board of Directors, any units not yet exercised will lapse.

Details of EBIS units at 31 December were:

Issue price NUMBER OF UNITS
Expiry date Grant date (Rand) Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding
February 2019 March 2009 5,96 6 258 700 5 657 400 601 300
February 2020 March 2010 3,34 18 594 101 15 633 652 2 160 878 799 571
February 2021 March 2011 5,84 17 643 920 13 023 207 2 692 970 1 927 743
42 496 721 34 314 259 5 455 148 2 727 314

EARNINGS-GROWTH INCENTIVE SCHEME ("EG UNITS")

The Group offers EG units, without payment, to those employees of the Company or its subsidiary companies who the Board of Directors, in its absolute discretion, considers play a significant role in the management of the Company or its subsidiary companies and contribute to their growth and profitability.

On settlement, the value accruing to participants will be their share of the full appreciation in the Group's HEPS.

Participants are entitled to exercise their units as follows:

After 3 years — up to 33,3% of the units

After 4 years — up to 66,6% of the units

After 5 years — up to 100% of the units

If a unit is not exercised within seven years from the date such unit was granted, it will lapse.

If a participant retires on pension, or otherwise leaves the employ of the Group or one of its subsidiary companies for a reason approved by the Board of Directors, the participant shall nevertheless continue to have rights and obligations under the scheme in respect of the participant's units as if the participant had remained in the employ of the Group.

30. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CONTINUED

In the event that a participant ceases to be an employee other than as a result of death, retirement on pension or other reasons approved by the Board of Directors, any units not yet exercised will lapse.

The EG units were issued for the first time in 2012.

Details of EG units at 31 December were:

Issue price NUMBER OF UNITS
Expiry date Grant date (Rand) Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding
November 2019 November 2012 7,21 15 067 761 11 911 631 3 156 130
June 2020 June 2013 6,27 19 361 771 12 434 599 3 438 736 3 488 436
June 2021 June 2014 7,91 13 833 744 7 317 870 2 430 350 4 085 524
June 2022 June 2015 6,63 10 532 462 3 638 163 1 414 869 5 479 430
June 2023 June 2016 7,53 8 097 793 861 123 1 039 319 6 197 351
66 893 531 36 163 386 11 479 404 19 250 741
GROUP COMPANY
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Total carrying amount of EG units liabilities (see note 16) 78 91 37 40

31. REMUNERATION AND INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND PRINCIPAL OFFERS

INTEREST OF DIRECTORS, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND PRESCRIBED OFFICERS IN THE SHARE CAPITAL OF THE COMPANY

The aggregate beneficial holdings of the Directors, the Group Company Secretary and Prescribed Officers of the Company in the issued ordinary shares of the Company at 31 December were:

NUMBER OF SHARES
2019Direct 2019Indirect 2018Direct 2018Indirect
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
MA Dytor 105 097 83 291
KM Kathan 94 814 78 873
199 911 162 164
PRESCRIBED OFFICERS
EE Ludick 9 250 8 240
MVK Matshitse 1 13 364
DK Murray 10 487 5 639
DJ Mulqueeny 8 578
28 315 27 243
GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY
EN Rapoo 8 223 4 145
8 223 4 145
236 449 193 552

1 MVK Matshitse retired with effect from 31 January 2019.

Non-executive Directors did not have any beneficial holdings in either of the years presented.

There has been no change in the aggregate beneficial holdings of the Directors, the Group Company Secretary and Prescribed Officers of the Company between the reporting date and issue date of the financial statements.

31. REMUNERATION AND INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND PRINCIPAL OFFERS CONTINUED

NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS' REMUNERATION

Directors' Chairman/Committee Attendance 2019 2018
R thousands fees fees fees Total Total
GW Dempster (resigned 30 September 2019) 192 310 217 719 763
Z Fuphe (resigned 26 November 2019) 236 195 114 545 547
G Gomwe 258 476 274 1 008 905
KDK Mokhele 1 619 228 1 847 1 755
AJ Morgan 258 465 228 951 924
R Ramashia 258 284 251 793 737
J Molapo 258 68 326 157
PG Sibiya 258 227 160 645 348
FFT De Buck (appointed on 29 May 2019) 154 34 188
1 872 3 576 1 574 7 022 6 136

