INVEO YATIRIM HOLDİNG A.Ş.

Regulatory Filings • Oct 14, 2025

14 October 2025

Credit Rating

Long-term (National):

(TR) AA

Outlook:

Stable

Short-term (National):

(TR) A1+

Outlook:

Stable

Expiry Date:

14 October 2026

Inveo Yatırım Holding A.Ş.

Altayçeşme Mah., Çamlı Sok., Pasco Plaza No:21, Kat: 12, Maltepe, Istanbul

Tel: 0216 377 77 90 Fax: 0212 377 11 36 http://www.inveo.com.tr

Inveo Yatırım Holding A.Ş.

Rating Summary

Inveo Yatırım Holding A.Ş., ("Inveo" or "the Company") was established in 1998 under the name of Gedik Yatırım Ortaklığı Anonim Şirketi and was transformed into an investment holding company with the title "Gedik Yatırım Holding Anonim Şirketi" in 2014. In 2020, its title was changed to Inveo Yatırım Holding Anonim Sirketi.

The scope of the Company is to carry out investments and research on tax-exempt financial matters, with respect to the domestic and foreign financial markets, technical planning, programming, budgeting, project design, financial and organization, valuation, provided that these do not include investment services and activities specified in the Capital Markets legislation, to invest in shares and other securities, cash, precious metals and commodities issued or to be issued by capital companies that have the ability and potential to profit from their assets, by participating in the capital and management of established or to be established companies for the purpose of evaluating their investment, financing, organization and management issues in a collective body and increasing the security of investments against economic fluctuations and thus ensuring the development and continuity of these companies in a healthy way and in accordance with the requirements of the national economy, to invest and operate all kinds of movable and immovable properties in and outside Turkey, and to make commercial, industrial and financial investment initiatives suitable for these purposes. In addition, the Company may issue all kinds of debt instruments in the country and abroad by obtaining the necessary permission within the framework of the provisions of the Capital Markets Law, and the relevant legislation. Inveo's Board of Directors is authorized to issue bonds, commercial bills and other debt securities indefinitely within the framework of Article 31 of the Capital Markets Law.

In this context, Inveo's primary objective is to create and invest in technology and financial ventures that develop innovation-based products and services that can be scaled internationally, and have a strong competitive advantage in public offerings.

Mr. Erhan Topaç is the controlling shareholder with 81.02% of the Company's share capital. The remaining shares are publicly offered and traded on Borsa Istanbul (BIST) under the ticker symbol "INVEO."

Following our comparative analysis of the sector and examination of financial/operational risks carried by the Company, as well as its domestic market position, Inveo's long-term rating of (TR) AA and a short-term rating of (TR) A1+ is hereby reconfirmed.

Outlook

Referring to the Public Oversight Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (POA) announcement dated November 23, 2023 and the "Application Guidance on Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies", the Company has prepared its consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 in accordance with TAS 29 "Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies". In this context, Inveo's financial statements for June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which have been independently audited, are presented on a purchasing power basis as of June 30, 2025, and the December 31, 2023 items are adjusted to December 31, 2024 purchasing power.

Due to the nature of the Company's operations, the revenue item in the income statement primarily consists of the increase and decrease in the fair value of financial investments. In this context, while the revenue at the end of 2023 was TRY 1.0bn, it declined to TRY -1.2bn at the end of 2024. The main reason for this decrease in revenue is that while financial investments showed a net worth increase of TRY 842.9mn in 2023, a net decrease of TRY -2.1bn was realized in the same item in 2024. Consequently, Inveo's operating profit, which amounted to TRY 990.6mn at the end of 2023, turned into a loss of TRY 1.4bn at the end of 2024. The Company, which reported a net profit of TRY 1.6bn at the end of 2023, recorded a net loss of TRY 1.4bn as of the end of 2024.

