Alarum Technologies Ltd.

Regulatory Filings • Mar 31, 2023

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No.: 001-38610

ALARUM TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Translation of registrant's name into English: Not applicable

State of Israel (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

30 Haarba'a Street Tel Aviv 6473926 Israel

(Address of principal executive offices)

Shachar Daniel Chief Executive Officer +972-9-8666110 Shachar.daniel@alarum.io 30 Haarba'a Street Tel Aviv 6473926 Israel

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depository Shares each	ALAR	Nasdaq Capital Market
representing ten
Ordinary Shares, no par value per share(1)
Ordinary Shares, no par value per share(2)

(1) Evidenced by American Depositary Receipts.

(2) Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of the American Depositary Shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

32,628,044 Ordinary Shares, no par value, as of December 31, 2022.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

†The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.

U.S. GAAP ☐

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒

Other ☐

If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☒

Yes ☐ No ☒

Emerging growth company ☒

Yes ☒ No ☐

Yes ☐ No ☒

Yes ☒ No ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
INTRODUCTION	iii
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	iv
SUMMARY RISK FACTORS	v

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS. 1 ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE. 1 ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION. 1 A. [Reserved.] 1 B. Capitalization and Indebtedness. 1 C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds. 1 D. Risk Factors. 1 ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY. 28 A. History and Development of the Company. 28 B. Business Overview. 29 C. Organizational Structure. 38 D. Property, Plant and Equipment. 39 ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS. 39 ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS. 40 A. Operating Results. 41 B. Liquidity and Capital Resources. 46 C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc. 49 D. Trend Information. 49 E. Critical Accounting Estimates. 49 ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES. 50 A. Directors and Senior Management. 50 B. Compensation. 52 C. Board Practices. 54 D. Employees. 67 E. Share Ownership. 67 ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS. 69 A. Major Shareholders. 69 B. Related Party Transactions. 71 C. Interests of Experts and Counsel. 71 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION. 72 A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information. 72 B. Significant Changes. 72 ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING. 73 A. Offer and Listing Details. 73 B. Plan of Distribution. 73 C. Markets. 73 D. Selling Shareholders. 73 E. Dilution. 73 F. Expenses of the Issue. 73 ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. 73 A. Share Capital. 73 B. Memorandum and Articles of Association. 73 C. Material Contracts. 73 D. Exchange Controls. 74 E. Taxation. 75 F. Dividends and Paying Agents. 85 G. Statement by Experts. 85 H. Documents on Display. 85 I. Subsidiary Information. 86 J. Annual Report to Security Holders. 86

ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.	86
ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES.	86
A.	Debt Securities.	86
B.	Warrants and Rights.	86
C.	Other Securities.	86
D.	American Depositary Shares.	86

PART II

ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES.	88
ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS.	88
ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.	88
ITEM 16.	[Reserved].	88
ITEM 16A.	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT.	89
ITEM 16B.	CODE OF ETHICS.	89
ITEM 16C.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.	89
ITEM 16D.	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES.	89
ITEM 16E.	PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.	90
ITEM 16F.	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT.	90
ITEM 16G.	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.	90
ITEM 16H.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE.	91
ITEM 16I.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.	91
	PART III
ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.	92
ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.	92
ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS.	92
SIGNATURES		94

ii

INTRODUCTION

We are a global internet access provider for consumers and enterprises. We operate in two main distinct segments, providing solutions according to specific needs. The segments include enterprise internet access solutions and consumer internet access solutions and services.

Our enterprise internet access segment offers a global web data collection cloud service, based on our proprietary proxy traffic optimization and routing technology, and built on partnership agreements with tens of Internet Service Providers, or ISPs.

Our service allows organizations to collect vast amounts of web and internet data by simultaneously connecting to the internet from different IP addresses while maintaining full anonymity and privacy. Our customers can choose from various types of Internet Protocol addresses, or IPs, from our IP pool which contains millions of IPs, including ISP IPs, data center IPs and residential service provider IPs.

With our web data collection service, organizations can collect accurate, transparent web data from public online sources. The solution also allows access to undiscovered data from non-traditional data sources and allows customers to gain additional data-driven information that provides valuable insights with respect to predictive capabilities or behaviors, thereby assisting ongoing business management operation and decision making. An added benefit to our customer is the fact that utilizing our network completely hides enterprises from the internet by modifying IP addresses, thus ensuring high levels of privacy for their online presence.

Our internet access solutions for consumers provide security against ransomware, viruses, phishing, and other online threats as well as a powerful, secured and encrypted connection, masking consumers' online activity and keeping them safe from hackers. The solutions are designed for advanced and basic users, ensuring complete protection for all personal and digital information.

On November 8, 2022, we effected a change in the ratio of the ADSs to our Ordinary Shares from the previous ADS ratio of one (1) ADS to one (1) Ordinary Share, to a new ADS ratio of one (1) ADS to ten (10) Ordinary Shares. All descriptions of our ADSs herein, including ADS amounts and per ADS amounts, are presented after giving effect to the ratio change.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the "Company," "we," "our" and "Alarum" refer to Alarum Technologies Ltd. and its wholly owned Israeli subsidiaries NetNut Ltd., or NetNut, NetNut's wholly owned subsidiary - NetNut Networks Inc., a Delaware corporation, or NetNut Networks, Safe-T Data A.R Ltd., or Safe-T Data, CyberKick Ltd., or CyberKick, CyberKick's wholly owned subsidiaries - iShield Inc., a Delaware corporation, RoboVPN Inc., a Delaware corporation, RoboVPN Technologies Ltd., a Cyprus corporation, and Spell Me Ltd., a Seychelles corporation.

References to "U.S. dollars" and "\$" are to currency of the United States of America, and references to "NIS" are to New Israeli Shekels. References to "Ordinary Shares" are to our Ordinary Shares, no par value per share that have been trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE, under the symbol "ALAR". References to ADSs are to our American Depository Shares, representing our Ordinary Shares, that have been trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol "SFET" since August 17, 2018, and effective from January 25, 2023 under the symbol "ALAR" following the Company's change of name. We report financial information under International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB.

iii

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain information included or incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 20-F may be deemed to be "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other securities laws and the Israeli securities law. Forward-looking statements are often characterized by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "expect," "plans," "anticipate," "estimate," "continue," "believe," "should," "intend," "project" or other similar words, but are not the only way these statements are identified.

These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our objectives, plans and strategies, statements that contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition, expected capital needs and expenses, statements relating to the research, development, completion and use of our products, and all statements (other than statements of historical facts) that address activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We have based these forward-looking statements on assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors they believe to be appropriate.

Important factors that could cause actual results, developments and business decisions to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements include, among other things:

• our planned level of revenues and capital expenditures and ability to continue as a going concern;
• our ability to market and sell our products;
• our plans to continue to invest in research and development to develop technology for both existing and new products;
• our ability to maintain our relationships with partners and customers;
• our ability to maintain or protect the validity of our European, U.S. and other patents and other intellectual property;
• our ability to launch and penetrate markets in new locations, including taking steps to expand our activities in Europe and Southeast Asia and to enter into engagements with new business partners in those markets;
• our intention to increase marketing and sales activities;
• our intention to establish partnerships with industry leaders;
• our ability to locate additional funding available to us on acceptable terms;
• our ability to retain professional employees and executive members;
• our ability to internally develop new inventions and intellectual property;
• our expectations regarding future changes in our cost of revenues and our operating expenses;
• our expectations regarding our tax classifications;
• interpretations of current laws and the passages of future laws and/or regulations;
• our ability to continue to effectively comply with the minimum bid requirements of Nasdaq;
• the potential impact of litigation;
• acceptance of our business model and performance by investors; and
• those factors referred to in "Item 3. Key Information D. Risk Factors," "Item 4. Information on the Company," and "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects", as well as in this annual report on Form 20-F generally.

Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made throughout this annual report on Form 20-F which are designed to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F are made as of the date hereof, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

In addition, the section of this annual report on Form 20-F entitled "Item 4. Information on the Company" contains information obtained from independent industry sources and other sources that we have not independently verified.

Summary Risk Factors

The risk factors described below are a summary of the principal risk factors associated with an investment in us. These are not the only risks we face. You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with the risk factors set forth in Item 3D. of this Report and the other reports and documents filed by us with the SEC.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

• Our internet access for consumers segment has incurred losses, predominantly due to ongoing investments in sales and marketing as well as development efforts, and we anticipate it will continue to incur losses until we are able to commercialize products globally and reduce related costs;
• We expect we may need to raise additional capital before we can become profitable from the sale of our products;
• The report of our independent registered public accounting firm contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which could prevent us from obtaining new financing on reasonable terms or at all.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

• If we are unable to sell additional products and services to our existing customers and/or to acquire new customers, our future revenues and operating results will be harmed;
• We face intense competition from SaaS internet access vendors, some of which are larger and better known than we are, and we may lack sufficient financial or other resources to maintain or improve our competitive position;
• The loss of a significant customer, or a material reduction in sales to a significant customer, could affect our operating margins, our profitability, our sales and our results of operations;
• If our internal network system is compromised by cyber attackers or other malicious cyber activity, or if our hosting and infrastructure fails, public perception of our products and services will be harmed;
• Our business is subject to risks arising from the continuous effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, or any other pandemic, the risk that we may not be able to successfully execute our business or strategic plans, as well as the risk that we will not be able to anticipate, identify and respond quickly to changing market trends and customer preferences or changes in the consumer environment, including changing expectations of service, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

v

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

• If we are unable to obtain and maintain effective patent and trademark rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets;
• Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts, as well as apply financial burdens;
• We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our ADSs or Ordinary Shares

• Issuance of a significant amount of additional Ordinary Shares due to exercise or conversion of outstanding warrants and/or substantial future sales of our Ordinary Shares may depress our share price;
• Our warrants are speculative in nature and holders of our warrants will have no rights as shareholders until such holders exercise their warrants and acquire our Ordinary Shares or ADSs, as applicable;
• Holders of ADSs may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our Ordinary Shares;
• Holders of ADSs must act through the depositary to exercise their rights as shareholders of our company;
• We cannot guarantee that we will continue to comply with the Nasdaq minimum bid requirement. If we fail to comply with the Nasdaq minimum bid requirement, our ADSs could be delisted from Nasdaq, and as a result we and our shareholders could incur material adverse consequences, including a negative impact on our liquidity, our shareholders' ability to sell shares and our ability to raise capital.

Risks Related to Israeli Law and Our Operations in Israel

• Provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or acquisition of, our company;
• The rights and responsibilities of a holder of our securities will be governed by Israeli law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of U.S. companies;
• Our headquarters and other significant operations are located in Israel, and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic, judicial and military instability in Israel.

General Risk Factors

• Raising additional capital would cause dilution to holders of our equity securities, and may affect the rights of existing holders of equity securities;
• We are subject to a number of risks associated with global sales and operations;
• The price of the Ordinary Shares or ADSs may be volatile;
• We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention;
• We may be subject to geopolitical events and resulting macroeconomic consequences.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved.]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this annual report on Form 20-F. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business operations. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business and financial condition could suffer and the price of our ADSs could decline.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

Some of our business segments are in development stages and have incurred losses due to required investments since the start of their operations. We anticipate that these segments will continue to incur significant investments in sales and marketing channels as well as in products development until we are able to commercialize products globally.

We have devoted substantial financial resources to develop and commercialize our products and to extend our business by acquisitions. We have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities, and recently also through credit facilities and bank loans. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on on-going development of our products, the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through the issuance of our securities, strategic collaborations, credit facilities or bank loans. We expect to continue to incur significant losses due to ongoing investments in sales and marketing channels as well as in product development until we are able to successfully commercialize our products globally. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

• continue the development of our products;
• establish, increase and reinforce a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize our products;

• seek to identify, assess, acquire, license and/or develop other products and subsequent generations of our current products;

• seek to maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio;

• seek to attract and retain skilled personnel; and
• continue to support our operations as a public company, our product development and planned future commercialization efforts.

Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:

• continuous improvement of our products;
• addressing any competing technological and market developments;
• negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter;
• establishing and maintaining resale and distribution relationships with third parties that can provide adequate (in amount and quality) infrastructure to support market demand for our products;
• launching and commercializing current and future products, either directly or with a collaborator or distributor;
• maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how; and
• identifying, assessing, acquiring and/or developing new products and activities.

Given our lack of positive cash flow, we expect that we may need to raise additional capital before we can expect to become profitable from sales of our products. This additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain the necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

According to our management's estimates, based on our current cash on hand and further based on our budget, we believe that we have sufficient resources to continue our activities until December 31, 2023. Since we might be unable to generate sufficient revenue or cash flow to fund our operations for the foreseeable future, we may need to seek additional equity or debt financing to provide the capital required to maintain or expand our operations. We expect we will also need additional funding for developing products and services and other related activities, increasing our sales and marketing capabilities, and promoting brand identity, as well as for working capital requirements and other operating and general corporate purposes.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise sufficient additional capital on acceptable terms, or at all. If such financing is not available on satisfactory terms, or is not available at all, we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate the development of business opportunities, research or development programs and our operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. If we raise additional funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some rights to our technologies or candidate products, or to grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which could prevent us from obtaining new financing on reasonable terms or at all.

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our audited consolidated financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2022, contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of the uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. This going concern opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or debt securities or otherwise. Further reports on our consolidated financial statements may include an explanatory paragraph with respect to our ability to continue as a going concern. Until we can generate significant recurring revenues, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through debt or equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate research or development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products. This may raise substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We maintain our cash at financial institutions, some in balances that exceed federally insured limits.

A small portion of our cash is held in accounts at U.S. banking institutions that we believe are of high quality. Cash held in non-interestbearing and interest-bearing operating accounts may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, insurance limits. If such banking institutions were to fail, we could lose all or a portion of those amounts held in excess of such insurance limitations.

The FDIC took control of one such banking institution, Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, on March 10, 2023. The FDIC also took control of Signature Bank on March 12, 2023. On March 13, 2023, the U.S. Federal Reserve announced that account holders would not bear the loss of SVB's collapse. We have used an SVB account for customer payments and have been able to recover the cash deposits transferred through such an account. We did not hold any bank accounts at Signature Bank. On March 27, 2023, First Citizen Bank announced the assumption of responsibility for Silicon Valley Bank. Thus, we do not view the risk as material to our financial condition. However, as the FDIC continues to address the situation with SVB, Signature Bank and other similarly situated banking institutions, the risk of loss in excess of insurance limitations has generally increased. Any material loss that we may experience in the future could have an adverse effect on our ability to pay our operational expenses or make other payments and may require us to move our accounts to other banks, which could cause a temporary delay in making payments to our vendors and employees and cause other operational inconveniences.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

The internet access markets are rapidly evolving within the increasingly challenging landscape. If the industry does not continue to develop as we anticipate, our sales will not grow as quickly as expected and our share price could decline.

We operate in a rapidly evolving industry focused on providing organizations and consumers with internet access solutions. Our solutions provide protective cyber tools that identify, eliminate and help customers avoid security and data breach threats. On the consumers side, we experience intense competition from well established companies as well as smaller new players, and need to constantly adapt our solutions to the new technologies and growing and constantly changing challenges. It is therefore difficult to predict how large the markets will be for our solutions. If solutions such as ours are not viewed by organizations as necessary, or if business or consumer customers do not recognize the benefit of our solution as a critical layer of an effective security strategy, then our revenues may not grow as quickly as expected, or may decline, and our share price could suffer.

We are engaged in on-going development of our current and future products. Our research and development efforts may not produce successful products or enhancements to our solution that result in significant revenue or other benefits in the near future, if at all.

We expect to continue to dedicate significant financial and other resources to our research and development efforts in order to continuously evolve the development of our products and maintain our competitive position. As a result, our business is significantly dependent on our ability to successfully complete the development of our next generation products. Investing in research and development personnel, developing new products and enhancing existing products is expensive and time consuming, and there is no assurance that such activities will result in successful development of our products, significant new marketable products or enhancements to our products, design improvements, cost savings, revenues or other expected benefits. If we spend significant time and effort on research and development and are unable to generate an adequate return on our investment, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operations will be negatively affected, and as we invest in the growth of our business, we expect our operating and net profit margins to decline in the near-term.

We have experienced a more rapid growth in the last four years and intend to continue to grow our business. Our annual operating expenses may continue to increase as we invest in sales, marketing, research and development. Our growth to date has placed significant demands on our management, sales, operational and financial infrastructure, and our growth will continue to place significant demands on these resources. We may not be able to successfully implement these improvements in a timely or efficient manner, and our failure to do so may materially impact our projected growth rate. We may also not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, failure to deliver and timely deliver our products to customers, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of current and additional new products. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

As we invest in the growth of our business, we expect that these investments will result in increased costs and may impact our short and mid-term operating and net profit margins. A failure to meet market expectations regarding our profitability and our position as a growth company have had and could continue to have an adverse effect on the price of our Ordinary Shares and ADSs.

Our quarterly and annual results of operations may fluctuate for a variety of reasons.

Our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year and are likely to continue to vary due to a number of factors, many of which will not be within our control. If our operating results do not meet the guidance that we provide to the market or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of our Ordinary Shares and the ADSs will likely decline. Fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition may be due to a number of factors:

• the degree of market acceptance of our products and services;
• our ability to attract and retain new customers;
• our ability to sell additional products to current customers;
• changes in consumers' and enterprises' requirements and expectations or channel partner requirements;
• changes in the growth rate of the internet access solutions markets;
• the timing and success of new product and service introductions by us or our competitors or any other change in the competitive landscape of the internet access markets, including consolidation among our customers or competitors;
• a disruption in, or termination of, our relationship with partners;
• our ability to successfully expand our business globally;
• changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors and our responses to price competition;
• general economic conditions in our markets;
• unexpected changes in regulatory practices, laws, regulations and the court systems of certain jurisdictions;
• future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies or practices;
• the amount and timing of our operating costs;
• a change in our mix of products and services; and
• increases or decreases in our expenses caused by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Any of the above factors, individually or in the aggregate, may result in significant fluctuations in our financial and other operating results from period to period. These fluctuations could result in our failure to meet our operating plan or the expectations of investors or analysts for any period. If we fail to meet such expectations for these or other reasons, the market price of our Ordinary Shares and the ADSs could fall substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.

Our reputation and business could be harmed based on real or perceived shortcomings, defects or vulnerabilities in our solution or the failure of our solution to meet customers' expectations.

Organizations and consumers are facing increasingly sophisticated and targeted cyber threats, including the growing threat of cyber terrorism throughout the world. If we fail to identify and respond to new and increasingly complex methods of attack and update our products to detect or prevent such threats, our business and reputation will suffer. In particular, we may suffer significant adverse publicity and reputational harm if a significant breach occurs generally or if any breach occurs at a high-profile customer. Moreover, if our solutions are adopted by an increasing number of enterprises and consumers, it is possible that attackers will begin to focus on finding ways to defeat our solutions. An actual or perceived security breach or theft of our customers' sensitive business or personal data, regardless of whether the breach or theft is attributable to the failure of our products, could adversely affect the market's perception of the efficacy of our solutions and current or potential customers may look to our competitors for alternatives to our solutions. The failure of our products may also subject us to lawsuits and financial losses stemming from indemnification demands of our partners and other third parties, as well as the expenditure of significant financial resources to analyze, correct or eliminate any vulnerabilities. Any claim brought against us, regardless of its merit, could result in material expense, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to our reputation, and could cause us to fail to retain or attract customers. Costs or payments made in connection with warranty and product liability claims and product recalls or other claims could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. It could also cause us to suffer reputational harm, lose existing customers or deter them from purchasing additional products and services and prevent new customers from purchasing our solutions.

False detection of threats, while typical in our industry, may reduce perception of the reliability of our products and may therefore adversely impact market acceptance of our products. If our solutions restrict legitimate privileged access by authorized personnel to IT systems and applications by falsely identifying those users as an attack or otherwise unauthorized, or fail to provide privacy and security web browsing to consumers, our customers' businesses could be harmed. There can be no assurance that, despite testing by us, errors will not be found in existing and new versions of our products, resulting in loss of or delay in market acceptance. In such an event, we may be required, or may choose, for customer relations or other reasons, to expend additional resources in order to help correct the problem. In addition, the network of enterprise internet access solutions is built on a mix of IPs, which we source from various providers and technologies. A significant portion of our IP pool is sourced from third-party IP proxy providers and ISPs around the world from which we lease and then resell. We have separate agreements with each provider. If such a provider will choose to terminate the agreement, we will be at a risk of reducing the size of our IP pool, and might not be able to support the demands of our customer base.

If we are unable to acquire new customers, our future revenues and operating results will be harmed.

Our success depends on our ability to acquire new customers. The number of customers that we add in a given period impacts both our short-term and long-term revenues. If we are unable to attract a sufficient number of new customers, we may be unable to generate revenue growth at desired rates. The markets we operate in are competitive and many of our competitors have substantial financial, personnel, and other resources that they utilize to develop products and attract customers. As a result, it may be difficult for us to add new customers to our customer base. Competition in the marketplace may also lead us to win fewer new customers or result in us providing discounts and other commercial incentives. Additional factors that impact our ability to acquire new customers include the perceived need for cyber security, the size of our prospective customers' infrastructure budgets, the utility and efficacy of our existing and new offerings, whether proven or perceived, our ability to reach a significant portion of the consumer market, and general economic conditions. These factors may have a meaningful negative impact on future revenues and operating results. With respect to our enterprise access business, while many companies understand the problem of doing competitive analysis, data collection, and other privacy-related use cases, widespread awareness of the need for access solutions is still lacking. Proxy networks are well understood, and virtual private networks are commonly popular, but access solutions are still in the early adoption phase among companies and individuals that stand to benefit from them. This restraint accounts for not all enterprise access vendors having the marketing budgets to promote themselves.

If we lose a significant customer, or face material reduction in sales to a significant customer, our operating margins, our profitability, our sales and our results of operations could be affected.

One of our sale segments is dependent on a major customer, and its loss and inability to substitute other similar customers for the lost one can have an adverse effect on our business, financial situation or performance. For example, in 2022 this customer accounted for 37% of our total sales. There can be no assurance that our major customers will continue to do business with us or that all significant customers will continue to purchase our products in the same quantities that they have in the past. The loss of any one of our significant customers or a material reduction in sales to a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on our sales and results of operations.

If we are unable to sell additional products and services to our existing customers, our future revenues and operating results will be harmed.

Our revenues are also generated from sales to existing customers. Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain recurring sales to our existing customers. We devote significant efforts to developing, marketing and selling additional products to existing customers and rely on these efforts for a portion of our revenues. These efforts require a significant investment in building and maintaining customer relationships, as well as significant research and development efforts in order to provide product upgrades and launch new products. The rate at which our existing customers purchase additional products and services depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the perceived need for additional access services, the fit and efficacy of our solutions and the utility of our new offerings, whether proven or perceived, our customers' budgets, general economic conditions, our customers' overall satisfaction with the maintenance and professional services we provide and the continued growth and economic health of our customer base to require incremental users and servers to be covered. If our efforts to sell additional products and services to our customers are not successful, our future revenues and operating results will be harmed.

We face intense competition from access vendors, some of which are larger and better known than we are, and we may lack sufficient financial or other resources to maintain or improve our competitive position.

The markets in which we operate are characterized by intense competition, constant innovation and evolving security threats. We compete with companies that offer a broad array of internet access products. Our current and potential future competitors include providers of access solutions, such as Bright Data Ltd. (formerly Luminati Networks Ltd.), or Bright Data, Oxylabs Networks Pvt. Ltd., BiScience Inc. and others in the enterprise access segment, and Kape Technologies plc, McAfee Corp., Nord VPN, Norton LifeLock, Aura and others in the consumer segment. Some of our competitors are large companies that have the technical and financial resources and broad customer bases needed to bring competitive solutions to the market and already have existing relationships as a trusted vendor for other products. Such companies may use these advantages to offer products and services that are perceived to be as effective as ours at a lower price or for free as part of a larger product package or solely in consideration for maintenance and services fees. They may also develop different products to compete with our current solutions and respond more quickly and effectively than we do to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or client requirements. Additionally, from time to time we may compete with smaller regional vendors that offer products with a more limited range of capabilities that purport to perform functions similar to our solution. Such companies may enjoy stronger sales and service capabilities in their particular regions. With respect to the enterprise access and the consumer markets, we face the emergence of small competitors in this field due to high profitability margins, which can result in pressure on prices to decline. Furthermore, these margins can lead also to competition from bigger companies that can invest larger human, cash and technological resources into this industry. Such increased competition can lead to lower margins and, consequently, impact our revenues, profitability and business.

Our competitors may enjoy potential competitive advantages over us, such as:

• greater name recognition, a longer operating history and a larger customer base;
• larger sales and marketing budgets and resources;
• broader distribution and established relationships with channel and distribution partners and customers;
• greater customer support resources;
• greater resources to make acquisitions;
• larger intellectual property portfolios; and
• greater financial, technical and other resources.

Our current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources. Current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources. As a result of such acquisitions, our current or potential competitors might be able to adapt more quickly to new technologies and customer needs, devote greater resources to the promotion or sale of their products and services, initiate or withstand substantial price competition, take advantage of other opportunities more readily or develop and expand their product and service offerings more quickly than we do. Larger competitors with more diverse product offerings may reduce the price of products that compete with ours in order to promote the sale of other products or may bundle them with other products, which would lead to increased pricing pressure on our products and could cause the average sales prices for our products to decline.

In addition, other cybersecurity technologies exist or could be developed in the future by current or future competitors, and our business could be materially and adversely affected if such technologies are widely adopted.

We may not be able to successfully anticipate or adapt to changing technology or customer requirements on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to keep up with technological changes or to convince our customers and potential customers of the value of our solution even in light of new technologies, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

If our internal network system is compromised by cyber attackers or other data thieves, or if our hosting and infrastructure fails, public perception of our products and services will be harmed.

We will not succeed unless the marketplace is confident that we provide effective cybersecurity protection. Further, we may be targeted by cyber terrorists because we are an Israeli company. If we experience an actual or perceived breach of our network and our internal systems, it could adversely affect the market perception of our products and services. In addition, we may need to devote more resources to address security vulnerabilities in our solution, and the cost of addressing these vulnerabilities could reduce our operating margins. If we do not address security vulnerabilities or otherwise provide adequate security features in our products, certain customers, particularly government customers, may delay or stop purchasing our products. Further, a security breach could impair our ability to operate our business, including our ability to provide maintenance and support services to our customers. If this happens, our revenues could decline, and our business could suffer. With respect to the enterprise access services and consumers services, if we will experience short period hosting/infrastructure failures, or longer periods of disconnection blocking of our network of IPs to access certain websites, and do not offer our customers various immediate alternatives, some customers may choose to delay or stop purchasing our products.

In the ordinary course of our business, we rely on information technology systems, networks and services, including internet sites, data hosting and processing tools, hardware (including laptops and mobile devices), software, and technical platforms and applications, to process, store and transmit data and to help us manage our business and to collect and store the Company's sensitive data, including intellectual property, personal information and proprietary business information. The secure maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools, and domestically available monitoring to provide security for processing, transmitting and storing this sensitive data. As part of our implemented efficiency and cost-saving measures, we are using cloud service providers. While benefits for using cloud computing services are well documented and are mostly related to resources sharing, on-demand selfservices, rapid scalability, improved economies of scale and collaboration, there are risks that could outweigh the expected benefits, and require close attention and management. For example, there is no guarantee that the features we use will be provided for the same price in the future, there is a risk in relying on a cloud service for business-related tasks because no service can guarantee 100% uptime and there is always a risk of data leakage when a company's data is held by a third-party vendor.

Information technology systems, including those managed or hosted by third parties, could be subject to sophisticated cyber-attacks (including phishing and ransomware attacks) and threats by external or internal parties' intent on disrupting business processes or otherwise extracting or corrupting information. In recent years, ransomware attacks against organizations have become more frequent and while we continue to implement additional protective measures to reduce the risk of and detect cyber incidents, cyber-attacks are becoming more sophisticated and frequent and the techniques used in such attacks change rapidly. We may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to the number of our employees and our third-party providers' who are (and may continue to be) working remotely, which creates additional opportunities for cybercriminals to launch attacks and exploit vulnerabilities in non-corporate IT environments. Unauthorized access to our systems could disrupt our business, and/or lead to theft, loss or misappropriation of critical assets or to outside parties having access to confidential information, including privileged data, personal data or strategic information. Such information could also be made public in a manner that harms our reputation and financial results and, particularly in the case of personal data, could lead to regulators imposing significant fines on us.

Also, our information technology networks and infrastructure may still be vulnerable to damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, natural disasters or other catastrophic events. Any such compromise could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and subject us to additional costs and liabilities, any of which could adversely affect our business.

If we do not effectively expand, train and retain our sales force, we may be unable to acquire new customers or sell additional products and services to existing customers, and our business will suffer.

We depend significantly on our sales force to attract new customers and expand sales to existing customers. As a result, our ability to grow our revenues depends in part on our success in recruiting, training and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel to support our growth. We expect to continue to expand our sales personnel and face a number of challenges in achieving our hiring and integration goals. There is intense competition for individuals with sales training and experience. In addition, the training and integration of a large number of sales personnel in a short time requires the allocation of internal resources. We invest significant time and resources in training new sales force personnel to understand our solutions and growth strategy. Based on our past experience, it takes an average of approximately six to nine months before a new sales force member operates at target performance levels. However, we may be unable to achieve or maintain our target performance levels with large numbers of new sales personnel as quickly as we have done in the past. Our failure to hire a sufficient number of qualified sales force members and train them to operate at target performance levels may materially and adversely impact our projected growth rate.

If our products fail to help our customers achieve and maintain compliance with certain government regulations and industry standards, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

On the enterprise access side of our business, we primarily engage directly with ISPs in order to gain access to their networks. The legality of scraping publicly available web data was reaffirmed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (hiQ vs LinkedIn) in late 2019, but the way in which some of the automated software programs are built is still questionable, and changes in regulations may impact the means or ability to provide such solutions.

International regulatory bodies are increasingly focused on online privacy issues and user data protection. In particular, the General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, in the European Union, or EU, and the UK intends to strengthen and unify data protection for all individuals within the EU. It also addresses the export of personal data outside the EU. The GDPR aims primarily to give control back to citizens and residents over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU. Additionally, the uncertainty created by these laws and regulations can be compounded when services hosted in one jurisdiction are directed at users in another jurisdiction. For instance, European data protection rules may apply to companies which are not established in the EU (this is the so-called extraterritorial scope of the GDPR). Similarly, there have been laws and regulations adopted throughout the United States and Israel that impose obligations in areas such as privacy, in particular protection of personal information and implementing adequate cybersecurity measures to protect such information. The most prominent to which we are exposed is the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2020, or the CCPA, which increases the privacy and security obligations companies have towards the consumer when handling personal data. The CCPA allows civil penalties for violations as well as private right of action for data breaches. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act, or the CPRA, which became effective as of January 1, 2023, imposes additional obligations such as expanding the current data privacy compliance requirements under the CCPA. As an Israeli company we are also subject to the Israeli Privacy Protection Law 1981 and its regulations, as well as the guidelines of the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority.

These industry standards may change with little or no notice, including changes that could make them more or less onerous for businesses. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, rules and regulations could have an adverse effect on our business prospects, results of operations and/or financial position. In addition, governments may also adopt new laws or regulations, or make changes to existing laws or regulations, that could impact whether our solution enables our customers to maintain compliance with such laws or regulations. If we are unable to adapt our solution to changing government regulations and industry standards in a timely manner, or if our solution fails to expedite our customers' compliance initiatives, our customers may lose confidence in our products and could switch to products offered by our competitors. In addition, if government regulations and industry standards related to the access sectors are changed in a manner that makes them less onerous, our customers may view compliance as less critical to their businesses, and our customers may be less willing to purchase our products and services. In either case, our sales and financial results would suffer.

Our model for long-term growth depends upon the introduction of new products. If we are unable to develop new products or if these new products are not adopted by customers, our growth will be adversely affected.

Our business depends on the successful development and marketing of new products, including adding complementary offerings to our current products. Development and marketing of new products require significant up-front research, development and other costs, and the failure of new products we develop to gain market acceptance may result in a failure to achieve future sales and adversely affect our competitive position. There can be no assurance that any of our new or future products will achieve market acceptance or generate revenues at forecasted rates or that the margins generated from their sales will allow us to recoup the costs of our development efforts.

If we do not successfully anticipate market needs and enhance our existing products or develop new products that meet those needs on a timely basis, we may not be able to compete effectively and our ability to generate revenues will suffer.

Our customers operate in markets characterized by rapidly changing technologies and business plans, which require them to adapt to increasingly complex IT infrastructures that incorporate a variety of hardware, software applications, operating systems and networking protocols. As our customers' technologies and business plans grow more complex, we expect them to face new and increasingly sophisticated methods of attack. We face significant challenges in ensuring that our solutions effectively identify and respond to these advanced and evolving attacks without disrupting the performance of our customers' IT systems. As a result, we must continually modify and improve our products in response to changes in our customers' IT and industrial control infrastructures.

We cannot guarantee that we will be able to anticipate future market needs and opportunities or be able to develop product enhancements or new products to meet such needs or opportunities in a timely manner, if at all. Even if we are able to anticipate, develop and commercially introduce enhancements and new products, there can be no assurance that enhancements or new products will achieve widespread market acceptance.

Our product enhancements or new products could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:

• delays in releasing product enhancements or new products;
• failure to accurately predict market demand and to supply products that meet this demand in a timely fashion;
• inability to interoperate effectively with the existing or newly introduced technologies, systems or applications of our existing and prospective customers;
• inability to protect against new types of attacks or techniques used by cyber attackers or other data thieves;
• defects in our products, errors or failures of our solutions to secure privileged accounts;
• negative publicity about the performance or effectiveness of our products;
• introduction or anticipated introduction of competing products by our competitors;
• installation, configuration or usage errors by our customers; and
• easing or changing of regulatory requirements related to IT / cybersecurity / privacy.

If we fail to anticipate market requirements or fail to develop and introduce product enhancements or new products to meet those needs in a timely manner, it could cause us to lose existing customers and prevent us from gaining new customers, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Defects and bugs in products could give rise to product returns, cancellation of orders or product liability, warranty or other claims that could result in material expenses, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to our reputation.

Even if we are successful in introducing our products to the market, our products may contain undetected defects or errors that, despite testing, are not discovered until after a product has been used. Our software could have, or could be alleged to have, defects, bugs or other errors or failures. This could result in cancellation of orders, difficulties in maintaining business relations with customers that use our software, delayed market acceptance of those products, claims from distributors, end-users or others, increased end-user service and support costs and warranty claims, damage to our reputation and business and the ability to attract new customers, or significant costs to correct the defect or error. We may from time to time become subject to warranty or product liability claims that could lead to significant expenses as we need to compensate affected end-users for costs incurred related to product quality issues.

Any claim brought against us, regardless of its merit, could result in material expense, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to our reputation, and could cause us to fail to retain or attract customers.

Our business is subject to risks arising from the continuous effects of the COVID-19 pandemic - the risk that we may not be able to successfully execute our business or strategic plans, as well as the risk that we will not be able to anticipate, identify and respond quickly to changing market trends and customer preferences or changes in the consumer environment, including changing expectations of service, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our business, operations and financial condition could be materially affected by the outbreak of epidemics or pandemics or other health crises. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused governments of most countries to take actions to reduce the spread of the virus. Such actions have included imposing restrictions such as quarantines, school closures, restrictions on public gatherings, business closures and travel restrictions. These measures have caused material disruption to businesses globally resulting in general economic slowdown. Our operations and business have been impacted and may continue to be impacted by COVID-19 as we were forced to modify our day to day operation and adopt early and strict prevention measures to protect the health of our employees (including employees' travel, employees' work locations and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events, and conferences). Also, NetNut Networks' business, experienced a significant slowdown due to ongoing disruption in supply chain resulting from COVID-19 implications.

Employers (including us) are also required to prepare and increase as much as possible the capacity and arrangement for employees to work remotely. Although to date these restrictions have not impacted our operations, the effect on our business, from the spread of COVID-19 and the actions implemented by the governments of the State of Israel, the United States and elsewhere across the globe, may worsen over time and could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Market events and conditions, including disruptions in the financial markets and deteriorating global economic conditions, could increase the cost of capital or impede our access to capital. Economic and geopolitical events, as well as global outbreaks of contagious diseases, such as COVID 19, may create uncertainty in global financial and equity markets. Such disruptions could make it more difficult for us to obtain capital and financing for our operations, or increase the cost of it, among other things. If we do not raise capital when we need it, or access it on reasonable terms, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and the Company's Ordinary Shares or ADSs price. If the negative economic conditions persist or worsen, it could lead to increased political and financial uncertainty, which could result in regime or regulatory changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate. High levels of volatility and market turmoil could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and the Company share price.

The extent to which COVID-19 or any other contagious disease impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of this or any other outbreak and the actions to contain those outbreaks or treat its impact, among others.

If we are unable to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel, our business will suffer.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. Our inability to attract or retain qualified personnel or delays in hiring required personnel, particularly in sales and software engineering, may seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of our employees may terminate their employment at any time. Competition for highly skilled personnel is frequently intense, especially in Israel, where we are headquartered. Moreover, certain of our competitors or other technology businesses may seek to hire our employees. There is no assurance that any equity or other incentives that we grant to our employees will be adequate to attract, retain and motivate employees in the future. If we fail to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified personnel, our business will suffer. In addition, to the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited or divulged proprietary or other confidential information.

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our functional and reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and we generate a majority of our revenues in U.S. dollars. A material portion of our operating expenses is incurred outside the United States, mainly in NIS and are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in NIS. Our foreign currency-denominated expenses consist primarily of personnel, rent and other overhead costs. Since a significant portion of our expenses is incurred in NIS and is substantially greater than our revenues in NIS, any appreciation of the NIS relative to the U.S. dollar would adversely impact our net loss or net income, as relevant. During 2022, the NIS depreciated by more than 13% against the dollar but has appreciated in prior years. We are therefore exposed to foreign currency risk due to fluctuations in exchange rates. This may result in gains or losses with respect to movements in exchange rates which may be material and may also cause fluctuations in reported financial information that are not necessarily related to its operating results. We expect that the majority of our revenues will continue to be generated in U.S. dollars with the balance in NIS for the foreseeable future, and that a significant portion of our expenses will continue to be denominated in NIS and partially in U.S. dollar. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses and exchange rate fluctuations have not been material to our consolidated financial statements, and we have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging transactions. See "Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Risk."

We may acquire other businesses, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value, and adversely affect our results of operations.

As part of our business strategy and in order to remain competitive, we are evaluating acquiring or making investments in complementary companies, products or technologies on an on-going basis. We have completed two main acquisitions to date – the acquisition of NetNut Ltd. and CyberKick. Going forward, we may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by our customers, analysts and investors. In addition, if we are unsuccessful at integrating such acquisitions or the technologies associated with such acquisitions, our revenues and results of operations could be adversely affected. Any integration process may require significant time and resources, and we may not be able to manage the process successfully. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel, or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We may have to pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition or the value of our Ordinary Shares. The sale of equity or issuance of debt to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which could possibly result in a material misstatement of our annual financial statements not being prevented or detected on a timely basis. We may also fail to comply with the rules that apply to public companies, including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This may result in a further deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting, as well as sanctions or other penalties that would harm our business.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. As defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, a "material weakness" is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented, or detected on a timely basis.

To address this issue, we have implemented a remediation plan. As part of such remediation plan, we recruited additional personnel with a requisite level of qualification and experience, including accounting and finance employees with the specific technical accounting and financial reporting experience necessary for a public company, including a corporate controller and a controller and implemented additional control activities related to the period-end financial reporting process, such as assigning clear roles and responsibilities for accounting and financial reporting staff, enhancing internal controls related to accounting and financial reporting and hiring a qualified consultant to assess compliance of the Company's financial reporting processes, as well as the design and implementation of effective internal control over period end financial reporting and in order to create adequate segregation of duties.

Based on the actions taken, we concluded that the material weakness related to inadequate segregation of duties previously identified were remediated as of December 31, 2022. However, as it relates to the Company's other material weakness, ineffective controls over period end financial reporting, while we believe our remediation actions improved our internal control over financial reporting, we still require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting cycles, and therefore concluded that as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective.

Even if we develop effective internal control over financial reporting, these controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with these policies or procedures may deteriorate, and material weaknesses and deficiencies may be discovered in them. We may also fail to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation needed to comply with Section 404 in a timely fashion.

Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any additional failure of our internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our stated results of operations and harm our reputation. As a result, we may experience higher than anticipated operating expenses, as well as higher independent auditor fees during and after the implementation of these changes. If we are unable to implement any of the required changes to our internal control over financial reporting effectively or efficiently or are required to do so earlier than anticipated, it could adversely affect our operations, financial reporting or results of operations and could result in an adverse opinion on internal controls from our independent auditors.

Pursuant to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, beginning with our annual report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023, we are required to furnish an attestation report by our auditor regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This may lead to further material weaknesses based on the procedures performed by our auditor in testing our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, as part of management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required by Section 404(a), our management could continue to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective due to our failure to cure any identified material weakness or otherwise, which would require us to employ remedial actions to implement effective controls. If we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404, as applicable, in a timely manner or to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion or issues an adverse opinion in its attestation as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required by Section 404, as applicable, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the trading price of our ordinary shares could be negatively affected.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability in the event of non-compliance or impair our ability to compete in international markets.