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS' REMUNERATION

MA KM
R thousands DytorKathan5 5774 4424 1463 308756595214—4753781 5304 2334313 2521 0999813 6022 65216 30015 608(3 602)(2 652)12 69812 9564 9434 1524 9954 150641567184—4784052 7763 474195—1 7102 6978717774 1133 02818 13015 776(4 113)(3 028)14 01712 748 Total
2019
Basic salary 10 019
Bonus and performance-related payments1 7 454
Expense allowances, medical aid and insurance contributions 1 351
Leave pay 214
Retirement fund contributions 853
Total cash-settled share-based payments and other long-term benefits 5 763
Benefit unit payments2 3 683
DS unit payments3 2 080
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested 6 254
Aggregate remuneration 31 908
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested (6 254)
AGGREGATE REMUNERATION PAID BY THE COMPANY 25 654
2018
Basic salary 9 095
Bonus and performance-related payments 9 145
Expense allowances, medical aid and insurance contributions 1 208
Leave pay 184
Retirement fund contributions 883
Total cash-settled share-based payments and other long-term benefits 6 250
Benefit unit payments 195
EG unit payments 4 407
DS unit payments 1 648
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested 7 141
Aggregate remuneration 33 906
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested (7 141)
AGGREGATE REMUNERATION PAID BY THE COMPANY 26 765

1 Bonus and performance-related amounts are in respect of the current year's performance but are paid in the following year.

2 MA Dytor exercised 7 910 benefit units which generated a benefit of R430 937 before tax. KM Kathan exercised 59 700 benefit units which generated a benefit of R3 252 456 before tax.

3 MA Dytor exercised 11 870 DS units which generated a benefit of R1 099 043 before tax. KM Kathan exercised 10 594 DS units which generated a benefit of R980 898 before tax.

86 ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019

31. REMUNERATION AND INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND PRINCIPAL OFFERS CONTINUED

PRESCRIBED OFFICERS' REMUNERATION1

R thousands EELudick MVKMatshitse DJMulqueeny DKMurray Total
2019
Basic salary 3 594 250 3 073 3 010 9 927
Bonus and performance-related payments2 2 658 2 269 2 223 7 150
Expense allowances, medical aid and insurance
contributions 441 39 566 591 1 637
Notice pay 1 881 1 881
Retirement lump sum 4 289 4 289
Leave pay 349 349
Retirement fund contributions 306 24 262 256 848
Total cash-settled share-based paymentsand other long-term benefits 929 693 651 650 2 923
Benefit unit payments3 65 65
EG unit payments4 67 693 760
DS unit payments5 797 651 650 2 098
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested 1 363 787 801 2 951
Aggregate remuneration 9 291 7 525 7 608 7 531 31 955
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested (1 363) (787) (801) (2 951)
Aggregate remuneration paid by subsidiaries (7 928) (7 928)
AGGREGATE REMUNERATION PAID
BY THE COMPANY 7 525 6 821 6 730 21 076
2018
Basic salary 3 375 2 883 2 913 2 853 12 024
Bonus and performance-related payments 3 357 850 2 902 2 809 9 918
Expense allowances, medical aid and insurance
contributions 475 438 539 551 2 003
Retirement fund contributions 329 281 284 278 1 172
Total cash-settled share-based paymentsand other long term benefits 1 745 1 288 516 1 298 4 847
EG unit payments 1 220 746 786 2 752
DS unit payments 525 542 516 512 2 095
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested 1 597 1 433 1 093 4 123
Aggregate remuneration 10 878 7 173 7 154 8 882 34 087
Pre-tax benefit of PS vested (1 597) (1 433) (1 093) (4 123)
Aggregate remuneration paid by subsidiaries (9 281) (9 281)
AGGREGATE REMUNERATION PAIDBY THE COMPANY 5 740 7 154 7 789 20 683

1 Members of the AECI Executive Committee exercise general control over the management of the business and activities of the Company. There are no other persons who exercise such control over the business or a significant portion thereof. Accordingly, the AECI Executive Committee members are the Company's Prescribed Officers.

2 Bonus and performance-related amounts are in respect of the current year's performance but are paid in the following year.

3 EE Ludick exercised 5 100 benefit units which generated a benefit of R65 178 before tax.

4 EE Ludick exercised 38 056 EG units which generated a benefit of R66 598 before tax. MVK Matshitse exercised 156 793 EG units which generated a benefit of R693 082 before tax.

5 EE Ludick exercised 8 611 DS units which generated a benefit of R797 292 before tax. DJ Mulqueeny exercised 7 036 DS units which generated a benefit of R651 463 before tax. DK Murray exercised 7 017 DS units which generated a benefit of R649 704 before tax.