Inveo's revenue for the first half of 2024 was TRY -755.2mn, while in the same period of 2025, this figure rose to TRY 6.3bn. This strong increase in revenue is attributable to the net increase in financial investments in the first half of 2025, despite the net decrease in 2024. Aligned with this development, a notable improvement was also observed in the results of operations. The Company, which reported an operating loss of TRY 1.0bn in the first half of 2024, achieved an operating profit of TRY 6.3bn in the same period of 2025. Such a change demonstrates the decisive impact of financial asset value increases on profitability. Net profit for the period also showed a strong increase in the same direction. Inveo recorded a net loss of TRY 853.0mn in the first half of 2024, while a net profit of TRY 6.6bn was announced in the same period of 2025.

The Company's assets decreased by 17.4% compared to the end of the previous year, reaching TRY 9.1bn at the end of 2024, while its equity decreased by 13.6% to TRY 7.9bn.

Inveo's entire financial liability at the end of 2024 is short-term, consisting of 99.95% issued bonds and notes, with the remainder arising from lease obligations. At the end of 2023, the total financial debt was also short-term, with 99.97% consisting of issued bonds and notes and the remainder consisting of obligations arising from leasing transactions. In the first half of 2025, total financial liabilities of Inveo are short-term, with 99.96% consisting of bonds and notes issued.

In addition to all the factors mentioned above, Inveo's product/service diversity, corporate structure, and position in the sector, which distributes risks in the current conjuncture, have been included in the assessment and the Company's outlook has been reconfirmed as "Stable." The results of the developments in local and global money and capital markets are being monitored by us and their possible effects on the Company will be evaluated during the surveillance period.

Methodology

SAHA's credit rating methodology is composed of quantitative and qualitative sections to affect the final note with specific weights. Quantitative analysis components consist of SAHA Score (Company's distance from the point of default), its performance compared to the sector, analysis of the financial risks, and the assessment of cash flow projections. Default point analysis measures the distance from the point of default and it is based on relevant sector firm's past financial performance, ratios derived from distinctive default statistics, and statistically derived coefficients. This analysis is based on genuine statistical study of SAHA, covering companies in Turkey. Comparative performance analysis of the sector determines the position of the company concerned in comparison with the sector firms' recent financial performances. Financial risk analysis covers the evaluation of the company's financial ratios on basis of objective criteria. Liquidity, leverage, asset quality, profitability, volatility, and concentration are treated as sub-headings in this analysis. Finally, scenario analysis tackles the company's future base and stress scenario projections subject to scrutiny in the context of the firm's financing tool and assesses the risks of fulfillment of obligations.

Qualitative analysis covers operational issues such as sector and company risk as well as administrative risks in the context of corporate governance practices. Sector analysis evaluates the nature and rate of growth of the sector, its competitive structure, structural analysis of customers and creditors, and sensitivity of the sector to risks at home and abroad. Company analysis discusses market share and efficiency, growth trend, cost structure, service quality, organizational stability, access to domestic and foreign funding sources, off-balance sheet liabilities, accounting practices, and parent / subsidiary company relationships.

Corporate governance plays an important role in our methodology. Our methodology consists of four main sections; shareholders, public disclosure and transparency, stakeholders, and board of directors. The corporate governance methodology of SAHA can be accessed at www.saharating,com.

Rating Definitions

Our long-term credit ratings reflect our present opinion regarding the mid to long term period of one year and above; Our short-term credit ratings reflect our opinion regarding a period of one year. Our long -erm credit rating results start from AAA showing the highest quality grade and continue downward to the lowest rating of D (default). Plus (+) and minus (-) signs are used to make a more detailed distinction within categories AA to CCC.

Companies and securities rated with long-term AAA, AA, A, BBB and short-term A1 +, A1, A2, A3 categories should be considered "investment worthy" by the market. According to the structured finance regulation, for asset backed securities, the top three rating degrees represent "investment worthy" securities.