We are subject to U.S. and Israeli export control and economic sanctions laws, which prohibit the delivery and sale of certain products to embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments and persons. Our products could be exported to these sanctioned targets by our channel partners despite the contractual undertakings they have given us and any such export could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could require export licenses or result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations or cessation of export or sale of our products in sanctioned countries or to sanctioned persons. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to geopolitical risks resulting from Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine.

Geopolitical risks and associated military action may result in, among other things, global security issues that may adversely affect international business and economic conditions, and economic sanctions which may impact the global economy. For example, the outbreak of hostilities between Russia and Ukraine in February 2022 led to global sanctions that have impacted the international economy and given rise to potential global security issues that may adversely affect international business and economic conditions. Additional geopolitical and macroeconomic consequences of this invasion and associated sanctions cannot be predicted, and future geopolitical events, including further hostilities in Ukraine or elsewhere, could negatively impact global financial markets our business as it may limit our ability to provide our services in those and in neighboring countries and cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline.

Our use of third-party software and other intellectual property may expose us to risks.

Some of our products and services include software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties, and we otherwise use software and other intellectual property licensed from third parties in our business. This exposes us to risks over which we may have little or no control. For example, a licensor may have difficulties keeping up with technological changes or may stop supporting the software or other intellectual property that it licenses to us. There can be no assurance that the licenses we use will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, a third party may assert that we or our customers are in breach of the terms of a license, which could, among other things, give such third party the right to terminate a license or seek damages from us, or both. Our inability to obtain or maintain certain licenses or other rights or to obtain or maintain such licenses or rights on favorable terms, or the need to engage in litigation regarding these matters, could result in delays in releases of new products, and could otherwise disrupt our business, until equivalent technology can be identified, licensed or developed.

Our use of open-source software could negatively affect our ability to sell our software and subject us to possible litigation.

We use open-source software and expect to continue to use open-source software in the future. Some open-source software licenses require users who distribute or make available as a service open-source software as part of their own software product to publicly disclose all or part of the source code of the users' software product or to make available any derivative works of the open-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. We may face ownership claims of third parties over, or seeking to enforce the license terms applicable to, such open-source software, including by demanding the release of the open-source software, derivative works or our proprietary source code that was developed using such software. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our software, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, if the license terms for the open-source code change, we may be forced to re-engineer our software or incur additional costs.

Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-disclosure and non-competition agreements with our employees. These agreements prohibit our employees from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or customers for a limited period after they cease working for us. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work, and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefiting from the expertise that our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. For example, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer that have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company's confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we cannot demonstrate that such interests will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets or know-how, such proprietary information may be used by others to compete against us.

Our reverse access technology is patent protected in several jurisdictions: United States, Europe (including Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom and Italy), Israel, China and Hong-Kong.

There is no guarantee that pending or future patent applications will result in patent grants. Failure to file patent applications or obtain patent grants may allow other entities to manufacture our products and compete with them.

Further, there is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our products, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patent applications and any future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our new products, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

If we cannot obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations may be harmed.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be affected.

We have filed for trademark registration of certain marks relating to our branding. If our unregistered trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be affected. Our trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. Competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our trademarks or trade names. In the long term, if we are unable to successfully register trademarks and trade names and establish name recognition based on such trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be affected. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could impact our financial condition or results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

Historically, we have relied on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent; processes that are not easily known, knowable or easily ascertainable, and for which patent infringement is difficult to monitor and enforce; and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data, trade secrets and intellectual property by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our IT systems. Agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets and intellectual property may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.

We cannot provide any assurances that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of our confidentiality agreements or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Also, misappropriation or unauthorized and unavoidable disclosure of our trade secrets and intellectual property could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets and other confidential information are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating any trade secret.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our product candidates. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.

It is inherently difficult to conclusively assess our freedom to operate without infringing on third party rights. Our competitive position may be adversely affected if existing patents or patents resulting from patent applications issued to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights are held to cover our products or elements thereof, or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or our product candidates unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned, or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may also be pending patent applications that if they result in issued patents, could be alleged to be infringed by our new products. If such an infringement claim should be brought and be successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, be forced to abandon our new products, or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, U.S. patent applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States, remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our new products or technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our technologies, our new products, or the use of our new products. Third party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in pursuing the development of and/or marketing our new products. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing our new products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign our new products so that we no longer infringe the third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing our products. As our industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our products may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to systems, apparatuses or methods related to the use of our products. There may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that the use of our technologies infringes upon these patents.

If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for designs, or methods of use, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtain a license or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our products. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys' fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

For example, on June 11, 2020, Bright Data filed an action alleging infringement by NetNut Ltd. of U.S. Patent Nos. 10,484,511 and 10,637,968, as well as claims of alleged trade secret misappropriation. The action was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Marshal Division. On June 18, 2021, Bright Data filed an action alleging infringement by NetNut of U.S. Patent Nos. 10,257,319 and 10,484,510. The action was also filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Marshall Division. Bright Data amended its complaint on October 11, 2021, to additionally assert infringement of U.S. Patents Nos. 10,491,713, 11,050,852 and 11,044,346, as well as a claim for alleged false advertising. All cases filed by Bright Data were dismissed pursuant to respective settlement agreements between the parties. Although these cases were dismissed, we may become subject to similar actions in the future with other parties.

Patent policy and rule changes could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of any patents that may issue from our patent applications or narrow the scope of our patent protection. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We therefore cannot be certain that we were the first to file the inventions claimed in our patents or pending applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming all other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States prior to 2013, the first patent applicant to invent the claimed invention without undue delay in filing, is entitled to the patent, while for the most part outside the United States, the first inventor to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. After 2013, the United States has moved to a first-inventor-to-file system. The United States patent system is frequently changing, however, as are other international patent systems, and thus we may experience uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our intellectual property. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement, among others. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The validity of U.S. patents may also be challenged in post-grant proceedings before the USPTO. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.

In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court addressed the question of whether patents related to software are patent eligible subject matter. The Supreme Court did not rule that patents related to software were per se invalid or that software-related inventions were unpatentable. The Supreme Court outlined a test that the courts and the USPTO must apply in determining whether software-related inventions qualify as patent eligible subject matter. The decision and other decisions following that decision have resulted in many software patents having been found invalid as not claiming patent eligible subject matter. Our U.S. patents, like all U.S. patents, are presumed valid, but that does not mean that our issued patents cannot be challenged on grounds of patent eligibility, or other grounds.

Derivation proceedings initiated by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions and/or their scope with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to effectively market our products, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our new products to market.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our Ordinary Shares.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in, or right to compensation, with respect to our current patent and patent applications, future patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or claiming the right to compensation. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

In addition, under the Israeli Patent Law, 5727-1967, or the Patent Law, inventions conceived by an employee in the course and as a result of or arising from his or her employment with a company are regarded as "service inventions," which belong to the employer, absent a specific agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee service invention rights. The Patent Law also provides that if there is no such agreement between an employer and an employee, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee, or the Committee, a body constituted under the Patent Law, shall determine whether the employee is entitled to remuneration for his inventions. Recent case law clarifies that the right to receive consideration for "service inventions" can be waived by the employee and that in certain circumstances, such waiver does not necessarily have to be explicit. The Committee will examine, on a case-by-case basis, the general contractual framework between the parties, using interpretation rules of the general Israeli contract laws. Further, the Committee has not yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration (but rather uses the criteria specified in the Patent Law). Although we generally enter into assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to us all rights to any inventions created in the scope of their employment or engagement with us, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. Because of such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current and former employees, or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products, as well as monitoring their infringement in all countries throughout the world, would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Future patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our future patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Because of the expense of litigation, we may be unable to enforce our intellectual property rights, unless we obtain the agreement of a third party to provide funding in support of our litigation. We cannot assure that we will be able to obtain third party funding, and the failure to obtain such funding may impair our ability to monetize our intellectual property portfolio. Since we do not have funds to pursue litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, we are dependent upon the valuation which potential funding sources give to our intellectual property. In determining whether to provide funding for intellectual property litigation, the funding sources need to make an evaluation of the strength of our patents, the likelihood of success, the nature of the potential defendants and a determination as to whether there is a sufficient potential recovery to justify a significant investment in intellectual property litigation. Typically, such funding sources receive a percentage of the recovery after litigation expenses and seek to generate a sufficient return on investment to justify the investment. Unless that funding source believes that it will generate a sufficient return on investment, it will not fund litigation. We cannot assure that we will be able to negotiate funding agreements with third party funding sources on terms reasonably acceptable to us, if at all. Because of our financial condition, we may only be able to obtain funding on terms which are less favorable to us than we would otherwise be able to obtain. Furthermore, even if we enter into funding agreements, there is no assurance that we will generate revenue from the funded litigation. Although the funding source makes its evaluation as to the likelihood of success, patent litigation is very uncertain, and we cannot assure that, just because we obtain litigation funding, we will be successful or that any recovery we may obtain will be significant. In addition, defending our intellectual property rights may depend upon our ability to retain the qualified legal counsel to prosecute patent infringement litigation. It may be difficult to find the preferred choice for legal counsel to handle our cases because many of these firms may have a conflict of interest that prevents their representation of us or because they are not willing to represent us on a contingent or partial contingent fee basis. It is difficult to predict the outcome of patent enforcement litigation at a trial level as it is often difficult for juries and trial judges to understand complex, patented technologies, and, as a result, there is a higher rate of successful appeals in patent enforcement litigation than more standard business litigation. Regardless of whether we prevail in the trial court, appeals are expensive and time consuming, resulting in increased costs and delayed revenue, and attorneys may be less likely to represent us in an appeal on a contingency basis especially if we are seeking to appeal an adverse decision. Although we may diligently pursue enforcement litigation, we cannot predict the decisions made by juries and trial courts. In connection with patent enforcement actions, it is possible that a defendant may file counterclaims against us, or a court may rule that we have violated statutory authority, regulatory authority, federal rules, local court rules, or governing standards relating to the substantive or procedural aspects of such enforcement actions. In such event, a court may issue monetary sanctions against us or our operating subsidiaries or award attorney's fees and/or expenses to the counterclaiming defendant, which could be material, and if we or our operating subsidiaries are required to pay such monetary sanctions, attorneys' fees and/or expenses, such payment could materially harm our operating results, our financial position and our ability to continue in business.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our ADSs or Ordinary Shares

We cannot guarantee that we will continue to comply with the Nasdaq minimum bid requirement. If we fail to comply with the Nasdaq minimum bid requirement, our ADSs could be delisted from Nasdaq, and as a result we and our shareholders could incur material adverse consequences, including a negative impact on our liquidity, our shareholders' ability to sell shares and our ability to raise capital.

Our ADSs are currently listed on Nasdaq. On January 12, 2022, we were advised that we no longer comply with the Minimum Bid Requirement. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we were granted a 180-calendar day compliance period, or until July 11, 2022, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our ADSs had to meet or exceed \$1.00 per share for at least 10 consecutive business days during the 180-calendar day compliance period. On July 11, 2022, we were afforded a second 180 calendar day compliance period. To qualify for this additional time, we were required to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for Nasdaq with the exception of the Minimum Bid Requirement, and needed to provide written notice of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period.

On October 24, 2022, we announced our plans to change the ratio of the ADSs to our Ordinary Shares, from the ADS Ratio of one ADS to one Ordinary Share, to a new ADS ratio of one ADS to ten Ordinary Shares. The ADS ratio change became effective on November 8, 2022. On November 3, 2022, we reported the receipt of a formal notification from the Nasdaq that we have regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement. The Nasdaq staff made this determination of compliance after the closing bid price of the ADSs was at \$1.00 per share or greater for the prior 10 consecutive business days. Accordingly, Nasdaq considers the prior bid price deficiency matter now closed.

We cannot guarantee that we will continue to comply with the Minimum Bid Requirement. If we fail to demonstrate compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement and satisfy Nasdaq's conditions for continued listing, our Ordinary Shares could be delisted. Delisting from the Nasdaq could have an adverse effect on our business and on the trading of our Ordinary Shares. If a delisting of our Ordinary Shares were to occur, such shares may trade in the over-the-counter market such as on the OTC Bulletin Board or on the "pink sheets." The over-the-counter market is generally considered to be a less efficient market, and this could diminish investors' interest in our Ordinary Shares as well as significantly impact the price and liquidity of our Ordinary Shares. Any such delisting may also severely complicate trading of our Ordinary Shares by our shareholders or prevent them from re-selling their Ordinary Shares at/or above the price they paid.

Issuance of a significant amount of additional Ordinary Shares on exercise or conversion of outstanding warrants and/or substantial future sales of our Ordinary Shares may depress our share price.

As of March 24, 2023, we had approximately 32.9 million Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding and approximately 16.1 million of additional Ordinary Shares which are issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants and employee options. The issuance of a significant amount of additional Ordinary Shares on account of these outstanding securities will dilute our current shareholders' holdings and may depress our share price. If these or other shareholders sell substantial amounts of our Ordinary Shares and/or ADSs, including shares issuable upon the exercise or conversion of outstanding warrants or employee options, or if the perception exists that our shareholders may sell a substantial number of our Ordinary Shares and/or ADSs, we cannot foresee the impact of any potential sales on the market price of these additional Ordinary Shares, but it is possible that the market price of our Ordinary Shares would be adversely affected. Any substantial sales of our shares in the public market might also make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity related securities in the future at a time and on terms we deem appropriate. Even if a substantial number of sales do not occur, the mere existence of this "market overhang" could have a negative impact on the market for, and the market price of, our Ordinary Shares.

Holders of ADSs may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our Ordinary Shares, and, in some limited circumstances, holders of ADSs may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Ordinary Shares and may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to holders of ADSs.

The depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Ordinary Shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. Although, we do not currently anticipate paying any dividends, if we do, the ADS holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Ordinary Shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. In addition, conversion into U.S. dollars from foreign currency that was part of a dividend made in respect of deposited Ordinary Shares may require the approval or license of, or a filing with, any government or agency thereof, which may be unobtainable. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property and hold it as "deposited securities" or may seek to effect a substitute dividend or distribution, including net cash proceeds from the sale of the dividends that the depositary deems an equitable and practicable substitute. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, Ordinary Shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, Ordinary Shares, rights, or anything else to holders of ADSs. In addition, the depositary may withhold from such dividends or distributions its fees and an amount on account of taxes or other governmental charges to the extent the depositary believes it is required to make such withholding. This means that you may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our Ordinary Shares, and, in some limited circumstances, you may not receive any value for such distributions or dividends if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

Our warrants are speculative in nature.

Our warrants do not confer any rights of ownership of Ordinary Shares or ADSs on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to receive dividends, but only represent the right to acquire ADSs at a fixed price and for a limited period. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the warrants may exercise their right to acquire ADSs and pay an exercise price per ADS ranging between \$6.75 and \$2,870, subject to adjustment upon certain events, prior to five years from the date of issuance, after which date any unexercised warrants will expire and have no further value.

Holders of our warrants will have no rights as shareholders until such holders exercise their warrants and acquire our ADSs.

Until holders of the warrants acquire our ADSs upon exercise of the warrants, they will have no rights with respect to our ADSs or Ordinary Shares underlying such warrants. Upon exercise of the warrants the holders thereof will be entitled to exercise the rights of a holder of ADSs only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends, and we do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. In addition, Israeli law limits our ability to declare and pay dividends, and may subject our dividends to Israeli withholding taxes, and our payment of dividends (out of tax-exempt income) may subject us to certain Israeli taxes, to which we would not otherwise be subject.

Holders of ADSs may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our Ordinary Shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise the right to vote.

Holders of the ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the Ordinary Shares underlying the ADSs on an individual basis. Instead, holders of the ADSs appoint the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the Ordinary Shares in the form of ADSs. Holders of ADSs may not receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that they, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. Furthermore, the depositary will not be liable for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise voting rights and may lack recourse if your ADSs are not voted as requested.

Holders of ADSs must act through the depositary to exercise their rights as shareholders of our company.

Holders of our ADSs do not have the same rights of our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Ordinary Shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement for the ADSs. Under Israeli law and our articles of association, the minimum notice period required to convene a shareholders meeting is generally no less than 35 calendar days, but in some instances, 21 or 14 calendar days, depending on the proposals on the agenda for the shareholders meeting. When a shareholder meeting is convened, holders of our ADSs may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders' meeting to permit them to withdraw their Ordinary Shares to allow them to cast their vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to holders of our ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to holders of our ADSs in a timely manner, but we cannot assure holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their Ordinary Shares underlying the ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of our ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote and they may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as they requested. In addition, in the capacity as a holder of ADSs, they will not be able to call a shareholders' meeting.

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, allows us to postpone the date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce the amount of information we provide in our reports filed with the SEC, which could undermine investor confidence in our company and adversely affect the market price of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares.

For so long as we remain an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act, which at the latest will be until December 31, 2023, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not "emerging growth companies" including:

• the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting; and
• any rules that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report on the consolidated financial statements.

We intend to take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an "emerging growth company." We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, which is December 31, 2023, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least \$1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds \$700 million as of the prior June 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than \$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find our ADSs or Ordinary Shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ADSs or Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs or Ordinary Shares, and our market prices may be more volatile and may decline.

As a "foreign private issuer" we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain SEC laws and regulations and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we will not be required under the Exchange, to file current reports and consolidated financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act and we will generally be exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC. Also, although the Israeli Companies Law 5759- 1999, or the Israeli Companies Law, requires us to disclose the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated officers on an individual basis, this disclosure is not as extensive as that required of a U.S. domestic issuer. For example, the disclosure required under Israeli law would be limited to compensation paid in the immediately preceding year without any requirement to disclose option exercises and vested stock options, pension benefits or potential payments upon termination or a change of control. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor.

We may be a "passive foreign investment company", or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the current taxable year or may become one in any subsequent taxable year. There generally would be negative tax consequences for U.S. taxpayers that are holders of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares if we are or were to become a PFIC.

Based on the projected composition of our income and valuation of our assets, we do not expect to be a PFIC for 2022, and we do not expect to become a PFIC in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and will depend on the composition of our income and assets from time to time. We will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (1) at least 75% of our gross income is "passive income" or (2) on average at least 50% of our assets by value produce passive income or are held to produce passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those raised in a public offering. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is considered. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually, and it is difficult to make accurate projections of future income and assets which are relevant to this determination. In addition, our PFIC status may depend in part on the market value of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we currently are not or will not become a PFIC in the future. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer holds our ADSs or Ordinary Shares, such U.S. taxpayer would be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax rules. In particular, if the U.S. taxpayer did not make an election to treat us as a "qualified electing fund," or QEF, or make a "mark-to-market" election, then "excess distributions" to the U.S. taxpayer, and any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares by the U.S. taxpayer: (1) would be allocated ratably over the U.S. taxpayer's holding period for the ADSs or Ordinary Shares; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. In addition, if the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, determines that we are a PFIC for a year with respect to which we have determined that we were not a PFIC, it may be too late for a U.S. taxpayer to make a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. U.S. taxpayers that have held our ADSs or Ordinary Shares during a period when we were a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC in subsequent years, subject to exceptions for U.S. taxpayer who made a timely QEF or mark-to-market election. A U.S. taxpayer can make a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. We do not intend to notify U.S. taxpayers that hold our ADSs or Ordinary Shares if we believe we will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year to enable U.S. taxpayers to consider whether to make a QEF election. In addition, we do not intend to furnish such U.S. taxpayers annually with information needed to complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries are a PFIC. U.S. taxpayers that hold our ADSs or Ordinary Shares are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules, including tax return filing requirements and the eligibility, manner, and consequences to them of making a QEF or mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs or Ordinary Shares if we are a PFIC. See "Item 10.E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Companies" for additional information.

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable results to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares provides that holders and beneficial owners of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court. However, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a court of the State of New York or a federal court, which have non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement, applying such law. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor's negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor's demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute), none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of the federal securities laws. If you or any other holder or beneficial owner of ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and / or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and / or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different results than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.

Risks Related to Israeli Law and Our Operations in Israel

Provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

As a company incorporated under the law of the State of Israel, we are subject to Israeli law. Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date on which a merger proposal is filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days have passed from the date on which the shareholders of both merging companies have approved the merger. In addition, a majority of each class of securities of the target company must approve a merger. Moreover, a tender offer for all of a company's issued and outstanding shares can only be completed if the acquirer receives positive responses from the holders of at least 95% of the issued share capital and a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the tender offer approves the tender offer, unless, following consummation of the tender offer, the acquirer would hold at least 98% of the company's outstanding shares. Under the Israeli law, a potential bidder for the company's shares, who would as a result of a purchase of shares hold either 25% of the voting rights in the company when no other party holds 25% or more, or 45% of the voting rights in the company where no other shareholders holds 45% of the voting rights, would be required to make a special purchase offer as set out in the provisions of the Israeli law. The Israeli law requires a special purchase offer to be submitted to shareholders for a pre-approval vote. A majority vote is required to accept the offer. An offeror who is regarded as a 'controlling shareholder' under Israeli law, as well as those who control the offeror, those who have a personal interest in the acceptance of the special purchase offer, or those who holds 25% of the voting rights in the company, or those on behalf of those or the offeror, including their relatives or corporations under their control, cannot vote on the resolution and the procedure includes a secondary vote of the non-voting shareholders and the shareholders who rejected the offer at pre-approval level. A special purchase offer may not be accepted unless shares that carry 5% of the voting rights in the target company are acquired. Furthermore, the shareholders may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, claim that the consideration for the acquisition of the shares does not reflect their fair market value, and petition an Israeli court to alter the consideration for the acquisition accordingly, other than those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer in case the acquirer stipulated in its tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek such appraisal rights, and the acquirer or the company published all required information with respect to the tender offer prior to the tender offer's response date. In addition, our articles of association provide for a staggered board of directors, which mechanism may delay, defer or prevent a change of control of the Company. See "Item 10.B Memorandum and Articles of Association — Provisions Restricting Change in Control of Our Company" for additional information.

Israeli tax considerations also may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, including, in some cases, a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies may be subject to certain restrictions and additional terms. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no disposition of the shares has occurred. See "Item 10.E. Taxation—Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs" for additional information.

The rights and responsibilities of a holder of our securities will be governed by Israeli law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our Ordinary Shares (and therefore indirectly, the ADSs and the warrants) are governed by our articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has certain duties to act in good faith in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to the company's articles of association, an increase of the company's authorized share capital, a merger of the company, and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an officer of the company has a duty to act in fairness towards the company with regard to such vote or appointment. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations on holders of our Ordinary Shares that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations. See "Item 6.C. Board Practices—Duties of Shareholders" for additional information.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a U.S. court against us and our officers and directors and the Israeli experts named in this annual report in Israel or the United States, to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or to serve process on our officers and directors and these experts.

We were incorporated in Israel and our corporate headquarters are located in Israel. The vast majority of our executive officers and directors and the Israeli experts named in this annual report on Form 20-F are located in Israel. All of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located in Israel. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not necessarily be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult to affect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to initiate an action with respect to U.S. securities laws in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court.

Our headquarters and other significant operations are located in Israel, and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel.

Our executive offices, corporate headquarters and research and development facilities are located in Israel. In addition, all of our key employees, officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries, the Hamas militant group (an Islamist militia and political group that controls the Gaza strip) and the Hezbollah (an Islamist militia and political group based in Lebanon). Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect business conditions in Israel in general and our business in particular, and adversely affect our product development, our operations and results of operations. Ongoing and revived hostilities or other Israeli political or economic factors, such as, an interruption of operations at the Tel Aviv airport, could prevent or delay our regular operation, product development and delivery of products.

Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions, could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may sometimes decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary, in order to meet our business partners face to face. Several countries, principally in the Middle East, still restrict doing business with Israel and Israeli companies, and additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies if hostilities in Israel or political instability in the region continues or increases. Similarly, Israeli companies are limited in conducting business with entities from several countries. For instance, Israeli law forbids any investments in entities that transact business with Iran. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements.

Our employees and consultants in Israel, including members of our senior management, may be obligated to perform one month, and in some cases longer periods, of military reserve duty until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for citizens who hold certain positions in the Israeli armed forces reserves) and, in the event of a military conflict or emergency circumstances, may be called to immediate and unlimited active duty. In the event of severe unrest or other conflict, individuals could be required to serve in the military for extended periods of time. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be similar large-scale military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our officers, directors, employees and consultants related to military service. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business and operations. Additionally, the absence of a significant number of the employees of our Israeli suppliers and contractors related to military service or the absence for extended periods of one or more of their key employees for military service may disrupt their operations.

Our insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East or for any resulting disruption in our operations. Although the Israeli government has in the past covered the reinstatement value of direct damages that were caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or, if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred and the government may cease providing such coverage or the coverage might not suffice to cover potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions generally and could harm our results of operations and product development.

Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial conditions or the expansion of our business. Similarly, Israeli corporations are limited in conducting business with entities from several countries.

Finally, the Israeli government is currently pursuing extensive changes to Israel's judicial system. In response to the foregoing developments, individuals, organizations and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, have voiced concerns that the proposed changes may negatively impact the business environment in Israel including due to reluctance of foreign investors to invest or conduct business in Israel, as well as to increased currency fluctuations, downgrades in credit rating, increased interest rates, increased volatility in securities markets, and other changes in macroeconomic conditions. Such proposed changes may also adversely affect the labor market in Israel or lead to political instability or civil unrest. To the extent that any of these negative developments do occur, they may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our ability to raise additional funds, if deemed necessary by our management and board of directors.

General Risk Factors

Raising additional capital would cause dilution to holders of our equity securities, and may affect the rights of existing holders of equity securities.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of the ADSs.

We are subject to a number of risks associated with global sales and operations.

Business practices in the global markets that we serve may differ from those in the United States and may require us to include nonstandard terms in customer contracts, such as extended payment or warranty terms. To the extent that we enter into customer contracts that include non-standard terms related to payment, warranties, or performance obligations, our results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Additionally, our global sales and operations are subject to a number of risks, including the following:

• greater difficulty in enforcing contracts and managing collections, as well as longer collection periods;
• higher costs of doing business globally, including costs incurred in maintaining office space, securing adequate staffing and localizing our contracts;
• fluctuations in exchange rates between the NIS and foreign currencies in markets where we do business;
• management communication and integration problems resulting from cultural and geographic dispersion;
• risks associated with trade restrictions and foreign legal requirements, including any importation, certification, and localization of our platform that may be required in foreign countries;
• greater risk of unexpected changes in regulatory practices, tariffs, and tax laws and treaties;
• compliance with anti-bribery laws, including, without limitation, compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act;
• heightened risk of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain geographies and of improper or fraudulent sales arrangements that may impact financial results and result in restatements of, or irregularities in, consolidated financial statements;
• reduced or uncertain protection of intellectual property rights in some countries;
• social, economic and political instability, terrorist attacks and security concerns in general;

• an outbreak of a contagious disease, such as coronavirus, which may cause us, third party vendors and manufacturers and/or customers to temporarily suspend our or their respective operations in the affected city or country;

• laws and business practices favoring local competition;

• being subject to the laws, regulations and the court systems of many jurisdictions; and
• potentially adverse tax consequences.

These and other factors could harm our ability to generate future global revenues and, consequently, materially impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Weakened global economic conditions may affect our industry, business and results of operations.

Our overall performance depends on worldwide economic conditions. These conditions affect the rate of information technology spending and could adversely affect our customers' ability or willingness to purchase our secure access solutions, delay prospective customers' purchasing decisions, reduce the value or duration of their subscription contracts, or affect renewal rates, all of which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, in a weakened economy, companies that have competing products may reduce prices which could also reduce our average selling prices and harm our operating results.

The price of the ADSs may be volatile.

The market price of the ADSs has fluctuated in the past. Consequently, the current market price of the ADSs may not be indicative of future market prices, and we may be unable to sustain or increase the value of your investment in the ADSs. During the first quarter of 2023 and up to March 24, 2023, the market price of our ADSs has fluctuated from a low of \$1.53 per ADS to a high of \$2.88 per ADS, and our ADS price continues to fluctuate, as does the daily volume of trading of our ADSs. The market price of our ADSs and volume of trading may continue to fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control, such as:

• our ability to grow our revenue and customer base;
• the announcement of new products or product enhancements by us or our competitors;
• variations in our and our competitors' results of operations;
• successes or challenges in our funding sources;
• developments in the industries we operate;
• future issuances of ADSs or other securities;
• the addition or departure of key personnel;
• announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, investments or strategic alliances; and
• general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance.

Further, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, has recently experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. The volatility of our ADSs is further exacerbated due to its low trading volume, which has only recently increased. Continued market fluctuations could result in extreme volatility in the price of our ADSs which could cause a decline in the value of our ADSs and the loss of some or all of your investment.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management's attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities. We may also not be able to maintain and effectively comply with the Minimum Bid Requirement.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or our shares, the share price and trading volume of our Ordinary Shares and ADSs could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs or Ordinary Shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts, and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our ADSs or Ordinary Shares, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our share price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the share price or trading volume of our ADSs or Ordinary Shares to decline.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

Our legal and commercial name is Alarum Technologies Ltd. We were incorporated as a legal entity in the State of Israel in December 1989, and are therefore subject to the Israeli Companies Law. From June 2011 until June 2016, we did not have any active business operations, excluding administrative management. On June 15, 2016, we completed a merger transaction, or the Merger Transaction, with Safe-T Data A.R Ltd., or Safe-T Data, whereby we acquired 100% of the share capital of Safe-T Data. Since the date of the Merger Transaction, we have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to develop and commercialize our products and to extend our business organically as well as by acquisitions. Our Ordinary Shares have been trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or TASE, since January 2000. As of July 7, 2016, and following the change of our name in the course of the Merger Transaction, our symbol on the TASE was "SAFE." ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares have been trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market and TASE under the symbol "SFET" since August 17, 2018. On January 8, 2023, we changed our name to Alarum Technologies Ltd., and effective from January 25, 2023, our ADSs, representing our Ordinary Shares, are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and our Ordinary Shares are traded on TASE under the symbol "ALAR."

Our principal executive offices are located at 30 Haarba'a St, Tel Aviv, 6473926 Israel. Our telephone number in Israel is +972-9-8666110.

Our website address is www.alarum.io. The information contained on our website or available through our website is not incorporated by reference into and should not be considered a part of this annual report on Form 20-F, and the reference to our website in this annual report on Form 20-F is an inactive textual reference only. NetNut Networks Inc. is our agent in the United States, and its address is 4607 Library Rd Ste 220 #1067 Bethel Park, PA 15102.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as implemented under the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to, and intend to, take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including but not limited to not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the SEC rules under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least \$1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds \$700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than \$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We are a foreign private issuer as defined by the rules under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain laws and regulations of the SEC and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we will not be required to file annual, quarterly and current reports and consolidated financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies registered under the Exchange Act.

Our capital expenditures for 2022, 2021 and 2020 amounted to \$49,000, \$73,000 and \$41,000, respectively. These expenditures were primarily for purchases of fixed assets and development expenditures capitalized as intangible assets. Our purchases of fixed assets primarily include leasehold improvements, computers, and equipment used for the development of our products, and we financed these expenditures primarily from cash on hand.

B. Business Overview

We are a global SaaS provider for enterprises and consumers. Our company consists of two internet access segments:

• Enterprise Internet Access offering web data collection and private internet browsing platform
• Consumer Internet Access offering solutions for secure and private internet browsing

In addition to the above-mentioned two segments, we are engaged with TerraZone Ltd., an information security provider, as an exclusive reseller of our legacy enterprise cyber security products.

Our Enterprise Internet Access arm offers a global web data collection cloud service, based on a secured hybrid proxy network and comprising both exit points based on our proprietary reflection technology, and hundreds of servers through partnership agreements with tens of ISPs around the world.

Our web data collection solution allows organizations to collect vast amounts of web and internet data by simultaneously connecting to the Internet from different IP addresses, while maintaining full anonymity and privacy. Our customers can choose from various types of IPs from our IP pool which contains millions of IPs, including ISP IPs, data center IPs, and residential service provider IPs.

With our web data collection service, organizations can collect accurate, transparent web data from public online sources. The solution also allows access to undiscovered data from non-traditional data sources and allows customers to gain additional data-driven information that provides valuable insights with respect to predictive capabilities or behaviors, thereby assisting ongoing business management operation and decision making. An added benefit to our customer is the fact that utilizing our network completely hides enterprises from the internet by modifying IP addresses, thus ensuring high levels of privacy for their online presence.

Our web data collection service enables access to the Internet through millions of end points globally, thus ensuring multiple business use cases, including large-scale data collection and analysis, cyber security, price comparison, ad verification, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) validations, web data extraction, collection of data for financial analysis, and more.

Our Consumer Internet Access offers privacy and cybersecurity solutions to consumers. These solutions are designed to protect consumers against attacks, such as phishing, ransomware, identity theft, and more. These solutions are designed for basic and advanced use cases, ensuring complete protection of personal and digital information, and are installed on the consumers' computers or mobile phones and through various browser and mobile application stores.

We offer the following solutions:

Enterprise Internet Access Service:

• Static residential proxy network: a proxy network, which is based on our unique technology and deployment through tens of ISPs partners around the world.
• Rotating residential proxy network: a proxy network, which is based on routing traffic through millions of residential ISP based end points in the United States, Europe, Asia, South America and Canada.
• Data center proxy network: a proxy network, which is based on routing traffic, deployed through servers located in data centers with leading carriers in the United States, the EU, Asia Pacific, or APAC, and more.
• Premium dedicated static residential proxies: a solution that creates a dedicated static IP for each user. The end result is a highly effective proxy, that remains stable during heavy traffic and saves the customer additional bandwidth charges.
• Data collection API cloud service: a service which allows our customers to use our application programming interface, or API, to request content from any public source on the internet.

Consumer Internet Access Solutions and services:

• Privacy Solutions and services: a software solution that uses an encryption protocol which is defined upon the process being used in order to generate a secured encrypted path and keep the users' data private and safe. Our Privacy solution is available for iOS, PC and Android users. Its most common use is to guard against hackers and snoops on public networks, and are also useful to hide IP addresses for anonymous browsing, and to protect personal data on any Wi-Fi network. We also provide advertising services to third party privacy products.
• iShield™: a cybersecurity cloud software, which proactively protects users from online threats including phishing, malware, ransomware and more. As cyber threats are becoming more complex and sophisticated, users must adopt a well-rounded approach to mitigating such risks. Contrary to a reactive approach, a proactive cybersecurity approach is about acting before an attack occurs and iShield provides exactly that, by sending an alert and blocking the very access of a potential attack. Our algorithm detects in real time if a website contains malicious elements or activity, in addition to a database that we constantly collect for potential threats. iShield is currently available for Chrome browser users only.

In this segment, our engagements include monthly or annually renewable contracts, upon the customer's discretion, where we offer multiple plans.

Enterprise Internet Access Background

Today, data is the core and essence of all companies, and decisions are made based on data analysis rather than gut feelings. As markets become more and more competitive, so does the need for large amounts of data to be analyzed in real time in order to make business decisions. To achieve this, companies of all sectors started collecting data from the internet websites - this can be consumer and customer related data, product prices, advertising data, financial data, internet behavior data, or other information.

The challenge is that it has become common for internet websites to change their displayed information based on user IP address, location and demographic attributes. For example, flight prices to the United States may differ for a person browsing an American airline from New York rather than from London. In addition, to conduct competitor analysis, price comparisons and data extraction, companies need to access websites as a "simulated user" to capture the real and accurate information.

From these needs, the market of web data collection services has emerged, allowing businesses to gather data over the Internet using different types of IP addresses (ISP, residential, data center) from various locations around the world. Web data collection services support a wide variety of use cases and provide several significant benefits to their business users. For example, cyber and web intelligence companies can collect data anonymously and infinitely from any public online source, advertising or ad networks can view their advertisers' landing pages anonymously to ensure they do not contain malware or improper advertising, online retailers can gather comparative pricing information from competitors, and businesses may utilize these IP addresses to test their websites from different cities in the world.

A proxy server provides a gateway between users and the internet. It is a server, referred to as an "intermediary" because it goes between end-users and the web pages they visit online. When a computer connects to the internet, it uses an IP address. This is similar to a home street address, telling incoming data where to go and marking outgoing data with a return address for other devices to authenticate. A proxy server is essentially a computer on the internet that has an IP address of its own and instead of getting data directly from a website, a customer's request first passes through the proxy server, before going to and receiving a response from the target website, and places an extra IP address from a rotating pool of addresses between a customer and any website they visit on the public internet. Proxy servers provide varying levels of functionality, security, and primarily privacy, depending on the use case, needs, or user policy. Proxy servers have many purposes, such as anonymizing identities, filtering information, getting around filters, and improving information retrieval performance.

From the target website's perspective, no information about the original machine is sent. Only the proxy device's IP address gets transmitted. As many websites place limits on the amount of information sent to any one IP address, gathering additional, openly available data from any one website, often involves using proxy servers to make it appear as if the requests come from different users, thus requiring the need for a rotating pool of IP addresses to be used by proxy servers.

The rotating pool of IP addresses can be derived from proxy software installed on residential users' computers and mobile devices, while data centers use dedicated proxy servers. Based on the IP address it receives, a target website can distinguish whether a request comes from a residence, mobile device or data center and display different information accordingly based on location and demographic attributes. Companies tailoring information based on such attributes led to competitors needing proxy services to simulate being actual customers. Proxy servers are intermediaries between devices requesting information from other servers.

Rotating proxy servers tend to be used by companies to simulate actual customers in different locations and to collect data, also known as web scraping. Ever since the commercialization of the web, companies have developed increasingly better ways to target consumers via advertising and marketing to the point of adjusting pricing based on a location or even per customer basis. As companies put more of their product information online, this customer targeting made it very difficult for competitors and customers to monitor and/or compare pricing and product availability that can vary so much because of targeting. Websites today recognize customers to show different advertising, content and pricing based on location and other identifiable information. Companies further evolved to prevent competitors from accessing their data via blocking their company's entire range of IP addresses. This prevents companies from comparing pricing, security companies from conducing audits for or detecting malware on malicious sites, and even website owners themselves from verifying their advertising is safe and being delivered properly from their ad vendors.

In the age of information technology, data is arguably the world's most precious resource and the way we use and consume data has evolved considerably. The publicly available web data is one of the main driving forces behind digital transformation and helps corporations and brands to develop, improve and build business strategies faster. The web data collection market includes a variety of vendors in addition to NetNut, including Bright Data (formerly Luminati Networks Ltd., which was acquired in August 2017 by EMK Capital for \$160 million according to their sources), Similarweb Ltd., Oxylabs Networks Pvt. Ltd., BiScience Inc., SmartProxy, and others. According to a Frost and Sullivan report from July 2019, the estimated revenue in the Service Obtainable Market, or SOM, was forecasted to grow from 2018 to 2025 at a compound annual growth rate of 16.8%, reaching revenues of \$259.7 million by 2025.

Consumer Internet Access Background

The global data privacy software market is expected to grow to reach \$25.85 billion by 2029.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, various business and organizations experienced temporary to longer-term shutdowns, increasing the need for remote access and work-from-home practices. Working outside the corporate infrastructures prompted major data breaches and cyber incidents during that time and had brought forth a great increase in the demand for access solutions. The increasing adoption of remote working has created immense challenges for organizations to protect and manage remote workers identities and devices and has prompted a whole new security perimeter.

According to a 2022 report by Digital Information World:

• more than 52% of people think the realm of online privacy doesn't exist.
• 46% of respondents were concerned that their personal information will be misused by cyber criminals.

The growing public awareness of the value of personal data and demand for data privacy and transparency create significant opportunities for businesses to differentiate themselves.

Our Solutions/Services

1. Enterprise Internet Access

Following our acquisition of NetNut in June 2019, as further detailed below, we launched our web data collection service. The service is based on partnership agreements with tens of ISPs around the world, as well as our proprietary software deployed at data centers and devices which enable our customers to access the internet through millions of end points globally, and collect valuable data for their needs. The service's performance and scalability are enhanced by our proprietary proxy traffic optimization and routing technology.

Customers in the web data collection market use the proxy service for various needs and for a wide variety of use cases, as mentioned above. To address all these use cases, different types of web data collection services are needed. For some of the use cases, the web data collection service needs to be fast and stable, and allow customers to use the same IP address for long time periods, while for others, the most important factor of a web data collection service is its ability to provide a different IP address for each request in order to be able to get a full picture of the collected data. For these reasons, providers in the web data collection market are required to provide a wide selection and web data collection services types. We have invested heavily in the last year in expanding our offering in order to become a leading provider in this market.

The uniqueness of our web data collection service is based on the fact that unlike our competitors that provide predominantly host-based solutions, which require installation of software on third-party uncontrolled end user devices, we support not only running software on end user devices, but also routing the customer's traffic through residential routers of our ISP partners.