AGGREGATE REMUNERATION

R thousands 2019 2018
Non-executive Directors 7 022 6 136
Executive Directors 31 908 33 906
Prescribed Officers 31 955 34 087
70 885 74 129

31. REMUNERATION AND INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY

AND PRINCIPAL OFFERS CONTINUED

LONG-TERM INCENTIVE SCHEMES

Certain Directors and Prescribed Officers have outstanding share options and long-term incentive units under the long-term incentive schemes as described in note 30.

CASH-SETTLED SHARE-BASED SCHEME ("BENEFIT UNITS")

Included in benefit units were the following units granted to Directors and Prescribed Officers:

NUMBER OF UNITS
Grant date Issue price(Rand) Granted Exercised Lapsed orforfeited Outstanding
MA Dytor March 2009 43,42 7 910 7 910
March 2010 59,80 7 600 7 600
March 2011 83,82 6 600 6 600
KM Kathan March 2009 43,42 59 700 59 700
March 2010 59,80 47 320 47 320
March 2011 83,82 18 100 18 100
EE Ludick March 2011 83,82 5 100 5 100
152 330 72 710 79 620

Movements in the number of benefit units held by Directors and Prescribed Officers were:

NUMBER OF UNITS
2019 2018
Outstanding at the beginning of the yearExercised during the year 152 330(72 710) 156 580(4 250)
OUTSTANDING AT THE END OF THE YEAR 79 620 152 330

MA Dytor exercised 7 910 benefit units which generated a benefit of R430 937 before tax. KM Kathan exercised 59 700 benefit unit which generated a benefit of R3 252 456 before tax. EE Ludick exercised 5 100 EG units which generated a benefit of R65 178 before tax.

EARNINGS-GROWTH INCENTIVE SCHEMES ("EG UNITS")

Included in EG units were the following units granted to Directors and Prescribed Officers:

NUMBER OF UNITS
Grant date Issue price(Rand) Granted Exercised Lapsed orforfeited Outstanding
MA Dytor June 2014 7,91 210 594 140 396 70 198
June 2015 6,63 392 862 130 954 261 908
June 2016 7,53 258 598 258 598
KM Kathan June 2014 7,91 195 120 130 080 65 040
June 2015 6,63 350 549 116 849 233 700
June 2016 7,53 230 761 230 761
EE Ludick June 2014 7,91 114 166 114 166
June 2015 6,63 243 999 81 333 162 666
June 2016 7,53 156 588 156 588
MVK Matshitse June 2013 6,27 136 069 136 069
June 2014 7,91 115 308 76 871 38 437
June 2015 6,63 219 003 73 001 146 002
June 2016 7,53 136 124 136 124
DJ Mulqueeny June 2016 7,53 125 539 125 539
DK Murray June 2014 7,91 109 824 73 215 36 609
June 2015 6,63 231 882 77 249 154 633
June 2016 7,53 127 794 127 794
3 354 780 1 150 183 320 563 1 884 034

31. REMUNERATION AND INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND PRINCIPAL OFFERS CONTINUED

Movements in the number of EG units held by Directors and Prescribed Officers were as follows:

NUMBER OF UNITS
2019 2018
Outstanding at the beginning of the year 2 399 447 3 427 389
Appointments during the year 637 585
Lapsed during the year (320 563)
Exercised during the year (194 850) (1 665 527)
OUTSTANDING AT THE END OF THE YEAR 1 884 034 2 399 447

EE Ludick exercised 38 056 EG units which generated a benefit of R66 598 before tax. MVK Matshitse exercised 156 793 EG units which generated a benefit of R693 082 before tax.

DEFERRED SHARES FOR EXECUTIVES AND SENIOR MANAGERS ("DS")

Included in DS were the following units granted to Directors and Prescribed Officers:

NUMBER OF UNITS
Grant date Issue price(Rand) Granted Vested Lapsed orforfeited Outstanding
MA Dytor August 2016 96,82 11 870 11 870
KM Kathan August 2016 96,82 10 594 10 594
EE Ludick August 2016 96,82 8 611 8 611
MVK Matshitse August 2016 96,82 7 392 7 392
DJ Mulqueeny August 2016 96,82 7 036 7 036
DK Murray August 2016 96,82 7 017 7 017
52 520 45 128 7 392 -

Movements in the number of DS held by Directors and Prescribed Officers were as follows:

NUMBER OF UNITS
2019 2018
Outstanding at the beginning of the year 52 520 64 319
Lapsed during the year (7 392)
Appointments during the year 23 847
Exercised during the year (45 128) (35 646)
OUTSTANDING AT THE END OF THE YEAR 52 520

31. REMUNERATION AND INTERESTS OF DIRECTORS, THE GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY

AND PRINCIPAL OFFERS CONTINUED

AECI PERFORMANCE SHARES ("PS")

Included in PS were the following granted to Directors and Prescribed Officers.