Short Term	Long Term	Rating Segment	Rating Definitions
(TR) A1+	(TR) AAA (TR) AA+ (TR) AA (TR) AA-	First Degree	The highest credit quality. Indicates that ability to meet financial obligations is extremely high. For securities, it is an indication of no more than a slight additional risk as compared to risk-free government bonds.
(TR) A1	(TR) A+ (TR) A	Second Degree	Credit quality is very high. Very high ability to fulfill financial obligations. Sudden changes at the company level and/or economic and financial conditions may increase investment risk, but not significantly.
(TR) A2	(TR) A- (TR) BBB+	Third Degree	High ability to fulfill financial obligations, but may be affected by adverse economic conditions and changes.
(TR) A3	(TR) BBB (TR) BBB-	Fourth Degree	Sufficient financial ability to fulfill its obligations, but carries more risk in adverse economic conditions and changes. If securities; has adequate protection parameters, but issuer's capacity to fulfill its obligations may weaken in face of adverse economic conditions and changes.

Companies and securities rated with long-term BB, B, CCC, and short-term B1, B2, C categories should be considered "speculative" by the market.

(TR) B1	(TR) BB+ (TR) BB (TR) BB-	Fifth Degree	Carries minimum level of speculative features. Not in danger in the short term, but faces negative financial and economic conditions. If securities; below investment level, but on-time payments prevail, or under less danger than other speculative securities. However, if the issuer's capacity to fulfill its obligations weakens, serious uncertainties may unfold.
(TR) B2	(TR) B+ (TR) B (TR) B-	Sixth Degree	Currently has the capacity to fulfill financial obligations, but highly sensitive to adverse economic and financial conditions. If securities; there is a risk in due payment. Financial protection factors can show high fluctuations depending on the conditions of the economy, the sector, and the issuer.
(TR) C	(TR) CCC+ (TR) CCC (TR) CCC-	Seventh Degree	Well below investment grade. In considerable danger of default. Fulfillment of its financial obligations depends on the positive performance of economic, sectoral and financial conditions. If securities; there are serious uncertainties about the timely payment of principal and interest.
(TR) D	(TR) D	Default	Event of default. The company cannot meet its financial obligations or cannot pay the principal and/or interest of the relevant securities.

Disclaimer

This Credit Rating Report has been prepared by Saha Kurumsal Yönetim ve Kredi Derecelendirme Hizmetleri A.Ş. (SAHA Corporate Governance and Credit Rating Services, Inc.) in collaboration with Inveo Yatırım Holding A.Ş. and is based on information disclosed to the public by Inveo Yatırım Holding A.Ş.

This report, edited by SAHA A.Ş. analysts based on their best intentions, knowledge base and experience, is the product of an in-depth study of the available information which is believed to be correct as of this date. It is a final opinion about the overall credibility of the institutions and/or debt instruments they have issued. The contents of this report and the final credit rating should be interpreted neither as an offer, solicitation or advice to buy, sell or hold securities of any companies referred to in this report nor as a judgment about the suitability of that security to the conditions and preferences of investors. SAHA A.Ş. makes no warranty, regarding the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of this information and assumes no liability with respect to the consequences of relying on this information for investment decisions or other purposes.

SAHA A.Ş. has embraced and published the IOSCO (International Organization of Securities Commissions) Code of Conduct for Credit Rating Agencies on its web site (www.saharating.com) and operates on the basis of independence, objectivity, transparency, and analytic accuracy.

©2025, Saha Kurumsal Yönetim ve Kredi Derecelendirme A.Ş. All rights reserved. This publication or parts thereof may not be republished, broadcast, or redistributed without the prior written consent of Saha Kurumsal Yönetim ve Kredi Derecelendirme Hizmetleri A.Ş. and Inveo Yatırım Holding A.Ş.

Contacts:

Report Prepared by / Rating Specialist:

Merve Durusoy İnan mdurusoy@saharating.com

Rating Committee Members:

S. Sühan Seçkin suhan@saharating.com

S. Mehmet İnhan minhan@saharating.com

Ali Perşembe apersembe@saharating.com

Saha Corporate Governance and Credit Rating Services, Inc.

Valikonağı Cad., Hacı Mansur Sok., Konak Apt. 3/1, Nişantaşı, Istanbul Tel: (0212) 291 97 91, Fax: (0212) 291 97 92 ● info@saharating.com ● www.saharating.com