Our solutions' main advantages over competitors include:

• NetNut's web data collection service has been designed to handle massive amounts of traffic, with the capacity to process hundreds of terabytes per second.
• Our web data collection service has the widest set of IP options offered to our customers.
• Our direct connections to top ISPs worldwide allow for fast and reliable access to any geo-targeted web data.
• NetNut has formed strategic partnerships with leading ISPs and technology providers to enhance its network capabilities and offer customers the best possible solution.

• NetNut's solution has been rigorously tested and validated by independent research firms and experts in the field.
• Results have shown that the company's solution outperforms its competitors in terms of speed, security, and reliability.
• NetNut's solution has received positive feedback from customers, with many praising its fast, secure, and reliable performance.
• The company has received recognition from industry experts for its innovative approach to proxy solutions.

2. Consumer Internet Access

Following the acquisition of CyberKick in July 2021, as further detailed below, we launched our consumer online access solutions.

We provide SaaS security and privacy tools, designed to reduce users' vulnerability to threats while making them more resilient in their online activity, to prevent and defend against a wide spectrum of cyber threats as well as to provide users with control of their accounts and management of access to sensitive data. The business is divided into two main activities:

Development and distribution of privacy and cyber security SaaS products

The privacy solution in an online privacy protection product that allows its users to take charge of their online privacy with a powerful, secured, and encrypted connection.

The iShield™ product is a protective cybersecurity product for consumers, that identifies, eliminates, and helps avoid security and data threats that occur unbeknownst while browsing online. The solution provides powerful protection from online cyber-attacks like phishing, malware, ransomware, identity theft, data scams and viruses, all on the internet gateway access level. iShield™ is based on four layers:

• Protecting personal data and identity including protection against phishing, identity theft, monitoring of personal information leak, microphone and camera external usage detection, email data breach compromise check, auto password strength validator and more.
• Keeping the computer safe including browser antivirus, browser malicious extensions check, malicious and suspicious site alerts, antimalware and files scanner, harmful site blocking, disable malicious push notifications, operating system and browser security update alerts.
• Controlling web footprint including automated history and cookie cleaner.
• Parent control.

Distribution of security and privacy products of third-party developers in various digital properties

We also generate revenues from the distribution of security and privacy products of third-party developers.

Strategy

Our main goal is to become one of the leading vendors in the fields of secure and private internet access both enterprises and consumers. We operate in Israel, North, Central and South America, Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and we are taking steps to expand our activities by entering into engagements with new business partners in those markets. We intend to continue investing resources in research and development in order to improve our existing products, and develop new and cutting-edge products and technologies to maintain our innovative position in the market.

We also intend to continue to:

• engage with additional resellers, distributors and ISPs;
• invest materially in marketing and sales activities; and
• establish partnerships with industry leaders.

While we invest in further developing and marketing of our current solutions, we maintain a strict control over our expenditures and budgets in order to reduce operating costs, streamline operations and improve our efficiency. We intend to continue our burn rate reduction, so we are better poised to achieve profitability.

Competition

The markets in which we operate are characterized by intense competition, constant innovation and evolving security threats. Our current and potential future competitors in the web data collection service segment include providers such as Similarweb, Bright Data, Oxylabs Networks Pvt. Ltd., BI Science Ltd. and others; and in the consumer internet access, we compete with providers such as Kape Technologies, Nord VPN, McAfee, Norton LifeLock, Aura and others.

Since we compete with well-established companies, which have an existing customer base, we invest significant efforts to obtain technological advantages in combination with the ability to offer more cost-effective solutions than the ones offered by our competitors, aiming to attract customers of established companies that operate in our industry.

We are constantly working to improve our competitive standing by using the following measures:

• Entering into engagements with large and leading customers, since such engagements establish our status and reputation in the field of information security and open up new opportunities to enter into engagements with other customers;
• Entering into engagements with resellers, marketing entities and technological partners in order to strengthen our position in existing markets and to penetrate new markets, in accordance with our business strategy;
• Providing high level support services to existing customers in order to retain and encourage them to consume other services offered by us, thereby increasing revenues and preventing customer attrition; and;
• Meeting with customers in order to maintain our relationships.

Competitive Strengths

We believe that our strengths include the following:

Enterprise Internet Access

• Our web data collection service includes high levels of security, guarantees quality of service, and is fast because of its unique architecture;
• Our web data collection service is offered in a variety of different internet access networks for our customers to choose from or combine;
• All of our servers are controlled internally; and
• We offer a best-in-class web data collection platform that leverages our sizable network along with our collective best practices for collecting data ethically and effectively with Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning algorithms, to make the data collection process as smooth and easy as possible, allowing the user to simply choose its target URL and country of localized content.

Consumer Internet Access

• Detects dangerous websites during user's browser usage alerting and blocking those threats;
• Prevents users from ever reaching malicious web sites;
• Vast customer acquisition expertise in the world of B2C (business to consumer);
• Engages with large and leading domestic and foreign customers and partners. Engagements with large customers and partners establish our status as a prominent player in the information security market and give us recognition and a reputation for reliability, which open up opportunities to engagements with other customers; and
• Business and technological collaboration agreements that provide access to more markets and customers.

Our Unique IP

Our unique IP serves as the foundation for our solutions, providing it the technology components required to create a true secure access solution.

Our IP is comprised of the following modules:

• Reverse access; and
• Proprietary reflection technology.

Reverse Access

Reverse access is our unique dual server patented technology, which is designed to remove the need to open any ports within a firewall, while allowing secure access between networks (through the firewall).

• Access Gateway installed in the external network.
• Access Controller installed in the internal secured segment.

Located in an organization's external network (on-premises or in the cloud), the role of the Access Gateway is to act as a front-end to all services and applications published to the internet. It operates without the need to open any ports within the internal firewall and ensures that only legitimate session data can pass through into the internal network. The Access Gateway performs Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), offloading, allowing it to support any TCP based application without the need to perform secure sockets layer offloading and traffic processing.

Carrier grade routing technology

Our unique carrier grade routing technology system is based on software which is installed both on our global access servers' network and on servers at the premises of ISPs which are part of our global network platform. This software allows the ISPs to share the existing IP addresses with external customers (our customers) without any effect on their current users and without the need to allocate these IPs specifically for our customers. The software can handle the connectivity between hundreds of our global access servers and the ISPs' networks and is able to manage the routing on the TCP level of hundreds of thousands of concurrent connections without any degradation in the network performance.

Customers

In the last several years, our customer base has steadily increased. As of December 31, 2022, we had more than 16,000 customers, primarily end users in the consumer and enterprise access segments.

We initially addressed the Israeli market, and accordingly the majority of our customers were Israeli based. However, in the past four years we have been operating globally and our customer base has materially expanded, as mentioned above. Following the acquisition of NetNut in June 2019 and CyberKick in July 2021, our mainstream of revenue is coming from the United States. We also have a significant customer in the consumer access business. This customer generated approximately 63% of the consumer segment revenues in 2022, and 37% of our total revenues in 2022.

In the enterprise internet access business, our customers include financial organizations, cyber security companies, industrial and commercial companies, online companies, education institutions and others. Most of the customers are buying the services using periodic packages ranging between one day to two months or per actual consumption. The packages can be either renewed automatically or by election, based on the customer's preferences.

In the consumer internet access business, our end-users customers are individuals concerned with securing their internet connections and ensuring their personal information remains private when they the browse the internet.

Marketing

Our internal marketing and sales staff consist of approximately 20 persons as of March 24, 2023. We also work through marketing and distribution channels.

In the enterprise segment, we enter into engagements with resellers for the purpose of reselling our services to their customers. We also partner with affiliates which publish our solutions on their web sites for the purpose of lead and demand generation. The partners and marketing entities are responsible, among other things, for the identification of potential customers, generating lead generation campaigns, etc. We have entered into engagements with resellers for the purpose of distributing our products in North America, Israel, and a variety of countries in Europe, Asia-Pacific, Africa and South America. We have tens of active ISPs and partners. The engagement with each partner/marketing entity is limited to a specific territory and/or specific customers and is not exclusive. Normally, the term of engagement with partners/marketing entities is one year and it is extended automatically, unless cancelled by one of the parties. The consideration in respect of those engagements is paid to us from time to time when sales are made by the distributors.

In the consumer segment, our team possesses more than ten years of experience in creating technologies for the paid advertising and brand marketing space, or the performance marketing space, allowing us to leverage our technology stack (which is the combination of technologies a company uses to build and run an application or project) on sophisticated prediction mechanisms for understanding the value of each user segment we acquire on various parameters and enhance our customer acquisition strategy. In addition, our user acquisition technologies aggregate the customers acquisition cost on a granular level while providing the predictive lifetime value on this segment, compared to a constantly changing user value model we build from the concurrent data we gather. Based on the target margin goals, our teams are able to match the right acquisition costs to each user value group.

Our product team adapts marketing methods based on the user acquisition and retention results as we strongly believe that ongoing investment in product marketing is translated into lower acquisition costs for the same user groups, resulting in optimal efficiency.

We participate from time to time in web data and internet exhibitions and conferences.

We market our products through our websites https://www.cyberkick.com/; https://netnut.io/; https://chiproxies.com/; and digital media.

Regulation

The trends described in the field of information security and cyber protection are the underlying factors of the regulatory developments globally, which affect the information security and cyber protection requirements applicable to our customers. In many instances, regulation started with making information security obligatory for certain industries, such as critical infrastructures, and the health and finance sectors. In recent years, information security regulation has been expanded to many types of organizations that hold information or run infrastructures that have commercial or other value (including information of customers, employees and their internal systems). Regulations may impose on organizations various requirements regarding integration of corporate procedures, enforcement plans, reporting duties, office holders' duties in connection with cyber security, etc. Regulation also requires organizations to integrate into their systems physical and technological security measures in order to protect their information assets and computer systems.

The United States has a number of information security regulatory schemes, in the fields of healthcare, finance, education, and government, such as the PCI-DSS, HIPAA, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and GLBA, and the international banking regulations of the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision, which are applicable to the fields of credit cards, healthcare, securities and banking. Furthermore, many states in the United States have passed legislation regarding reporting duties on information security breaches. Moreover, there is a clear trend of increased enforcement in organizations and companies in order to increase information security.

Many organizations in the United States and Europe are subject to information security standards set by industry sectors and other nongovernmental entities. This applies, for instance, to healthcare organizations, and organizations operating in the finance sector. We believe that our products will assist organizations to comply with the information security requirements of the relevant laws, such as HIPAA (for healthcare organizations), GLBA (for the finance sector) and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (for publicly traded companies). Other countries around the world, including Israel, have similar stringent regulations relating to information security.

Additionally, our solution enables our customers to achieve and maintain compliance with certain laws and regulations addressing privacy and the collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer and protection of a variety of types of data, such as the GDPR and the Digital Economy Act 2017. These regimes may, among other things, impose data security requirements, disclosure requirements, and restrictions on data collection, uses, and sharing that could impact the way our solution enables our customers to maintain compliance with such laws or regulations. For further information, see "Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry — If our products fail to help our customers achieve and maintain compliance with certain government regulations and industry standards, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected."

Our Intellectual Property

We seek patent protection as well as other effective intellectual property rights for our products and technologies in the United States and internationally. Our policy is to pursue, maintain and defend intellectual property rights developed internally and to protect the technology, inventions and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business.

Our reverse access technology is patent protected in several jurisdictions: United States (patent number US9935958 (in re-issue) and US10110606 titled "Reverse Access Method for Securing Front-End Applications and Others"), Europe (patent number EP2815554A1, including Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom and Italy, titled "Reveres access method for securing front-end applications and others"), Israel (patent number 218185 titled "Reverse Access System for Securing Front-End Applications"), China (patent number ZL2013800207104, titled "Reverse Access Method for Securing Front-End Applications and Others") and Hong-Kong (patent number HK1207766, titled "Reverse Access Method for Securing Front-End Applications and Others").. "SAFE-T", "SAFE-T BOX", "IF YOU CAN'T BE SEEN, YOU CAN'T BE HACKED", "ZoneZero", "Zero+", "NetNut" and "iShield" are our registered and pending trademarks. Our logo, and the logos of our subsidiaries are our and our subsidiaries' unregistered trademarks.

We generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, service providers, resellers and customers and generally limit internal and external access to, and distribution of, our proprietary information and proprietary technology through certain procedural safeguards. These agreements and measures may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property or technology.

Grants from the Israeli Innovation Authority

Our research and development efforts with respect to some of our past activities, including development of Secure Cloud Storage Access, were financed in part through royalty-bearing grants from the Israel Innovation Authority, or IIA. As of March 25, 2022, we have completed the payment of royalties derived from the aggregate amount of \$146,000 we received from the IIA for the development of our abovementioned technologies.

Furthermore, pursuant to the technology purchase agreement between Safe-T Data and CyKick Labs Ltd., approved by the IIA in July 2018, we were committed to pay royalties from future sales on grants received from the IIA in connection with the technologies purchased under this agreement in the amount of approximately \$0.4 million from our income generated from products incorporating such technology.

On November 27, 2022pursuant to our request, in light of our decision not to pursue further development of the CyKick technology, the IIA agreed to close the program without any additional financial liabilities on the Company.

C. Organizational Structure

We have three wholly-owned subsidiaries: NetNut Ltd., CyberKick Ltd. and Safe-T Data A.R Ltd. In addition, NetNut Ltd. has one whollyowned subsidiary, NetNut Networks Inc. CyberKick Ltd. owns four wholly owned subsidiaries - Spell Me Ltd., Robo VPN Inc., Robo VPN Technologies Ltd. and iShield Inc.

NetNut Ltd. is our wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in Israel. NetNut operates in the field of internet access services for enterprises, which enables customers to collect data anonymously at any scale from any public sources over the web using a unique hybrid network.

CyberKick Ltd. is our wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in Israel. CyberKick operates in the field of internet access for consumers and provides a wide security blanket against ransomware, viruses, phishing, and other online threats as well as a powerful, secured and encrypted connection, masking the customers online activity and keeping them safe from hackers.

Safe-T Data A.R Ltd. is our wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in Israel. Safe-T Data operated in the field of enterprise cybersecurity, specifically in the development and marketing of information security solutions for organizations that will allow secure and controlled sharing of information. Currently, this subsidiary is inactive.

NetNut Networks Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NetNut Ltd. NetNut Networks is incorporated in the State of Delaware, and the surviving legal entity following a merger completed on December 31, 2022 between Safe-T USA Inc., a formerly wholly-owned subsidiary of Safe-T Data A.R Ltd., and its wholly-owned subsidiary, NetNut Networks LLC. NetNut Networks is engaged in the field of enterprise access solutions.

Spell Me Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of CyberKick. Spell Me Ltd. is incorporated in Seychelles and is engaged is the selling of our consumer access solutions.

iShield Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of CyberKick. iShield is incorporated in the State of Delaware, and is engaged in the selling of our consumer cybersecurity solution.

RoboVPN Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of CyberKick. RoboVPN Inc. is incorporated in the State of Delaware, and is engaged in the selling of our consumer cybersecurity solution.

RoboVPN Technologies Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of CyberKick. RoboVPN Technologies Ltd. is incorporated in Cyprus and is engaged is the selling of our consumer access solutions.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Our headquarters is located at 30 Haarba'a St., Tel Aviv, 6473926, Israel, where we occupy approximately 4,200 square feet. We lease our facilities and our lease ends in October 2023. Our monthly rent payment is approximately NIS 58,000 (approximately \$16,000). NetNut's offices are located at the same place. CyberKick's offices are located at 121 Menahem Begin St., Tel Aviv, 6701203, Israel, where it currently occupies 300 square feet. The current lease is on a renewable monthly basis, with a 3 months' notice for mutual termination, which amounts to approximately NIS 29,000 (approximately \$8,000).

NetNut Networks' registered address is 1 East Erie Street, Suite 525, Chicago, IL 60611.

We believe that our current office spaces are sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the foreseeable future and is suitable for the conduct of our business.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion and other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this annual report in Form 20-F. We report financial information under IFRS as issued by the IASB. Our discussion and analysis for the year ended December 31, 2021 can be found in our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2022.

Our Business Model

We generate primarily SaaS revenues and advertising services revenues. We also generate immaterial software licenses revenues and software support services revenues in the enterprise security segment through TerraZone, a third party provider (see also "Item 4B- Business Overview").

The SaaS revenues are generated when customers are subscribing to our enterprise and consumer access platforms and paying for the packages they choose. The packages are usually for the earlier of one day to three months or maximum bandwidth usage in the enterprise privacy segment, and for a month or a year in the consumers access segment. Our revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the package period.

We generate revenues on the consumer access arena also from providing advertising services to enterprise customers, using marketing tools on various sites in order to persuade the user to acquire the enterprise customers' privacy products. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when a user purchased an application or software of a customer.

Key Business Metric

We monitor the key business metrics set forth below to help us evaluate and establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts, and assess operational efficiencies. Our non-IFRS key business metrics are EBITDA loss and Adjusted EBITDA loss.

EBITDA loss. This is a non-IFRS financial measure that we define as a loss which excludes: (i) amortization and impairment (if any) of intangible assets and goodwill; (ii) share-based compensation expense; (iii) issuance costs in connection with our securities offerings (if any); and (iv) contingent consideration measurement (if any).

Adjusted EBITDA loss. This is a non-IFRS financial measure that we define as net loss before depreciation and amortization, interest and tax, as further adjusted to remove the impact of (i) impairment of intangible assets and goodwill (if any); (ii) share-based compensation expense; (iii) contingent consideration measurement (if any); and (iv) issuance costs in connection with our securities offerings (if any).

Due to accounting standards, we are required to record non-cash expenses and non-core expenses, which have a material effect on our profitability. We believe that these non-IFRS financial measures are useful in evaluating our business because of varying available valuation methodologies, subjective assumptions and the variety of financial instruments that can impact a company's non-cash expenses, and because they exclude non-core cash expenditures such as the expenses mentioned above, that do not reflect the performance of our core business. By excluding non-cash items that have been expensed in accordance with IFRS, we believe that the Company's non-IFRS results provide information to both management and investors that is useful in assessing the Company's core operating performance and in evaluating and comparing the Company's results of ongoing operations on a consistent basis from period to period. Our management also uses both IFRS and non-IFRS information in evaluating and operating our business internally. The following tables show the reconciled effect of the non-cash expenses/income on our net loss for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021:

		December 31,
U.S. dollars in thousands	2022	2021
Net loss for the year	(13,151)	(13,125)
Adjustments:
Assets depreciation, amortization and impairment	2,205	1,512
Finance expense (income), net	54	(942)
Tax benefit	(327)	(945)
EBITDA loss	(11,219)	(13,500)
Adjustments:
Share-based compensation	1,679	2,356
Contingent consideration measurement	-	(684)
Impairment of goodwill	569	700
Adjusted EBITDA loss	(8,971)	(11,128)

Factors Affecting our Performance

We rely on market education to raise awareness of today's next-generation cyber-attacks, articulate the need for our solutions and, in particular, the reasons to purchase our products. In addition, our enterprise access solutions rely on businesses requiring gathering data over the Internet using residential and Data Center IP addresses from various localities around the world. Lastly, our revenues from consumers access tools rely on consumers' willingness to spend money in order to increase their safety and privacy while using the internet.

Our prospective customers in the enterprise access segment often do not have a specific portion of their information technology budgets allocated for products that address the next generation of advanced cyber-attacks or privacy solutions. We invest in sales and marketing efforts to increase market awareness, educate prospective customers and drive the adoption of our solution. We believe that we will need to invest additional resources in targeted international markets to drive awareness and market adoption. The degree to which prospective customers recognize the mission critical need for next-generation protection solutions against threats, and subsequently allocate budgets for our platform, will drive our ability to acquire new customers, increase renewals and follow-on sales opportunities, which, in turn, will affect our future financial performance.

5.A Operating Results

Components of Operating Results

Revenue

We generate SaaS revenues and advertising services revenues as detailed under "Our Business Model" above.

We believe that the comparison of our year-over-year total revenue provides a more significant insight of our activity than a comparison of our quarterly results, predominately due to seasonality in the sale of some of our products, subscriptions and services. Our fourth quarter has historically been our strongest quarter for revenues as a result of large enterprises purchase patterns. Nevertheless, since the acquisition of NetNut in 2019 and the consolidation of the SaaS revenues, and in a larger manner since the acquisition of CyberKick in July 2021, we believe that the effect of these seasonal trends on our quarterly results may be reduced. Having said that, we are still tracking consumer access segment revenues in order to determine the impacts of seasonality.

Overall, historical patterns in our business may not be a reliable indicator of our future sales activity or performance due to the early stage of the businesses we operate with and recent acquisitions.

Cost of Revenues

Our total cost of revenue consists mainly of traffic acquisition costs required for generating advertising revenues in the consumer access segment. Also, we have payments to ISPs and servers' costs related to our enterprise access solutions, as well as amortization of technology purchased in our acquisitions of NetNut in June 2019 and CyberKick in July 2021. We also have personnel costs associated with our operations and global customer support, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and share-based compensation. The personnel consist of post-sales services on-site, such as support teams that provide our customers with on-line support.

Other costs include mainly clearing fees and overhead costs which consist of certain facilities, depreciation, benefits and IT costs.

Gross Margin

Gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of revenue, has been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, including the average sales price of our products and services, the mix of products sold including third parties' products, the costs related to our enterprise access solutions, the amortization of acquired technologies and the personnel costs involved in the generation of the revenue. We expect our gross margins to increase over time as revenues continue to grow, subject to the factors described above.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of our operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, share-based compensation and, with regards to sales and marketing expenses, also sales commissions. Operating expenses also include contractors, consultants and other professional services costs, overhead costs for facilities, IT and depreciation.

● Research and development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs and allocated overhead, as well as the costs of subcontractors assisting our research and development team. We expect research and development expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in our research and product development efforts to enhance our product capabilities, address new threat vectors and access new customer markets.

• Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of media costs, required for customer acquisitions in the consumer access segment. We have also material personnel costs, incentive commission costs and allocated overhead. We expense commission costs as incurred. We spend money for market development programs, promotions and other marketing activities, outside consulting costs, and travel expense. We expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we increase the size of our sales and marketing activities and expand our international sales and marketing operations.
• General and administrative. General and administrative expenses consist mainly of personnel costs, professional services and allocated overhead. General and administrative personnel include our executive, finance, legal, human resources and administration. Professional services included in our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of legal, auditing, accounting and other consulting costs. We expect general and administrative expenses to decrease in absolute dollars in 2023 due to the settlement of legal proceedings in May 2022. Nevertheless, we expect to continue to incur additional general and administrative expenses as we grow our operations and comply with public company regulations, including higher legal, corporate insurance, and accounting expenses.

Finance Expense/Income

Finance expense/income consists primarily of interest payments derived from our bank loans and strategic funding (for more information, see "Item 5.B - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Change in cash and cash equivalents"). We also have changes in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss as well as exchange rate differences, which impact our finance expense/income. Our financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss in our consolidated statement of financial position consist of derivative financial instruments. We report our financial results in dollars and most of our revenues are recorded in dollars, while substantially all of the research and development expenses, as well as a portion of our cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses are incurred in NIS. As a result, we are exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates which affect our finance expense or finance income.

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2022, to the year ended December 31, 2021

Results of Operations

	Year ended December 31,
U.S. dollars in thousands	2022	2021
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss
Revenues	18,779	10,281
Cost of revenues	8,652	5,145
Gross profit	10,127	5,136
Research and development expenses	4,033	4,771
Selling and marketing expenses	12,187	8,348
General and administrative expenses	6,762	7,013
Impairment of goodwill	569	700
Contingent consideration measurement	-	(684)
Operating loss	(13,424)	(15,012)
Financial income (expense), net	(54)	942
Loss before taxes on income	(13,478)	(14,070)
Tax benefit	327	945
Net loss for the year	(13,151)	(13,125)

Revenues

The following table summarizes our revenues through types for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

U.S. dollars in thousands		Year ended December 31,
	2022	2021
SaaS	11,850	7,328
Advertising services	6,699	2,325
Software licenses	28	227
Software support services	202	401
Total Revenues	18,779	10,281

Our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 amounted to \$18,779,000, representing an increase of \$8,498,000, or 83%, compared to \$10,281,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is mainly attributed to a \$6,681,000 increase to \$10,070,000 (197%) in the consumer access segment revenues generated by CyberKick compared to 2021, where the revenues were consolidated only from its acquisition on July 4, 2021. Revenues grew also due to an increase of \$2,214,000 (35%) to \$8,479,000 in SaaS revenue in the enterprise access segment, generated by NetNut and NetNut Networks in 2022, compared to \$6,265,000 of such revenue in 2021. These increases were partially offset by a \$398,000 decrease in the enterprise cybersecurity segment revenues, due to the outsourcing of this segment's operations to TerraZone.

Cost of Revenues

The following table summarizes our cost of revenues for the periods presented, as well as presenting the gross profit as a percentage of total revenues. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

U.S. dollars in thousands		Year ended December 31,
	2022	2021
Internet services providers	2,135	1,747
Depreciation, amortization and impairment of intangible assets	1,244	1,156
Traffic acquisition costs	3,070	1,118
Payroll, related expenses and share-based payment	399	518
Networks and servers	570	341
Clearing fees	1,113	213
Other	121	52
Total cost of revenues	8,652	5,145
Gross profit	10,127	5,136
Gross profit out of revenues %	54%	50%

Our cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 amounted to \$8,652,000, representing an increase of \$3,507,000 or 68%, compared to \$5,145,000, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily attributed to the full consolidation of CyberKick which included an increase of \$1,952,000 and \$900,000 in traffic acquisition costs and clearing fees, respectively, compared to 2021 where the consolidation took place only from July 4, 2021 through year end. Also, ISPs and networks and servers' costs increased by \$617,000, or 30%, to \$2,705,000, compared to \$2,088,000 in 2021 due to the increased operations and revenues in the enterprise access segment.

Gross Profit

As a result of a higher increase in revenues compared to cost of revenues, gross profit grew by \$4,991,000 to \$10,127,000, representing a 97% increase during 2022, compared to gross profit in 2021.

Research and Development Expenses, net

The following table summarizes our research and development costs for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

Year ended December 31,
2022	2021
2,880	2,856
900	1,429
253	486
4,033	4,771

Our research and development costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 amounted to \$4,033,000, representing a decrease of \$738,000, or 15%, compared to \$4,771,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The research and development costs of the consumer access segment grew from \$521,000 in 2021 to \$1,850,000 in 2022 due to the full consolidation of CyberKick, while costs related to the enterprise cybersecurity segment dropped from \$2,740,000 in 2021 to \$209,000 due to the outsourcing of this segment's operations to TerraZone, a global security provider (see also "Item 4B- Business Overview" and "Item 5A. – Operating Results – Our Business Model").

As a result of the above, subcontractors costs dropped by \$529,000 to \$900,000, after an offset of \$248,000 resulting from an increase in the enterprise internet access segment compared to 2022.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

The following table summarizes our sales and marketing costs for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

	Year ended December 31,
U.S. dollars in thousands	2022	2021
Payroll, related expenses and share-based payment	4,235	4,414
Media costs	5,572	2,067
Professional fees	131	576
Marketing	868	523
Amortization and impairment of intangible assets and depreciation	1,001	416
Other	380	352
Total selling and marketing expenses	12,187	8,348

Our sales and marketing expenses totaled \$12,187,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of \$3,839,000, or 46%, compared to \$8,348,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The sales and marketing costs of the consumer segment grew from \$2,556,000 in 2021 to \$7,611,000 in 2022 due to the full consolidation of CyberKick, while costs related to the enterprise cybersecurity segment dropped from \$3,354,000 in 2021 to \$872,000 due to the outsourcing of this segment's operations to TerraZone, a global security provider (see also "Item 4B- Business Overview" and "Item 5A. – Operating Results – Our Business Model").

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes our general and administrative costs for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods.

		Year ended December 31,
U.S. dollars in thousands	2022	2021
Payroll, related expenses and share-based payment	2,168	2,265
Professional fees	4,009	4,320
Other	585	428
Total general and administration expenses	6,762	7,013

Our general and administrative expenses totaled \$6,762,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of \$251,000, or 4%, compared to \$7,013,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease is primarily due to a \$280,000 reduction in legal fees connected to intellectual property protection activities (see also "Item 8.A. — Legal Proceedings"), with respect to patent related proceedings that were resolved by a settlement on May 17, 2022.

Impairment of Goodwill and Contingent Consideration Measurement

We recorded impairment of goodwill of \$569,000 related to the NetNut Networks cash-generating-unit in 2022, and impairment of goodwill of \$700,000 related to the same unit in 2021.

We recorded no contingent consideration measurement income in 2022 compared to an income of \$684,000 in 2021, which was related to the NetNut Networks acquisition.

Operating Loss

As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was \$13,424,000, compared to an operating loss of \$15,012,000 in the year ended December 31, 2021.

Financial Income, net

We had net financial expenses of \$54,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to net financial income of \$942,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The shifting from net income to net expenses is mainly related to a smaller reduction in the fair value of our derivative instruments in 2022 as a result of a lower share price as of December 31, 2022, \$329,000 of interest expenses with respect to the short-term bank loan and the long-term loan received during 2022 and a \$167,000 loss from short-term investments.

Taxes on income

We had a tax benefit of \$327,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a tax benefit of \$945,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease is resulted primarily from a recognition of smaller carryforward loss tax assets in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Net loss for the year

As a result of the foregoing, our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was \$13,151,000, compared to a loss of \$13,125,000 during the year ended December 31, 2021.

5.B Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

As of March 24, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents of approximately \$3.1 million were held for working capital, capital expenditures, investment in technology and business acquisition purposes. We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs until at least December 31, 2023. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced product and service offerings, and the continuing market acceptance of our products. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results, and financial condition would be adversely affected, and there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

U.S. dollars in thousands	December 31,
	2022	2021
Net cash used in operating activities	(8,051)	(9,106)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	5,037	(9,796)
Net cash provided by financing activities	2,603	11,640
Exchange rate differences	(127)	73
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(538)	(7,189)

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was \$8,051,000, primarily attributed to operational costs which exceeded cash flows from customers' payments. The decrease of \$1,055,000 compared to \$9,106,000 used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2021, is attributed to the cost reduction in the enterprise security segment, slightly offset by increased loss from the consumer access segment, due to the full consolidation of CyberKick's operations in 2022, compared to half a year of consolidation in 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was \$9,106,000, primarily attributed to operational costs which exceeded cash flows from customers' payments. The increase of \$2,579,000 compared to \$6,527,000 used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2020, is attributed to increased costs, partially offset by increased sales, both resulting primarily from the consolidation of CyberKick's operations from the third quarter of 2021 and from increased legal fees due to intellectual property protection activities (See also "Item 8.A. — Legal Proceedings").

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by investing activities was \$5,037,000, compared to net cash used in investing activities of \$9,796,000 during the year ended December 31, 2021. The switch to positive generated cash is attributed mainly to the sale of short-term investments in the amount of \$5,707,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was \$9,796,000, compared to net cash used in investing activities of \$1,189,000 during the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase is attributed mainly to investment of \$5,844,000 in short-term investments and the acquisition cash payment of CyberKick (see below) in July 2021 in the amount of \$3,700,000, compared to an amount of \$1,070,000 that was invested in the acquisition of NetNut Networks (formerly ChiCooked LLC) in 2020.

On July 1, 2021, we entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement with CyberKick, Takoomi Ltd. and their founders, pursuant to which we acquired all of the outstanding share capital of CyberKick. CyberKick is a private Israeli company, specializing in solutions for access tools developers and consumers. The acquisition was completed on July 4, 2021, for which we paid a combination of cash in the amount of \$3,700,000 and 4,062,045 shares valued at \$5,600,000. In addition, we committed to pay up to an additional \$3,000,000, subject to achievement of certain future milestones. During 2022, we paid an amount of \$1,050,000 in share-based compensation, and an additional amount of \$788,000 was accrued in our December 31, 2022 financial statements under Other equity reserves. See "Item 10.C. Material Contracts — CyberKick Acquisition" for additional information.

Cash Flows Received from Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was \$2,603,000, primarily attributed to short-term bank loans (net funding of \$1,600,000) and proceeds from long term loan, net after repayments (\$1,420,000). The cash provided by the loans was partially offset by increased lease payments of \$384,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was \$11,640,000, primarily attributed to net proceeds from a registered direct offering closed in February 2021, as well as proceeds from the exercise of warrants, in the aggregate amount of \$12,932,000, which was slightly offset by the contingent consideration payment of \$915,000 related to the NetNut acquisition.

On February 16, 2021, pursuant to a securities purchase agreement with respect to a registered direct offering pursuant to a shelf takedown under a registration statement on Form F-3 (Registration No. 333-235367), we issued (a) 461,500 ADSs at a purchase price of \$20.00 per ADS and (b) 26,000 pre-funded warrants at a purchase price of \$20.00 per warrant, including an exercise price of \$0.01 per warrant. The net proceeds to us from the sale of the securities were approximately \$9,223,000. As of December 31, 2022, all pre-funded warrants were exercised.

During 2021, we also received approximately \$3,709,000 resulting from the exercise of the warrants issued under the April 23, 2020 public offering.

Change in cash and cash equivalents

As a result of the foregoing, our cash and cash equivalents decreased in the amount of \$538,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a decrease in the amount of \$7,189,000 during the year ended December 31, 2021.

We have drawn short-term bank loans out of a one-year credit line which was secured from United Mizrahi-Tefahot Bank on May 25, 2022, in a total amount of \$2 million. The credit facility is used predominantly to fund the operations and growth of our subsidiary, CyberKick, and as a result will reduce the usage of our own cash. Amounts drawn under the credit line bear interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 5.5% per annum, and are paid quarterly for the actual withdrawn balance. The credit line offers three times multiple on eligible revenues, is secured against all of the assets of CyberKick, is guaranteed by us and includes a refundable deposit by us of \$500,000. Until March 24, 2023, CyberKick borrowed an amount of \$1.6 million out of the credit line.

On August 8, 2022, we signed a strategic funding agreement with O.R.B. Spring Ltd., or O.R.B., of up to \$4,000,000 to support the further growth of our consumer access solutions. The funding is made through a series of cash installments through July 2024. Until March 24, 2023, the Company received aggregate funding of \$2.22 million.

We repay the funding using a revenue share model that is based on sales generated only from customers of the new consumer access solutions acquired with each funding installment. Each such funding installment shall be repaid within two years and if the repayments do not cover 100% of the installments, then we will complete the remaining balances in cash or shares, at our sole discretion. Once the investment amount has been repaid in full, we and O.R.B. shall share the attributed revenue in equal parts (50:50) until the lapse of five years after the date on which each installment was received by us. Until March 24, 2023, the Company repaid to O.R.B. an amount of approximately \$0.54 million from the sales that were generated as a result of the funding.

In November 2022, we entered into an ATM Sales Agreement, or the Sales Agreement, with ThinkEquity LLC, or the Sales Agent, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, through the Sales Agent ADSs, for an aggregate offering price of up to \$5 million. The ADSs will be offered and sold pursuant to our shelf Registration Statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-253983), or the F-3, which became effective on March 15, 2021, and the prospectus supplement relating to the Sales Agreement, dated November 25, 2022. In that regard, we registered up to \$100,000,000 of the ADSs on such registration statement. Upon termination of the Sales Agreement, any portion of the \$5 million included in the Sales Agreement prospectus of the F-3 that is not sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the F-3, and if no ADSs are sold under the Sales Agreement, the full \$5 million of securities may be sold in other offerings pursuant to the F-3. As of March 24, 2023, we have sold 25,847 ADSs pursuant to the Sales Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately \$75 thousand.

Current Outlook

We have financed our operations to date primarily through proceeds from sales of our Ordinary Shares, and recently also from long and short term loans. We have incurred losses and generated negative cash flows from operations since Safe-T Data's inception in February 2013.

As of March 24, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents were approximately \$3.1 million. We expect that our current resources will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs until December 31, 2023; however, we expect that we will require additional substantial capital to continue the development of, and to commercialize, our products. In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

• the progress and costs of our research and development activities;
• the potential costs of contracting with third parties to provide marketing and distribution services for us or for building such capacities internally;
• the scope of our general and administrative expenses; and
• potential future acquisitions.

Until we can generate significant recurring revenues, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through equity financings or credit facility loans.

Currently, we cannot be certain that additional funding will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. If additional funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate research or development plans for, or commercialization efforts with respect to our products. This raises substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern.

5.C Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.

For a description of our research and development programs and the amounts that we have incurred over the last two years pursuant to those programs, please see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results — Operating Expenses" and "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results — Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2021 — Research and Development Expenses, net."

5.D Trend Information

The trends impacting us are described elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, including in Items 3.D., 4.B., 5.A. and B. and 10.C. We are subject to potential earn-out commitments in connection with our acquisition of CyberKick.

5.E Critical Accounting Estimates

We describe our significant accounting policies more fully in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included elsewhere in this annual report in Form 20-F. We believe that the accounting policies below are critical in order to fully understand and evaluate our financial condition and results of operations.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. At the time of the preparation of the consolidated financial statements, our management is required to use estimates, evaluations, and assumptions which affect the application of the accounting policy and the amounts reported for assets, obligations, income, and expenses. Any estimates and assumptions are continually reviewed. The changes to the accounting estimates are credited during the period in which the change in the estimate is made.

Revenue Recognition

We determine whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis.

Accounting for advertising

We evaluate if revenues should be presented on a gross basis, which is the amount that a customer pays for the service, or on a net basis, which is the amount of the customer payment less amounts the Company pays to digital property owners. The evaluation to present revenue on a gross versus net basis requires significant judgment. We determined that we act as the principal and recognize revenue as it relates to these transactions on a gross basis as the Company controls the service to the customer and it is the primary obligor in the transaction.

Goodwill impairment

Goodwill arising from a business combination represents the excess of the overall amount of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquired company over the net amount as of acquisition date of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.

Impairment reviews of the cash-generating-unit, or CGU, to which goodwill was allocated are undertaken annually and whenever there is any indication of impairment of a CGU. The carrying amount of our assets, including goodwill, is compared to the recoverable amount, which is the higher of value in use and the fair value less costs to sell. Any impairment loss is allocated to reduce the carrying amount of the assets at the following order: first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to a CGU and subsequently to the remaining assets we have, which fall within the scope of the IAS 36, "Impairment of Assets," on a proportionate basis based on the carrying amount of each of our assets.

Any impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss and is not subsequently reversed.

Business combination

We account for business combinations by applying the acquisition method.

The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair value of the assets transferred by the acquirer, and the liabilities incurred by the acquirer to former owners of the acquiree, in exchange for control of the acquiree. The consideration transferred also includes the fair value of any asset or liability arising from a contingent consideration arrangement.

Acquisition-related expenses are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred.

Identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business combination are initially measured at fair value at the acquisition date, except for certain exceptions in accordance with IFRS 3, "Business Combinations" (Revised).

Contingent consideration incurred as a part of a business combination is initially measured at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes in fair value of contingent consideration are classified as assets or liabilities, and are recognized in accordance with the IFRS 9, "Measurement of financial assets and liabilities," in profit or loss.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our office holders4 as of the date of this on annual report in Form 20-F:

Name	Age	Position
Chen Katz	51	Chairman of the Board of Directors
Shachar Daniel	45	Chief Executive Officer, Director
Shai Avnit	57	Chief Financial Officer
Avi Rubinstein	56	Director
Yehuda Halfon	44	Director (1)(2)(3)
Rakefet Remigolski	51	Director (1)(2)(3)
Moshe Tal	61	Director (1)(2)(3)

(1) Member of the Compensation Committee.

(2) Member of the Audit Committee (and Financial Statements Examination Committee pursuant to regulations under the Israeli Companies Law).

(3) Independent Director (pursuant to regulations under the Israeli Companies Law and Nasdaq Stock Market rules).

⁴ "office holder" as defined under the Israeli Companies Law: "general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice-general manager, any person filling any of these positions in the company even if he holds a different title, and a director or any other manager directly subordinate to the general manager".

Chen Katz, Chairman of the Board of Directors

Mr. Chen Katz has served as Chairman of our board of directors since January 2019. Mr. Katz is also a director of Nanomedic Technologies Ltd., Coral Smart Pool Inc. and Nicast Ltd., where he serves as the chairman of the board, Aminach Furniture and Mattresses Industry Ltd., Coral Smart Pool Ltd., Nanomedic Technologies Inc. NCK Capital Ltd. and Tripod Investments. Mr. Katz is also a Co-Founder and director of Connexa Capital Ltd. since February 2022. Between 2006 and 2020, Mr. Katz served as the chief executive officer of TechnoPlus Ventures Ltd. (TASE: TNPV), an Israeli investment firm. From 2012 until 2021, Mr. Katz served on the board of directors of Compulab Ltd. (TASE: CLAB) and from 2010 to 2018, he served on the board of directors of D-Led Illumination Technologies Ltd. Mr. Katz is a member of the Israel Bar Association. Mr. Katz holds a European Master-in-Law and Economics (EMLE) from the Complutense University of Madrid and an LL.B. from the University of Haifa.