NUMBER OF PS
Grant date Granted Vested 1 Lapsed orforfeited Outstanding
MA Dytor June 2016 28 049 28 049
June 2017 43 766 43 766
April 2018 62 474 62 474
April 2019 70 494 70 494
KM Kathan June 2016 20 650 20 650
June 2017 35 215 35 215
April 2018 46 200 46 200
April 2019 48 531 48 531
EE Ludick June 2016 10 615 10 615
June 2017 25 096 25 096
April 2018 31 004 31 004
April 2019 32 632 32 632
MVK Matshitse June 2016 9 228 9 228
June 2017 14 476 14 476
April 2018 17 881 17 881
DJ Mulqueeny June 2016 6 127 6 127
June 2017 14 966 14 966
April 2018 22 984 22 984
April 2019 28 683 28 683
DK Murray June 2016 6 237 6 237
June 2017 14 990 14 990
April 2018 22 685 22 685
April 2019 28 313 28 313
641 296 71 678 41 585 528 033

1 The pre-tax benefits generated by PS vested in Directors and Prescribed Officers were: MA Dytor: R3 601 753

KM Kathan: R2 651 625

EE Ludick: R1 363 051

DJ Mulqueeny: R786 774

DK Murray: R800 899

Movements in the number of PS held by Directors and Prescribed Officers were:

NUMBER OF PS
2019 2018
Outstanding at the beginning of the year 432 643 255 796
Lapsed during the year (41 585)
Appointments during the year 49 700
Issued during the year 208 653 203 228
Vested during the year (71 678) (76 081)
OUTSTANDING AT THE END OF THE YEAR 528 033 432 643

32. OPERATING SEGMENTS

BASIS OF SEGMENTATION

The Group's key growth pillars, which are its operating segments, are described below. Businesses in the pillars offer differing products and services and are managed separately because they require different technology and marketing strategies.

SEGMENTS OPERATIONS
Mining Solutions The businesses in this segment provide a mine-to-mineral solution for the mining sector internationally. Theoffering includes surfactants for explosives manufacture, commercial explosives, initiating systems and blastingservices right through the value chain to chemicals for ore beneficiation and tailings treatment.
Water & Process ImproChem provides integrated water treatment solutions, process chemicals, and equipment solutions,for a diverse range of applications in Africa. These include, inter alia, public and industrial water, desalinationand utilities.
Plant & Animal Health Nulandis manufactures and supplies an extensive range of crop protection products, plant nutrients and servicesfor the agricultural sector in Africa. Schirm, based in Germany, is a contract manufacturer of agrochemicals andfine chemicals with a European and US footprint. It is the premier provider of external agrochemical formulationservices in Europe.
Food & Beverage These businesses supply ingredients and commodities to the dairy, beverage, wine, meat, bakery, health andnutrition industries. The other main activity is the manufacture and distribution of a broad range of juice-basedproducts and drinks, including formulated compounds, fruit concentrate blends and emulsions.
Chemicals Supply of chemical raw materials and related services for use across a broad spectrum of customers in themanufacturing, infrastructure and general industrial sectors mainly in South Africa and in other SouthernAfrican countries.
Property & Corporate Mainly property leasing and management in the office, industrial and retail sectors, and corporate centrefunctions including the treasury.

There are varying levels of integration between the segments. This includes transfers of raw materials and finished goods, and property management services. Inter-segment pricing is determined on terms that are no more and no less favourable than transactions with unrelated external parties.

32. OPERATING SEGMENTS CONTINUED

INFORMATION RELATING TO OPERATING SEGMENTS

Information relating to each operating segment is set out below. Segmental profit from operations is used to measure performance because AECI's Executive Committee believes that this information is the most relevant in evaluating the results of the respective segments.