Shachar Daniel, Chief Executive Officer and Director

Mr. Shachar Daniel is one of our co-founders and has served as our Chief Executive Officer and director since June 2016. Prior to serving as the Chief Executive Officer of Safe-T Data, he served as Safe-T Data's Chief Operating Officer from November 2013. Mr. Daniel has more than 10 years of experience in various managerial roles in operations and project management. From 2012 to 2013, he served as head of program at PrimeSense Ltd., which was acquired by Apple Inc. for \$360 million on November 24, 2013. Prior to that, and from 2009 to 2012, he was head of operations project managers at Logic Industries Ltd., and from 2004 to 2009, he was a project manager at Elbit Systems Ltd. (Nasdaq/TASE: ESLT). Mr. Daniel holds a B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering from the Holon Institute of Technology, Israel and an M.B.A. from the College of Management Academic Studies, Israel and an executive post M.B.A from the Hebrew University.

Shai Avnit, Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Shai Avnit has served as our Chief Financial Officer since June 2016. Mr. Avnit has extensive experience in managing financial, operational, administrative and legal affairs in companies within the software, medical device and consumer electronics, as well as vast experience in public and private fund raising, mergers and acquisitions and structural reorganization. Mr. Avnit served as the chief financial officer and other leading financial positions in several hi-tech companies, both public and private including as the chief financial officer during 2001-2002 in Valor Computerized Systems (then a public company traded on the German stock exchange Neuer Markt), a controller during 1996-2000 in Card Guard Scientific Survival, a then public company then traded in the Six Swiss Exchange under the name LifeWatch (symbol LIFE), a part time chief financial officer during 2007-2017 in EnzySurge Ltd., a part time chief financial officer during 2011-2017 in BioProtect Ltd., a part time chief financial officer during 2008-2011 in BriefCam Ltd., a part time chief financial officer during 2006-2010 in Lumio Inc. and a part time Finance Director in Primavera-Prosight Ltd. (acquired by Oracle) during 2002-2011. Mr. Avnit holds a B.A. in Accounting& Economics as well as an M.B.A. with majors in Finance and Marketing, both from the Tel Aviv University.

Avi Rubinstein, Director

Mr. Avi Rubinstein has served on our board of directors since October 2021. Mr. Rubinstein also serves as the President of Ilanor Ltd. Prior to his appointment as a director, Mr. Rubinstein served as Chief Business Officer of our subsidiary, Safe-T Data A.R Ltd., from February 2020 until October 2021 and continues to provide advisory services to Safe-T Data on a consultancy basis. Prior to joining Safe-T Data, from 2014 to 2015, Mr. Rubinstein served as Vice President, Product Marketing and Business Development of Nice Systems Ltd. (Nasdaq: NICE). Mr. Rubinstein cofounded Inpedio BV, a provider of cyber solutions, and served as its chief executive officer between 2016 and 2019. After serving as co-founder of Ectel Ltd., and general manager of Ectel US Inc. and was the co-founder of StorWiz in 2004, which was acquired by IBM in 2010. He also was the co-founder and chief executive officer of VideoCodes in 2004, which was acquired by Thompson in 2008. Mr. Rubinstein also served as a member of our advisory board between 2014 and 2019, and with CyberX Labs (cyber defense for critical infrastructure) since 2014 and also provided management and/or consulting services on an hourly basis to different companies between 2008 to 2020.

Yehuda Halfon, Director

Mr. Yehuda Halfon has served on our board of directors since March 2016. He was appointed for a first three-year term as an external director on March 27, 2016 and a second three-year term commencing in May 2019. Between 2009 and January 2022, Mr. Halfon served as the chief executive officer at Cooperica Property Ltd., which owns and manages real estate properties in Israel. In addition, between 2010 and January 2022, Mr. Halfon served as the chief financial officer of Local Developing Germany GmbH, which owns a large portfolio of residential assets in Germany. Mr. Halfon holds a B.A. in Accounting and Economics from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and an M.B.A from the Open University of Israel. Mr. Halfon is a certified public accountant in Israel.

Rakefet Remigolski, Director

Ms. Rakefet Remigolski has served on our board of directors since September 2020. Since 2018, Ms. Remigolski has served as Chief Finance Officer at Arazim Investments Ltd., an Israeli real-estate company publicly traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Since September 2021, Ms. Remigolski has served as an external director at IDENTI Healthcare Ltd. Between 2015 and 2020, Ms. Remigolski served as a director and head of the audit committee at the Israeli National Sport Center, Tel Aviv. Since 2008, Ms. Remigolski has taught advanced courses in financial accounting at the Reichman University (IDC Herzliya) in Israel. Between 1995 and 2019, Ms. Remigolski taught advanced courses in financial accounting at the College of Management Academic Studies in Israel. Ms. Remigolski holds a B.A. in Business and an M.B.A. (Cum Laude) with a major in finance and accountancy, both from the College of Management Academic Studies in Israel. Ms. Remigolski is a certified public accountant and is a member of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Israel.

Moshe Tal, Director

Mr. Moshe Tal has served on our board of directors since May 2019. Since 2011, Mr. Tal serves as a partner with Shtainmetz Aminoach & Co. accounting, a CPA (Isr.) Israeli Certified Public Accountant, Investment and Consulting. Mr. Tal is also a lecturer at the Department of Accounting at the Reichman University (IDC Herzliya) in Israel. Mr. Tal served in the Israeli tax Authority for 13 years and has vast experience with tax regulations and laws, both in Israel and outside of Israel. Between 2011 and 2013, Mr. Tal served as a director of Dash Ipax Holdings Ltd. and from 2010 until 2018 as a director at Netz Group Ltd. Mr. Tal is a certified Israeli public accountant.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between any of our office holders.

Arrangements for Election of Directors and Members of Management

There are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any of our executive management or our directors were selected. See "Item 7.B. Related Party Transactions" for additional information.

B. Compensation

Compensation

The following table presents in the aggregate all compensation we paid to our office holders as a group for the year ended December 31, 2022. The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing the Company with services during this period.

All amounts reported in the tables below reflect the cost to the Company, in thousands of U.S. Dollars, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Amounts paid in NIS are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of NIS 3.3596 = \$1.00, based on the average representative rate of exchange between the NIS and the U.S. dollar as reported by the Bank of Israel in the year ended December 31, 2022.

	Salary,	Pension,
	bonuses	Retirement
	and	and Other	Share
	Related	Similar	Based
	Benefits(1)	Benefits	Compensation*
All office holders as a group, consisting of 8 persons	\$ 778	\$ 130	\$ 395

• (1) Represents the office holders' gross salary plus payment of mandatory social benefits made by the company on behalf of such officer. Such benefits may include, to the extent applicable, payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds, education funds (referred to in Hebrew as "Keren Hishtalmut"), pension, severance, risk insurances (e.g., life or work disability insurance) and payments for social security.
• * Resulting from options to purchase an aggregate of 3,077,526 Ordinary Shares granted to all office holders as a group, at exercise prices between NIS 1.27 (approximately \$0.38) and NIS 6.04 (approximately \$1.80) per share with expiration dates between May 13, 2024, and November 28, 2032. The share-based compensation was calculated based on the binomial model.

The table below reflects the compensation granted to the five most highly compensated officers5 during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Annual Compensation- in thousands of USD –

Office holders	Salary, Fees and Related Benefits	Pension, Retirement and Other Similar Benefits	Share Based Compensation	Total
Roni Lev	570	73	43(1)	686
Yotam Benattia	570	73	43(2)	686
Moshe Kremer	653	-	21(3)	674
Shachar Daniel	293	51	106(4)	450
Tomer Cohen	309	40	29(5)	378

⁵ "Senior officer" as defined under the Israeli Securities Law includes the definition of an officer, as defined in the Israeli Companies Law, and also the chairman of the board of directors, a substitute director, an individual who under section 236 of the Israeli Companies Law was appointed on behalf of a body corporate and who serves as director, accountant, internal auditor, independent signatory and every person who holds a said position, even if the title of his position is different, and also a senior officer in a body corporate controlled by the body corporate, who has substantive influence over the body corporate, and every individual who is employed by the body corporate in a different position and holds 5% or more of the nominal value of the issued share capital or of the voting power, as the case may be; for this purpose. We are providing this disclosure as good practice although we are not required to report or provide such disclosure pursuant to the Israeli Securities Law.

(1) Resulting from options to purchase an aggregate of 135,000 Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of NIS 4.00 (approximately \$1.1) with expiration date of August 25, 2031.

• (2) Resulting from options to purchase an aggregate of 135,000 Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of NIS 4.00 (approximately \$1.1) with expiration date of August 25, 2031.
• (3) Resulting from options to purchase an aggregate of 200,004 Ordinary Shares, at exercise prices ranging between NIS 0 to NIS 4.00 (approximately \$1.1) with expiration dates between August 2, 2030 and November 28, 2032.
• (4) Resulting from options to purchase an aggregate of 1,080,000 Ordinary Shares, at exercise prices ranging between NIS 1.51 (approximately \$0.4) to NIS 6.04 (approximately \$1.7) with expiration dates between September 15, 2030 and November 28, 2032.
• (5) Resulting from options to purchase an aggregate of 200,004 Ordinary Shares, at exercise prices ranging between NIS 0 to NIS 6.28 (approximately \$1.7) with expiration dates between December 23, 2030 and November 28, 2032.

Employment and Services Agreements with Executive Officers

We have entered into written employment or services agreements with each of our executive officers. All of these agreements contain customary provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law. In addition, we have entered into agreements with each executive officer and director pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify each of them up to a certain amount and to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by directors and officer's insurance, subject to certain exclusions. Members of our senior management may be eligible for bonuses. Generally, such bonuses are in accordance with our compensation policy and are payable upon meeting objectives and targets that are set by our Chief Executive Officer and approved annually by our board of directors that also set the bonus targets for our Chief Executive Officer.

For a description of the terms of our options and option plans, see "Item 6.E. Share Ownership" below.

Directors' Service Contracts

Other than with respect to our directors that are also executive officers, we do not have written agreements with any director providing for benefits upon the termination of his directorship with our company.

C. Board Practices

Introduction

Our board of directors presently consists of six members. Under the Israeli Companies Law, an Israeli company whose shares have been offered to the public or whose shares are listed for trading on a stock exchange in or outside of Israel is required to appoint at least two external directors to serve on its board of directors. However, pursuant to regulations under the Israeli Companies Law, a board of directors is not required to have external directors if: (i) the company does not have a controlling shareholder (as such term is defined in the Israeli Companies Law); (ii) a majority of the directors serving on the board of directors are "independent," as defined under Nasdaq Rule 5605(a)(2); and (iii) the company follows Nasdaq Rule 5605(e)(1), which requires that the nomination of directors be made, or recommended to the board of directors, by a nominating committee of the board of directors consisting solely of independent directors, or by a majority of independent directors. On July 22, 2021, our board of directors approved that the Company meets all of the above requirements and therefore has resolved to adopt the corporate governance exemption set forth above, and accordingly as of July 22, 2021, we are not required to appoint external directors as such are defined in the Israeli Companies Law. The directors, Mr. Yehuda Halfon and Mr. Moshe Tal, each of whom was previously appointed as external directors, and Ms. Rakefet Remigolski, are "independent" for purposes of the Nasdaq Stock Market rules. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that the number of board of directors' members shall be set by our board of directors provided that it will consist of not less than three and not more than twelve. Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, the management of our business is vested in our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to management. Our executive officers are responsible for our day-to-day management and have individual responsibilities established by our board of directors. Our Chief Executive Officer and all other executive officers are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, our board of directors, subject to the employment or services agreement that we have entered into with them. Their terms of employment are subject to the approval of the board of directors' compensation committee and of the board of directors, and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment agreements that we may enter into with them, and are subject to the Company's compensation policy.

Each director, will hold office in accordance with our articles of association, or until he or she resigns or unless he or she is removed by a 65% majority vote of our shareholders at an annual general meeting of our shareholders, provided that such majority constitutes more than 50% of the our then issued and outstanding share capital, or upon the occurrence of certain events, in accordance with the Israeli Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association. Our articles of association provide for a split of the board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election, such that each year the term of office of only one class of directors will expire.

Our directors are divided among the three classes as follows:

• (i) Class I directors are Ms. Rakefet Remigolski and Mr. Yehuda Halfon, whose current terms expire at the Company's 2023 annual general meeting of shareholders and upon the election and qualification of their respective successors,
• (ii) Class II directors are Mr. Shachar Daniel and Mr. Moshe Tal, whose current terms expire at the Company's 2024 annual general meeting of shareholders and upon the election and qualification of their respective successors; and
• (iii) Class III directors are Mr. Chen Katz and Mr. Avi Rubinstein, whose current terms expire at the Company's 2025 annual general meeting of shareholders and upon the election and qualification of their respective successors.

In addition, our amended and restated articles of association allow our board of directors to appoint directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors or in addition to the acting directors (subject to the limitation on the number of directors), to serve for the remaining period of time during which the director whose service has ended would have held office, or in case of an addition to the board of directors, in accordance with the class assigned to such appointed director, as determined by the board of directors at the time of such appointment.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, any shareholder holding at least one percent of our outstanding voting power may nominate a director. However, any such shareholder may make such a nomination only if a written notice of such shareholder's intent to make such nomination has been given to our board of directors. Any such notice must include certain information, including the consent of the proposed director nominee to serve as our director if elected, and a declaration that the nominee signed declaring that he or she possesses the requisite skills and has the availability to carry out his or her duties. Additionally, the nominee must provide details of such skills, and demonstrate an absence of any limitation under the Israeli Companies Law that may prevent his or her election, and affirm that all of the required election-information is provided to us, pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, our board of directors must determine the minimum number of directors who are required to have accounting and financial expertise. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, our board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our board of directors has determined that the minimum number of directors of our company who are required to have accounting and financial expertise is two – Mrs. Rakefet Remigolski, Mr. Moshe Tal and Mr. Yehuda Halfon qualify and declared their respective accounting and financial expertise to that effect.

The board of directors must elect one director to serve as the chairman of the board of directors to preside at the meetings of the board of directors, and may also remove that director as chairman. Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, neither the chief executive officer nor any of his or her relatives is permitted to serve as the chairman of the board of directors, and a company may not vest the chairman or any of his or her relatives with the chief executive officer's authorities. In addition, a person who reports, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors; the chairman may not be vested with authorities of a person who reports, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer; and the chairman may not serve in any other position in the company or a controlled company, but he or she may serve as a director or chairman of a controlled company. However, the Israeli Companies Law permits a company's shareholders to determine, for a period not exceeding three years from each such determination, that the chairman or his or her relative may serve as chief executive officer or be vested with the chief executive officer's authorities, and that the chief executive officer or his or her relative may serve as chairman or be vested with the chairman's authorities. Such determination of a company's shareholders requires either: (1) the approval of at least a majority of the shares of those shareholders present and voting on the matter (other than controlling shareholders and those having a personal interest in the determination) (shares held by abstaining shareholders shall not be considered); or (2) that the total number of shares opposing such determination does not exceed 2% of the total voting power in the company. Currently, we have a separate chairman and chief executive officer.

The board of directors may, subject to the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, delegate any or all of its powers to committees of the board, and it may, from time to time, revoke such delegation or alter the composition of any such committees, subject to certain limitations. Unless otherwise expressly provided by the board of directors, the committees shall not be empowered to further delegate such powers. The composition and duties of our audit committee, financial statement examination committee and compensation committee are described below.

The board of directors oversees how management monitors compliance with our risk management policies and procedures, and reviews the adequacy of the risk management framework in relation to the risks faced by us. The board of directors is assisted in its oversight role by an internal auditor. The internal auditor undertakes both regular and ad hoc reviews of risk management controls and procedures, the results of which are reported to our audit committee.

External Directors

Under the Israeli Companies Law, except as provided below, companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel that are publicly traded, including Israeli companies with shares listed on the Nasdaq, are required to appoint at least two external directors who meet the qualification requirements set forth in the Israeli Companies Law. The definitions of an external director under the Israeli Companies Law and independent director under Nasdaq Stock Market rules are similar such that it would generally be expected that the two external directors will also comply with the independence requirement under Nasdaq Stock Market rules.

Pursuant to the regulations under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of a company such as ours is not required to have external directors if: (i) the company does not have a controlling shareholder (as such term is defined in the Companies Law); (ii) a majority of the directors serving on the board of directors are "independent," as defined under Nasdaq Rule 5605(a)(2); and (iii) the company follows Nasdaq Rule 5605(e)(1), which requires that the nomination of directors be made, or recommended to the board of directors, by a Nominating Committee of the board of directors consisting solely of independent directors, or by a majority of independent directors. The Company meets all of these requirements. On July 22, 2021, our board of directors resolved to adopt the corporate governance exemption set forth above, and accordingly we no longer have external directors as members of our board of directors.

Independent Directors Under the Companies Law

An "independent director" is either an external director or a director who meets the same non-affiliation criteria as an external director (except for (i) the requirement that the director be an Israeli resident (which does not apply to companies such as ours whose securities have been offered outside of Israel or are listed outside of Israel) and (ii) the requirement for accounting and financial expertise or professional qualifications), as determined by the audit committee, and who has not served as a director of the company for more than nine consecutive years. For these purposes, ceasing to serve as a director for a period of two years or less would not be deemed to sever the consecutive nature of such director's service.

Regulations promulgated pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law provide that a director in a public company whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the Nasdaq Capital Market, who qualifies as an independent director under the relevant non-Israeli rules and who meets certain non-affiliation criteria, which are less stringent than those applicable to independent directors as set forth above, would be deemed an "independent" director pursuant to the Companies Law provided: (i) he or she has not served as a director for more than nine consecutive years; (ii) he or she has been approved as such by the audit committee; and (iii) his or her remuneration shall be in accordance with the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. For these purposes, ceasing to serve as a director for a period of two years or less would not be deemed to sever the consecutive nature of such director's service.

Furthermore, pursuant to these regulations, such company may reappoint a person as an independent director for additional terms, beyond nine years, which do not exceed three years each, if each of the audit committee and the board of directors determine, in that order, that in light of the independent director's expertise and special contribution to the board of directors and its committees, the reappointment for an additional term is in the company's best interest.

Mr. Yehuda Halfon, Mr. Moshe Tal and Ms. Rakefet Remigolski, are deemed independent for purposes of the Israeli Companies Law as well as under Nasdaq Stock Market rules.

Alternate Directors

Our amended and restated articles of association provide, as allowed by the Israeli Companies Law, that any director may, subject to the conditions set thereto including approval of the nominee by our board of directors, appoint a person as an alternate to act in his place, to remove the alternate and appoint another in his place and to appoint an alternate in place of an alternate whose office is vacated for any reason whatsoever. Under the Israeli Companies Law, a person who is not qualified to be appointed as a director, a person who is already serving as a director or a person who is already serving as an alternate director for another director, may not be appointed as an alternate director. Nevertheless, a director who is already serving as a director may be appointed as an alternate director for a member of a committee of the board of directors so long as he or she is not already serving as a member of such committee, and if the alternate director is to replace an external director, he or she is required to be an external director and to have either "financial and accounting expertise" or "professional expertise," depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing. A person who does not have the requisite "financial and accounting experience" or the "professional expertise," depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing, may not be appointed as an alternate director for an external director. A person who is not qualified to be appointed as an independent director, pursuant to the Israeli Companies Law, may not be appointed as an alternate director of an independent director qualified as such under the Israeli Companies Law. Unless the appointing director limits the time or scope of the appointment, the appointment is effective for all purposes until the appointing director ceases to be a director or terminates the appointment. On October 26, 2021, our board of directors appointed Mr. Avi Rubinstein as a director and member of the board until the conclusion of the next annual general meeting of shareholders of the Company.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has established three standing committees, the audit committee, the compensation committee and the Financial Statements Examination Committee.

Audit Committee

Under the Israeli Companies Law, we are required to appoint an audit committee. The audit committee must be comprised of at least three directors. The audit committee may not include the chairman of the board; a controlling shareholder of the company or a relative of a controlling shareholder; a director employed by or providing services on a regular basis to the company, to a controlling shareholder or to an entity controlled by a controlling shareholder; or a director who derives most of his or her income from a controlling shareholder.

In addition, a majority of the members of the audit committee of a publicly traded company must be independent directors under the Companies Law. Our audit committee is comprised of Mr. Moshe Tal, Mr. Yehuda Halfon and Ms. Rakefet Remigolski.

Under the Companies Law, our audit committee is responsible for:

• (i) determining whether there are deficiencies in the business management practices of our company, and making recommendations to the board of directors to improve such practices;
• (ii) determining whether to approve certain related party transactions (including transactions in which an office holder has a personal interest and whether such transaction is extraordinary or material under Companies Law) and establishing the approval process for certain transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest (see "—Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law");
• (iii) determining the approval process for transactions that are "non-negligible" (i.e., transactions with a controlling shareholder that are classified by the audit committee as non-negligible, even though they are not deemed extraordinary transactions), as well as determining which types of transactions would require the approval of the audit committee, optionally based on criteria which may be determined annually in advance by the audit committee;
• (iv) examining our internal controls and internal auditor's performance, including whether the internal auditor has sufficient resources and tools to dispose of its responsibilities;
• (v) examining the scope of our auditor's work and compensation and submitting a recommendation with respect thereto to our board of directors or shareholders, depending on which of them is considering the appointment of our auditor;
• (vi) establishing procedures for the handling of employees' complaints as to deficiencies in the management of our business and the protection to be provided to such employees; and
• (vii) where the board of directors approves the working plan of the internal auditor, examining such working plan before its submission to the board of directors and proposing amendments thereto.

Our audit committee may not conduct any discussions or approve any actions requiring its approval (see "—Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law"), unless at the time of the approval a majority of the committee's members are present, which majority consists of independent directors under the Companies Law, including at least one external director.

Our audit committee is acting pursuant to a written charter, which sets forth, among others, the responsibilities of the audit committee consistent with the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq Listing Rules (in addition to the requirements for such committee under the Companies Law), including, among others, the following:

• oversight of our independent registered public accounting firm and recommending the engagement, compensation or termination of engagement of our independent registered public accounting firm to the board of directors in accordance with Israeli law;

• recommending the engagement or termination of the person filling the office of our internal auditor, reviewing the services provided by our internal auditor and reviewing effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting;

• recommending the terms of audit and non-audit services provided by the independent registered public accounting firm for pre-approval by our board of directors; and

• reviewing and monitoring, if applicable, legal matters with significant impact, finding of regulatory authorities' findings, receive reports regarding irregularities and legal compliance, acting according to "whistleblower policy" and recommend to our board of directors if so required.

Nasdaq Stock Market Requirements for Audit Committee

Under the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three members, all of whom are independent and are financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.

As noted above, the members of our audit committee include Mr. Moshe Tal (the chairman), Mr. Yehuda Halfon and Ms. Rakefet Remigolski, each of whom is "independent," as such term is defined in under Nasdaq Stock Market rules. All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the Nasdaq Stock Market rules. Our board of directors has determined that each member of our audit committee is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial experience as defined by the Nasdaq Stock Market rules.

Financial Statements Examination Committee

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company in Israel must appoint a financial statements examination committee, which consists of members with accounting and financial expertise or the ability to read and understand financial statements. According to a resolution of our board of directors, the audit committee has been assigned the responsibilities and duties of a financial statement examination committee, as permitted under relevant regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law. From time to time, as necessary and required to approve our financial statements, the audit committee holds separate meetings, prior to the scheduled meetings of the entire board of directors regarding financial statement approval. As detailed above, the members of our audit committee are Mr. Moshe Tal, Mr. Yehuda Halfon and Ms. Rakefet Remigolski. The function of a financial statements examination committee is to discuss and provide recommendations to its board of directors (including the report of any deficiency found) with respect to the following issues: (1) estimations and assessments made in connection with the preparation of financial statements; (2) internal controls related to the financial statements; (3) completeness and propriety of the disclosure in the financial statements; (4) the accounting policies adopted and the accounting treatments implemented in material matters of the company; and (5) value evaluations, including the assumptions and assessments on which evaluations are based and the supporting data in the financial statements. Our independent registered public accounting firm and our internal auditor are invited to attend all meetings of the audit committee when it is acting in the role of the financial statements examination committee.

Compensation Committee

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of any public company must establish a compensation committee. Under the Nasdaq rules, we are required to maintain a compensation committee consisting of at least two members, each of whom must be independent directors.

Our compensation committee is acting pursuant to a written charter, and consists of Mr. Moshe Tal, Mr. Yehuda Halfon and Ms. Rakefet Remigolski, each of whom is "independent," as such term is defined under Nasdaq Stock Market rules. Our compensation committee complies with the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, the regulations promulgated thereunder, and our amended and restated articles of association. Our compensation committee also complies with the committee membership and charter requirements prescribed under the Nasdaq Stock Market rules.

Our compensation committee reviews and recommends to our board of directors: with respect to our executive officers' and directors': (1) annual base compensation (2) annual incentive bonus, including the specific goals and amounts; (3) equity compensation; (4) employment agreements, severance arrangements, and change in control agreements and provisions; (5) retirement grants and/or retirement bonuses; and (6) any other benefits, compensation, compensation policies or arrangements.

The duties of the compensation committee include the recommendation to the company's board of directors of a policy regarding the terms of engagement of office holders, to which we refer as a compensation policy. Such policy must be adopted by the company's board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee. The compensation policy is then brought for approval by our shareholders, which requires a Special Majority (see "—Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law"). Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors may adopt the compensation policy if it is not approved by the shareholders, provided that after the shareholders oppose the approval of such policy, the compensation committee and the board of directors revisit the matter and determine that adopting the compensation policy would be in the best interests of the company. Our compensation policy was approved by our shareholders on May 8, 2016, and amendments thereto were approved by our shareholders on August 8, 2017, September 26, 2019, and September 15, 2020.

The compensation policy must serve as the basis for decisions concerning the financial terms of employment or engagement of executive officers and directors, including exculpation, insurance, indemnification or any monetary payment or obligation of payment in respect of employment or engagement. The compensation policy must relate to certain factors, including advancement of the company's objectives, the company's business and its long-term strategy, and creation of appropriate incentives for executives. It must also consider, among other things, the company's risk management, size and the nature of its operations. The compensation policy must furthermore consider the following additional factors:

• the knowledge, skills, expertise and accomplishments of the relevant director or executive;
• the director's or executive's roles and responsibilities and prior compensation agreements with him or her;
• the relationship between terms offered and the average and median compensation of the other employees of the company;
• the possibility of reducing variable compensation at the discretion of the board of directors; and the possibility of setting a limit on the exercise value of non-cash variable compensation; and
• as to severance compensation, the period of service of the director or executive, the terms of his or her compensation during such service period, the company's performance during that period of service, the person's contribution towards the company's achievement of its goals and the maximization of its profits, and the circumstances under which the person is leaving the company.

The compensation policy must also include the following principles:

• the link between variable compensation and long-term performance and measurable criteria;
• the relationship between variable and fixed compensation, and the ceiling for the value of variable compensation at the time of its grant;
• the conditions under which a director or executive would be required to repay compensation paid to him or her if it was later determined that the information upon which such compensation was based was inaccurate and required to be restated in the company's consolidated financial statements;
• the minimum holding or vesting period for variable, equity-based compensation; and
• maximum limits for severance compensation.

The compensation policy must also consider appropriate incentives from a long-term perspective and maximum limits for severance compensation.

The compensation committee is responsible for: (1) recommending the compensation policy to a company's board of directors for its approval (and subsequent approval by the shareholders); and (2) duties related to the compensation policy and to the compensation of a company's office holders, including:

• recommending whether a compensation policy should continue in effect, if the then-current policy has a term of greater than three years (approval of either a new compensation policy or the continuation of an existing compensation policy must in any case occur every three years);
• recommending to the board of directors' periodic updates to the compensation policy;
• assessing implementation of the compensation policy;
• determining whether the terms of compensation of certain office holders of the company need not be brought to approval of the shareholders; and

Nasdaq Stock Market Requirements for Compensation Committee

Under Nasdaq rules, we are required to maintain a compensation committee consisting of at least two members, all of whom are independent. In addition, in affirmatively determining the independence of any director who will serve on the compensation committee of a board of directors, the board of directors must consider all factors specifically relevant to determining whether a director has a relationship to the company which is material to that director's ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a compensation committee member.

As noted above, the members of our compensation committee include Mr. Moshe Tal, Mr. Yehuda Halfon and Ms. Rakefet Remigolski, each of whom is "independent," as such term is defined under Nasdaq rules. Mr. Moshe Tal serves as the chairman of our compensation committee.

Internal Auditor

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of an Israeli public company must appoint an internal auditor nominated by the audit committee. Our internal auditor is Ms. Dana Gottesman CPA, CIA, MA and partner of Risk Advisory Services Group, BDO Consulting Group. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, whether a company's actions comply with the law and proper business procedure. The audit committee is required to oversee the activities, and to assess the performance of the internal auditor as well as to review the internal auditor's work plan. An internal auditor may not be an interested party or office holder, or a relative of any interested party or office holder, and may not be a member of the company's independent accounting firm or its representative. The Companies Law defines an interested party as a holder of 5% or more of the outstanding shares or voting rights of a company, any person or entity that has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager of the company or any person who serves as a director or as the general manager of a company. Our internal auditor is not our employee, but partner of a firm which specializes in internal auditing.

Remuneration of Directors

Under the Israeli Companies Law, remuneration of directors is subject to the approval of the compensation committee, thereafter by the board of directors and thereafter, unless exempted under the regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law or under our compensation policy, by the general meeting of the shareholders. In case the remuneration of the directors is in accordance with regulations applicable to remuneration of the external directors then such remuneration shall be exempt from the approval of the general meeting. Where the director is also a controlling shareholder, the requirements for approval of transactions with controlling shareholders apply.

Fiduciary Duties of Office Holders

The Israeli Companies Law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company.

The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the level of care with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care of an office holder includes a duty to use reasonable means to obtain:

• information on the advisability of a given action brought for his approval or performed by him by virtue of his position; and
• all other important information pertaining to these actions.

The duty of loyalty of an office holder requires an office holder to act in good faith and for the benefit of the company, and includes a duty

to:

• refrain from any conflict of interest between the performance of his duties in the company and his performance of his other duties or personal affairs;
• refrain from any action that is competitive with the company's business;
• refrain from exploiting any business opportunity of the company to receive a personal gain for himself or others; and
• disclose to the company any information or documents relating to the company's affairs which the office holder has received due to his position as an office holder.

Insurance

Under the Israeli Companies Law, a company may obtain insurance for any of its office holders against the following liabilities incurred due to acts he or she performed as an office holder, if and to the extent provided for in the company's articles of association:

• breach of his or her duty of care to the company or to another person, to the extent such a breach arises out of the negligent conduct of the office holder;
• a breach of his or her duty of loyalty to the company, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable cause to assume that his or her act would not prejudice the company's interests; and
• a financial liability imposed upon him or her in favor of another person.

We currently have directors' and officers' liability insurance, providing total coverage of \$10 million for the benefit of all of our directors and officers, in respect of which we paid a twelve-month premium of approximately \$148,000, which expires on August 14, 2023, as well as Public Offering of Securities Insurance (POSI) providing a total coverage of \$10 million for the benefit of all of our directors and officers, and covering a public offering of our securities on the Nasdaq Capital Market in August 2018, in respect of which we paid a seven-year premium of approximately \$120,000, which expires on August 21, 2025.

Indemnification

The Israeli Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, provide that a company may indemnify an office holder against the following liabilities and expenses incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder, either pursuant to an undertaking made in advance of an event or following an event, provided its articles of association include a provision authorizing such indemnification:

● a financial liability imposed on him or her in favor of another person by any judgment concerning an act performed in his or her capacity as an office holder, including a settlement or arbitrator's award approved by a court;

• reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys' fees, expended by the office holder (a) as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or proceeding, provided that (1) no indictment (as defined in the Companies Law) was filed against such office holder as a result of such investigation or proceeding; and (2) no financial liability as a substitute for the criminal proceeding (as defined in the Companies Law) was imposed upon him or her as a result of such investigation or proceeding, or, if such financial liability was imposed, it was imposed with respect to an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; or (b) in connection with a monetary sanction;
• reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys' fees, expended by the office holder or imposed on him or her by a court: (1) in proceedings that the company institutes, or that another person institutes on the company's behalf, against him or her; (2) in a criminal proceeding of which he or she was acquitted; or (3) as a result of a conviction for a crime that does not require proof of criminal intent; and
• expenses incurred by an office holder in connection with an Administrative Procedure under the Securities Law, including reasonable litigation expenses and reasonable attorneys' fees. An "Administrative Procedure" is defined as a procedure pursuant to chapters H3 (Monetary Sanction by the ISA), H4 (Administrative Enforcement Procedures of the Administrative Enforcement Committee) or I1 (Arrangement to prevent Procedures or Interruption of procedures subject to conditions) to the Securities Law.

The Israeli Companies Law also permits a company to undertake in advance to indemnify an office holder, provided that if such indemnification relates to financial liability imposed on him or her, as described above, then the undertaking should be limited and shall detail the following foreseen events and amount or criterion:

• to events that in the opinion of the board of directors can be foreseen based on the company's activities at the time that the undertaking to indemnify is made; and
• an amount or criterion determined by the board of directors, at the time of the giving of such undertaking to indemnify, to be reasonable under the circumstances.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with all of our directors and with all members of our senior management. Each such indemnification agreement provides the office holder with indemnification permitted under applicable law and up to a certain amount, and to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by directors and officer's insurance.

Exculpation

Under the Israeli Companies Law, an Israeli company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of his or her duty of loyalty, but may exculpate in advance an office holder from his or her liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of his or her duty of care (other than in relation to distributions), but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that we may exculpate, in whole or in part, any office holder from liability to us for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of his or her duty of care, but prohibit an exculpation from liability arising from a company's transaction in which our controlling shareholder or officer has a personal interest. Subject to the aforesaid limitations, under the indemnification agreements, we exculpate and release our office holders from any and all liability to us related to any breach by them of their duty of care to us to the fullest extent permitted by law.

Limitations

The Israeli Companies Law provides that we may not exculpate or indemnify an office holder nor enter into an insurance contract that would provide coverage for any liability incurred as a result of any of the following: (1) a breach by the office holder of his or her duty of loyalty unless (in the case of indemnity or insurance only, but not exculpation) the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice us; (2) a breach by the office holder of his or her duty of care if the breach was carried out intentionally or recklessly (as opposed to merely negligently); (3) any act or omission committed with the intent to derive an illegal personal benefit; or (4) any fine, monetary sanction, penalty or forfeit levied against the office holder.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders in a public company must be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors and, with respect to certain office holders or under certain circumstances, also by the shareholders.

Our amended and restated articles of association permit us to exculpate (subject to the aforesaid limitation), indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted or to be permitted by the Companies Law.

The foregoing descriptions summarize the material aspects and practices of our board of directors. For additional details, we also refer you to the full text of the Israeli Companies Law, as well as of our amended and restated articles of association, which articles are an exhibit to this annual report on Form 20-F, and are incorporated herein by reference.

There are no service contracts between the Company, on the one hand, and our directors in their capacity as directors, on the other hand, providing for benefits upon termination of service.

Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law

General

Under the Israeli Companies Law, we may approve an action by an office holder from which the office holder would otherwise have to refrain, as described above, if:

• the office holder acts in good faith and the act or its approval does not cause harm to the company; and
• the office holder disclosed the nature of his or her interest in the transaction (including any significant fact or document) to the company at a reasonable time before the company's approval of such matter.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder

The Israeli Companies Law requires that an office holder disclose to the company, promptly, and, in any event, not later than the board meeting at which the transaction is first discussed, any direct or indirect personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by:

• the office holder's relatives; or
• any corporation in which the office holder or his or her relatives holds 5% or more of the shares or voting rights, serves as a director or general manager or has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager.

An office holder is not, however, obliged to disclose a personal interest if it derives solely from the personal interest of his or her relative in a transaction that is not considered an extraordinary transaction. Under the Companies Law, an extraordinary transaction is a transaction:

• not in the ordinary course of business;
• not on market terms; or
• that is likely to have a material effect on the company's profitability, assets or liabilities.

The Israeli Companies Law does not specify to whom within us or the manner in which required disclosures are to be made. We require our office holders to make such disclosures to our board of directors.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, once an office holder complies with the above disclosure requirement, the board of directors may approve a transaction between the company and an office holder, or a third party in which an office holder has a personal interest, unless the articles of association provide otherwise and provided that the transaction is in the company's interest. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction in which an office holder has a personal interest, first the audit committee and then the board of directors, in that order, must approve the transaction. Under specific circumstances, shareholder approval may also be required. Generally, a person who has a personal interest in a matter which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not be present at such a meeting unless the chairman of the audit committee or board of directors (as applicable) determines that he or she should be present in order to present the transaction that is subject to approval. A director who has a personal interest in a transaction, which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee, may not be present at this meeting or vote on this matter, unless a majority of members of the board of directors or the audit committee, as the case may be, has a personal interest. If a majority of the board of directors has a personal interest, then shareholder approval is generally also required.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of a Controlling Shareholder

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the disclosure requirements that apply to an office holder also apply to a controlling shareholder of a public company. Extraordinary transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, including a private placement in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, as well as transactions for the provision of services whether directly or indirectly by a controlling shareholder or his or her relative, or a company such controlling shareholder controls, and transactions concerning the terms of engagement and compensation of a controlling shareholder or a controlling shareholder's relative, whether as an office holder or an employee, require the approval of the audit committee or the compensation committee, as the case may be, the board of directors and a majority of the shares voted by the shareholders of the company participating and voting on the matter in a shareholders' meeting, in that order. In addition, the shareholder approval must fulfill one of the following requirements:

• at least a majority of the shares held by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and are voting at the meeting must be voted in favor of approving the transaction, excluding abstentions; or
• the shares voted by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction who vote against the transaction represent no more than 2% of the voting rights in the company.

In addition, any extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest with a term of more than three years requires the abovementioned approval every three years; however, such transactions not involving the receipt of services or compensation can be approved for a longer term, provided that the audit committee determines that such longer term is reasonable under the circumstances.

The Israeli Companies Law requires that every shareholder that participates, in person, by proxy or by voting instrument, in a vote regarding a transaction with a controlling shareholder, must indicate in advance or in the ballot whether or not that shareholder has a personal interest in the vote in question. Failure to so indicate will result in the invalidation of that shareholder's vote.

The term "controlling shareholder" is defined in the Israeli Companies Law as a shareholder with the ability to direct the activities of the company, other than by virtue of being an office holder. A shareholder is presumed to be a controlling shareholder if the shareholder holds 50% or more of the voting rights in a company or has the right to appoint 50% or more of the directors of the company or its general manager. In the context of a transaction involving a related party, a controlling shareholder also includes a shareholder who holds 25% or more of the voting rights in the company if no other shareholder holds more than 50% of the voting rights in the company. For this purpose, the holdings of all shareholders who have a personal interest in the same transaction will be aggregated.

Approval of the Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

The compensation of, or an undertaking to indemnify, insure or exculpate, an office holder who is not a director requires the approval of the company's compensation committee, followed by the approval of the company's board of directors, and, if such compensation arrangement or an undertaking to indemnify, insure or exculpate is inconsistent with the company's stated compensation policy, or if the said office holder is the chief executive officer of the company (subject to a number of specific exceptions), then such arrangement is subject to the approval of our shareholders, subject to a Special Majority .

Directors. Under the Israeli Companies Law, the compensation of our directors requires the approval of our compensation committee, the subsequent approval of the board of directors and, unless exempted under the regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law or under our compensation policy, the approval of the general meeting of our shareholders. If the compensation of our directors is inconsistent with our stated compensation policy, then, provided that those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Israeli Companies Law have been considered by the compensation committee and board of directors, shareholder approval by a Special Majority will be required.

Executive officers other than the chief executive officer. The Companies Law requires the approval of the compensation of a public company's executive officers (other than the chief executive officer) in the following order: (i) the compensation committee, (ii) the company's board of directors, and (iii) only if such compensation arrangement is inconsistent with the company's stated compensation policy, the company's shareholders by a Special Majority. However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve a compensation arrangement with an executive officer that is inconsistent with the company's stated compensation policy, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders' decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide detailed reasons for their decision.

Chief executive officer. Under the Israeli Companies Law, the compensation of a public company's chief executive officer is required to be approved by: (i) the company's compensation committee; (ii) the company's board of directors, and (iii) the company's shareholders by a Special Majority. However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve the compensation arrangement with the chief executive officer, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders' decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide detailed reasons for their decision. In addition, the compensation committee may exempt the engagement terms of a candidate to serve as the chief executive officer from shareholders' approval, if the compensation committee determines that the compensation arrangement is consistent with the company's stated compensation policy, that the chief executive officer did not have a prior business relationship with the company or a controlling shareholder of the company, and that subjecting the approval to a shareholder vote would impede the company's ability to attain the candidate to serve as the company's chief executive officer (and provide detailed reasons for the latter).

The approval of each of the compensation committee and the board of directors, with regard to the office holders and directors above, must be in accordance with the company's stated compensation policy; however, under special circumstances, the compensation committee and the board of directors may approve compensation terms of a chief executive officer that are inconsistent with the company's compensation policy provided that they have considered those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law and that shareholder approval was obtained by a Special Majority requirement.

Duties of Shareholders

Under the Israeli Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to refrain from abusing his power in the company and to act in good faith and in an acceptable manner in exercising his rights and performing his obligations toward the company and other shareholders, including, among other things, in voting at general meetings of shareholders (and at shareholder class meetings) on the following matters:

• amendment of the articles of association;
• increase in the company's authorized share capital;
• merger; and
• the approval of related party transactions and acts of office holders that require shareholder approval.

A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from oppressing other shareholders. The remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply to a breach of the above-mentioned duties, and in the event of oppression of other shareholders, additional remedies are available to the injured shareholder.

In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder that knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder that, under a company's articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder, or has another power with respect to a company, is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, taking the shareholder's position in the company into account.

D. Employees.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 2 senior management positions on a full-time basis and one executive on part-time basis. All are engaged as employees. In addition to our senior management, we had approximately 50 employees, sub-contractor's employees and consultants, on full and part time basis, almost all of whom are located in Israel.

In sales and development/support activities we employed approximately 20 employees/consultants in each activity, while 14 employees were occupied in general, administrative and corporate activities. None of our employees is represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements.

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 60 employees, sub-contractor's employees and dedicated consultants world-wide. The majority of our employees and consultants were located in Israel, while 15 employees, sub-contractor's employees and consultants were located in Ukraine, United States, Spain, Germany and India.

On December 31, 2020, we had 63 full-time and part-time basis employees, sub-contractor's employees and dedicated consultants, most are located in Israel, and 18 were located in Ukraine, United States, Spain, Germany and India.

E. Share Ownership.

The following table lists as of March 24, 2023, the number of our shares beneficially owned by each of our office holders as a group:

	No. of Shares Beneficially Owned (1)	Percentage Owned (2)
Chen Katz (3)	261,250	*
Shachar Daniel (4)	493,210	1.5%
Shai Avnit (5)	273,831	*
Avi Rubinstein (6)	268,331	*
Rakefet Remigolski (7)	39,375	*
Yehuda Halfon (8)	39,375	*
Moshe Tal (9)	39,375	*
All office holders as a group (7 persons)		4.3%

* Less than 1%.

(1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Ordinary Shares relating to options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this table are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of the person holding such securities but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person. Except as indicated by footnote, and subject to community property laws where applicable, the persons named in the table above have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them.

• (2) The percentages shown are based on 32,947,810 Ordinary Shares as issued and outstanding as of March 24, 2023.
• (3) Includes 7,000 ADSs (70,000 Ordinary Shares) acquired through open market stock purchases and stock options to purchase 191,250 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price range between NIS 4.60 and NIS 6.04 per share that are exercisable within 60 days. In addition, Mr. Katz holds options to purchase 348,750 Ordinary Shares at exercise prices range between NIS 1.51 to NIS 6.04 per share that are not exercisable within 60 days. Mr. Katz's options have expiration dates ranging between September 15, 2030, to December 19, 2032. See also Item 7.A., with respect to certain Ordinary Shares over which the Chairman of the Company or another designee may exercise a proxy with respect to limited items. Such shares are not included in the table above, as they are based on the office of chairperson rather than Mr. Katz's personal beneficial ownership.
• (4) Includes 11,071 ADS's (110,710 Ordinary Shares) acquired through open market stock purchases, and stock options to purchase 382,500 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price range between NIS 4.60 and NIS 6.04 per share that are exercisable within 60 days. In addition, Mr. Daniel holds options to purchase 697,500 Ordinary Shares at exercise prices range between NIS 1.51 to NIS 6.04 per share that are not exercisable within 60 days. Mr. Daniel's options have expiration dates ranging from September 15, 2030, to December 19, 2032.
• (5) Includes 13,000 Ordinary Shares acquired through open market stock purchases and stock options to purchase 260,831 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price range between NIS 4.00 and NIS 6.04 per share that are exercisable within 60 days. In addition, Mr. Avnit holds options to purchase 459,169 Ordinary Shares at exercise prices range between NIS 1.27 to NIS 6.04 per share that are not exercisable within 60 days. Mr. Avnit's options have expiration dates ranging from August 2, 2030, to November 28, 2032.
• (6) Includes 750 ADSs (7,500 Ordinary Shares) acquired through open market stock purchases and stock options to purchase 260,831 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price range between NIS 4.00 and NIS 6.04 per share that are exercisable within 60 days, held by Orit Rubinstein, Mr. Rubinstein's wife. In addition, Mr. Rubinstein holds, through his wholly owned affiliate, options to purchase 109,165 Ordinary Shares at exercise prices range between NIS 1.51 to NIS 6.04 per share that are not exercisable within 60 days. Mr. Rubinstein's options have expiration dates ranging between August 2, 2030, to December 19, 2032.
• (7) Includes stock options to purchase 39,375 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price range between NIS 4.60 and NIS 6.04 per share that are exercisable within 60 days. In addition, Ms. Remigolski holds options to purchase 65,625 Ordinary Shares at exercise prices range between NIS 1.51 to NIS 6.04 per share that are not exercisable within 60 days. Ms. Remigolski's options have expiration dates ranging between September 15, 2030, to December 19, 2032.
• (8) Includes stock options to purchase 39,375 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price range between NIS 4.60 and NIS 6.04 per share that are exercisable within 60 days. In addition, Mr. Halfon holds options to purchase 65,625 Ordinary Shares at exercise prices range between NIS 1.51 to NIS 6.04 per share that are not exercisable within 60 days. Mr. Halfon's options have expiration dates ranging between September 15, 2030, to December 19, 2032.
• (9) Includes stock options to purchase 39,375 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price range between NIS 4.60 and NIS 6.04 per share that are exercisable within 60 days. In addition, Mr. Tal holds options to purchase 65,625 Ordinary Shares at exercise prices range between NIS 1.51 to NIS 6.04 per share that are not exercisable within 60 days. Mr. Tal's options have expiration dates ranging between September 15, 2030, to December 19, 2032.

Stock Option Plan – Global Equity Plan

We maintain one equity incentive plan – the Amended and Restated Global Incentive Plan, or the Global Incentive Plan. As of March 24, 2023, the number of Ordinary Shares reserved for the grant of options or restricted stock units under the plan was 620,829. In addition, options to purchase 6,640,425 Ordinary Shares were issued and outstanding, with exercise prices ranging between NIS 0.00 and NIS 6.28 (approximately \$1.75) per share.

Our Global Incentive Plan was adopted by our board of directors in July 2016, and expires in July 2026. Our employees, directors, officers, and services providers, including those who are our controlling shareholders, as well as those of our affiliated companies, are eligible to participate in this plan.

Our Global Incentive Plan is administered by our board of directors, regarding the granting of options, restricted shares or restricted share units and the terms of such grants, including exercise price, method of payment, vesting schedule, acceleration of vesting and the other matters necessary in the administration of this plan. Eligible Israeli employees, officers and directors, would qualify for provisions of Section 102(b)(2) of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance of 1961 (New Version), or the Tax Ordinance. Pursuant to such Section 102(b)(2), qualifying options and shares issued upon exercise of such options are held in trust and registered in the name of a trustee selected by the board of directors. The trustee may not release these options or shares to the holders thereof for two years from the date of the registration of the options in the name of the trustee. Under Section 102, any tax payable by an employee from the grant or exercise of the options is deferred until the transfer of the options or ordinary shares by the trustee to the employee or upon the sale of the options or ordinary shares, and gains may qualify to be taxed as capital gains at a rate equal to 25%, subject to compliance with specified conditions. Our Israeli non-employee service providers and controlling shareholders may only be granted options under Section 3(9) of the Tax Ordinance, which does not provide for similar tax benefits. The Global Equity Plan also permits granting options to Israeli grantees who do not qualify under Section 102(b)(2).

As a default, our Global Incentive Plan provides that upon termination of employment for any reason, other than in the event of death, retirement, disability or cause, all unvested options will expire and all vested options will generally be exercisable for 90 days following such termination, subject to the terms of the Global Incentive Plan and the governing option agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event the employment is terminated for cause (including, inter alia, due to dishonesty toward the Company or its affiliate, substantial malfeasance or nonfeasance of duty, unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, and conduct substantially prejudicial to the business of the Company or affiliate; or any substantial breach by the optionee of his or her employment or service agreement) all options granted to such employee, whether vested or unvested, will not be exercisable and will terminate on the date of the termination of his employment.

Upon termination of employment due to death or disability, all the options vested at the time of termination and within 60 days after the date of such termination, will generally be exercisable for 12 months, or such other period as determined by the plan administrator, subject to the terms of the Global Incentive Plan and the governing option agreement.

On January 20, 2019, our board of directors adopted an appendix to the Global Incentive Plan for U.S. residents, which was thereafter amended by the board of directors, with effect from September 22, 2022. Under this appendix, the Global Incentive Plan will provide for the granting of options to U.S. residents. The U.S. Global Incentive Plan and appendix have been approved by our shareholders on May 23, 2019.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

The following table presents as of March 24, 2023 (unless otherwise noted below), the beneficial ownership of our Ordinary Shares by each person who is known to us to be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of our outstanding Ordinary Shares (to whom we refer as our Major Shareholders).

Except where otherwise indicated, and except pursuant to community property laws, we believe, based on information furnished by such owners, that the beneficial owners of the shares listed below have sole investment and voting power with respect to, and the sole right to receive the economic benefit of ownership of, such shares. The shareholders listed below do not have any different voting rights from any of our other shareholders. We know of no arrangements that would, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our Company.

Name	Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned (1)	Percent of Class (2)
Roni Lev (3)	2,784,740	8.5%
Yotam Benattia (4)	2,784,740	8.5%

• (1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Ordinary Shares relating to options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of the date of this table are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of the person holding such securities but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person.
• (2) The percentage of outstanding ordinary shares is based on 32,628,044 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of November 23, 2022, the date on which the individuals in the table based their beneficial ownership in their Schedules 13G/A filed with the SEC as described in the following footnotes.
• (3) The beneficial ownership is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed by Mr. Lev with the SEC on February 8, 2023. The amounts set forth in the Schedule 13G/A are presented after giving effect to a change of ratio between the ADSs and the Company's Ordinary Shares, from a ratio of one (1) ADS to one (1) Ordinary Share to a new ratio of one (1) ADS to ten (10) Ordinary Shares that took place in November 2022. Mr. Lev also owns options to purchase 135,000 Ordinary Shares, of which 67,500 options are beneficially owned and the remainder of which vest equally over seven quarters beginning on May 25, 2023. Mr. Lev also received 192,866 Ordinary Shares in January 2023 pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, dated July 1, 2021, among Takoomi Ltd., Safe-T Group Ltd., CyberKick Ltd., Mr. Roni Lev and Mr. Yotam Benattia, which Ordinary Shares were not beneficially owned as of December 31, 2022.
• (4) The beneficial ownership is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed by Mr. Benattia with the SEC on February 8, 2023. The amounts set forth in the Schedule 13G/A are presented after giving effect to a change of ratio between the ADSs and the Company's Ordinary Shares, from a ratio of one (1) ADS to one (1) Ordinary Share to a new ratio of one (1) ADS to ten (10) Ordinary Shares that took place in November 2022. Mr. Benattia also owns options to purchase 135,000 Ordinary Shares, of which 67,500 options are beneficially owned and the remainder of which vest equally over seven quarters beginning on May 25, 2023. Mr. Benattia also received 192,866 Ordinary Shares in January 2023 pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, dated July 1, 2021, among Takoomi Ltd., Safe-T Group Ltd., CyberKick Ltd., Mr. Roni Lev and Mr. Yotam Benattia, which Ordinary Shares were not beneficially owned as of December 31, 2022.

Changes in Percentage Ownership by Major Shareholders

Over the course of 2022 and until March 24, 2023, there were no decreases in the percentage ownership of major shareholders. On the other hand, there were increases in the percentage ownership of some of our former major shareholders: (i) Mr. Roni Lev (from 6.4% to 8.5%), and (ii) Mr. Yotam Benattia (from 6.4% to 8.5%).

Over the course of 2021, there were decreases in the percentage ownership of some of our former major shareholders: (i) the entities affiliated with Alpha Capital Anstalt, or Alpha (from 9.9% to 4.99%), and (ii) the entities affiliated with Anson Funds Management LP, or Anson (from 5.2% to 0%). In addition, Mr. Lev and Mr. Benattia became major shareholders of the Company during 2021.

Over the course of 2020, there were decreases in the percentage ownership of some of our former major shareholders: the entities affiliated with Morgan Stanley (from 5.7% to 4.0%).

Record Holders

The number of record holders is not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our Ordinary Shares, as the shares of all shareholders for a publicly traded company such as ours which is listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange are recorded in the name of our Israeli share registrar, The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Nominee Company Ltd. Accordingly, as of March 24, 2023, there was one shareholder of record of our Ordinary Shares, which is located in Israel. Based upon a review of the information provided to us by The Bank of New York Mellon, the depository of the ADSs, as of March 22, 2023, there were 68 holders of record of the ADSs on record with the Depository Trust Company.

These numbers are not representative of the number of beneficial holders of our shares nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders reside, since many of these shares were held of record by brokers or other nominees.

The Company is not controlled by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any natural or legal persons except as set forth herein, and there are no arrangements known to the Company which would result in a change in control of the Company at a subsequent date.

B. Related Party Transactions

Employment and Services Agreements

We have entered into written employment or services agreements with each of our executive officers. All of these agreements contain customary provisions regarding noncompetition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law. In addition, we have entered into agreements with each executive officer and director pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify each of them up to a certain amount and to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by directors' and officers' insurance. Members of our senior management are eligible for bonuses each year. The bonuses are payable upon meeting objectives and targets that are set by our Chief Executive Officer and approved annually by our board of directors that also set the bonus targets for our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, all in accordance with our compensation policy.

Options

Since our inception, we have granted options to purchase our Ordinary Shares to our officers and directors. Such option agreements may contain acceleration provisions upon certain merger, acquisition, or change of control transactions. We describe our option plans under "Share Ownership—Stock Option Plans." If the relationship between us and an executive officer or a director is terminated, except for cause (as defined in the various option plan agreements), options that are vested will generally remain exercisable for three months after such termination.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION.

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.

See "Item 18. Financial Statements."

Legal Proceedings

On June 11, 2020, Bright Data filed an action alleging infringement by our wholly owned subsidiary, NetNut Ltd., of U.S. Patent Nos. 10,484,511 and 10,637,968, as well as claims of trade secret misappropriation. On June 18, 2021, Bright Data filed an action alleging infringement by NetNut of U.S. Patent Nos. 10,257,319 and 10,484,510. The action was also filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Marshall Division. Bright Data amended its complaint on October 11, 2021, to additionally assert infringement of the U.S. Patents Nos. 10,491,713, 11,050,852 and 11,044,346, as well as a claim for alleged false advertising. These actions were filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Marshal Division. Pursuant to separate settlement agreements between the parties, these cases were dismissed in December 2021 (without prejudice) and May 2022 (with prejudice), respectively.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our Ordinary Shares and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.

Payment of dividends may be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See "Item 10.E. Taxation", for additional information.

B. Significant Changes

No significant change, other than as otherwise described in this annual report on Form 20-F, has occurred in our operations since the date of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

Our ADSs are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market and TASE under the symbol "ALAR".

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

Our Ordinary Shares are listed on the TASE. Our ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

A copy of our amended and restated articles of association is attached as Exhibit 1.1 to this annual report on Form 20-F. The information called for by this Item is set forth in Exhibit 2(d) to this annual report on Form 20-F and is incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 20-F.

C. Material Contracts

Except as set forth below, we have not entered into any material contract within the two years prior to the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, or as otherwise described herein in "Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company" above, "Item 4.B. Business Overview" above, see "Item 5.B - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Change in cash and cash equivalents" above or "Item 7.A. Major Shareholders" above.

CyberKick Ltd. Acquisition

On July 1, 2021, we entered into a share and asset purchase agreement with CyberKick, pursuant to which on July 4, 2021 the Company acquired all of the outstanding share capital of CyberKick, a private Israeli company, which provides access tools and services for consumers. CyberKick is the legal holder of certain intangible assets which were transferred to it on the acquisition date. The initial consideration for the transaction was paid for in cash and with our Ordinary Shares, as set forth below.

In consideration for the purchased shares, we paid and agreed to pay to CyberKick's shareholders:

• Initial consideration paid on the closing of the transaction a combination of cash (\$3.7 million) and 4,062,045 Ordinary Shares (\$5.6 million); and
• A potential earn-out payment of up to \$3 million in total, subject to certain revenue targets of CyberKick during the first and second year following the closing of the transaction. We may decide, at our sole discretion, to pay the earn-out consideration in whole or in part in equity. On July 17, 2022, we paid the earn-out consideration with respect to the first year following the closing of the transaction with the issuance by the Company of a total of 2,181,009 Ordinary Shares in lieu of a cash payment entitlement in the amount of \$1.05 million.

As part of the terms of the share and asset purchase agreement, we have committed to support and accelerate CyberKick's growth by providing financing of \$2.5 million in the twenty-four (24) months following the acquisition.

United Mizrahi-Tefahot Bank Credit Line

We have drawn short-term bank loans out of a one-year credit line which was secured from United Mizrahi-Tefahot Bank on May 25, 2022, in a total amount of \$2 million. The credit facility is used predominantly to fund the operations and growth of our subsidiary, CyberKick, and as a result will reduce the usage of our own cash. Amounts drawn under the credit line bear interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 5.5% per annum, and are paid quarterly for the actual withdrawn balance. The credit line offers a three times multiple on eligible revenues, is secured against all of the assets of CyberKick., is guaranteed by us and includes a refundable deposit by us of \$500,000. Until March 24, 2023, CyberKick borrowed an amount of \$1.6 million out of the credit line.

Funding agreement with O.R.B. Spring Ltd.

On August 8, 2022, we signed a strategic funding agreement with O.R.B. of up to \$4,000,000 to support the further growth of our consumer access solutions. The funding is made through a series of cash installments through July 2024. Until March 24, 2023, the Company received aggregate funding of \$2.22 million.

We repay the funding using a revenue share model that is based on sales generated only from customers of the new consumer access solution acquired with each funding installment. Each such funding installment shall be repaid within two years and if the repayments do not cover 100% of the installments, then we will complete the remaining balances in cash or shares, at our sole discretion. Once the investment amount has been repaid in full, we and O.R.B shall share the attributed revenue in equal parts (50:50) until the lapse of five years after the date on which each installment was received by us. Until March 24, 2023, the Company repaid to O.R.B. an amount of approximately \$0.54 million from the sales that were generated as a result of the funding.

At the Market Offering

In November 2022, we entered into the Sales Agreement, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, through the Sales Agent ADSs, for an aggregate offering price of up to \$5 million. The ADSs will be offered and sold pursuant to the F-3, which became effective on March 15, 2021, and the prospectus supplement relating to the Sales Agreement, dated November 25, 2022. In that regard, we registered up to \$100,000,000 of the ADSs on such registration statement. Upon termination of the Sales Agreement, any portion of the \$5 million included in the Sales Agreement prospectus of the F-3 that is not sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant to the F-3, and if no ADSs are sold under the Sales Agreement, the full \$5 million of securities may be sold in other offerings pursuant to the F-3. As of March 24, 2023, we have sold 25,847 ADSs pursuant to the Sales Agreement, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately \$75 thousand.

D. Exchange Controls

There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on payments of dividends or other distributions with respect to our Ordinary Shares or the proceeds from the sale of the shares, except for the obligation of Israeli residents to file reports with the Bank of Israel regarding certain transactions. However, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.

The ownership or voting of our Ordinary Shares by non-residents of Israel, except with respect to citizens of countries that are in a state of war with Israel, is not restricted in any way by our memorandum of association or amended and restated articles of association or by the laws of the State of Israel.

E. Taxation.

ISRAELI TAX CONSIDERATIONS AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

The following is a summary of the material Israeli income tax consequences of the ownership of our Ordinary Shares. The following also contains a description of material relevant provisions of the current Israeli income tax aspects applicable to companies in Israel, with reference to its effect on us. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation, which has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, there can be no assurance that the tax authorities will accept the views expressed in the discussion in question. This summary is based on laws and regulations in effect as of the date hereof, and should not be taken, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations.

The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the ownership or disposition of our Ordinary Shares and ADSs. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of Ordinary Shares, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign or other taxing jurisdiction.

General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel

Israeli resident companies are generally subject to corporate tax, currently at the rate of 23%. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from a Preferred Enterprise (as discussed below) may be considerably less.

Capital gains derived by an "Israeli resident company" are subject to tax at the regular corporate tax rate. Under Israeli tax legislation, a corporation will be considered as an "Israeli resident company" if it meets one of the following: (i) it was incorporated in Israel; or (ii) the control and management of its business are exercised in Israel.

Tax Benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959

The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, generally referred to as the Investment Law, provides certain incentives for capital investments in production facilities (or other eligible assets).

The Investment Law was significantly amended several times over the recent years, with the three most significant changes effective as of April 1, 2005, or "the 2005 Amendment", as of January 1, 2011, or "the 2011 Amendment", and as of January 1, 2017, or "the 2017 Amendment". Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, tax benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to its revision by the 2005 Amendment remain in force but any benefits granted subsequently are subject to the provisions of the amended Investment Law. Similarly, the 2011 Amendment introduced new benefits to replace those granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law in effect prior to the 2011 Amendment. However, companies entitled to benefits under the Investment Law as in effect prior to January 1, 2011 were entitled to choose to continue to enjoy such benefits, provided that certain conditions are met, or elect instead, irrevocably, to forego such benefits and have the benefits of the 2011 Amendment apply. The 2017 Amendment introduces a new tax incentives regime mainly for Technological Enterprises. According to a transitional provision stipulated by the Investment Law, the new tax incentives regime that will apply alongside the existing tax benefits under the 2011 Amendment for a transition period ending on June 30, 2021, after which the new tax regime shall apply exclusively.

Tax Benefits under the 2011 Amendment

On December 29, 2010, the Israeli Parliament approved the 2011 Amendment. The 2011 Amendment significantly revised the tax incentive regime in Israel and commenced on January 1, 2011.

The 2011 Amendment canceled the availability of the tax benefits granted under the Investment Law prior to 2011 and, instead, introduced new tax benefits for income generated by a "Preferred Company" through its "Preferred Enterprise" (as such terms are defined in the Investment Law) as of January 1, 2011, or "the Preferred Enterprise Regime". The definition of a Preferred Company includes, inter alia, a company incorporated in Israel that (i) is not wholly owned by a governmental entity (ii) owns a Preferred Enterprise, and (iii) is controlled and managed from Israel.

A Preferred Company is entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 16% with respect to its income derived from its Preferred Enterprise, unless the Preferred Enterprise is located in development area A, in which case the rate will be 7.5% (our operations are currently not located in development area A).

Dividends paid out of income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise are generally subject to withholding tax at the source at the rate of 20%, or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority, or the ITA, allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if the funds are subsequently distributed to individuals or to non-Israeli residents (individuals and corporations), the withholding tax would apply).

If in the future we generate taxable income, to the extent that we qualify as a "Preferred Company," the benefits provided under the Investment Law could potentially reduce our corporate tax liabilities.

Tax Benefits under the 2017 Amendment

The 2017 Amendment was enacted as part of the Economic Efficiency Law that was published on December 9, 2016, and is effective as of January 1, 2017. The 2017 Amendment provides new tax benefit to Preferred companies for two types of "Technological Enterprises" – "Preferred Technological Enterprises," or PTEs and "Special Preferred Technological Enterprises," or SPTEs, as described below.

According to the new incentives regime, a company that complies with the terms under the PTE or SPTE regime may be entitled to certain tax benefits with respect to its preferred technological income, which is income that is generated during the company's regular course of business and derived from a benefitted intangible asset (as determined in the Investments Law), excluding income derived from intangible assets used for marketing and income attributed to production activity.

In order to calculate the preferred technological income, the PTE or the SPTE is required to take into account the income and the research and development expenses that are attributed to each single preferred intangible asset, product or group of products (as defined in the Investment Law). Nevertheless, it should be noted that the transitional provisions allow companies to take into account the income and research and development expenses attributed to all of the benefitted intangible assets they have, until December 31, 2021.

A PTE is a Preferred Technological Enterprise that meets certain conditions, including the following: (i) the company's average research and development expenses in the three years prior to the current tax year must be greater than or equal to 7% of its total revenue or exceed NIS 75 million per year; and (ii) the company must also satisfy at least one of the following conditions: (a) at least 20% of the workforce (or at least 200 employees) are employed in research and development; (b) a venture capital investment of an amount equivalent to at least NIS 8 million (approximately \$2.3 million) was previously made in the company and the company has not changed its field of business since this investment was made; (c) during the three years prior to the tax year, the number of employees or the company's revenue grew on average by 25% in relation to the preceding year and the company had at least 50 employees in each tax year or the company's revenue was equivalent to at least NIS 10 million (approximately \$2.9 million) in each year, respectively; (d) conditions sets by the IIA; (e) the company is part of a group of companies having aggregate annual revenues of equivalent to less than NIS 10 billion (approximately\$2.9 billion); and (f) the enterprise is a Competitive Enterprise according to the Investment Law.

An SPTE is an enterprise that meets the qualification terms of PTE (as stated above), except as provided in paragraph (e) of the above definition, i.e. is part of a group of companies having aggregate annual revenues equivalent to at least NIS 10 billion (approximately \$ 2.9 billion).

Preferred Technological income of a PTE, which is the portion of technological income derived from the benefitted intangible asset developed in Israel, satisfying the required conditions, will be subject to a corporate tax rate of 12% unless the PTE is located in certain peripheral parts of Israel in which case the rate will be 7.5%. Preferred Technological income of an SPTE, satisfying the required conditions, will be subject to a corporate tax rate of 6% with respect to the portion of technological income derived from benefitted intangible asset developed in Israel, regardless of the company's geographical location within Israel.

In addition, a PTE will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain benefitted intangible assets (as defined in the Investment Law) to a related foreign company if the benefitted intangible asset was acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017 for at least NIS 200 million, and the sale received prior approval from the IIA. An SPTE will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain benefitted intangible asset (as defined in the Investment Law) to a related foreign company if the benefitted intangible asset was created by the SPTE or acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017, and the sale received prior approval from the IIA. An SPTE that acquires Benefited Intangible assets from a foreign company for more than NIS 500 million will be eligible for these benefits for at least ten years, subject to certain approvals as specified in the Investment Law.

The withholding tax on dividends distributed by PTE or SPTE will be 4% for dividends paid to a foreign parent company holding at least 90% of the shares of the distributing company and other conditions are met. For other dividend distributions, the withholding tax rate will be 20% (or a lower rate under a tax treaty, if applicable, subject to receiving an approval from the ITA). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if the funds are subsequently distributed to individuals or to non-Israeli residents – i.e. individuals and corporations, the withholding tax would apply).

The Regulations for the Encouragement of Capital Investments (Preferred Technology Income and Capital Profits for a Technological Enterprise), 5717 – 2017, or Regulations, describe, inter alia, the mechanism used to determine the calculation of the benefits under the PTE and under the SPTE Regime. According to the Regulations, a company that complies with the terms under the PTE/SPTE regime may be entitled to certain tax benefits with respect to income generated during the company's regular course of business and derived from the preferred benefitted intangible asset (as determined in the Investments Law), excluding income derived from intangible assets used for marketing and income attributed to production activity.

In the event that intangible assets used for marketing purposes generate income, which exceeds 10% of the technological income from the benefitted intangible asset, the relevant portion, calculated using a transfer pricing study, would be subject to regular corporate income tax. If such income does not exceed 10%, the PTE or SPTE will not be required to attribute income to the marketing intangible asset.

The Regulations set a presumption of direct production expenses plus 10% with respect to income related to production, which can be countered by the results of a supporting transfer pricing study. Tax rates applicable to such production income expenses will be similar to the tax rates under the Preferred Enterprise regime, to the extent such income would be considered as eligible (as discussed above).

We are continuously examining the impact of the 2017 Amendment and the degree to which we will qualify as a Preferred Technology Enterprise, and the amount of Preferred Technology Income that we may have, or other benefits that we may receive from the 2017 Amendment, upon becoming an entity that generates a taxable income.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969

The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969, generally referred to as the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for "Industrial Companies." The Industry Encouragement Law defines an "Industrial Company" as an Israeli resident-company that was incorporated in Israel, of which 90% or more of its income in any tax year, other than income from defense loans, is derived from an "Industrial Enterprise" that it owns and located in Israel or in the "Area", in accordance with the definition under section 3A of the Ordinance. An "Industrial Enterprise" is defined as an enterprise whose principal activity in a given tax year is industrial production. The following corporate tax-related benefits, among others, are available to Industrial Companies:

• amortization of the cost of purchased a patent, rights to use a patent, and know-how, which are used for the development or promotion of the Industrial Enterprise, over an eight-year period;
• the right to elect, under limited conditions, to file consolidated tax returns with related Israeli Industrial Companies;
• A straight-line deduction of expenses related to a public offering over a three-year period commencing in the year of the offering; and
• Accelerated depreciation rates on certain equipment and buildings.

Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not contingent upon approval of any governmental authority. There is no assurance that we qualify as an Industrial Company or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.

The Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovations in the Industry Law, 5722-1984

We have in the past received royalty-bearing grants from the IIA for research and development programs that meet specified criteria pursuant to the Innovation Law. We were eligible for grants of 50% of the project's expenditure, as determined by the research committee, in exchange for the payment of royalties from the revenues generated from the sale of products and related services developed, in whole or in part pursuant to, or as a result of, a research and development program funded by the IIA. Due to the grant we are subject to certain conditions and limitations as set in the IIA's approval and the Innovation Law, and among others, we are obligated to pay royalties to the IIA from the revenues generated from the sale of products and related services developed, in whole or in part, pursuant to, or as a result of, a research and development program funded by the IIA, until 100% of the U.S dollar-linked grants we received from the IIA plus annual LIBOR interest is repaid. Nonetheless, the sum of royalties that we may be required to pay, may be higher in certain circumstances, such as when the manufacturing activity/ know-how is transferred outside of Israel.

Nonetheless, the restrictions under the Innovation Law (as generally specified below) will continue to apply even after our company has repaid the grants, including accrued interest, in full.

The main obligations under the Innovation Law which are applicable to us as a grant recipient are:

Local manufacturing obligation: The terms of the Innovation Law require that the manufacture of products developed with IIA grants be performed in Israel correspondingly to the original manufacture percentage in Israel in the approved grant application. Manufacturing activity may not be transferred outside of Israel, unless the prior approval of the IIA is received. However, this does not restrict the export of products that incorporate the funded technology. Ordinarily, as a condition to obtaining approval to manufacture outside Israel, we would be required to pay royalties at an increased rate and increased royalties cap between 120% and 300% of the grants, depending on the manufacturing volume that is performed outside Israel. The transfer of no more than 10% of the manufacturing capacity in the aggregate outside of Israel requires submission of a notification to the IIA and is exempt under the Innovation Law from obtaining the prior approval of the IIA. A company requesting funds from the IIA also has the option of declaring in its IIA grant application its intention to perform part of its manufacturing outside Israel, thus avoiding the need to obtain additional approval.

Transfer of know-how outside of Israel: The know-how developed with support of the IIA grants may not be transferred to third parties outside Israel without the prior approval of the IIA. The approval, however, is not required for the export of any products developed using grants received from the IIA. The IIA approval to transfer know-how created, in whole or in part, in connection with an IIA-funded project, to a third party outside Israel is subject to payment of a redemption fee to the IIA calculated according to a formula provided under the Innovation Law that is based, in general, on the ratio between the aggregate IIA grants received by the grant recipient (including the accrued interest) and the aggregate investments by the grant recipient in the project that was funded by these IIA grants, multiplied by the value of the funded know how (taking into account any depreciation in accordance with a formula set forth in the Innovation Law) less any royalties already paid to IIA. The regulations promulgated under the Innovation Law establish a cap of the redemption fee payable to the IIA under the above mentioned formulas and differentiate between two situations: (i) in the event that the funded company sells its IIA funded know-how, in whole or in part, or is sold as part of a merger and acquisition transaction, and subsequently ceases to conduct business in Israel, the maximum redemption fee under the above mentioned formulas will be no more than six times the total grants received from the IIA, plus accrued interest; and (ii) in the event that following the transactions described above the company undertakes to continue its research and development activity in Israel for at least three years following such transfer and maintain at least 75% of its research and development staff employees it had for the six months before the know-how was transferred, while keeping the same scope of employment for such research and development staff, then the company is eligible for a reduced cap of the redemption fee of no more than three times the amounts received (plus accrued interest) for the applicable know-how being transferred, or the entire amount received from the IIA, as applicable. Upon payment of such redemption fee, the know-how and the production rights for the products supported by such funding cease to be subject to the Innovation Law.

Transfer of such funded know-how to an Israeli entity is subject to the IIA approval and to an undertaking of the recipient Israeli entity to comply with the provisions of the Innovation Law and related regulations, including the restrictions on the transfer of know-how and the obligation to pay royalties, as further described in the Innovation Law and related regulations.

A recipient of grants under the Innovation Law is allowed to enter into licensing arrangements or grant other rights in know-how developed under IIA programs outside of Israel, subject to the prior consent of IIA and payment of license fees, calculated in accordance with the relevant rules, of not more than six times the amount of the grants received by the grant's recipient (plus accrued interest) for the applicable know-how being transferred. In cases where the payment for the license to use the intellectual property is made in instalments, a portion of each instalment will be paid as a license fee in accordance with relevant rules. The payment of the license fees will not discharge the grant recipient from the obligations to pay royalties or other payments to the IIA.

Certain reporting obligations: A recipient of grants under the Innovation Law is required to notify to IIA of certain events enumerated in the Innovation Law. In addition, the IIA may from time to time audit sales of products by companies which received funding from the IIA and this may lead to additional royalties being payable on additional product candidates.

Tax Benefits for Research and Development under Income Tax Ordinance of 1961 (New Version)

The Tax Ordinance allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction for expenditures, including capital expenditures, for the year in which they are incurred. Expenditures are deemed related to scientific research and development projects, if:

• The research was approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research;
• The research and development must be for the promotion of the company; and
• The research and development is carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such tax deduction.

The amount of such deductible expenses is reduced by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects. No deduction under these research and development deduction rules is allowed if such deduction is related to an expense invested in an asset depreciable under the general depreciation rules of the Ordinance. Expenditures not so approved are deductible in equal amounts over three years.

Taxation of our Shareholders

The following is a summary of the material Israeli tax consequences concerning the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares by our shareholders. This summary does not discuss all the aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of such investors include residents of Israel or traders in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. Because parts of this discussion are based on new tax legislation that has not yet been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the appropriate tax authorities or the courts will accept the views expressed in this discussion. The discussion below is subject to change, including due to amendments under Israeli law or changes to the applicable judicial or administrative interpretations of Israeli law, which change could affect the tax consequences described below.

Capital Gains

Capital gain tax is imposed on the disposal of capital assets by an Israeli resident, and on the disposal of such assets by a non-Israeli resident if those assets are either (i) located in Israel; (ii) are shares or a right to a share in an Israeli resident corporation, or (iii) represent, directly or indirectly, rights to assets located in Israel. The Israeli Income Tax Ordinance, distinguishes between "Real Capital Gain" and the "Inflationary Surplus" Real Capital Gain is the excess of the total capital gain over Inflationary Surplus, which is computed generally on the basis of the increase in the Israeli Consumer Price Index or the foreign exchange rate differences in certain cases, between the date of purchase and the date of disposal. Inflationary Surplus generally is not subject to tax in Israel.

Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Israeli Resident Shareholders

Real Capital Gain accrued by Israeli individuals on the sale of our Ordinary Shares will be taxed at the rate of 25%, unless the individual shareholder is a "Substantial Shareholder" (i.e., a person who holds, directly or indirectly, alone or together with such person's relative or another person who collaborates with such person on a permanent basis, 10% or more of one of the Israeli resident company's means of control (including, among other things, the right to receive profits of the company, voting rights, the right to receive the company's liquidation proceeds and the right to appoint a director)) at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12 months period, such real capital gain will be taxed at the rate of 30%.

Furthermore, where an individual claimed real interest expenses and linkage differences on securities, the capital gain on the sale of the securities will be liable to a rate of 30%, this, until the determination of provisions and conditions for the deduction of real interest expenses and linkage differences under section 101A(a)(9) and 101A(b) of the Tax Ordinance.

Real Capital Gain derived by corporations will be generally subject to the regular corporate tax rate (23% in 2018 and thereafter).

Individual shareholders whose income from the sale of securities considered as business income are taxed at the marginal tax rates applicable to business income – up to 47% in 2018 (not including the excess tax).

Either the purchaser, the Israeli stockbrokers or financial institution through which the shares are held, is obliged to withhold tax in the amount of consideration paid upon the sale of securities (or the Real Capital Gain realized on the sale, if known) at the Israeli corporate tax rate (23% in 2018 and thereafter) or 25% in case the seller is an individual. The individual or the company may provide an approval from the ITA for a reduced tax withholding rate, according to the applicable rate.

At the sale of securities traded on a stock exchange, a detailed return, including a computation of the tax due, must be filed and an advance payment must be made on January 31 and July 31 of every tax year in respect of sales of securities made within the previous six months. However, if all tax due was withheld at source according to applicable provisions of the Ordinance and regulations promulgated thereunder, the aforementioned return need not be filed and no advance payment must be paid. Capital gain is also reportable on the annual income tax return.

Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Resident Shareholders.

Non-Israeli resident shareholders are generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any capital gains from the sale, exchange or disposition of our Ordinary Shares, provided that the following cumulative conditions are met: (i) the shares were purchased upon or after the registration of the securities on the stock exchange in Israel, and (ii) the seller does not have a permanent establishment in Israel to which the derived capital gain is attributed. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemption if Israeli residents: (i) have, directly or indirectly, along or together with another, a controlling interest of more than 25% of any of the means of control in such non-Israeli corporation or (ii) are the beneficiaries of, or are entitled to, 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly.

In addition, such exemption would not be available to a person whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the securities are deemed to be business income.

Additionally, a sale of shares by a non-Israeli resident may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA). For example, under Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the State of Israel with respect to Taxes on Income, as amended, or the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, the sale, exchange or other disposition of shares by a shareholder who is (i) a United States resident (for purposes of the treaty); (ii) holding the shares as a capital asset and (iii) is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such a resident by the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, or a Treaty U.S. Resident, is generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax unless either: (i) the capital gain arising from the such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to a permanent establishment of the Treaty U.S. Resident maintained in Israel, under certain terms; (ii) such Treaty U.S. Resident holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of the voting capital during any part of the 12-month period preceding the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to certain conditions; (iii) such Treaty U.S. Resident is an individual and was present in Israel for 183 days or more during the relevant taxable year; or (iv) the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel. In any of these cases, the sale, exchange or disposition of our Ordinary Shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable. However, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, such Treaty U.S. Resident would be permitted to claim a credit for the tax against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations in U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits.

In some instances where our shareholders may be liable for Israeli tax on the sale of their Ordinary Shares or ADSs, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at source. Specifically, in transactions involving a sale of all of the shares of an Israeli resident company, in the form of a merger or otherwise, the ITA may require from shareholders who are not liable for Israeli tax to sign declarations in forms specified by this authority or obtain a specific exemption from the ITA to confirm their status as non-Israeli resident, and, in the absence of such declarations or exemptions, may require the purchaser of the shares to withhold taxes at source.

Shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale.

Dividends

A distribution of dividends from income, which is not attributed to a Preferred Enterprise, to an Israeli resident individual, will generally be subject to income tax at a rate of 25%. However, a 30% tax rate will apply if the dividend recipient is a "Substantial Shareholder" (as defined above) at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12 months period. If the recipient of the dividend is an Israeli resident corporation, such dividend will be exempt from income tax provided the income from which such dividend is distributed was derived or accrued within Israel.

Non-Israeli residents are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares or ADSs at the rate of 25%, which tax will be withheld at source, unless relief is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder's country of residence.

With respect to a person who is a Substantial Shareholder at the time of receiving the dividend or on any time during the preceding 12 months, the applicable tax rate is 30%, unless a reduced tax rate is provided under an applicable tax treaty.

For example, under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum rate of tax withheld at source in Israel on dividends paid to a holder of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs who is a Treaty U.S. Resident is 25%. However, generally, the maximum rate of withholding tax on dividends, not generated by a Preferred Enterprise, that are paid to a U.S. corporation holding 10% or more of the outstanding voting capital throughout the tax year in which the dividend is distributed as well as during the previous tax year, is 12.5%, provided that not more than 25% of the gross income for such preceding year consists of certain types of dividends and interest and if a certificate for a reduced withholding tax rate is obtained in advance from the ITA. We cannot assure you that we will designate the profits that we may distribute in a way that will reduce shareholders' tax liability.

A non-Israeli resident who receives dividend income derived from or accrued in Israel, from which the full amount of tax was withheld at source is generally exempt from the obligation to file tax returns in Israel with respect to such income, provided that (i) such income was not generated from business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed, and (iii) the taxpayer is not obliged to pay excess tax (as further explained below).

Payers of dividends on our common shares, including the Israeli stockbroker effectuating the transaction, or the financial institution through which the securities are held, are generally required, subject to any of the foregoing exemptions, reduced tax rates and the demonstration of a shareholder regarding his, her or its foreign residency, and subject to a certificate for a reduced withholding tax rate from the ITA, to withhold tax upon the distribution of dividend at the rate of 25%, so long as the shares are registered with a Nominee Company (for corporations and individuals).