EXTERNALREVENUE INTER-SEGMENTREVENUE TOTAL SEGMENTREVENUE
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018
Mining Solutions 11 429 10 918 108 95 11 537 11 013
Water & Process 1 415 1 327 37 49 1 452 1 376
Plant & Animal Health 4 735 4 386 48 37 4 783 4 423
Food & Beverage 1 405 1 201 61 47 1 466 1 248
Chemicals 5 473 5 153 94 113 5 567 5 266
Property & Corporate 342 329 129 110 471 439
Inter-segment (477) (451) (477) (451)
24 799 23 314 24 799 23 314
DEPRECIATION AMORTISATION IMPAIRMENTS
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018
Mining Solutions 615 335 1 2
Water & Process 20 26 19 19
Plant & Animal Health 147 106 26 24 31
Food & Beverage 33 14 3 2 147
Chemicals 114 113 21 16
Property & Corporate 66 52 5 1
Inter-segment (39)
956 646 75 64 147 31
PROFIT/(LOSS) FROMOPERATIONS EBITDA1 CAPITALEXPENDITURE
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018
Mining Solutions 1 305 1 274 1 923 1 531 479 410
Water & Process 190 120 229 165 22 24
Plant & Animal Health 203 119 376 249 118 119
Food & Beverage (88) 74 (46) 90 10 29
Chemicals 512 559 903 690 132 193
Property & Corporate (83) (147) (12) (94) 72 72
Inter-segment (8) (47)
2 031 1 999 3 326 2 631 833 847
OPERATINGASSETS2 OPERATINGLIABILITIES2
R millions 2019 2018 2019 2018
Mining Solutions 7 917 7 023 1 931 1 946
Water & Process 1 205 1 183 263 255
Plant & Animal Health 4 324 4 298 1 425 1 383
Food & Beverage 762 875 243 292
Chemicals 4 839 5 072 847 1 039
Property & Corporate 1 126 973 328 341
Inter-segment (524) (254) (354) (246)
19 649 19 170 4 683 5 010

1 Earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation calculated as profit from operations and equity-accounted investees plus depreciation and amortisation.

2 Operating assets comprise property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets, investment property, intangible assets, goodwill, inventories, accounts receivable and assets classified

as held for sale. Operating liabilities comprise accounts payable.

3 Geographical information on non-current assets has not been disclosed as it is not readily available.

33. PRINCIPAL SUBSIDIARIES

ISSUEDSHAREEFFECTIVECAPITALSHAREHOLDING INTEREST OFAECI LTD#SHARES INTEREST OFAECI LTD#LOANSTO/(FROM)
2019Numberof shares 2019% 2018% 2019R millions 2018R millions 2019R millions 2018R millions
HOLDING COMPANIESDIRECTLY HELD
AECI Treasury Holdings (Pty) Ltd 100 100 100 (151) (89)
INSURANCEDIRECTLY HELDAECI Captive Insurance Company Ltd 810 000 100 100 51 51 (110) (30)
MINING SOLUTIONSDIRECTLY HELD
AECI Mining Solutions Ltd 400 000 000 100 100 4 438 4 438 597 1 029
INDIRECTLY HELD
AECI Australia (Pty) Ltd 13 700 000 100 100
AECI Ghana Ltd 1 000 000 100 100
AECI (Mauritius) Limited 866 100 100
AECI Mining and Chemical ServicesNamibia (Pty) Ltd 100 100 100
AECI Mining and Chemical Services (Chile) Ltda 2 100 100
AEL Burkina SARL 1 100 000 100 100
AEL DRC SPRL 2 10 000 100 100
AEL Mali SARL 8 659 100 100
AEL Morocco 2 500 100 100
AEL Zambia plc 25 508 250 75 75
AEL Mining Services Ltd ++ 100 100 100 (381) (419)
African Explosives (Botswana) Ltd 3 100 100
African Explosives Holdings (Pty) Ltd 4 331 278 100 100 (920) (1 056)
African Explosives (Tanzania) Ltd 26 100 100
PT AEL Indonesia 1 150 100 100
WATER & PROCESS
INDIRECTLY HELD
Blendtech (Pty) Ltd 1 800 100 100 (5) (54)
ImproChem (Pty) Ltd 4 000 100 100 (345) (105)

Cost less impairments.

++ Trading as an agent on behalf of AECI Mining Solutions Ltd.

All companies are incorporated in the Republic of South Africa except for those whose country of incorporation is indicated by their registered company name, and those annotated as follows:

1 Burkina Faso.

2 Democratic Republic of Congo.

33. PRINCIPAL SUBSIDIARIES CONTINUED

ISSUEDSHARECAPITAL EFFECTIVESHAREHOLDING INTEREST OFAECI LTD#SHARES INTEREST OFAECI LTD#LOANSTO/(FROM)
2019Numberof shares 2019% 2018% 2019R millions 2018R millions 2019R millions 2018R millions
PLANT & ANIMAL HEALTHDIRECTLY HELD
Biocult (Pty) LtdINDIRECTLY HELD 5 000 100 100 17 17 16 16
Farmers Organisation Ltd 4 240 100 100
Schirm GmbH5 100 100 100
Other Plant & Animal Health subsidiaries (49) (39)
FOOD & BEVERAGEDIRECTLY HELD
Afoodable (Pty) Ltd 100 100 100 16 16 29 30
Southern Canned Products (Pty) Ltd 100 000 100 100 241 241 173 158
CHEMICALS
DIRECTLY HELD
Chemical Services Ltd 83 127 950 100 100 818 818 (449) (2)
SANS Fibers Inc.3 100 100 100 399 434
SANS Fibres (Pty) Ltd + 17 979 433 100 100 8 8 (126) (126)
Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd 100 98 98 1 801 1 801 405 524
INDIRECTLY HELD
Chemfit (Pty) Ltd 4 000 100 100 (76) (72)
Chemfit Fine Chemicals (Pty) Ltd 1 000 100 100 (72) (53)
Other chemicals subsidiaries (412) (365)
PROPERTY
Acacia Real Estate (Pty) Ltd 1 000 100 100 (347) (279)
Paardevlei Properties (Pty) Ltd 1 100 100 (380) (375)
Other property subsidiaries 3 3 (268) (266)
OTHER 177 169 (8) (15)
7 570 7 562 (2 480) (1 154)

Cost less impairments.

  • Trading as an agent on behalf of AECI Ltd.

All companies are incorporated in the Republic of South Africa except for those whose country of incorporation is indicated by their registered company name, and those annotated as follows:

3 United States of America.

4 Malawi

5 Germany.

34. NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

The following table summarises the information relating to each of the Group's subsidiaries that has material non-controlling interest:

AEL Much
R millions Zambia Asphalt1 Other Total
2019
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (%) 25 2
Non-current assets 64 1 012
Current assets 512 359
Non-current liabilities (14) (331)
Current liabilities (140) (352)
NET ASSETS 422 688
Carrying amount of non-controlling interest 106 45 15 166
Revenue (732) (1 876)
Profit (89) (125)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR ALLOCATED TO
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (22) (10) (1) (33)
Other comprehensive income 8 (8)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ALLOCATED TO
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST 2 (2)
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ALLOCATED TO
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (20) (10) (3) (33)
Dividends paid (60) (5)
Other cash flows from operating activities 88 178
Cash flows from operating activities 28 173
Cash flows from investing activities (9) (38)
Cash flows from financing activities 1 (138)
Increase/(decrease) in cash 20 (3)
Cash at the beginning of the year 142 42
Translation loss on cash (3)
CASH AT THE END OF THE YEAR 159 39

1 AECI Ltd holds 98% of Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd and indirectly holds 55% of East Coast Asphalt (Pty) Ltd, a subsidiary of Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd.

34. NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST CONTINUED

R millions AELZambia MuchAsphalt1 Other Total
2018
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (%) 25 2
Non-current assets 66 1 431
Current assets 438 315
Non-current liabilities (14) (441)
Current liabilities (89) (430)
NET ASSETS 401 875
Carrying amount of non-controlling interest 100 40 16 156
Revenue (813) (1 497)
Profit (107) (82)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR ALLOCATED TO
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (27) (8) 1 (34)
Other comprehensive income (68) (68)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ALLOCATED TONON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (17) (17)
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ALLOCATED
TO NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST (44) (8) 1 (51)
Cash flows from operating activities 11 (135)
Cash flows from financing activities (2) 144
Increase in cash 9 9
Cash at the beginning of the year 133
Cash acquired 33
CASH AT THE END OF THE YEAR 142 42

1 AECI Ltd holds 98% of Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd and indirectly holds 55% of East Coast Asphalt (Pty) Ltd, a subsidiary of Much Asphalt (Pty) Ltd.

NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST PUT OPTION LIABILITY

The business combination of Much Asphalt included a clause whereby the non-controlling interest equity holders are able to put 100% of their shareholding to the Group on 3 April 2023, the expiry date of the option.

The put option liability is the present value of the fair value of the option at the exercise date. In arriving at the option value, a weighted average EBITDA for the three years preceding the exercise date, less net debt estimated at the exercise date, was multiplied by an EBITDA multiple of 7,7. This liability is considered to be a Level 3 financial liability at fair value through profit or loss. The discount rate was estimated based on the Group's weighted average cost of capital adjusted to reflect the most affordable funding available to the Group at the reporting date.

R millions 2019 2018
Balance at the beginning of the year 31
At acquisition date 29
Fair value adjustment on put option liability (2)
Unwinding of discount 3 2
NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST PUT OPTION LIABILITY 32 31

35. CHANGES IN SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

IFRS 16 LEASES

This standard introduced a single, on-balance sheet lease accounting model for lessees. A lessee is required to recognise right-of-use assets representing its right to use the underlying assets, and lease liabilities representing its obligation to make lease payments. Lessor accounting remains similar to former practice; i.e. lessors continue to classify leases as finance or operating leases. IFRS 16 introduced additional disclosures for both lessees and lessors. It replaced IAS 17 Leases, IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease, SIC 15 Operating Leases — Incentives and SIC 27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease.