Excess Tax

Individuals who are subject to tax in Israel are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual income exceeding a certain threshold (NIS 651,600 for 2020) which amount is linked to the annual change in the Israeli CPI), including, but not limited to income derived from dividends, interest and capital gains.

Estate and Gift Tax

Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.

U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

THE FOLLOWING SUMMARY IS INCLUDED HEREIN FOR GENERAL INFORMATION AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE, AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED TO BE, LEGAL OR TAX ADVICE. EACH U.S. HOLDER SHOULD CONSULT WITH HIS OR HER OWN TAX ADVISOR AS TO THE PARTICULAR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND SALE OF ORDINARY SHARES AND AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF APPLICABLE STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN OR OTHER TAX LAWS AND POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE TAX LAWS.

Subject to the limitations described in the next paragraph, the following discussion summarizes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to a "U.S. Holder" arising from the purchase, ownership and sale of the Ordinary Shares and ADSs. For this purpose, a "U.S. Holder" is a holder of Ordinary Shares or ADSs that is: (1) an individual citizen or resident of the United States, including an alien individual who is a lawful permanent resident of the United States or meets the substantial presence residency test under U.S. federal income tax laws; (2) a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) or a partnership (other than a partnership that is not treated as a U.S. person under any applicable U.S. Treasury regulations) created or organized under the laws of the United States or the District of Columbia or any political subdivision thereof; (3) an estate, the income of which is includable in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of source; (4) a trust if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust; or (5) a trust that has a valid election in effect to be treated as a U.S. person to the extent provided in U.S. Treasury regulations.

This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to a decision to purchase our Ordinary Shares or ADSs. This summary generally considers only U.S. Holders that will own our Ordinary Shares or ADSs as capital assets. Except to the limited extent discussed below, this summary does not consider the U.S. federal tax consequences to a person that is not a U.S. Holder, nor does it describe the rules applicable to determine a taxpayer's status as a U.S. Holder. This summary is based on the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, final, temporary and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, and the U.S./Israel Income Tax Treaty, all as in effect as of the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis, and all of which are open to differing interpretations. We will not seek a ruling from the IRS with regard to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in our Ordinary Shares or ADSs by U.S. Holders and, therefore, can provide no assurances that the IRS will agree with the conclusions set forth below.

This discussion does not address all of the aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a particular U.S. holder based on such holder's particular circumstances and in particular does not discuss any estate, gift, generation-skipping, transfer, state, local, excise or foreign tax considerations. In addition, this discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a U.S. Holder who is: (1) a bank, life insurance company, regulated investment company, or other financial institution or "financial services entity;" (2) a broker or dealer in securities or foreign currency; (3) a person who acquired our Ordinary Shares or ADSs in connection with employment or other performance of services; (4) a U.S. Holder that is subject to the U.S. alternative minimum tax; (5) a U.S. Holder that holds our Ordinary Shares or ADSs as a hedge or as part of a hedging, straddle, conversion or constructive sale transaction or other risk-reduction transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes; (6) a taxexempt entity; (7) real estate investment trusts or grantor trusts; (8) a U.S. Holder that expatriates out of the United States or a former long-term resident of the United States; or (9) a person having a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar. This discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a U.S. Holder that owns, directly or constructively, at any time, Ordinary Shares or ADSs representing 10% or more of our voting power. Additionally, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of partnerships (or other pass-through entities) or persons who hold Ordinary Shares or ADSs through a partnership or other pass-through entity are not addressed.

Each prospective investor is advised to consult his or her own tax adviser for the specific tax consequences to that investor of purchasing, holding or disposing of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs, including the effects of applicable state, local, foreign or other tax laws and possible changes in the tax laws.

Taxation of Dividends Paid on Ordinary Shares or ADSs

We do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. In the event that we do pay dividends, and subject to the discussion under the heading "Passive Foreign Investment Companies" below and the discussion of "qualified dividend income" below, a U.S. Holder, other than certain U.S. Holder's that are U.S. corporations, will be required to include in gross income as ordinary income the amount of any distribution paid on Ordinary Shares or ADSs (including the amount of any Israeli tax withheld on the date of the distribution), to the extent that such distribution does not exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The amount of a distribution which exceeds our earnings and profits will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital, reducing the U.S. Holder's tax basis for the Ordinary Shares to the extent thereof, and then capital gain. We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles and, therefore, U.S. Holders should expect that the entire amount of any distribution generally will be reported as dividend income.

In general, preferential tax rates for "qualified dividend income" and long-term capital gains are applicable for U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts. For this purpose, "qualified dividend income" means, inter alia, dividends received from a "qualified foreign corporation." A "qualified foreign corporation" is a corporation that is entitled to the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which includes an exchange of information program. The IRS has stated that the Israel/U.S. Tax Treaty satisfies this requirement, and we believe we are eligible for the benefits of that treaty.

In addition, our dividends will be qualified dividend income if our Ordinary Shares or ADSs are readily tradable on the Nasdaq Capital Market or another established securities market in the United States. Dividends will not qualify for the preferential rate if we are treated, in the year the dividend is paid or in the prior year, as a PFIC, as described below under "Passive Foreign Investment Companies." A U.S. Holder will not be entitled to the preferential rate: (1) if the U.S. Holder has not held our Ordinary Shares or ADSs for at least 61 days of the 121 day period beginning on the date which is 60 days before the ex-dividend date, or (2) to the extent the U.S. Holder is under an obligation to make related payments on substantially similar property. Any days during which the U.S. Holder has diminished its risk of loss on our Ordinary Shares or ADSs are not counted towards meeting the 61-day holding period. Finally, U.S. Holders who elect to treat the dividend income as "investment income" pursuant to Code section 163(d)(4) will not be eligible for the preferential rate of taxation.

The amount of a distribution with respect to our Ordinary Shares or ADSs will be measured by the amount of the fair market value of any property distributed, and for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the amount of any Israeli taxes withheld therefrom. Cash distributions paid by us in NIS will be included in the income of U.S. Holders at a U.S. dollar amount based upon the spot rate of exchange in effect on the date the dividend is includible in the income of the U.S. Holder, and U.S. Holders will have a tax basis in such NIS for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to such U.S. dollar value. If the U.S. Holder subsequently converts the NIS into U.S. dollars or otherwise disposes of it, any subsequent gain or loss in respect of such NIS arising from exchange rate fluctuations will be U.S. source ordinary exchange gain or loss.

Taxation of the Disposition of Ordinary Shares or ADSs

Except as provided under the PFIC rules described below under "Passive Foreign Investment Companies," upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs, a U.S. Holder will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between such U.S. Holder's tax basis for the Ordinary Shares or ADSs in U.S. dollars and the amount realized on the disposition in U.S. dollar (or its U.S. dollar equivalent determined by reference to the spot rate of exchange on the date of disposition, if the amount realized is denominated in a foreign currency). The gain or loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Ordinary Shares or ADSs will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder has a holding period of more than one year at the time of the disposition. Individuals who recognize long-term capital gains may be taxed on such gains at reduced rates of tax. The deduction of capital losses is subject to various limitations.

Passive Foreign Investment Companies

Special U.S. federal income tax laws apply to U.S. taxpayers who own shares of a corporation that is a PFIC. We will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year that either:

• 75% or more of our gross income (including our pro rata share of gross income for any company, in which we are considered to own 25% or more of the shares by value), in a taxable year is passive; or
• At least 50% of our assets, averaged over the year and generally determined based upon fair market value (including our pro rata share of the assets of any company in which we are considered to own 25% or more of the shares by value) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income.

For this purpose, passive income generally consists of dividends, interest, rents, royalties, annuities and income from certain commodities transactions and from notional principal contracts. Cash is treated as generating passive income.

We believe that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year and do not expect to become a PFIC in the foreseeable future. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually, and it is difficult to make accurate projections of future income and assets which are relevant to this determination. In addition, our PFIC status may depend in part on the market value of our Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we currently are not or will not become a PFIC.

If we currently are or become a PFIC, each U.S. Holder who has not elected to mark the shares to market (as discussed below), would, upon receipt of certain distributions by us and upon disposition of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs at a gain: (1) have such distribution or gain allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder's holding period for the Ordinary Shares or ADSs, as the case may be; (2) the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any period prior to the first day of the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and (3) the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. In addition, when shares of a PFIC are acquired by reason of death from a decedent that was a U.S. Holder, the tax basis of such shares would not receive a step-up to fair market value as of the date of the decedent's death, but instead would be equal to the decedent's basis if lower, unless all gain were recognized by the decedent. Indirect investments in a PFIC may also be subject to these special U.S. federal income tax rules.

The PFIC rules described above would not apply to a U.S. Holder who makes a QEF election for all taxable years that such U.S. Holder has held the Ordinary Shares or ADSs while we are a PFIC, provided that we comply with specified reporting requirements. Instead, each U.S. Holder who has made such a QEF election is required for each taxable year that we are a PFIC to include in income such U.S. Holder's pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income and such U.S. Holder's pro rata share of our net capital gains as long-term capital gain, regardless of whether we make any distributions of such earnings or gain. In general, a QEF election is effective only if we make available certain required information. The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis and generally may be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. We do not intend to notify U.S. Holders if we believe we will be treated as a PFIC for any tax year. In addition, we do not intend to furnish U.S. Holders annually with information needed in order to complete IRS Form 8621 and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our Subsidiaries are a PFIC. Therefore, the QEF election will not be available with respect to our Ordinary Shares or ADSs.

In addition, the PFIC rules described above would not apply if we were a PFIC and a U.S. Holder made a mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs which are regularly traded on a qualifying exchange, including the Nasdaq Capital Market, can elect to mark the Ordinary Shares or ADSs to market annually, recognizing as ordinary income or loss each year an amount equal to the difference as of the close of the taxable year between the fair market value of the Ordinary Shares or ADSs and the U.S. Holder's adjusted tax basis in the Ordinary Shares or ADSs. Losses are allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included income by the U.S. Holder under the election for prior taxable years.

U.S. Holders who hold our Ordinary Shares or ADSs during a period when we are a PFIC will be subject to the foregoing rules, even if we cease to be a PFIC. U.S. Holders are strongly urged to consult their tax advisors about the PFIC rules.

Tax on Net Investment Income

U.S. Holders who are individuals, estates or trusts will generally be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax on their net investment income (including dividends on and gains from the sale or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs), or in the case of estates and trusts on their net investment income that is not distributed. In each case, the 3.8% Medicare tax applies only to the extent the U.S. Holder's total adjusted income exceeds applicable thresholds.

Tax Consequences for Non-U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares or ADSs

Except as provided below, an individual, corporation, estate or trust that is not a U.S. Holder referred to below as a non-U.S. Holder, generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on the payment of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, our Ordinary Shares or ADSs.

A non-U.S. Holder may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a dividend paid on our Ordinary Shares or ADSs or gain from the disposition of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs if: (1) such item is effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. Holder of a trade or business in the United States and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed place of business in the United States; or (2) in the case of a disposition of our Ordinary Shares or ADSs, the individual non-U.S. Holder is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition and other specified conditions are met.

In general, non-U.S. Holders will not be subject to backup withholding with respect to the payment of dividends on our Ordinary Shares or ADSs if payment is made through a paying agent, or office of a foreign broker outside the United States. However, if payment is made in the United States or by a U.S. related person, non-U.S. Holders may be subject to backup withholding, unless the non-U.S. Holder provides an applicable IRS Form W-8 (or a substantially similar form) certifying its foreign status, or otherwise establishes an exemption.

The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a non-U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against such holder's U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Information Reporting and Withholding

A U.S. Holder may be subject to backup withholding at a rate of 24% with respect to cash dividends and proceeds from a disposition of Ordinary Shares or ADSs. In general, backup withholding will apply only if a U.S. Holder fails to comply with specified identification procedures. Backup withholding will not apply with respect to payments made to designated exempt recipients, such as corporations and tax-exempt organizations. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and may be claimed as a credit against the U.S. federal income tax liability of a U.S. Holder, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Pursuant to recently enacted legislation, a U.S. Holder with interests in "specified foreign financial assets" (including, among other assets, our Ordinary Shares or ADSs, unless such Ordinary Shares or ADSs are held on such U.S. Holder's behalf through a financial institution) may be required to file an information report with the IRS if the aggregate value of all such assets exceeds \$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or \$75,000 at any time during the taxable year (or such higher dollar amount as may be prescribed by applicable IRS guidance); and may be required to file a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts if the aggregate value of the foreign financial accounts exceeds \$10,000 at any time during the calendar year. You should consult your own tax advisor as to the possible obligation to file such information report.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We are subject to certain information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, applicable to foreign private issuers and under those requirements will file reports with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our filings with the SEC will also available to the public through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly and current reports and consolidated financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we will file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, or such applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual report on Form 20-F containing consolidated financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, and may submit to the SEC, on a Form 6-K, unaudited quarterly financial information.

In addition, since our Ordinary Shares are traded on the TASE, we have filed Hebrew language periodic and immediate reports with, and furnish information to, the TASE and the ISA, as required under Chapter Six of the Securities Law. Copies of our filings with the ISA can be retrieved electronically through the MAGNA distribution site of the ISA (www.magna.isa.gov.il) and the TASE website (www.maya.tase.co.il).

We maintain a corporate website https://alarum.io/. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website and the other websites referenced above do not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F. We have included these website addresses in this annual report on Form 20-F solely as inactive textual references.

I. Subsidiary Information.

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders.

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In the ordinary course of our operations, we are exposed to certain market risks, primarily changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our current investment policy is to invest available cash in bank deposits with banks that have a credit rating of at least A-minus. Accordingly, a substantial majority of our cash is held in deposits that bear interest. Given the current low rates of interest we receive, we will not be adversely affected if such rates are reduced. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of NIS/U.S. dollar exchange rates, which is discussed in detail in the following paragraph.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our sales contracts are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. A material portion of our operating expenses is incurred outside the United States and can be denominated in foreign currencies and are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the NIS. Additionally, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may cause us to recognize transaction gains and losses in our statement of operations. The effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates on monetary assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 can be material to our financial condition or results of operations. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses and exchange rate fluctuations have not been material to our consolidated financial statements, and we have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging transactions.

As our international operations grow, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing this risk. In addition, currency fluctuations or a weakening U.S. dollar can increase the costs of our non-U.S. expansion as well as the Israeli headquarters costs.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities.

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights.

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities.

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Fees and Expenses

Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or ADS holders must pay:	For:
\$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs).	Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property.
	Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates.
\$.05 (or less) per ADS.	Any cash distribution to ADS holders.
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs.	Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders.
\$.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year.	Depositary services.
Registration or transfer fees.	Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares.
Expenses of the depositary.	Cable and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement). Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars.
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes.	As necessary.
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents	As necessary.

for servicing the deposited securities.

The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services provided to us by the depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency dealers or other service providers that are owned by or affiliated with the depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or commissions.

The depositary may convert currency itself or through any of its affiliates and, in those cases, acts as principal for its own account and not as agent, advisor, broker or fiduciary on behalf of any other person and earns revenue, including, without limitation, transaction spreads, that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on, among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under the deposit agreement and the rate that the depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign currency for its own account. The depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained in any currency conversion under the deposit agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders, subject to the depositary's obligations under the deposit agreement. The methodology used to determine exchange rates used in currency conversions is available upon request.

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. Based on a material weakness identified in the Company's internal control over financial reporting as described below as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information required to be included in periodic filings under the Exchange Act and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on that assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2022, due to ineffective controls over period end financial reporting, which is considered as a "material weakness".

As defined in Regulation 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, a "material weakness" is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented, or detected on a timely basis.

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021, as of December 31, 2021, our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective due to the following material weaknesses: (i) inadequate segregation of duties consistent with control objectives; and (ii) ineffective controls over period-end financial reporting. In response to these material weaknesses, we implemented a remediation plan.

As part of such remediation plan, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we recruited additional personnel with a requisite level of qualification and experience, including accounting and finance employees with the specific technical accounting and financial reporting experience necessary for a public company, including a corporate controller and a controller. We have recruited these personnel after considering the appropriateness of each individual's experience and believe that these personnel are qualified to serve in their current respective roles. In addition, we implemented additional control activities related to the period-end financial reporting process, such as assigning clear roles and responsibilities for accounting and financial reporting staff, enhancing internal controls related to accounting and financial reporting and hiring a qualified consultant to assess compliance of the Company's financial reporting processes, as well as the design and implementation of effective internal control over period end financial reporting and in order to create adequate segregation of duties.

Based on the actions taken, we concluded that the material weakness related to inadequate segregation of duties previously identified was remediated as of December 31, 2022. However, as it relates to the Company's other material weakness, ineffective controls over period end financial reporting, we believe the remediation actions described above improved our internal control over financial reporting, but we still require validation and testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting cycles, and therefore concluded that as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective.

(c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting due to an exemption for emerging growth companies provided in the JOBS Act.

(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we have implemented measures to remediate identified material weaknesses, as described above. Other than such measures, there were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. [Reserved].

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that each member of our audit committee is an audit committee financial expert, as defined under the rules under the Exchange Act, and is independent in accordance with applicable Exchange Act rules and Nasdaq Stock Market rules.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a written code of ethics that applies to our directors, executive officers and employees. Our Code of Business Ethics is posted on our website at https://www.alarum.io. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F and is not incorporated by reference herein. If we make any amendment to the Code of Business Ethics or grant any waivers, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website to the extent required by the rules and regulations of the SEC including the instructions to Item 16B of Form 20-F. We have not granted any waivers under our Code of Business Ethics.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Kesselman & Kesselman, a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, has served as our principal independent registered public accounting firm for each of the two years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table provides information regarding fees paid by us to Kesselman & Kesselman, a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited for all services, including audit services, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Audit fees(1)	\$ 157,750	\$	125,000
Audit-related fees	-		-
Tax fees(2)	5,000		5,000
All other fees	-		-
Total	\$ 162,750	\$	130,000

(1) This category includes services such as consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC as well as fees related to our registration statements and public offering.

(2) Includes professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance and tax advice on actual or contemplated transactions.

Pre-Approval of Auditors' Compensation

Our audit committee has a pre-approval policy for the engagement of our independent registered public accounting firm to perform certain audit and non-audit services. Pursuant to this policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, the audit committee pre-approves annually a catalog of specific audit and non-audit services in the categories of audit services, audit-related services and tax services that may be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm. If a type of service, that is to be provided by our auditors, has not received such general pre-approval, it will require specific pre-approval by our audit committee. The policy prohibits retention of the independent registered public accounting firm to perform the prohibited non-audit functions defined in applicable SEC rules.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT'S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

As a result of the listing of the ADSs on the Nasdaq Capital Market we are required to comply with the Nasdaq Stock Market rules. Under those rules, we may elect to follow certain corporate governance practices permitted under the Companies Law in lieu of compliance with corresponding corporate governance requirements otherwise imposed by the Nasdaq Stock Market rules for U.S. domestic issuers.

In accordance with Israeli law and practice and subject to the exemption set forth in Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, we have elected to follow the provisions of the Companies Law, rather than the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, with respect to the following requirements:

• Distribution of periodic reports to shareholders; proxy solicitation. As opposed to the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, which require listed issuers to make such reports available to shareholders in one of a number of specific manners, Israeli law does not require us to distribute periodic reports directly to shareholders, and the generally accepted business practice in Israel is not to distribute such reports to shareholders but to make such reports available through a public website. In addition to making such reports available on a public website, we currently make our audited consolidated financial statements available to our shareholders at our offices and will only mail such reports to shareholders upon request. As a foreign private issuer, we are generally exempt from the SEC's proxy solicitation rules.
• Quorum. While the Nasdaq Stock Market rules require that the quorum for purposes of any meeting of the holders of a listed company's common voting stock, as specified in the company's bylaws, be no less than 33 1/3% of the company's outstanding common voting stock, under Israeli law, a company is entitled to determine in its articles of association the number of shareholders and percentage of holdings required for a quorum at a shareholders meeting. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that a quorum of two or more shareholders holding at least 15% of the voting rights in person or by proxy is required for commencement of business at a general meeting. However, the quorum set forth in our amended and restated articles of association with respect to an adjourned meeting consists of at least one shareholders present in person or by proxy.
• Compensation of officers. Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association do not require that the independent members of our board of directors (or a compensation committee composed solely of independent members of our board of directors) determine an executive officer's compensation, as is generally required under the Nasdaq Stock Market rules with respect to the chief executive officer and all other executive officers. Instead, compensation of executive officers is determined and approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors, and in certain circumstances by our shareholders, either in consistency with our office holder compensation policy or, in special circumstances in deviation therefrom, taking into account certain considerations stated in the Companies Law.

Shareholder approval is generally required for officer compensation in the event (i) approval by our board of directors and our compensation committee is not consistent with our office holder compensation policy, or (ii) compensation required to be approved is that of our chief executive officer or an executive officer who is also the controlling shareholder of our company (including an affiliate thereof). Such shareholder approval shall require a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, provided either (i) such majority includes a majority of the shares held by non-controlling shareholders who do not otherwise have a personal interest in the compensation arrangement that are voted at the meeting, excluding for such purpose any abstentions disinterested majority, or (ii) the total shares held by non-controlling and disinterested shareholders voted against the arrangement does not exceed 2% of the voting rights in our company.

Additionally, approval of the compensation of an executive officer who is also a director requires a simple majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders meeting, if consistent with our office holder compensation policy. Our compensation committee and board of directors may, in special circumstances, approve the compensation of an executive officer (other than a director or a controlling shareholder) or approve the compensation policy despite shareholders' objection, based on specified arguments and taking shareholders' objection into account. Our compensation committee may further exempt an engagement with a nominee for the position of chief executive officer, who meets the non-affiliation requirements set forth for an external director, from requiring shareholder approval, if such engagement is consistent with our office holder compensation policy and our compensation committee determines based on specified arguments that presentation of such engagement to shareholder approval is likely to prevent such engagement. To the extent that any such transaction with a controlling shareholder is for a period exceeding three years, approval is required once every three years.

A director or executive officer may not be present when the board of directors of a company discusses or votes upon a transaction in which he or she has a personal interest, except in case of ordinary transactions, unless the chairman of the board of directors determines that he or she should be present to present the transaction that is subject to approval.

• Shareholder approval. We will seek shareholder approval for all corporate actions requiring such approval under the requirements of the Companies Law, rather than seeking approval for corporation actions in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635. In particular, under this Nasdaq Stock Market rule, shareholder approval is generally required for: (i) an acquisition of shares/assets of another company that involves the issuance of 20% or more of the acquirer's shares or voting rights or if a director, officer or 5% shareholder has greater than a 5% interest in the target company or the consideration to be received; (ii) the issuance of shares leading to a change of control; (iii) adoption/amendment of equity compensation arrangements (although under the provisions of the Companies Law there is no requirement for shareholder approval for the adoption/amendment of the equity compensation plan); and (iv) issuances of 20% or more of the shares or voting rights (including securities convertible into, or exercisable for, equity) of a listed company via a private placement (and/or via sales by directors/officers/5% shareholders) if such equity is issued (or sold) below a specified minimum price. By contrast, under the Companies Law, shareholder approval is required for, among other things: (i) transactions with directors concerning the terms of their service or indemnification, exemption and insurance for their service (or for any other position that they may hold at a company), for which approvals of the compensation committee, board of directors and shareholders are all required, (ii) extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders of publicly held companies, which require the Special Majority, and (iii) terms of employment or other engagement of the controlling shareholder of us or such controlling shareholder's relative, which require special approval. In addition, under the Companies Law, a merger requires approval of the shareholders of each of the merging companies.
• Approval of Related Party Transactions. All related party transactions are approved in accordance with the requirements and procedures for approval of interested party acts and transaction as set forth in the Companies Law, which requires the approval of the audit committee, or the compensation committee, as the case may be, the board of directors and shareholders, as may be applicable, for specified transactions, rather than approval by the audit committee or other independent body of our board of directors as required under the Nasdaq Stock Market rules.
• Independent directors. Israeli law does not require that a majority of the directors serving on our board of directors be "independent," as defined under Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2), and rather requires we have at least two external directors who meet the requirements of the Companies Law, as described above under "Item 6.C. Board Practices—External Directors." We are required, however, to ensure that all members of our audit committee are "independent" under the applicable Nasdaq and SEC criteria for independence (as we cannot exempt ourselves from compliance with that SEC independence requirement, despite our status as a foreign private issuer), and we must also ensure that a majority of the members of our audit committee are "unaffiliated directors" as defined in the Companies Law. Furthermore, Israeli law does not require, nor do our independent directors conduct, regularly scheduled meetings at which only they are present, which the Nasdaq Stock Market rules otherwise require.
• Annual Shareholders Meeting. As opposed to the Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5620(a), which mandates that a listed company hold its annual shareholders meeting within one year of the company's fiscal year-end, we are required, under the Companies Law, to hold an annual shareholders' meeting each calendar year and within 15 months of the last annual shareholders meeting.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide consolidated financial statements and related information pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements and the related notes required by this Item are included in this annual report on Form 20-F beginning on page F-1.

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS.

Exhibit	Description
1.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Association of Alarum Technologies Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 99.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on January 12, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference).
2.1	Form of Amended and Restated Deposit Agreement (filed as Exhibit 1 to the Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to Form F-6 (File No. 333-218251) filed on July 31, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference).
2.2	Description of Securities (filed herewith).
4.1	Form of Indemnification Agreement (filed as Exhibit 99.1.B to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on August 21, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.2	The Alarum Technologies Ltd. Amended and Restated Global Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on September 23, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.2.1	U.S. Sub-Plan to the Alarum Technologies Ltd. Amended and Restated Global Incentive Plan (filed as Exhibit 99.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on September 23, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.3	The Alarum Technologies Ltd. Amended and Restated Compensation Policy (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to Form 6-K, File No. 001-38610, filed on September 15, 2020), and incorporated herein by reference).
4.4	Series A Warrant to Purchase Ordinary Shares of Safe-T Group Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on August 10, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.
4.5	Series B Warrant to Purchase Ordinary Shares of Safe-T Group Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on August 10, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.6	Amended and Restated Series C Warrant to Purchase Ordinary Shares of Safe-T Group Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on October 28, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.7	Amended and Restated Series D Warrant to Purchase Ordinary Shares of Safe-T Group Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on October 28, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.8	Agreement dated August 8, 2022, by and between Safe-T Group Ltd. and O.R.B. Spring Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on August 10, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.9	Credit Facility dated May 25, 2022, by and between CyberKick Ltd. and Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on May 26, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.10	ATM Sales Agreement dated November 25, 2022, by and between Safe-T Group Ltd. and ThinkEquity LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on November 25, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.6	Registration Rights Agreement dated August 30, 2019, by and among Alarum Technologies Ltd. and the Purchasers (filed as Exhibit 99.4 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on August 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.7	Registration Rights Agreement dated October 31, 2019, by and among Alarum Technologies Ltd. and the Purchasers (filed as Exhibit 99.3 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on November 12, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.8	Registration Rights Agreement dated December 23, 2019, by and among Alarum Technologies Ltd. and the Purchasers (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on December 30, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.9	Share Purchase Agreement dated July 1, 2021, by and among Alarum Technologies Ltd., CyberKick Ltd., Mr. Roni Lev and Mr. Yotam Benattia (filed as Exhibit 99.6 to Form 6-K (File No. 001-38610) filed on November 16, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference).*
8.1	List of Subsidiaries (filed herewith).
12.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
12.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
13.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 (furnished herewith).
13.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 (furnished herewith).
15.1	Consent of Kesselman & Kesselman, a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, with respect to the financial statements of Safe-T Group Ltd (filed herewith).
101	The following financial information from the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Position; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and in detail.

• 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline iXBRL document).
• * Certain identified information in the exhibit has been excluded from the exhibit because it is both (i) not material and (ii) is the type that Alarum Technologies Ltd. treats as private or confidential.

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on Form 20-F filed on its behalf.

ALARUM TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

By: /s/ Shachar Daniel

Shachar Daniel Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 31, 2023

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB name: Kesselman & Kesselman
C.P.A.s and PCAOB ID: 1309)	F-2
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-6 – F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8 – F-50

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Alarum Technologies Ltd.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Alarum Technologies Ltd. (formerly known as Safe-T Group Ltd.) and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Substantial Doubt about the Company's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1(d) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has cash outflows from operating activities that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1(d). The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Kesselman & Kesselman Certified Public Accountants (Isr.) A member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited Tel-Aviv, Israel March 31, 2023

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

			December 31
		2022	2021
	Note	U.S. dollars in thousands
Assets
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	5	3,290	3,828
Accounts receivable:
Trade, net	6	1,790	1,496
Other		760	713
Short-term restricted deposits	11	560	-
Short-term investments	4	-	5,887
		6,400	11,924
NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Long-term restricted deposits		127	84
Long-term deposit		21	65
Other non-current assets	12	228	-
Property and equipment, net	7	92	119
Right of use assets	14	190	451
Intangible assets, net	8	4,884	7,013
Goodwill	8	10,429	10,998
		15,971	18,730
TOTAL ASSETS		22,371	30,654
Liabilities and equity
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable and accruals:
Trade		2,167	1,219
Other	10	2,350	2,839
Short-term bank loans	11	1,606	-
Current maturities of long-term loans	12	617	-
Contract liabilities		1,170	514
Derivative financial instruments		26	488
Short-term lease liabilities	14	204	365
		8,140	5,425
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES: Long-term contract liabilities		-	18
Long-term lease liabilities	14	13	197
Long-term loans	12	606	-
Deferred tax liabilities	9(d)	301	645
Liability in respect of the Israeli Innovation Authority		-	182
		920	1,042
TOTAL LIABILITIES		9,060	6,467
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES	13
EQUITY:	17
Ordinary shares		-	-
Share premium		95,077	91,112
Other equity reserves		15,042	16,732
Accumulated deficit		(96,808)	(83,657)
TOTAL EQUITY		13,311	24,187
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES		22,371	30,654

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF PROFIT OR LOSS

		Year ended December 31
		2022	2021	2020
			U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
	Note		and per share data)
REVENUES	19a	18,779	10,281	4,886
COST OF REVENUES	19b	8,652	5,145	2,499
GROSS PROFIT		10,127	5,136	2,387
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Research and development expenses Selling and marketing expenses	20 21	4,033 12,187	4,771 8,348	2,202 4,215
General and administrative expenses	22	6,762	7,013	4,197
Impairment of goodwill		569	700	2,759
Contingent consideration measurement	13	-	(684)	345
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES		23,551	20,148	13,718
OPERATING LOSS		(13,424)	(15,012)	(11,331)
FINANCIAL EXPENSE		(531)	(121)	(308)
FINANCIAL INCOME		477	1,063	3,548
FINANCIAL INCOME (EXPENSE), net	23	(54)	942	3,240
LOSS BEFORE TAXES ON INCOME		(13,478)	(14,070)	(8,091)
TAX BENEFIT	9	327	945	246
NET LOSS FOR THE YEAR		(13,151)	(13,125)	(7,845)
BASIC LOSS PER SHARE (IN DOLLARS)	24	(0.42)	(0.48)	(0.71)
DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE (IN DOLLARS)	24	(0.42)	(0.48)	(0.84)
WEIGHTED AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES OUTSTANDING USED TO COMPUTE (IN THOUSANDS):
BASIC	24	31,594	27,106	11,074
DILUTED	24	31,594	27,106	12,985

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

	Ordinary shares
	Number of shares	Amount	Share premium	Other equity reserves	Accumulated deficit	Total
					U.S. dollars in thousands (except number of share and per share data)
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2020	1,409,788	-	52,394	13,070	(62,687)	2,777
CHANGES IN THE YEAR 2020:
Exercise of options	6,282	-	8	(8)	-	-
Exercise of warrants and pre-funded warrants	11,243,212	-	10,506	(6,835)	-	3,671
Expiry of options	-	-	9	(9)	-	-
Share-based payments	-	-	-	742	-	742
Conversion of convertible debentures Public offerings, net of issuance costs of	1,109,708	-	3,414	-	-	3,414
\$1,563 thousand	4,383,600	-	5,161	8,296	-	13,457
Net loss for the year	-	-	-	-	(7,845)	(7,845)
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2021	18,152,590	-	71,492	15,256	(70,532)	16,216
CHANGES IN THE YEAR 2021:
Exercise of options	69,804	-	105	(105)	-	-
Exercise of warrants	3,090,900	-	4,881	(1,172)	-	3,709
Expiry of options	-	-	84	(84)	-	-
Share-based payments	-	-	-	2,345	-	2,345
Issuance of shares in a business combination	4,062,045	-	5,808	-	-	5,808
Direct registered offerings, net of issuance costs of \$527 thousand	4,615,000	-	8,731	492	-	9,223
Issuance of shares for service provider	10,000	-	11	-	-	11
Net loss for the year	-	-	-	-	(13,125)	(13,125)
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2022	30,000,339	-	91,112	16,732	(83,657)	24,187
CHANGES IN THE YEAR 2022:
Exercise of options	46,561	-	64	(64)	-	-
Exercise of pre-funded warrants	260,000	-	492	(492)	-	-
Expiry of options	-	-	2,255	(2,255)	-	-
Share-based payments	-	-	-	2,171	-	2,171
Issuance of shares for service provider	140,135	-	104	-	-	104
Issuance of shares related to payment of
earn-out consideration	2,181,009	-	1,050	(1,050)	-	-
Net loss for the year	-	-	-	-	(13,151)	(13,151)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2022	32,628,044	-	95,077	15,042	(96,808)	13,311

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
		U.S. dollars in thousands
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss for the year	(13,151)	(13,125)	(7,845)
Adjustments required to reflect the cash flows from operating activities:
Effect of exchange rate differences on cash and cash equivalents and restricted deposits
balances	139	(80)	227
Depreciation and amortization	2,043	1,785	1,363
Israeli Innovation Authority liability	(182)	-	-
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets	1,022	700	2,759
Change in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss	(462)	(1,644)	(2,987)
Change in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss	199	(43)	-
Interest income related to financial assets at fair value through profit or loss	(16)	(37)	-
Share-based payments	1,679	2,356	742
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	-	2	-
Lease interest	11	102	85
Interest expenses related to long-term loan	172	-	-
Interest expenses related to short-term bank loans	39	-	-
Interest expenses related to convertible debentures	-	-	86
	4,644	3,141	2,275
Changes in operating asset and liability items:
Decrease (increase) in trade receivables	(294)	(851)	46
Decrease (increase) in other receivables	(3)	218	(315)
Increase in trade payables	948	944	25
Increase (decrease) in other payables	(489)	1,523	(165)
Decrease in deferred tax liabilities	(344)	(973)	(247)
Increase (decrease) in contract liabilities	638	17	(301)
			(957)
	456	878
Net cash used in operating activities	(8,051)	(9,106)	(6,527)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Business combination, net of cash acquired	-	(3,700)	(1,070)
Purchase of short-term investments	(19)	(5,844)	-
Sale of short-term investments	5,707	-	-
Right-of-use assets	(6)	(9)	-
Investment in long-term deposit	-	(6)	(6)
Investment in short-term restricted deposits	(560)	-	-
Investment in long-term restricted deposits	(54)	-	-
Repayment of restricted deposits	-	-	28
Repayment of long-term restricted deposits	2	-	-
Interest income related to financial assets at fair value through profit or loss	16	37	-
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	-	3	-
Purchase of intangible assets	-	(204)	(100)
Purchase of property and equipment	(49)	(73)	(41)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	5,037	(9,796)	(1,189)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollars in thousands
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from public and private offerings	-	9,750	15,020
Offering costs in connection with public and private offerings	-	(527)	(1,563)
Israeli Innovation Authority	-	-	(8)
Proceeds from exercise of options, warrants and pre-funded warrants	-	3,709	3,671
Short-term bank loans received	2,700	-	-
Repayment of short-term bank loans	(1,100)	-	(4)
Payment of contingent consideration	-	(915)	(1,600)
Long-term loans received	1,667	-	-
Long-term loans interest payments	(172)	-	-
Long-term loans principal payments	(75)	-	-
Interest expenses related to short-term bank loans	(33)	-	-
Repayment of convertible debentures	-	-	(680)
Lease interest payments	(11)	(102)	(85)
Lease principal payments	(373)	(275)	(126)
Net cash provided by financing activities	2,603	11,640	14,625
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	(411)	(7,262)	6,909
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES ON CASH AND CASH
EQUIVALENTS	(127)	73	(233)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR	3,828	11,017	4,341
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR	3,290	3,828	11,017
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Conversion of convertible debenture into ordinary shares and warrants	-	-	4,778
Shares issued in a business combination	-	5,808	-
Contingent consideration assumed in a business combination	-	-	684
Acquisition of right-of-use assets	40	198	336

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 - GENERAL:

• a. Effective January 8, 2023, Safe-T Group Ltd. changed its name to Alarum Technologies Ltd. (collectively referred to with its whollyowned subsidiaries as the "Company"). The Company is a global provider of internet access solutions to consumers and enterprises.
• b. The Company's ordinary shares are listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange ("TASE") and as of August 17, 2018, the Company's American Depositary Shares ("ADSs") are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market.
• c. On October 18, 2022, the Company's board of directors approved the change of the ratio between the ordinary share of the Company and the ADS, from 1:1 to 10:1, such that each ADS will be equal to 10 ordinary shares (the "Ratio Change"). The Ratio Change became effective on November 8, 2022. This operation does not affect the Company's ordinary share capital. All descriptions of the Company's ADS's in these consolidated financial statements, including ADS's amounts and per ADS amounts, are presented after giving effect to the Ratio Change.
• d. The Company has suffered recurring losses from operations, has an accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2022, as well as cash outflows from operating activities in recent years. The Company expects to continue incurring losses and negative cash flows from operations until its products reach commercial profitability. The Company monitors its cash flow projections on a current basis and takes active measures to obtain the funding it requires to continue its operations. These cash flow projections are subject to various risks and uncertainties concerning their fulfilment. These factors and the risk inherent in the Company's operations may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

As a U.S. SEC registrant, the Company is required to have its financial statements audited in accordance with Public Company Oversight Board ("PCAOB") standards. References in these IFRS financial statements to matters that may cast significant doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern also raise substantial doubt as contemplated by the PCAOB standards.

Management's plans include the continued commercialization of the Company's products and raising capital through the sale of additional equity securities, debt or capital inflows from strategic partnerships. There are no assurances, however, that the Company will be successful in obtaining the level of financing needed for its operations. If the Company is unsuccessful in commercializing its products and raising capital, it may need to reduce activities, curtail or cease operations.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 2 - INTERESTS IN OTHER ENTITIES:

Set forth below are details regarding the Company's subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022:

Name of company	In this report	Principal place of business	Nature of business activities	Percentage held directly by the Company	Rate of shares held by the Company
Safe-T Data A.R Ltd.	Safe-T	Israel	Enterprise cybersecurity	100%	100%
NetNut Ltd.	NetNut	Israel	Enterprise internet access (5)	100%	100%
NetNut Networks Inc. (1)	NetNut Inc.	USA	Enterprise internet access (5)	-	100%
NetNut Networks LLC (2)	NNNW	USA	Enterprise internet access (5)	-	100%
CyberKick Ltd.	CyberKick	Israel	Consumer internet access (6)	100%	100%
Spell Me Ltd.	Spell Me	Seychelles	Consumer internet access (6)	-	100%
iShield Inc.	iShield	USA	Consumer internet access (6)	-	100%
RoboVPN Inc. (3)	RoboVPN	USA	Consumer internet access (6)	-	100%
RoboVPN Technologies Ltd. (4)	Robo VPN Tech	Cyprus	Consumer internet access (6)	-	100%

(1) Formerly Safe-T USA Inc. Merged on January 9, 2023 with NNNW

(2) Formerly known as Chi Cooked LLC. Merged on January 9, 2023 with NetNut Inc.

(3) Incorporated on February 16, 2022

(4) Incorporated on July 1, 2022

(5) Formerly known as enterprise privacy

(6) Formerly known as consumer cybersecurity and privacy

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

a. Basis of presentation of financial statements

The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, are in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"), and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. The consolidated financial statements comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. In connection with the presentation of these consolidated financial statements, the following should be noted:

• 1) The significant accounting policies described below have been applied consistently to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
• 2) The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, as modified by the revaluation of financial liabilities (including derivatives) at fair value through profit or loss, which are presented at fair value.
• 3) The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires the Company's management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. Actual results may differ materially from estimates and assumptions used by management. The Company's critical accounting estimates and policies are impairment of goodwill, fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed through business combinations and revenue recognition (gross versus net basis). See Note 3 for further information.

b. Consolidated financial statements

Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Company has control. The Company controls an entity when the Company is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases. Intercompany balances and transactions, including income and expenses on transactions between the Company's subsidiaries, are eliminated. The accounting policies applied by the subsidiaries are consistent with the accounting policies adopted by the Company.

c. Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting, which are provided to the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker is the Company's Chief Executive Officer, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing the performance of the operating segments. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has three reportable segments. For further details, see Note 26.

d. Translation of foreign currency balances and transactions

1) Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Company's subsidiaries are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the subsidiary operates (the "Functional Currency"). The consolidated financial statements of the Company are presented in U.S. dollars, which is the Company's and the Company's subsidiaries Functional Currency.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

2) Transactions and balances

Transactions made in a currency which is different from the functional currency are translated into the Functional Currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuations where the items are re-measured. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at the end-of-year exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in profit or loss as finance income (expense).

e. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, short-term bank deposits and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, which are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value.

f. Trade receivables

The trade receivables balance represents the unconditional right to consideration because only the passage of time is required before the payment is due from Company customers for licenses granted or services rendered in the ordinary course of business. If collection is expected within one year or less, trade receivables are classified as current assets. If not, trade receivables are presented as non-current assets.