This note explains the impact of the adoption of IFRS 16 Leases on the Group's financial statements. The new accounting policy applied from 1 January 2019 is disclosed in note 35(c).

35 (A) ADJUSTMENTS RECOGNISED ON ADOPTION OF IFRS 16

The Group adopted IFRS 16 using the modified retrospective approach, under which the cumulative effect of initial application is recognised in retained earnings as at 1 January 2019. Accordingly, the comparative information presented for 2018 has not been restated.

In applying IFRS 16 for the first time, the Group used the following practical expedients permitted by the standard in the application of the initial accounting:

  • › the application of a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics;
  • › reliance on previous assessments in determining whether leases are onerous;
  • › leases that, as at 1 January 2019, had a remaining lease term of 12 months or less continued to be accounted for on a straight line basis over the remaining lease term;
  • › leases for which the underlying asset is of low value continued to be accounted for on a straight line basis over the lease term;
  • › initial direct costs were excluded from the measurement of the right-of-use asset at 1 January 2019; and
  • › where contracts contain options to extend or terminate the lease, the benefit of hindsight was used to determine the lease term.

The Group also elected to not reassess whether a contract was, or contained, a lease as at 1 January 2019. Instead, for contracts entered into before the transition date the Group relied on assessments made through the application of IAS 17 and IFRIC 4.

On adoption of IFRS 16, the Group recognised lease liabilities in relation to leases which had previously been classified as "operating leases" under the principles of IAS 17. These liabilities were measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessees' incremental borrowing rates as at 1 January 2019. The weighted average lessees' incremental borrowing rate applied to the lease liabilities on 1 January 2019 was 10%.

1 JANUARY 2019
R millions Group Company
Operating lease commitments disclosed as at 31 December 2018 932 35
Discounted using the lessees' incremental borrowing rate at the date of initial application 744 31
Less: low-value leases recognised on a straight line basis as expense (2) (2)
Less: short-term leases recognised on a straight line basis as expense (17)
Plus: adjustments as a result of a different treatment of extension and termination options 14
LEASE LIABILITIES RECOGNISED AS AT 1 JANUARY 2019 739 30

Right-of-use assets were measured at the amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted by the amount of any prepaid or accrued lease payments relating to that lease recognised in the statement of financial position as at 31 December 2018. There were no onerous lease contracts that would have required an adjustment to the right-of-use assets as at 1 January 2019.

35. CHANGES IN SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES CONTINUED

The change in accounting policy affected the following items in the statement of financial position:

1 JANUARY 2019
R millions Group Company
ASSETS Increase/(decrease)
Right-of-use assets 795 30
Property 411 29
Plant and equipment 23 1
Vehicles 361
Pre-payments (56)
Deferred tax assets (4)
TOTAL ASSETS 735 30
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES (Increase)/decrease
Finance lease liabilities (739) (30)
Operating lease smoothing liabilities 15 2
Retained earnings (11) (2)
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES (735) (30)

35 (B) IMPACT ON SEGMENTAL DISCLOSURES AND EARNINGS PER SHARE

Adjusted profit before tax decreased whilst segment assets and segment liabilities for the year ended 31 December 2019 increased as a result of the change in accounting policy. The effects of the change on the operating segments are set out below:

R millions Increase in shareof profits fromequity-accountedinvestees,net of tax Decrease inoperatingleaseexpenses Increase indepreciation Increase ininterestexpense Increase insegmentassets* Increase insegmentliabilities*
GROUP
Mining Solutions (214) 187 55 428 459
Water & Process (11) 10 4 30 32
Plant & Animal Health (30) 29 6 149 101
Food & Beverage (24) 18 9 97 106
Chemicals 1 (3) 3 6 6
Property & Corporate (13) 12 2 14 15
Inter-segment 47 (39) (14) (132) (143)
1 (248) 220 62 592 576

* Excluding deferred tax.

The net impact of adopting IFRS 16 on profit from operations and equity-accounted investees was R29 million.

R millionsCOMPANYImpact expenses(18) depreciation15 expense3 assets*27 liabilities*28
Decrease inoperatinglease Increase in Increase ininterest Increase insegment Increase insegment

* Excluding deferred tax.

The net impact of adopting IFRS 16 on profit from operations and equity-accounted investees was R3 million.