Trade receivables are initially recognized based on their transaction price, and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less a provision for expected credit losses. For further details, see Note 3(l).

g. Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, or in case of leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the related lease period or the life of the asset. Depreciation is computed primarily over the following periods:

	Useful Life
	in Years
Computers and software	1.5-3
Office furniture and equipment	3-13

h. Goodwill

Goodwill arising from a business combination represents the excess of the overall amount of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquired company over the net amount as of acquisition date of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Impairment reviews of the cash-generating-unit ("CGU") to which goodwill was allocated are undertaken annually and whenever there is any indication of impairment of a CGU. The carrying amount of the Company's assets, including goodwill, is compared to its recoverable amount, which is the higher of value in use and the fair value less costs to sell. Any impairment loss is allocated to reduce the carrying amount of the Company's assets at the following order: first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to a CGU and subsequently to the remaining assets of the Company, which fall within the scope of the International Accounting Standard ("IAS") 36, "Impairment of Assets", on a proportionate basis based on the carrying amount of each Company asset. Any goodwill impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss and is not subsequently reversed. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded goodwill impairment loss of \$569 thousand, \$700 thousand and \$2,759 thousand, respectively. For further details, see Note 8.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

i. Intangible assets

1) Research and development

Through December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has not met the criteria for capitalizing development expenses as intangible assets, and accordingly, no asset has so far been recognized in the consolidated financial statements in respect of capitalized development expenses. Consequently, the research and development expenses of the Company are fully recognized as incurred.

• 2) Technology and customer relations
  • a. Technology which was acquired either separately or as part of a business combination is initially measured at fair value at the acquisition date and amortized over a period of 3-10 years using the straight-line method, with such amortization classified as cost of revenues.
  • b. Customer relations which were acquired as part of a business combination are initially measured at fair value at the acquisition date and amortized over a period 2-8 years using the straight-line method, with such amortization classified as selling and marketing expenses.

j. Impairment of non-monetary assets other than goodwill

An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value, less selling costs and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels of identifiable cash flows (CGUs). The Company constitutes four CGUs. Non-monetary assets, other than goodwill, that were impaired are reviewed annually for possible reversal of the impairment recognized at each statement of financial position date. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a total impairment loss of \$453 thousand, see Note 8. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, no impairment loss was recorded.

k. Government grants

Government grants received from the Israeli Innovation Authority (the "IIA") as a participation in research and development plans, fall into the scope of "forgivable loans" as defined in IAS 20, "Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance". IIA Grants are recognized in accordance with IFRS 9, "Financial Instruments" ("IFRS 9"). If on the date on which the right for the IIA Grants is established, the Company's management concludes that there is no reasonable assurance that the IIA Grants, to which entitlement has been established, will not be repaid, the Company recognizes a financial liability on that date, which is accounted for under the provisions of IFRS 9 regarding financial liabilities measured at amortized cost.

l. Financial assets at amortized cost

1) Classification as current or non-current

Financial assets at amortized cost are assets held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Financial assets at amortized cost are included in current assets, except for those with maturities greater than 12 months after the statement of financial position date (for which they are classified as non-current assets).

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

2) Recognition and measurement

Financial assets at amortized cost, which are initially measured at fair value, including any transaction costs, are measured in subsequent periods at amortized cost using the effective interest method, except for trade receivables (see section f above).

3) Impairment

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets at amortized cost. At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether the credit risk on a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition. If the financial asset is determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date, the Company assumes that the credit risk on a financial asset has not increased significantly since initial recognition. The Company measures the loss allowance for expected credit losses on trade receivables that are within the scope of IFRS 15, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("IFRS 15") and on financial assets for which the credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition based on lifetime expected credit losses. Otherwise, the Company measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses at the current reporting date.

m. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are assets not measured at amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income. Assets in this category are classified as current assets if they are expected to be settled within 12 months; otherwise, they are classified as noncurrent. Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss are initially recognized at fair value, and related transaction costs are expensed to profit or loss. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired or have been transferred and the Company has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently recorded at fair value. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are presented in the consolidated statements of profit or loss under "financial income (expenses), net." The Company's financial assets at fair value through profit or loss represent a portfolio of debt and equity marketable securities and are presented as "short-term investments" in the consolidated statements of financial position. For further information, see Note 4.

n. Financial liabilities

1) Classification

The Company early adopted the narrow-scope amendment to IAS 1, "Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current" from January 1, 2019, using the retrospective approach. The amendment was published in January 2020 and issued to clarify that liabilities are classified as either current or non-current, depending on the rights that exist at the end of the reporting period and specifically whether the entity has the right to defer settlement by at least twelve months. The amendment also affects the classification of liabilities, particularly for liabilities that can be converted into equity as it clarifies that settlement could also be considered through the entity's own equity instruments. Accordingly, the Company classified in the consolidated statements of financial position convertible debentures and derivative financial instruments as part of current liabilities.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

2) Financial liabilities at amortized cost

Financial liabilities at amortized cost are initially recognized at their fair value minus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issue of the financial liability and are subsequently measured at amortized cost. See Note 3 and Note 4 for further information.

3) Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

The Company designated its convertible debentures as a financial liability at fair value through profit or loss, given the conversion option derivative embedded in such instrument. Changes in the Company's own credit risk from the date of initial recognition are negligible. The convertible debentures are measured at fair value (level 3) as reflected in a valuation carried out as of the date of the transaction and are adjusted to reflect the difference between the fair value at initial recognition and the transaction price ("day 1 loss"). Changes are recorded to profit or loss on a periodic basis while unrecognized day 1 loss is amortized over the contractual life of each instrument.

The Company accounts for contingent consideration as financial liability at fair value through profit or loss. The contingent consideration is measured at fair value (level 3) as reflected in a valuation carried out as of the date of the transaction. Changes are recorded to profit or loss on a periodic basis.

o. Unrecognized day 1 loss

A financial liability in which upon initial recognition the transaction price is different than its fair value is initially recognized at fair value, adjusted to reflect the day 1 loss. After initial recognition, the unrecognized day 1 loss of the said financial liability is amortized over the contractual life of each financial liability. Upon conversion or exercise of convertible debentures or warrants for which an unrecognized day 1 loss exists, the carrying amounts are classified to equity.

p. Derivatives

The Company accounts for warrants issued in connection with convertible debenture agreements as financial liabilities. The warrants are measured at fair value (level 3) as reflected in a valuation carried out as of the date of the transaction, adjusted to reflect the day 1 loss. Changes are recorded to profit or loss on a periodic basis while unrecognized day 1 loss is amortized over the contractual life of each instrument.

The Company accounts also for warrants with a cashless exercise mechanism issued in a private offering as financial liabilities. The warrants are measured at fair value (level 3) as reflected in a valuation carried out as of the date of the transaction. Changes are recorded to profit or loss on a periodic basis.

q. Trade payables

Trade payables are the Company's obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired in the ordinary course of business from suppliers. Trade payables are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less. If not, they are presented as non-current liabilities. Trade payables are recognized initially at fair value, and in subsequent periods at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

r. Current and deferred income taxes

The tax expenses for the reported years comprise current and deferred taxes. Taxes are recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss, except to the extent that they relate to items recognized directly in equity. In that case, the tax is also recognized in equity.

The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the financial position date in the countries where the Company operates and generates taxable income. The Company's management periodically evaluates the tax aspects applicable to its taxable income based on the relevant tax laws and makes provisions in accordance with the amounts payable to the Israeli Tax Authorities.

Deferred income tax is provided using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, deferred income tax liabilities are not accounted for if they arise from initial recognition of goodwill. Also, deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the financial position date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized, or the deferred income tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

The Company does not provide deferred income tax on temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries, since the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Company and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future

s. Employee benefits

1) Severance pay and pension obligations

A defined contribution plan is a post-employment benefits scheme under which group companies pay fixed contributions into a separate and independent entity. The Company has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions if the fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employees the benefits relating to employee service in the current and prior periods. The Company's severance pay and pension obligations are generally funded through payments to insurance companies or trusteeadministered funds. Under their terms, the said pension plans meet the criteria for defined contribution plan as above.

2) Vacation and recreation pay

Every employee is legally entitled to vacation and recreation benefits, which are computed on an annual basis. This entitlement is based on the term of employment. The Company charges a liability and expense due to vacation and recreation pay, based on the benefits that have been accumulated for each employee.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

t. Share-based payments

The Company operates a number of equity-settled, share-based compensation plans, under which the Company receives services from employees as consideration for equity instruments (options) of the Company. The fair value of the employee services received in exchange for the grant of the options is recognized as an expense. The total amount to be expensed is determined by reference to the fair value of the options granted excluding the impact of any service and non-market performance vesting conditions. The total expense is recognized over the vesting period, which is the period over which all of the specified vesting conditions are to be satisfied. In addition, in some circumstances, employees may provide services in advance of the grant date and therefore the grant date fair value is estimated for the purposes of recognizing the expense during the period between service commencement period and grant date. At the date of each financial position, the Company revises its estimates of the number of options that are expected to vest based on the non-market vesting conditions. It recognizes the impact of the revision to original estimates, if any, in the consolidated statements of profit or loss, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. When the options are exercised, the Company issues new shares. The proceeds received net of any directly attributable transaction costs are credited to share capital (nominal value) and share premium. For plans that include conditions that are not vesting conditions, any relating expenses are immediately recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss. When the Company revises the conditions of an equity-settled grant, the Company recognizes an additional expense, in excess of the original expense calculated for every such revision that increases the overall fair value of the granted benefit or benefits the service provider, based on the fair value at the time of revision.

u. Loss per share

Basic loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss for the year by the weighted average number of ordinary shares (including prefunded warrants). When calculating the diluted loss per share, the Company adjusts the loss attributable to holders of ordinary shares and the weighted average number of shares in issue, to reflect the effect of all potentially dilutive ordinary shares, as follows: The Company adds to the weighted average number of shares in issue that was used to calculate the basic loss per share the weighted average of the number of shares to be issued assuming all shares that have a potentially dilutive effect would be converted into shares, and adjusts net loss attributable to holders of the Company's ordinary shares to exclude any profits or losses recorded during the year with respect to potentially dilutive shares.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

v. Revenue recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with IFRS 15. The Company applies the practical expedient for incremental costs of obtaining contracts when the associated revenues are recognized over less than one year. The Company derives its revenues mainly from the following sources:

Software as a Service

The Company generates revenues from the sale of subscriptions to customers who access its Software as a Service platforms. Subscription revenue is recognized ratably over the contract terms (generally up to 12 months) and is considered a single performance obligation.

Advertising

The Company generates revenues from the distribution of security and privacy products of third-party developers in various digital properties. Advertising revenue is recognized at the point in time when a user purchases a product of a customer and is considered a single performance obligation.

Management evaluates whether its revenues should be presented on a gross basis, which is the amount that a customer pays for the service, or on a net basis, which is the amount of the customer payment less amounts the Company pays to digital property owners for placing the customers' products on their digital property, also known as "traffic acquisition costs". Traffic acquisition costs are based on a cost-per click or cost-per impression arrangements and are charged to cost of revenue as incurred. The evaluation to present revenue on a gross versus net basis requires significant judgment. Management has determined that it acts as the principal and recognizes revenue as it relates to these transactions on a gross basis as the Company controls the service to the customer and it is the primary obligor in the transaction

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

w. Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with IFRS 16 "Leases" ("IFRS 16").

The Company's leases include property and motor vehicle leases. At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company reassesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease only if the terms and conditions of the contract are changed.

At the commencement date, the Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at that date, including, inter alia, the exercise price of a purchase option if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option. Simultaneously, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset in the amount of the lease liability.

The discount rate applied by the Company is the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to obtain an asset of a similar value to the right-of-use asset in a similar economic environment.

The lease term is the non-cancellable period for which the Company has the right to use an underlying asset, together with both the periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option and periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

After the commencement date, the Company measures the right-of-use asset applying the cost model, less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses and adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liability.

Assets are depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the right-of-use assets or the lease period, whichever is shorter:

	Years
Property	3-7
Motor vehicles	3

Interest on the lease liability is recognized in profit or loss in each period during the lease term in an amount that produces a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the lease liability.

Payments associated with short-term leases are not recognized as right-of-use assets or lease liabilities but are recognized on a straightline basis as an expense in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued):

x. Business combination

The Company accounts for business combinations by applying the acquisition method.

The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair value of the assets transferred to the acquirer, and the liabilities incurred by the acquirer to former owners of the acquiree, in exchange for control of the acquiree. The consideration transferred also includes the fair value of any asset or liability arising from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition-related expenses are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred. Identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of a business combination are initially measured at fair value at the acquisition date, except for certain exceptions in accordance with IFRS 3, "Business Combinations" (Revised). Contingent consideration incurred as a part of a business combination is initially measured at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes in fair value of contingent consideration are classified as assets or liabilities, are recognized in accordance with IFRS 9 in profit or loss.

y. New International Financial Reporting Standards and amendments to existing standards

New standards and amendments adopted

In April 2022, the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) issued an agenda decision clarifying that an entity should present a demand deposit with restrictions on use arising from a contract with a third party as cash and cash equivalents in the statements of financial position and cash flows, unless those restrictions change the nature of the deposit such that it no longer meets the definition of cash in International Accounting Standard 7. The Company applied the agenda decision in the second quarter of 2022 retrospectively, with no impact on its consolidated statement of cash flows or the consolidated statement of financial position.

New standards and amendments not yet adopted

Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current, Amendment to IAS 1. In October 2022, further amendment to IAS 1 were issued, which clarified that covenants of loan arrangements which an entity must comply with only after the reporting date would not affect classification of a liability as current or non-current at the reporting date. However, those covenants that an entity is required to comply with on or before the reporting date would affect classification as current or non-current, even if the covenant is only assessed after the entity's reporting date. The 2022 amendment introduce additional disclosure requirements when an entity classifies a liability arising from a loan arrangement as non-current and that liability is subject to covenants which an entity is required to comply with within twelve months of

the reporting date. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. The amendment is not expected to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction, Amendments to IAS 12. The amendment require companies to recognize deferred tax on transactions that, on initial recognition give rise to equal amounts of taxable and deductible temporary differences. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The amendment is not expected to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Definition of Accounting Estimates, Amendments to IAS 8. The amendment clarifies how companies should distinguish changes in accounting policies from changes in accounting estimates. The distinction is important, because changes in accounting estimates are applied prospectively to future transactions and other future events, but changes in accounting policies are generally applied retrospectively to past transactions and other past events as well as the current period. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023. The amendment is not expected to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 4 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT:

a. Financial risk management

The Company's activities expose it to a variety of financial risks. The Company's overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Company's financial performance.

Risk management is carried out by the Company's finance department in accordance with a policy approved by the Board of Directors. The Company's finance department identifies, evaluates and hedges the financial risks. The Board of Directors provides written principles for the overall management of the risks.

1) Credit risks

Credit risk arises mainly from cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits, and trade receivables.

The Company estimates that since the liquid instruments are mainly invested with highly rated institutions, the credit and interest risks associated with these balances are low.

Credit risk of trade receivables is the risk that customers may fail to pay their debts. The Company mitigates the risk by ensuring its customer has sufficient funds to meet its needs and by selling to customers of high credit quality. No credit limits were exceeded in 2022 and 2021 and management does not expect any losses from non-performance by these counterparties beyond those that have already been recognized.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 4 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued):

2) Market risks

Foreign exchange risk

The Company operates internationally and is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from foreign currency transactions, primarily with respect to the New Israeli Shekel ("NIS"). Foreign exchange risk arises from future commercial transactions, recognized assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency. The Company hedges and minimizes the foreign exchange risk by ensuring that the amounts of net current assets at a specific point in time correspond to the amount of current liabilities at that point in time.

Interest rate risk

The Company's main interest rate risk arises from short-term loans with interest on the outstanding loan computed as the 3-month USD TERM SOFR rate (hereinafter – the "SOFR"), plus 5.5% fixed rate. On December 31, 2022 the annual rate of the SOFR was 4.59%, resulting on total interest rate of 10.09%. The Company regularly monitors the SOFR, as well as the SOFR forward curve. Based on that, the Company estimates that the risk associated with higher interest expenses balances is low.

3) Liquidity risk

Prudent liquidity risk management requires maintaining sufficient cash and cash equivalents. The Company works to maintain sufficient cash and cash equivalents, taking into account forecasts as to the cash flows required to fund its activities, in order to minimize the liquidity risk to which it is exposed. Cash flow forecasting is performed by the Company's finance department on a consolidated basis. The Company monitors rolling forecasts of the Company's liquidity requirements to ensure it has sufficient cash to meet operational needs. Surplus cash held by the operating entities of the Company over and above the balance required for working capital management is invested in interest bearing current accounts and time deposits, choosing instruments with appropriate maturities or sufficient liquidity to provide sufficient headroom as determined by the abovementioned forecasts.

The table below categorizes non-derivative financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at financial position date to the contractual maturity date. Derivative financial liabilities are included in the analysis if their contractual maturities are essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows.

	Less than one year	Between one to two years	More than two years
	U.S. dollars in thousands
December 31, 2022:
Lease liabilities	204	13	-
Short-term bank loans	1,606	-	-
Long-term loans	617	540	66
Accounts payable and accruals	4,517	-	-
	6,944	553	66
December 31, 2021:
Lease liabilities	365	197	-
IIA liability	-	182	-
Accounts payable and accruals	4,058	-	-
	4,423	379	-

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 4 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued):

b. Fair value estimation

Below analyzes financial instruments carried at fair value, by valuation method. The different levels have been defined as follows:

• Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1).
• Inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (that is, as prices) or indirectly (that is, derived from prices) (level 2).
• Inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (that is, unobservable inputs) (level 3).

Level 1 financial instruments

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has no financial assets measured at level 1. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has equity marketable securities measured at fair value through profit or loss, which met the level 1 criteria. As of December 31, 2021, equity marketable securities totaled to \$749 thousand and are presented under "short-term investments" in the condensed consolidated statements of financial position.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has no financial liabilities measured at level 1.

Level 2 financial instruments

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has no financial assets measured at level 2. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has debt marketable securities measured at fair value through profit or loss, which met the level 2 criteria. As of December 31, 2021, debt marketable securities totaled to \$5,138 thousand and are presented under "short-term investments" in the condensed consolidated statements of financial position.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has no financial liabilities measured at level 2.

Level 3 financial instruments

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has no financial assets measured at level 3.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has several financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, which met the level 3 criteria (see section d below).

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 4 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued):

c. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

The Company's business model regarding this portfolio is to realize cash flows through the sale of its assets, rather than hold these assets to collect their contractual cash flows or both to collect contractual cash flows and to sell these financial assets. The Company is primarily focused on fair value information and uses that information to assess the assets' performance and to make decisions. Therefore, this portfolio is classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss include the following:

		December 31
	2022	2021
		U.S. dollars in thousands
Stocks	-	291
Global debentures	-	1,135
U.S. corporate debentures	-	1,624
U.S. government debentures	-	2,837
	-	5,887

Amounts recognized in profit or loss are as follows:

		Year ended December 31
	2022	2021
		U.S. dollars in thousands
Stocks investment profit (loss)	(16)	61
Debentures investment profit (loss)	(167)	19
	(183)	80

d. Fair value measurements based on unobservable data (level 3)

The following table presents the changes in level 3 financial instruments for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022:

	Derivative financial instruments	Total
Balance as of January 1, 2022	488	488
Recognition of day 1 loss within profit or loss	328	328
Changes in fair value recognized within profit or loss	(790)	(790)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	26	26

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 4 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued):

		Contingent consideration	Derivative financial instruments	Total
Balance as of January 1, 2021		1,599	1,448	3,047
Payment of contingent consideration		(915)	-	(915)
Recognition of day 1 loss within profit or loss		-	328	328
Changes in fair value recognized within profit or loss		(684)	(1,288)	(1,972)
Balance as of December 31, 2021		-	488	488
	Contingent consideration	Convertible debentures U.S. dollars in thousands	Derivative financial instruments	Total
Balance as of January 1, 2020	2,170	7,151	1,637	10,958
Initial recognition of financial liability	684	-	1,450	2,134
Conversion to equity or financial liability	-	(4,778)	-	(4,778)
Repayment of convertible debentures	-	(680)	-	(680)
Payment of contingent consideration	(1,600)	-	-	(1,600)
Recognition of day 1 loss within profit or loss	-	-	329	329
Changes in fair value recognized within profit or loss	345	(1,693)	(1,968)	(3,316)
Balance as of December 31, 2020	1,599	-	1,448	3,047

e. Financial instruments

	Financial assets at amortized cost
	U.S. dollars in thousands
December 31, 2022 Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	3,290

Accounts receivable (excluding prepaid expenses)	2,236
Short-term restricted deposits	560
Long-term restricted deposits	127
Long-term deposits	21
	6,234

December 31, 2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	3,828
Accounts receivable (excluding prepaid expenses)	1,848
Long-term restricted deposits	84
Long-term deposit	65
	5,825

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 4 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued):

	Liabilities at fair value through profit or loss	Financial liabilities at amortized cost U.S. dollars in thousands	Total
December 31, 2022 Liabilities:
Lease liabilities	-	217	217
Accounts payable and accruals	-	4,517	4,517
Short-term bank loans	-	1,606	1,606
Long-term loans	-	1,223	1,223
Derivative financial instruments	26	-	26
	26	7,563	7,589
December 31, 2021
Liabilities:
Lease liabilities	-	562	562
Accounts payable and accruals	-	4,058	4,058
IIA liability	-	182	182
Derivative financial instruments	488	-	488
	488	4,802	5,290

Assets and liabilities, which are not measured on a recurring basis at fair value, are presented at their carrying amount, which approximates their fair value.

f. Valuation processes of the Company

Set forth below are details regarding the valuation processes of the Company through the years ended 2022 and 2021 (for each initial recognition, financial position date and upon conversion or exercise of such instruments):

1) Derivative financial instruments - the Company used the binomial share price model, using the following principal assumptions:

		Year ended December 31,
	2022	2021
Risk-free interest rate	4.39%	0.83%
Expected term (in years)	1.43	2.43
Expected volatility	69.28%	104.07%

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 4 - FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT (continued):

The Company also used the Black-Scholes model, using the following principal assumptions:

		Year ended December 31,
	2022	2021
Risk-free interest rate	4.11%- 4.73%	0.95% - 1.15%
Expected term (in years)	0.92- 3.39	2.86 - 3.75
Expected volatility	69.93%- 98.87%	99.93% - 101.72%

NOTE 5 - CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:

As of December 31, 2022 the balance of cash and cash equivalents was comprised of cash at banks and short-term bank deposits up to 3 months. As of December 31, 2021 the balance of cash and cash equivalents was comprised of cash at banks.

NOTE 6 - ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - TRADE, net:

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the balance of accounts receivable - trade was comprised of open accounts.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has \$8 thousand of provision for expected credit losses. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has no provision for expected credit losses, and has no customers that exceed their customary credit terms.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded a debt write-off of \$24 thousand, \$48 thousand and \$62 thousand, respectively.

NOTE 7 - PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET:

	December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Cost:
Computers and software	335	461	407
Office furniture and equipment	168	162	148
Leasehold improvements	55	56	56
	558	679	611
Less – accumulated depreciation	(466)	(560)	(467)
Property and equipment, net	92	119	144

Depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, were \$76 thousand, \$98 thousand and \$164 thousand, respectively.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 8 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS:

a. Composition

			Cost		Accumulated amortization
	Balance at beginning of year	Additions during the year	Impairment during the year	Balance at end of year	Balance at beginning of year U.S. dollar in thousands	Additions during the year	Impairment during the year	Balance at end of year	Amortized balance
2022
Technology	6,055	-	-	6,055	2,665	1,145	90	3,900	2,155
Customer relations	4,002	-	-	4,002	379	531	363	1,273	2,729
Goodwill	10,998	-	(569)	10,429	-	-	-	-	10,429
	21,055	-	(569)	20,486	3,044	1,676	453	5,173	15,313
2021
Technology	5,059	996	-	6,055	1,575	1,090	-	2,665	3,390
Customer relations	774	3,228	-	4,002	57	322	-	379	3,623
Goodwill	5,387	6,311	(700)	10,998	-	-	-	-	10,998
	11,220	10,535	(700)	21,055	1,632	1,412	-	3,044	18,011
2020
Technology	4,959	100	-	5,059	592	983	-	1,575	3,484
Customer relations	259	515	-	774	19	38	-	57	717
Goodwill	6,877	1,269	(2,759)	5,387	-	-	-	-	5,387
	12,095	1,884	(2,759)	11,220	611	1,021	-	1,632	9,588

Amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were \$1,676 thousand, \$1,412 thousand and \$1,021 thousand, respectively.

Also, for the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a total impairment loss of \$453 thousand, in which \$363 thousand related to customer relations acquired from NNNW and \$90 thousand related to technology acquired from CyKick.

b. Testing of goodwill impairment

For the year ended December 31, 2022

NetNut CGU

The Company performed the annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2022 for its NetNut CGU and determined that no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary. The quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment included a review of the forecasted operating results. The recoverable amount was assessed by management based on value-in-use calculations. The valuein-use calculations use pre-tax cash flow projections covering a seven-year forecasted period alongside with a terminal value beyond such forecast period. Cash flows beyond the seven-year period to be generated from continuing use are extrapolated using estimated growth rate. The growth rate represents the long-term average growth prospects of this business. The key assumptions used as part purpose of the goodwill impairment test are terminal growth rate of 3%, after-tax discount rate of 25.0% and pre-tax discount rate of 27.6%. A hypothetical decrease in the growth rate of 1% or an increase of 1% to the discount rate would reduce the value-in-use by approximately \$138 thousand and \$475 thousand, respectively, and would not result in an impairment. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of goodwill related to the NetNut CGU amounted to \$4,118 thousand.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 8 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS (continued):

CyberKick CGU

The Company performed the annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2022 for its CyberKick CGU and determined that no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary. The quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment included a review of the forecasted operating results. The recoverable amount was assessed by management based on value-in-use calculations. The valuein-use calculations use pre-tax cash flow projections covering a seven-year forecasted period alongside with a terminal value beyond such forecast period. Cash flows beyond the seven-year period to be generated from continuing use are extrapolated using estimated growth rate. The growth rate represents the long-term average growth prospects of this business. The key assumptions used as part purpose of the goodwill impairment test are terminal growth rate of 3%, after-tax discount rate of 25.0% and pre-tax discount rate of 27.5%. A hypothetical decrease in the growth rate of 1% or an increase of 1% to the discount rate would reduce the value-in-use by approximately \$627 thousand and \$946 thousand, respectively, and would not result in an impairment. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of goodwill related to the CyberKick CGU amounted to \$6,311 thousand.

NNNW CGU

The Company performed a goodwill impairment test as of June 30, 2022 for its NNNW CGU and as a result recorded an impairment loss of \$569 thousand. The indicators for the quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment included a decrease in forecasted operating results. For the purpose of the goodwill impairment test, the recoverable amount was assessed by management based on value-in-use calculations. The value-in-use calculations use pre-tax cash flow projections covering a 5-year forecasted period alongside with a terminal value beyond such forecast period. Cash flows beyond the 5-year period to be generated from continuing use are extrapolated using estimated growth rate. The growth rate represents the long-term average growth prospects of this business. As a result of the goodwill impairment test, the Company recorded an impairment loss of \$569 thousand related to the NNNW CGU. The key assumptions used as part of the goodwill impairment test are terminal growth rate of 4%, after-tax discount rate of 22.5% and pretax discount rate of 27.4%. As of December 31, 2022, the entire amount of goodwill related to the NNNW CGU was impaired.

For the year ended December 31, 2021

NetNut CGU

The Company performed the annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2021 for its NetNut CGU and determined that no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary. The quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment included a review of the forecasted operating results, including potential substantial short-term legal affairs. The recoverable amount was assessed by management based on value-in-use calculations. The value-in-use calculations use pre-tax cash flow projections covering a seven-year forecasted period alongside with a terminal value beyond such forecast period. Cash flows beyond the seven-year period to be generated from continuing use are extrapolated using estimated growth rate. The growth rate represents the long-term average growth prospects of this business. The key assumptions used as part purpose of the goodwill impairment test are terminal growth rate of 2%, after-tax discount rate of 21.5% and pre-tax discount rate of 22.7%. A hypothetical decrease in the growth rate of 1% or an increase of 1% to the discount rate would reduce the value-in-use by approximately \$331 thousand and \$733 thousand, respectively, and would not result in an impairment. As of December 31, 2021, the balance of goodwill related to the NetNut CGU amounted to \$4,118 thousand.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 8 - INTANGIBLE ASSETS (continued):

CyberKick CGU

The Company performed the annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2021 for its CyberKick CGU and determined that no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary. The quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment included a review of the forecasted operating results. The recoverable amount was assessed by management based on value-in-use calculations. The valuein-use calculations use pre-tax cash flow projections covering a seven-year forecasted period alongside with a terminal value beyond such forecast period. Cash flows beyond the seven-year period to be generated from continuing use are extrapolated using estimated growth rate. The growth rate represents the long-term average growth prospects of this business. The key assumptions used as part purpose of the goodwill impairment test are terminal growth rate of 3%, after-tax discount rate of 19.7% and pre-tax discount rate of 21.1%. A hypothetical decrease in the growth rate of 1% or an increase of 1% to the discount rate would reduce the value-in-use by approximately \$398 thousand and \$943 thousand, respectively, and would not result in an impairment. As of December 31, 2021, the balance of goodwill related to the CyberKick CGU amounted to \$6,311 thousand.

NNNW CGU

The Company performed the annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2021 for its NNNW CGU and as a result recorded an impairment loss of \$700 thousand. The quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment included a review of the forecasted operating results. The recoverable amount was assessed by management based on value-in-use calculations. The value-in-use calculations use pretax cash flow projections covering a six-year forecasted period alongside with a terminal value beyond such forecast period. Cash flows beyond the six-year period to be generated from continuing use are extrapolated using estimated growth rate. The growth rate represents the long-term average growth prospects of this business. The key assumptions used as part purpose of the goodwill impairment test are terminal growth rate of 3%, after-tax discount rate of 17.0% and pre-tax discount rate of 21.7%. A hypothetical decrease in the growth rate of 1% or an increase of 1% to the discount rate would reduce the value-in-use by approximately \$41 thousand and \$69 thousand, respectively, and could trigger a potential impairment. As of December 31, 2021, the balance of goodwill related to the NNNW CGU amounted to \$569 thousand.

For the year ended December 31, 2020

NetNut CGU

The Company performed a goodwill impairment test as of March 31, 2020, for its NetNut CGU and as a result recorded an impairment loss of \$800 thousand. The indicators for the quantitative assessment for goodwill impairment included a decrease in forecasted operating results, among others, due to the COVID-19 implications. The recoverable amount was assessed by management based on value-in-use calculations. The value-in-use calculations use pre-tax cash flow projections covering a six-year forecasted period alongside with a terminal value beyond such forecast period. Cash flows beyond the six-year period to be generated from continuing use are extrapolated using estimated growth rate. The growth rate represents the long-term average growth prospects of this business. The key assumptions used as part purpose of the goodwill impairment test are terminal growth rate of 2%, after-tax discount rate of 20.9% and pre-tax discount rate of 22.9%. A hypothetical decrease in the growth rate of 1% or an increase of 1% to the discount rate would reduce the value-in-use by approximately \$311 thousand and \$702 thousand, respectively, and could trigger a potential impairment of its goodwill.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 9 - TAXES ON INCOME:

a. Corporate taxation

The taxable income of the Company, Safe-T and CyberKick is subject to the Israeli regular corporate tax rate which is 23%. The taxable income of NetNut, based on management opinion, meets the criteria of a Preferred Technological Enterprise under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments and accordingly, eligible for a reduced tax rate of 12%. Taxable income other than taxable income from the Preferred Technological Enterprise regime is subject to the Israeli regular corporate tax rate.

NetNut Inc., iShield Inc and RoboVPN are taxed at a regular U.S. federal tax rate of 21% for the tax years 2022, 2021 and 2020. NetNut Inc. and NNNW file a consolidated tax return, with NNNW's taxation period starting from its acquisition date by NetNut Inc.

Spell Me Ltd. has a 0% business tax rate based on Seychelles tax regime, as long as its profits derived outside of Seychelles.

b. Tax assessments

Tax assessments filed by the Company and Safe-T through 2017 are considered final. The tax assessment filed by NetNut Inc. by 2018 is considered final. NetNut, NNNW, CyberKick, iShield, Robo VPN, RoboVPN Tech and Spell Me have not received tax assessments since their incorporation.

c. Carryforward tax losses

Carryforward tax losses in Israel of the Company amounted to approximately \$14.7 million and \$7.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Carryforward tax losses in Israel of Safe-T amounted to approximately \$34.6 million and \$44 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Carryforward tax losses in Israel of NetNut amounted to approximately\$6.4 million and \$4.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Carryforward tax losses in Israel of CyberKick amounted to approximately\$3.1 million and \$1.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Carryforward tax losses in Israel has no expiration date.

Carryforward tax losses for NNNW, iShield, Robo VPN, RoboVPN Tech and Spell Me as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, are immaterial.

Deferred tax assets on losses for tax purposes carried forward to subsequent years are recognized if utilization of the related tax benefit against a future taxable income is expected.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 9 - TAXES ON INCOME (continued):

d. Deferred taxes

	Property and equipment, net	Intangible assets, net	Carryforward tax losses	Total
		U.S. dollar in thousands
Balance as of January 1, 2022	-	(1,067)	422	(645)
Changes during the year:
Tax benefit	-	215	129	344
Balance as of December 31, 2022	-	(852)	551	(301)
Balance as of January 1, 2021	(10)	(783)	-	(793)
Changes during the year:
Initial recognition due to business combination	-	(825)	-	(825)
Tax benefit	10	541	422	973
Balance as of December 31, 2021	-	(1,067)	422	(645)
Balance as of January 1, 2020	(33)	(1,007)	-	(1,040)
Changes during the year:
Tax benefit	23	224	-	247
Balance as of December 31, 2020	(10)	(783)	-	(793)

e. Theoretical tax reconciliation

Following is a reconciliation of the theoretical taxes on income, assuming all income is taxed at the regular tax rates applicable to companies in Israel (see section a above) and the actual tax expense:

	Year ended December 31
	2022		2021		2020
	%	U.S. dollars in thousands	%	U.S. dollars in thousands	%	U.S. dollars in thousands
Loss before taxes on income, as reported in the statement of profit or loss	23	13,478	23	14,070	23	8,091
Theoretical tax benefit		(3,100)		(3,236)		(1,861)
Increase in taxes resulting from permanent differences - non-deductible expenses		282		311		86
Increase in taxes resulting from losses in the reported year for which deferred taxes were not recognized		2,491		1,980		1,529
Tax benefit		(327)		(945)		(246)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 10 - ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUALS:

a. Accounts payable - other

		December 31
	2022	2021
	U.S. dollars in thousands
Accrued expenses	1,058	1,469
Employees and related institutions	1,292	1,345
Government institutions	-	25
	2,350	2,839

b. The carrying amount of accounts payable, which are financial liabilities, is a reasonable approximation of their fair value since the effect of discounting is immaterial.

NOTE 11 - CREDIT LINE AND SHORT-TERM BANK LOANS:

On May 25, 2022, CyberKick entered into a revolving line of credit agreement with United Mizrahi-Tefahot Bank Ltd. in an amount of up to \$2 million for a period of 12 months, at an interest rate of Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 5.5% per annum, to be paid quarterly for the actual withdrawn balance. The line of credit is limited at a 3X multiple on the most updated monthly revenues of CyberKick, is secured against all of the assets of CyberKick, is guaranteed by the Company and includes a refundable deposit by the Company of \$500 thousand.

The line of credit is consummated by revolving 3-month loans. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of all revolving 3-month loans was \$1.6 million including accrued and unpaid interest of \$6 thousand.

Interest expenses in regard to the line of credit were \$39 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022.

$$\text{F-32}$$

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 12 - STRATEGIC FUNDING:

General

On August 8, 2022, the Company signed a strategic funding agreement with O.R.B. Spring Ltd. ("O.R.B.") of up to \$4 million to support the further growth of its consumer privacy solutions and accelerate its customer acquisition program. Under the terms of the agreement, O.R.B. will provide the Company with a cash commitment of \$2 million (Tranches 1-2) with an additional \$2 million (Tranches 3-8) available subject to achievement of a certain financial milestone. The funding, made through a series of cash installments through July 2023, will be allocated specifically towards the Company's customer acquisition program for its consumer privacy solution.

On October 27, 2022, the Company signed an amendment to the O.R.B agreement which provides for a cancellation of the milestone, as defined in the O.R.B agreement, as well as removed any discretion previously granted to O.R.B in connection with the additional \$2 million funding. As a result, O.R.B. cash commitment increased to \$4 million. Also, the parties agreed that Tranche 2 at the amount of \$1 million which was planned to be funded in November 2022, will be divided to 3 sub-tranches of \$333,333 each, to be funded equally in November 2022, December 2022 and January 2023.

The Company will repay the funding using a revenue share model that is based on sales generated only from customers of the new consumer privacy solution acquired with each funding installment. Each such funding installment shall be repaid within two years and if the repayments does not cover 100% of the installments, then the Company will cover the remaining amounts, in cash or shares, at its sole discretion. Once the investment amount has been repaid in full, the Company and O.R.B shall share the attributed revenue in equal parts (50:50) until the lapse of five years after the date on which each installment was received by the Company.

In consideration for the cash commitment, the Company granted 5,006,386 warrants that will be exercisable at prices reflecting premiums ranging from approximately 130% to 300% of share price at the time of the agreement, for periods of up to 3 years from the vesting dates of the warrants, as detailed below:

• 2,068,966 Series A Warrants with exercise price of \$0.725 per share, of which, 1,034,483 (representing 50%) are fully vested, and the remaining 1,034,438 vested on December 1, 2022
• 344,828 Series B Warrants with exercise price of \$1.45 per share, of which, 172,414 (representing 50%) are fully vested, and the remaining 172,414 vested on December 1, 2022
• 2,222,222 Series C Warrants with exercise price of \$0.675 per share, of which, 1,111,111 (representing 50%) will vest on March 1, 2023, and the remaining 1,111,111 will vest on September 1, 2023
• 370,370 Series D Warrants with exercise price of \$1.35 per share, of which, 185,185 (representing 50%) shall vest on March 1, 2023, and the remaining 185,185 will vest on September 1, 2023.

In case that the Company will not exercise the funding or a portion of it, with respect to Tranches 3-8, until September 1, 2023, then up to 50% of each of the Series C Warrants and Series D Warrants will be cancelled, pro rata, to the amounts of funding not withdrawn.

The Company shall have the right to require the exercise of all or any portion of the warrants if the closing price of the Company's Ordinary Shares exceeds 150% of the respective exercise price of each series of warrants for three consecutive trading days.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 12 - STRATEGIC FUNDING (continued):

Accounting treatment

The Company accounted for the above warrants, which represent the consideration for providing the cash commitment, in accordance with the provisions of IFRS 2 "Share-based payment". As such, the fair value of the warrants was treated as transaction costs, and are allocated to each tranche.

Total transaction costs recognized by the Company totaled to \$596 thousand, representing the fair value of Series A and B Warrants, and 50% of the fair value of Series C and D Warrants, due to the fact that up to 50% of each one of them are subject to cancellation in the case that the Company will not exercise the funding or a portion of it, with respect to Tranches 3-8.

These transaction costs were recorded under "other non-current assets" in the consolidated statements of financial position and are allocated to each tranche drawdown on a pro rata basis, while the remaining 50% of the fair value of Series C and D Warrants will be allocated to each tranche on a pro rata basis at the drawdown date.

The fair value of Series A and B Warrants, and the fair value of 50% of Series C and D Warrants, was determined using the binomial share price model using the following principal assumptions: risk-free interest rate 3.14%-4.30%, expected term (in years) 3.01-3.85, expected volatility 95.76%-99.96%.

The Company recognized a financial liability for each tranche upon drawdown, at the amount drawn less transaction costs attributable to that tranche. Upon initial recognition, the effective interest rate is calculated by estimating the future cash flows throughout the expected life of that tranche, taking into account the transaction costs allocated to that tranche. The weighted effective interest rate upon the initial recognition was approximately 34.92% per year.