EPS and HEPS decreased by 24 cents for the year ended 31 December 2019 as a result of the adoption of IFRS 16. Diluted EPS and diluted HEPS decreased by 23 cents.

35. CHANGES IN SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES CONTINUED

35 (C) CHANGE IN SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICY

LEASES

The Group leases various properties, plant and equipment. Rental contracts are typically entered into for fixed periods but may have extension options as described in note 35(d). Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a range of terms and conditions. Although the lease agreements do not impose any covenants, leased assets may not be used as security for borrowing purposes.

Up to and including the 2018 financial year, leases for property, plant and equipment were classified as either finance or operating leases. Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) were charged to profit or loss on a straight line basis over the period of the lease.

From 1 January 2019, the Group recognised a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability at the lease commencement date, being the date on which the leased asset was available for use by the Group. The right-of-use asset was measured at cost initially and subsequently at cost less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for certain remeasurements in the lease liability.

The lease liability was measured initially at the present value of the lease payments not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the implicit rate in the lease or, if that rate could not be readily determined, the lessee's incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Group used the lessee's incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

The lease liability was subsequently increased by interest costs and decreased by lease payments made. It was remeasured when there was a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, a change in the estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee or, as appropriate, changes in the assessment of whether a purchase or extension option is reasonably certain to be exercised or a termination option is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low value assets are recognised on a straight line basis as an expense in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. Low value assets are assets that, when new, have a value of R100 000 or less.

The Group elected to apply the practical expedient in IFRS 16 and accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single lease.

35 (D) CRITICAL ACCOUNTING JUDGEMENTS AND KEY SOURCES OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY

LEASES

Extension and termination options are included in a number of leases across the Group. These terms are used to maximise operational flexibility in the management of contracts. The majority of extension and termination options held are exercisable only by the Group entities and not by the respective lessor.

The Group has applied judgement to determine the lease term for some of the lease contracts, in which it is a lessee, that include renewal options. The assessment of whether the Group is reasonably certain to exercise such options impacts the lease term, which affects the amount of lease liabilities and right-of-use assets recognised.

In determining the lease term, management considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option, or to not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are included in the lease term only if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated). The assessment is reviewed if a significant event or a significant change in circumstances occurs which affects this assessment and is within the control of the lessee.

36. CONTINGENT CONSIDERATION

The contingent consideration arose on the acquisition of Biocult in 2015. It is dependent on the future earnings of Biocult and payable in October 2020, five years after the effective date. See note 28 for the fair value estimation of the liability.

37. EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING DATE

No reportable events occurred after the reporting date.

38. GOING CONCERN

The financial statements have been prepared using appropriate accounting policies, supported by reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates. The Directors are of the opinion that the Company and its subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates have adequate resources to continue as going concerns in the foreseeable future.

The Directors have formally reviewed the budgets and forecasts of AECI's businesses and have concluded that the Group will continue in business for the foreseeable future. They also conducted liquidity and solvency tests as required by the Companies Act. Accordingly, the going concern basis of accounting remains appropriate.

ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2019 99

ADMINISTRATION

GROUP COMPANY SECRETARY AND REGISTERED OFFICE

EN Rapoo First Floor AECI Place 24 The Woodlands Woodlands Drive Woodmead Sandton 2191 South Africa (no postal deliveries to this address) Email: [email protected]

POSTAL ADDRESS AND CONTACT DETAILS

Private Bag X21 Gallo Manor 2052 Telephone: +27 (0)11 806 8700 Email: [email protected]

WEB ADDRESS

www.aeciworld.com

LONDON SECRETARY

St James's Corporate Services Ltd Suite 31, Second Floor 107 Cheapside London EC2V 6DN England

TRANSFER SECRETARIES

Computershare Investor Services (Pty) Ltd Rosebank Towers 15 Biermann Avenue Rosebank 2196 Private Bag X9000 Saxonwold 2132 South Africa and Computershare Investor Services plc PO Box 82 The Pavilions Bridgwater Road Bristol BS99 7NH England

EXTERNAL AUDITOR

Deloitte & Touche

PRIMARY TRANSACTIONAL AND FUNDING BANKS

Absa Bank Ltd Investec Bank Ltd First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd (A Division of FirstRand Bank Ltd) Nedbank Ltd Sanlam Life Insurance Ltd (acting through its Sanlam Capital Markets division) Standard Chartered Bank The Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd

SOUTH AFRICAN SPONSOR

Rand Merchant Bank (A division of FirstRand Bank Ltd) 1 Merchant Place Corner Rivonia Road and Fredman Drive Sandton 2196 South Africa

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