During the year December 31, 2022, the Company withdrew an aggregate amount \$1.67 million, and transaction costs of \$369 thousand were allocated in parallel to such amounts. In addition, an amount of \$247 thousand was repaid to O.R.B. based on the actual customers' payments, according to the revenue share model. Interest expenses in regard to the O.R.B agreement were \$172 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 13 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES:

a. Royalties payable to the IIA

On July 2, 2018, Safe-T completed the purchase of the intellectual property of CyKick Ltd. ("CyKick") As part of such purchase, Safe-T committed to take CyKick's liability of \$374 thousand to pay royalties to the IIA on proceeds from sales of products in the research and development of which the IIA participated by way of grants. Royalties are payable at the rate of 3% to 3.5% of the proceeds from such sales. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company paid no royalties.

On November 27, 2022, following the Company's request, the IIA agreed to close the plan, waiving any commitments by the Company.

b. Bright Data Action

On June 11, 2020, Bright Data Ltd. (formerly Luminati Networks Ltd.) ("Bright Data") filed an action alleging infringement by NetNut, as well as claims of trade secret misappropriation. On December 10, 2021, the case was dismissed without prejudice as part of a settlement by the parties.

On June 18, 2021, Bright Data filed an action alleging infringement of two U.S. Patents by NetNut. Bright Data amended its complaint on October 11, 2021, to assert infringement of additional three US Patents, as well as a claim for alleged false advertising. On May 17, 2022, the case was dismissed with prejudice as part of a settlement by the parties.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 14 - LEASES:

a. Right-of-use assets

	Property	Motor vehicles	Total
		U.S. dollars in thousands
Cost:
Balance as of January 1, 2022	763	156	919
Additions	-	45	45
Disposals	-	(21)	(21)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	763	180	943
Accumulated amortization:
Balance as of January 1, 2022	(413)	(55)	(468)
Additions	(230)	(61)	(291)
Disposals	-	6	6
Balance as of December 31, 2022	(643)	(110)	(753)
	120	70	190
Cost:
Balance as of January 1, 2021	639	171	810
Additions	124	83	207
Disposals	-	(98)	(98)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	763	156	919
Accumulated amortization:
Balance as of January 1, 2021	(204)	(63)	(267)
Additions	(209)	(66)	(275)
Disposals	-	74	74
Balance as of December 31, 2021	(413)	(55)	(468)
	350	101	451

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 14 - LEASES (continued):

b. Lease liabilities

	Property	Motor vehicles	Total
		U.S. dollars in thousands
Balance as of January 1, 2022	459	103	562
Additions	-	40	40
Disposals	-	(12)	(12)
Interest expense	9	2	11
Payments	(315)	(69)	(384)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	153	64	217
Short-term lease liabilities	153	51	204
Long-term lease liabilities	-	13	13
Balance as of December 31, 2022	153	64	217
Balance as of January 1, 2021	534	129	663
Additions	124	74	198
Disposals	-	(30)	(30)
Interest expense	92	10	102
Payments	(291)	(80)	(371)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	459	103	562
Short-term lease liabilities	306	59	365
Long-term lease liabilities	153	44	197
Balance as of December 31, 2021	459	103	562

Expense relating to short-term leases for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, amounted to \$111 thousand, \$58 thousand and \$123 thousand, respectively.

NOTE 15 - RETIREMENT BENEFITS OBLIGATION:

a. Liability for employee rights upon retirement

Labor laws and agreements require the Company to pay severance pay and/or pensions to employees dismissed or retiring from their employ in certain other circumstances. The amounts of benefits those employees are entitled to upon retirement are based on the number of years of service and the last monthly salary.

Also, under labor laws and labor agreements in effect, including the Expansion Order (Combined Version) for Obligatory Pension under the Collective Agreements Law of 1957 (the "Expansion Order"), the Company is liable to make deposits with provident funds, pension funds or other such funds, to cover its employees' pension insurance as well as some of its severance pay liabilities.

Under the terms of the Expansion Order, the Company deposits for severance pay as required under the Expansion Order as well as other deposits made by those companies "in lieu of severance pay" and which were announced as such as required under the Expansion Order, replace all payment of severance pay under Section 14 of the Israeli Severance Pay Law, 1963 (the "Severance Pay Law") with respect to the wages, components, periods and rates for which the deposit alone was made.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 15 - RETIREMENT BENEFITS OBLIGATION (continued):

b. Defined contribution plans

The Company's severance pay liability to Israeli employees for which the said liability is covered under section 14 of the Severance Pay Law is covered by regular deposits with defined contribution plans. The amounts funded as above are not reflected in the consolidated statements of financial position.

The amounts recognized as expense in respect of defined contribution plans in 2022, 2021 and 2020, are \$319 thousand, \$276 thousand and \$177 thousand, respectively.

NOTE 16 - SHARE BASED PAYMENT:

a. The Company maintains a share-based payment plan for employees, directors and consultants (the "Plan"). According to the Plan, the options vest over a period of up to four years, and their term period is ten years. Nevertheless, the board of directors is qualified to resolve on different vesting terms. Below is a summary of the Company's grants under the Plan during 2022, 2021 and 2020:

			Fair value at the date of grant (U.S. dollars in			Expected
Date of grant	Options amount	Exercise	thousands)	Volatility	Risk free	term
		price (in NIS)	(2)	(3)	interest	(in years)
2022
March 13, 2022	84,000	2.48	59	93.01%	2.08%	10
May 30, 2022	323,000	0.00-2.14	125	92.55%	2.57%	10
August 31, 2022	228,000	1.79	63	91.14%	2.97%	10
November 28, 2022	1,673,060	1.27	295	91.09%	3.30%	10
December 19, 2022	1,020,000	1.51	116	90.78%	3.37%	10
December 21, 2022	20,000	1.07	2	90.78%	3.47%	10
2021
March 7, 2021	298,755	6.27	267	97.59%	1.27%	10
April 13, 2021	110,000	5.20	94	97.42%	0.50%-1.18%	5-10
August 25, 2021	1,657,572	4.00	1,117	94.98% - 106.19%	0.17%-1.14%	3-10
September 19, 2021	483,750	4.60	291	94.56%	1.24%	10
October 6, 2021	12,500	4.00	8	106.19%	0.17%	3
October 17, 2021	12,500	4.00	8	106.19%	0.17%	3
2020
February 25, 2020 (1)	13,171	0.04	27	-	-	3
May 26, 2020 (1)	7,672	0.00	10	-	-	3
August 2, 2020	1,282,250	0.00-6.04	1,341	99.89% - 109.54%	0.16%-0.71%	3-10
August 30, 2020	7,500	5.23	5	99.08%	0.74%	10
September 15, 2020	911,250	6.04	483	98.66% - 120.99%	0.07%-0.82%	1.5-10
December 23, 2020 (1)	10,560	0.00	13	-	-	3

(1) Fully vested at grant date, calculated according to the intrinsic value at the date of grant.

(2) The early exercise multiple used for the fair value calculations for grants during 2022, 2021 and 2020 is 2.5 for each offeree.

(3) Volatility is based on volatility data of the traded share price of the Company.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 16 - SHARE BASED PAYMENT (continued):

b. Movement in the number of share options outstanding and their related weighted average exercise prices are as follows:

	2022		2021		2020
	Number of options	Average exercise price (\$)	Number of options	Average exercise price (\$)	Number of options	Average exercise price (\$)
Outstanding at beginning of year:	4,235,525	1.52	2,206,321	2.00	6,532	248
Granted	3,348,060	0.40	2,575,077	1.31	2,232,403	1.20
Exercised	(46,561)	-	(69,807)	-	(6,282)	-
Forfeited	(277,196)	1.51	(472,898)	1.23	(26,250)	1.60
Expired	(258,028)	4.52	(3,168)	19.75	(82)	1,042
Outstanding at end of year	7,001,800	0.88	4,235,525	1.52	2,206,321	2.00
Exercisable at end of year	2,087,181	1.31	883,567	2.19	147,729	6.00

c. The following table summarizes information about exercise price and the remaining contractual life of options outstanding at the end of 2022, 2021 and 2020:

		2022		2021		2020
Exercise prices (\$)	Number outstanding at end of year	Remaining contractual life (in years)	Number outstanding at end of year	Remaining contractual life (in years)	Number outstanding at end of year	Remaining contractual life (in years)
0.00-0.01	589,668	0.15-9.42	506,231	1.15-9.65	622,621	1.15-8.59
0.31-0.76	3,118,060	9.20-9.97	-	-	-	-
1.23-1.89	3,294,072	0.59-8.65	3,722,972	1.58-9.65	1,577,250	8.59-8.71
46.62-1,554.54	-	-	6,322	0.08-6.47	6,450	0.75-6.47
	7,001,800		4,235,525		2,206,321

d. Shares issuance to service providers

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued 140,135 ordinary shares to service providers for a total estimated fair value of \$104 thousand.

e. Warrants grant to service providers

1. On December 1, 2020, the Company issued 5,000 warrants to a certain service provider, which can be exercised into 5,000 ADSs (50,000 ordinary shares) using a cashless mechanism. The exercise price of the warrants is \$10.15 per ADS, they vest 50% upon issuance and 50% following 6 months from the date of grant, and their expiration date is 3 years from the date of issuance. As of December 31, 2022, no warrants were exercised.

The fair value of the warrants which was computed according to the Black-Scholes model, amounted to \$37 thousand. This value is based on the following assumptions: expected volatility of 116.1%, risk free interest of 0.22% expected term until exercise of 2.92 years. Volatility is based on volatility data of the traded share price of the Company for periods matching the expected term of the warrant until exercise.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 16 - SHARE BASED PAYMENT (continued):

e. Warrants grant to service providers

1. On December 27, 2021, the Company issued 10,000 fully vested warrants to a certain service provider, which can be exercised into 10,000 ADSs (100,000 ordinary shares) within 5 years from the date of grant. 5,000 warrants can be exercised at a price of \$12.5 per warrants, and additional 5,000 warrants can be exercise in an exercise price of \$20.0 per warrant. As of December 31, 2022, no warrants were exercised.

The fair value of the warrants which was computed according to the Black-Scholes model, amounted to \$53 thousand. This value is based on the following assumptions: expected volatility of 104.71%, risk free interest of 1.42%, expected term until exercise of 5 years. Volatility is based on volatility data of the traded share price of the Company for periods matching the expected term of the warrant until exercise.

f. Expenses recognized in the financial statements

The costs which were recognized in the Company's financial statements in respect of services received from its employees and consultants are presented in the table below:

	Year ended December 31
2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
1,679	2,356	742

The plans are intended to be governed under rules set for that purpose in the Plan. The exercise prices of the options that are exercisable into shares as of December 31, 2022, range between \$0.00 to \$1.89.

NOTE 17 - SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:

a. Share capital

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company's share capital is composed as follows:

Number of shares
Issued and			Issued and
Authorized	paid	Authorized	paid
December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
75,000,000	32,628,044	75,000,000	30,000,339

The last reported market price for the Company's securities on December 31, 2022, was \$2.40 per ADS on the Nasdaq and ILS0.826 per share on the TASE (based on the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel for that date).

b. Rights conferred by Ordinary shares

The ordinary shares confer upon their holders' voting rights, the right to receive dividends, the right to a share in excess assets upon liquidation of the Company and other rights as set out in the Company's articles of association.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 17 - SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (continued):

c. Share issuance

1. On April 2, 2020, the Company completed a registered direct offering of \$720 thousand, before deducting offering costs. The offering consisted of 45,000 ADSs at a price per ADS of \$16.0.

On April 23, 2020, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of approximately \$8.4 million, before deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering costs of \$1,093 thousand. The offering consisted of (i) 85,860 units (the "April 2020 Units") of ADSs and warrants to purchase one ADS per warrant (the "April 2020 Warrants"), with each Unit consisting of one ADS and one Warrant, and (ii) 677,750 pre-funded units (the "April 2020 Pre-Funded Units"), with each April 2020 Pre-Funded Unit consisting of a pre-funded warrant to purchase one ADS (an "April 2020 Pre-Funded Warrant") and one April 2020 Warrant. Each April 2020 Unit was sold at a price of \$1.1 per unit, and each April 2020 Pre-Funded Unit was sold at a price of \$10.99 per unit, including an exercise price of \$0.01 per full ADS. The April 2020 Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable at any time after the date of issuance upon payment of the exercise price. The April 2020 Warrants have a per ADS exercise price of \$12.0 per full ADS, are exercisable immediately, and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The Company granted the underwriter a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 114,542 ADSs and/or April 2020 Warrants to cover over-allotments, if any. The underwriter did not exercise its option.

On July 22, 2020, the Company closed a registered direct offering. The offering included the issuance of 307,500 ADSs at a purchase price of \$14.0 per ADS, and 114,500 pre-funded warrants (the "July 2020 Pre-Funded Warrants"). The July 2020 Pre-Funded Warrants were sold at a price of \$14.0 each, including the July 2020 Pre-Funded Warrant exercise price of \$0.01 per full ADS. The July 2020 Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable at any time after the date of issuance upon payment of the exercise price. The offering resulted in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately \$5.9 million. offering costs totaled to \$401 thousand.

As of December 31, 2022, all the April 2020 Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised into 677,750 ADSs in exchange for an aggregate exercise amount of approximately \$7.5 million. Also, 614,990 April 2020 Warrants were exercised into 614,990 ADSs in exchange for an aggregate exercise amount of approximately \$7 thousand.

1. On February 18, 2021, the Company completed a registered direct offering of approximately \$9,750 thousand, before deducting offering costs of \$527 thousand. The offering consisted of (i) 461,500 ADSs at a purchase price of \$20.00 per ADS, and (ii) 26,000 pre-funded warrants (the "February 2021 Pre-Funded Warrants") each to purchase one ADS.

As of December 31, 2022, all of the February 2021 Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised.

1. On July 17, 2022, the Company issued 2,181,009 ordinary shares to CyberKick's founders as a consideration for the first millstone, representing earn-out payment of \$1,050 thousand. See Note 18.

d. At the Market Sales Agreement

In November 2022, the Company entered into an At The Market ("ATM") Sales Agreement with ThinkEquity LLC ("Think Equity"), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through Think Equity, for an aggregate offering price of up to \$5 million. For more details see Note 27b.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 18 - BUSINESS COMBINATIONS:

Acquisition of CyberKick

On July 4, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of all issued and outstanding share capital of CyberKick, which provides solutions for security and privacy tools developers and consumers. The initial consideration paid was \$9.3 million, which consisted of cash consideration of \$3.7 million and equity consideration of \$5.6 million paid by the issuance of 4,062,045 ordinary shares of the Company (based on the average weight of the share price for an agreed period prior to the acquisition). The consideration may be increased by an additional earn-out payment of up to \$3 million to CyberKick's founders, subject to certain revenue targets of CyberKick during the first and second year following the closing of the transaction, provided that the entitlement shall be only of the founders who are still engaged by CyberKick at such time. The Company may decide, at its sole discretion, to pay the earn-out consideration in equity, in whole or in part. The costs associated with the acquisition were approximately \$215 thousand and are recorded in general and administrative expense.

The acquisition date fair value of the consideration transferred was \$9,508 thousand, which consisted of the following:

	July 4, 2021
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Consideration:
Cash	3,700
Fair value of ordinary shares issued	5,808
	9,508

The following table summarizes the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition:

	July 4, 2021
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Customer relations	3,228
Technologies	792
Deferred tax liabilities	(825)
Property and equipment, net	2
Goodwill	6,311
Net assets acquired	9,508

The estimated useful life of the acquired technologies is 10 years, and the customer relations is between 2 to 8 years. Goodwill primarily represented the value of assembled workforce.

The Company issued 4,062,045 ordinary shares with an estimated fair value of \$5,808 thousand, representing \$1.43 per share. The fair value of ordinary shares issued was determined using the Company's market price per share in the TASE as of the closing date, translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate as of such date.

The Company assumed earn-out consideration to CyberKick's founders with an estimated fair value of \$3 million at the acquisition date. The fair value of the earn-out consideration was allocated to future services and continued employment and will be expensed as share based payment over the remaining service periods.

From the date of acquisition through December 31, 2021, CyberKick has contributed \$3,389 thousand to the revenue of the Company and has increased the net loss of the Company by \$1,478 thousand. If the business combination had taken place on January 1, 2021, consolidated unaudited pro forma revenue and net loss would have been \$12,572 thousand and \$13,571 thousand, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 19 - REVENUES AND COST OF REVENUES:

a. Revenues

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Software as a Service	11,850	7,328	3,839
Advertising services	6,699	2,325	-
Software licenses	28	227	447
Software support services	202	401	587
Other services	-	-	13
	18,779	10,281	4,886

The Company recognized \$514 thousand, \$441 thousand and \$562 thousand of revenue in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to contract liability balances at the beginning of the respective annual periods.

b. Cost of revenues

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Payroll and related expenses	366	465	257
Clearing fees	1,113	213	-
Traffic acquisition costs	3,070	1,118	-
Share-based payment	33	53	5
Internet services providers	2,135	1,747	973
Networks and servers	570	341	129
Amortization and impairment of intangible assets and depreciation	1,244	1,156	1,084
Other	121	52	51
	8,652	5,145	2,499

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 20 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES:

		Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Payroll and related expenses	2,355	2,086	999
Share-based payment	525	770	124
Subcontractors	900	1,429	911
Other	253	486	168
	4,033	4,771	2,202

NOTE 21 - SELLING AND MARKETING EXPENSES:

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Payroll and related expenses	3,600	3,471	2,701
Media costs	5,572	2,067	-
Share-based payment	635	943	299
Professional fees	131	576	461
Marketing	868	523	440
Amortization and impairment of intangible assets and depreciation	1,001	416	39
Other	380	352	275
	12,187	8,348	4,215

NOTE 22 - GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES:

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Payroll and related expenses	1,682	1,678	1,130
Share-based payment	486	587	326
Professional fees	4,009	4,320	2,184
Other	585	428	557
	6,762	7,013	4,197

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 23 - FINANCIAL EXPENSES, NET:

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Finance expenses:
Bank fees and interest	(117)	(121)	(152)
Issuance expenses	-	-	(156)
Interest expenses	(212)	-	-
Changes in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss	(167)	-	-
Exchange rate differences	(35)	-	-
Total finance expenses	(531)	(121)	(308)
Financing income:
Changes in financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, including day 1 loss	461	961	3,245
Changes in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss	-	80	-
Interest income	16	8	14
Exchange differences	-	14	289
Total financing income	477	1,063	3,548
Financing income (expenses), net	(54)	942	3,240

NOTE 24 - LOSS PER SHARE:

a. Basic

Basic loss per share is calculated by dividing the loss attributable to Company's owners by the weighted average number of issued ordinary shares in issue (including pre-funded warrants).

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
Loss attributable to Company's owners (U.S. dollars in thousands)	(13,151)	(13,125)	(7,845)
The weighted average of the number of ordinary shares in issue (in thousands)	31,594	27,106	11,074
Basic loss per share (U.S. dollar)	(0.42)	(0.48)	(0.71)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 24 - LOSS PER SHARE (continued):

b. Diluted

The Company adjusts the loss attributable to holders of ordinary shares and the weighted average number of shares in issue, to reflect the effect of all potentially dilutive ordinary shares, as follows: The Company adds to the weighted average number of shares in issue that was used to calculate the basic loss per share, the weighted average of the number of shares to be issued assuming that all shares that have a potentially dilutive effect would be converted into shares, and adjusts net loss attributable to holders of the Company's ordinary shares to exclude any profits or losses recorded during the period with respect to potentially dilutive shares. The potential shares, as mentioned above, are only taken into account in cases where their effect is dilutive (reducing the earnings per share or increasing the loss per share).

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
Loss attributable to the Company's owners, used in computation of basic loss per share (U.S. dollars in thousands)	(13,151)	(13,125)	(7,845)
Adjustment in respect of the finance income relating to convertible debentures (U.S. dollars in thousands)	-	-	(1,692)
	(13,151)	(13,125)	(9,537)
The weighted average of the number of ordinary shares in issue used in computation of basic loss per share (in thousands)	31,594	27,106	11,074
Adjustment respect of the incremental shares assuming the conversion to convertible debentures (in thousands)	-	-	1,911
	31,594	27,106	12,985
Diluted loss per share (U.S. dollar)	(0.42)	(0.48)	(0.84)

The calculation of diluted loss per share for December 31, 2022, does not give effect to the potential share issuance of ordinary shares upon the exercise of options to employees and service providers, warrants issued in connection with convertible debenture agreements and warrants issued in connection with the O.R.B agreement, as their effect is anti-dilutive.

The calculation of diluted loss per share for December 31, 2021, does not give effect to the potential share issuance of ordinary shares upon the exercise of options to employees and service providers and warrants issued in connection with convertible debenture agreements, as their effect is anti-dilutive.

The calculation of diluted loss per share for December 31, 2020, does not give effect to the potential share issuance of ordinary shares upon the exercise of options to employees and service providers and warrants issued in connection with convertible debenture agreements, as their effect is anti-dilutive.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 25 - RELATED PARTIES TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES:

"Related Parties" - As defined in IAS 24, "Related Party Disclosures" ("IAS 24"). Key management personnel - included together with other entities in the said definition of "Related Parties" in IAS 24, include the members of the Board of Directors and senior executives.

a. Transactions with related parties

1) Compensation to related parties

		Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
		U.S. dollar in thousands
Compensation to directors employed by the Company	616	1,041	1,122
Compensation to other key management personnel	487	444	1,245
Compensation to directors who are not employed by the Company	200	88	80

2) Compensation to key management personnel, including employed directors

The compensation paid to key management personnel for work services they provide to the Company is as follows:

	Year ended December 31
	2022	2021	2020
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Payroll, management fees, and other short-term benefits	833	1,181	2,069
Share-based payments	270	303	297
	1,103	1,484	2,366

b. Balances with related parties

		December 31
	2022	2021
		U.S. dollar in thousands
Employees payable	324	414
Accounts payable	40	61
	364	475

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 26 - ENTITY LEVEL DISCLOSURES AND SEGMENT INFORMATION:

Management has determined the Company's operating segments based on the information reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision maker for the purpose of allocating resources to the segments and assessing their performance. The chief operating decision maker, who is the Company's Chief Executive Officer, examines the performance of the operating segments based on revenues and adjusted operating profit (loss).

The adjusted operating loss is calculated based on operating loss before share-based payments, contingent consideration measurement, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, depreciation and amortization and non-attributable corporate expenses.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has three reportable segments: enterprise cybersecurity, enterprise internet access (formerly known as enterprise privacy) and consumer internet access (formerly known as consumer cybersecurity & privacy).

The following tables present details of the Company's operating segments for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022:

	Enterprise cybersecurity	Enterprise internet access	Consumer internet access	Consolidated	Adjustment to net loss for year
			Year ended December 31, 2022
			U.S. dollar in thousands
Revenues	230	8,479	10,070	18,779
Adjusted operating loss	(417)	*(2,380)	(3,439)	-	(6,236)
Non-attributable corporate expenses					(2,445)
Share-based payments					(1,679)
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets					(1,021)
Depreciation and amortization					(2,043)
Operating loss					(13,424)
Financial expenses, net					(54)
Tax benefit					327
Net loss for the year					(13,151)

* Including legal expenses related to Bright Data action, see also Note 13.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 26 - ENTITY LEVEL DISCLOSURES AND SEGMENT INFORMATION (continued):

	Enterprise cybersecurity	Enterprise internet access	Consumer internet access	Consolidated	Adjustment to net loss for year
			Year ended December 31, 2021
			U.S. dollar in thousands
Revenues	627	6,265	3,389	10,281
Adjusted operating loss	(4,218)	*(2,987)	(1,319)	-	(8,524)
Non-attributable corporate expenses					(2,331)
Share-based payments					(2,356)
Contingent consideration measurement					684
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets					(700)
Depreciation and amortization					(1,785)
Operating loss					(15,012)
Financial expenses, net					942
Tax benefit					945
Net loss for the year					(13,125)

* Including legal expenses related to Bright Data action, see also Note 13.

	Enterprise cybersecurity	Enterprise internet access	Consolidated	Adjustment to net loss for year
		Year ended December 31, 2020
Revenues	1,047	3,839	4,886
Adjusted operating loss	(3,133)	*(835)	-	(3,968)
Non-attributable corporate expenses				(2,154)
Share-based payments				(742)
Contingent consideration measurement				(345)
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets				(2,759)
Depreciation and amortization				(1,363)
Operating loss				(11,331)
Financial expenses, net				3,240
Taxes on income				246
Net loss for the year				(7,845)

* Including legal expenses related to Bright Data action, see also Note 13.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

NOTE 26 - ENTITY LEVEL DISCLOSURES AND SEGMENT INFORMATION (continued):

Set forth below is a breakdown of the Company's revenues by geographic regions:

				U.K. Virgin
	U.S.	Europe	APAC	Island	MEA	Other	Total
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Company's revenues for the year 2022	4,110	2,618	1,320	7,009	846	2,876	18,779

Revenue in 2022 of \$6,948 thousand resulted from one main customer (representing 37% of total revenues).

	Hong
	U.S.	Europe	APAC	Kong	Israel	Other	Total
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Company's revenues for the year 2021	3,618	2,259	553	1,365	822	1,664	10,281

Revenue in 2021 of \$2,214 thousand resulted from one main customer (representing 22% of total revenues).

	U.S.	Europe	APAC	Israel	Other	Total
	U.S. dollar in thousands
Company's revenues for the year 2020	1,837	1,036	427	973	613	4,886

NOTE 27 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS:

a. Strategic funding

On January 30, 2023, the Company signed on a second amendment to the O.R.B. agreement. According to the amendment, O.R.B. will fund the Company with 18 tranches of \$111,111 (an unchanged total amount of \$2 million) from February 2023 through July 2024, instead of the 6 original tranches (Tranches 3-8) of \$333,333 each from February 2023 through July 2023.

During the period from January 1, 2023 until the approval date of these financial statements, O.R.B. transferred to the Company an aggregate amount \$550 thousand, to a total aggregate funding of \$2.22 million from the signing of the funding agreement, on account of its \$4 million cash commitment.

The Company repaid O.R.B during the period from January 1, 2023 until the approval date of these financial statements, on behalf of the revenue share model, an amount of \$0.30 million, to a total aggregate repayments of \$0.55 million from the signing of the funding agreement.

b. ATM issuances

During the period from January 1, 2023 until the approval date of these financial statement, the Company raised a gross amount of \$75 thousand (net amount of \$73 thousand) through the ATM Sales Agreement in consideration of issuance of 25,847 ADSs (258,470 ordinary shares).

Type and Class of Securities

As of March 21, 2022, Alarum Technologies Ltd.'s (the "Company") authorized share capital consisted of 75,000,000 ordinary shares, no par value per share ("Ordinary Shares").

Registration Number and Purposes and Objects of the Company

The Company's registration number with the Israeli Registrar of Companies is 51-141847-7. The Company's purpose is set forth in Section 3(b) of the Company's amended and restated articles of association and includes every lawful purpose.

The Powers of the Directors

The Company's board of directors (the "Board") may exercise all powers that are not required under the Israeli Companies Law of 1999 (the "Companies Law"), or under the Company's amended and restated articles of association, other than the powers which are to be exercised or taken by the Company's shareholders.

Preemptive Rights

The Company's Ordinary Shares are not redeemable and are not subject to any preemptive right.

Voting Rights of Directors

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the Company's amended and restated articles of association, no director shall be disqualified by virtue of his or her office from holding any office or place of profit in the Company or in any company in which the Company shall be a shareholder or otherwise interested, or from contracting with the Company as vendor, purchaser or otherwise, nor shall any such contract, or any contract or arrangement entered into by or on behalf of the Company in which any director shall be in any way interested, be avoided, nor, other than as required under the Companies Law, shall any director be liable to account to the Company for any profit arising from any such office or place of profit or realized by any such contract or arrangement by reason only of such director's holding that office or of the fiduciary relations thereby established, but the nature of his or her interest, as well as any material fact or document, must be disclosed by him at the meeting of the Board at which the contract or arrangement is first considered, if his or her interest then exists, or, in any other case, at no later than the first meeting of the Board after the acquisition of his or her interest.

Limitations or Qualifications

Not applicable.

Other Rights

Not applicable.

Rights of the Shares

The Company's Ordinary Shares shall confer upon the holders thereof:

• equal right to attend and to vote at all of the Company's general meetings, whether regular or special, with each Ordinary Share entitling the holder thereof, which attends the meeting and participates in the voting, either in person or by a proxy or by a written ballot, to one vote;
• equal right to participate in distribution of dividends, if any, whether payable in cash or in bonus shares, in distribution of assets or in any other distribution, on a per share pro rata basis; and
• equal right to participate, upon the Company's dissolution, in the distribution of the Company's assets legally available for distribution, on a per share pro rata basis.

Election of Directors

Pursuant to the Company's amended and restated articles of association, the Company's Board is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms, in a manner that each director, except external directors, serves for a term of three years, and holds office until the annual general meeting of the Company's shareholders for the year in which his or her term expires, unless (i) he or she is removed by a 65% majority of the shareholders voting on such matter at an annual meeting of the Company's shareholders, provided that such majority constitutes more than 50% of the Company's then issued and outstanding share capital or (ii) upon the occurrence of certain events, in accordance with the Companies Law and the Company's amended and restated articles of association. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors (other than external directors) following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election, such that each year the term of office of only one class of directors will expire. Pursuant to the Company's amended and restated articles of association, other than the external directors, for whom special election requirements apply under the Companies Law, the vote required to appoint a director is a simple majority vote of holders of the Company's voting shares, participating and voting at the relevant meeting. In addition, the Company's amended and restated articles of association allow the Company's board of directors to appoint directors to fill vacancies and/or as an addition to the board of directors (subject to the maximum number of twelve directors) to serve for the remaining period of time during which the director whose service has ended would have held office, or in case of an addition to the board of directors, in accordance with the class assigned to such appointed director, as determined by the board of directors at the time of such appointment. External directors are elected for an initial term of three years, and may be elected thereafter for up to two additional three-year terms under certain circumstances, and may be removed from office pursuant to the terms of the Companies Law. Under certain circumstances, the term of office for external directors for Israeli companies traded on certain foreign stock exchanges, including the Nasdaq Stock Market, may be extended indefinitely in increments of additional three-year terms.

Annual and Special Meetings

Under Companies Law, the Company is required to hold an annual general meeting of the Company's shareholders once every calendar year, at such time and place which shall be determined by the Company's board of directors (either within or out of the State of Israel), which must be no later than 15 months after the date of the previous annual general meeting. All meetings other than the annual general meeting of shareholders are referred to as special general meetings. The Company's board of directors may call special meetings whenever it sees fit and upon the written request of: (a) any two of the Company's directors or of one quarter of the members of the Board in office at such time; and/or (b) one or more shareholders holding, in the aggregate, 5% of the Company's outstanding voting power.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the Board, which according to the Companies Law may be between four and forty days prior to the date of the meeting, as applicable according to the matters on the general meetings agenda. According to the Companies Law, resolutions regarding the following matters must be passed at a general meeting of the Company's shareholders:

• amendments to the Company's amended and restated articles of association;
• the exercise of the Board's powers by a general meeting if the Board is unable to exercise its powers and the exercise of any of its powers is required for the Company's proper management;
• appointment or termination of the Company's auditors;
• appointment of directors (other than with respect to circumstances specified in the Company's amended and restated articles of association);
• approval of acts and transactions requiring general meeting approval pursuant to the provisions of the Companies Law and any other applicable law;
• increases or reductions of the Company's authorized share capital; and
• a merger (as such term is defined in the Companies Law).

Notices

The Companies Law requires that a notice of any annual or special general meeting be provided at least 21 days prior to the meeting, and if the agenda of the meeting includes certain matters prescribed under the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereafter, among others, the appointment or removal of directors, the approval of transactions with office holders or interested or related parties, approval of the Company's general manager to serve as the chairman of the board of directors or an approval of a merger, notice must be provided at least 35 days prior to such meeting.

Quorum

As permitted under the Companies Law, the quorum required for the Company's general meetings consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy, written ballot or voting by means of electronic voting system, who hold or represent between them in aggregate at least 15% of the total outstanding voting rights. If within half an hour of the time set forth for the general meeting a quorum is not present, the general meeting shall stand adjourned either (i) to the same day of the following week, at the same hour and in the same place (ii) to such other date, time and place as prescribed in the notice to the shareholders and in such adjourned meeting or (iii) to such day and at such time and place as the chairperson of the general meeting shall determine (which may be earlier or later than the date pursuant to clause (i) above). If no quorum is present within half an hour of the time arranged, any number of shareholders participating in the meeting, shall constitute a quorum.

If a special general meeting was summoned following the request of a shareholder, and within half an hour a legal quorum shall not have been formed, the meeting shall be canceled.

Access to Corporate Records

Under the Companies Law, shareholders are entitled to have access to: minutes of the Company's general meetings; the Company's shareholders register and principal shareholders register, articles of association and annual audited financial statements; and any document that the Company is required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Companies Registrar or the Israel Securities Authority. These documents are publicly available and may be found and inspected at the Israeli Registrar of Companies. In addition, shareholders may request to be provided with any document related to an action or transaction requiring shareholder approval under the related party transaction provisions of the Companies Law. The Company may deny this request if the Company believes it has not been made in good faith or if such denial is necessary to protect the Company's interest or protect a trade secret or patent.

Adoption of Resolutions

The Company's amended and restated articles of association provide that the resolutions amending provisions of the articles related to the staggered board of directors and the composition of the board, as well as a resolution to dismiss a director in office, will require an affirmative vote of 65% of the voting power represented at a general meeting and voting thereon, provided that such majority constitutes more than 50% of the Company's then issued and outstanding share capital. Other than that, and unless otherwise required under the Companies Law all resolutions of the Company's shareholders require a simple majority vote. A shareholder may vote in a general meeting in person, by proxy, by a written ballot.

Changing Rights Attached to Shares

If at any time the share capital of the Company is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class, unless otherwise provided by the Companies Law or the Company's amended and restated articles of association, may be modified or cancelled by the Company by a resolution of the general meeting of the holders of all shares as one class, without any required separate resolution of any class of shares.

The enlargement of an existing class of shares or the issuance of additional shares thereof, shall not be deemed to modify the rights attached to the previously issued shares of such class or of any other class, unless otherwise provided by the terms of the shares.

Limitations on the Rights to Own Ordinary Shares

There are no limitations on the right to own the Company's securities.

Provisions Restricting Change in Control of the Company

Our amended and restated articles of association provide for a staggered board of directors, which mechanism may delay, defer or prevent a change of control of the Company's Board of Directors. Other than that, there are no specific provisions of the Company's amended and restated articles of association that would have an effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company or that would operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition or corporate restructuring involving the Company (or the Company's subsidiaries). However, as described below, certain provisions of the Companies Law may have such effect.

The Companies Law includes provisions that allow a merger transaction and requires that each company that is a party to the merger have the transaction approved by its board of directors and, unless certain requirements described under the Companies Law are met, a vote of the majority of its shareholders, and, in the case of the target company, also a majority vote of each class of its shares. For purposes of the shareholder vote of each party, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if shares representing a majority of the voting power present at the shareholders meeting and which are not held by the other party to the merger (or by any person or group of persons acting in concert who holds 25% or more of the voting power or the right to appoint 25% or more of the directors of the other party) vote against the merger. If, however, the merger involves a merger with a company's own controlling shareholder or if the controlling shareholder has a personal interest in the merger, then the merger is instead subject to the same Special Majority (as defined below) approval that governs all extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of the merger the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of any of the parties to the merger, and may further give instructions to secure the rights of creditors. If the transaction would have been approved by the shareholders of a merging company but for the separate approval of each class or the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still approve the merger upon the petition of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company. For such petition to be granted, the court must find that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the value of the parties to the merger and the consideration offered to the shareholders. In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least (1) 50 days have passed from the time that the requisite proposals for approval of the merger were filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies by each merging company and (2) 30 days have passed since the merger was approved by the shareholders of each merging company.

The term "Special Majority" will be defined as described in section 275(a)(3) of the Companies Law as:

• at least a majority of the shares held by shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have personal interest in the merger (excluding a personal interest that did not result from the shareholder's relationship with the controlling shareholder) have voted in favor of the proposal (shares held by abstaining shareholders shall not be considered); or
• the total number of shares voted against the merger, does not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights of the company.

The Companies Law also provides that, subject to certain exceptions, an acquisition of shares in an Israeli public company must be made by means of a "special" tender offer if as a result of the acquisition (1) the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company, unless there is already another holder of at least 25% or more of the voting rights in the company or (2) the purchaser would become a holder of 45% or more of the voting rights in the company, unless there is already a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. These requirements do not apply if, in general, the acquisition (1) was made in a private placement that received shareholders' approval, subject to certain conditions, (2) was from a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company which resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company, or (3) was from a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company which resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company. A "special" tender offer must be extended to all shareholders. In general, a "special" tender offer may be consummated only if (1) at least 5% of the voting power attached to the company's outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (2) the offer is accepted by a majority of the offerees who notified the company of their position in connection with such offer (excluding the offeror, controlling shareholders, holders of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company or anyone on their behalf, or any person having a personal interest in the acceptance of the tender offer). If a special tender offer is accepted, then the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it or under common control with the purchaser or such controlling person or entity may not make a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and may not enter into a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer.

If, as a result of an acquisition of shares, the acquirer will hold more than 90% of an Israeli public company's outstanding shares or of certain class of shares, the acquisition must be made by means of a tender offer for all of the outstanding shares, or for all of the outstanding shares of such class, as applicable. In general, if less than 5% of the outstanding shares, or of applicable class, are not tendered in the tender offer and more than half of the offerees who have no personal interest in the offer tendered their shares, all the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to it by operation of law. However, a tender offer will also be accepted if the shareholders who do not accept the offer hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class of shares. Any shareholders that was an offeree in such tender offer, whether such shareholder accepted the tender offer or not, may request, by petition to an Israeli court, (i) appraisal rights in connection with a full tender offer, and (ii) that the fair value should be paid as determined by the court, for a period of six months following the acceptance thereof. However, the acquirer is entitled to stipulate, under certain conditions, that tendering shareholders will forfeit such appraisal rights.

Lastly, Israeli tax law treats some acquisitions, such as stock-for-stock exchanges between an Israeli company and a foreign company, less favorably than U.S. tax laws. For example, Israeli tax law may, under certain circumstances, subject a shareholder who exchanges his Ordinary Shares for shares in another corporation to taxation prior to the sale of the shares received in such stock-for-stock swap.

Differences Between Law of Different Jurisdictions

Not applicable.

Borrowing Powers

Pursuant to the Companies Law and the Company's amended and restated articles of association, the Board may exercise all powers and take all actions that are not required under law or under the Company's amended and restated articles to be exercised or taken by the shareholders, including the power to borrow money for company purposes subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the Company's amended and restated articles of association.

Changes in the Company's Capital

The general meeting may, by a simple majority vote of the shareholders attending the general meeting and subject to the provisions of the Companies Law:

• increase the Company's registered share capital by the creation of new shares from the existing class or a new class, as determined by the general meeting;
• cancel any registered share capital which has not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person;
• consolidate and divide all or any of the Company's share capital into shares of larger nominal value than the Company's existing shares;
• subdivide the Company's existing shares or any of them, the Company's share capital or any of it, into shares of smaller nominal value than is fixed; and
• reduce the Company's share capital and any fund reserved for capital redemption in any manner, and with and subject to any incident authorized, and consent required, by the Companies Law.

Debt Securities

The Company does not have any debt securities that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act").

Warrants and Rights

The Company does not have any warrants or rights that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act.

Other Securities

The Company does not have any other securities that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act.

Name of the Depositary

The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, will register and deliver American Depositary Shares ("ADSs"). Each ADS will represent forty Ordinary Shares (or a right to receive forty Ordinary Shares) deposited with Bank Hapoalim or Leumi Bank, as custodian for the depositary in Tel Aviv. Each ADS will also represent any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the depositary. The deposited shares together with any other securities, cash or other property held by the depository are referred to as the deposited securities. The depositary's office at which the ADSs will be administered is located at 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286. The Bank of New York Mellon's principal executive office is located at 240 Greenwich Street New York, NY 10286.

American Depositary Shares

A holder of the Company's ADSs (the "Holder") may hold ADSs either (A) directly (i) by having American Depositary Receipt, also referred to as an ADR, which is a certificate evidencing a specific number of ADSs, registered in the Holder's name, or (ii) by having uncertificated ADSs registered in the Holder's name, or (B) indirectly by holding a security entitlement in ADSs through the ADS Holder's broker or other financial institution that is a direct or indirect participant in The Depository Trust Company ("DTC"). If the Holder hold ADSs directly, the Holder is a registered ADS holder, also referred to as an ADS holder. This description assumes the Holder is an ADS holder. If the Holder holds the ADSs indirectly, the Holder must rely on the procedures of the Holder's broker or other financial institution to assert the rights of ADS holders described in this section. The Holder should consult with his broker or financial institution to find out what those procedures are.

Registered holders of uncertificated ADSs will receive statements from the depositary confirming their holdings.

As an ADS holder, the Company will not treat the Holder as one of the Company's shareholders and the Holder will not have shareholder rights. Israeli law governs shareholder rights. The depositary will be the holder of the shares underlying the Holder's ADSs. As a registered holder of ADSs, the Holder will have ADS holder rights. A deposit agreement among the Company, the depositary, ADS holders and all other persons indirectly or beneficially holding ADSs sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADSs.

The following is a summary of the material provisions of the deposit agreement. For more complete information, the Holder should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR.

Dividends and Other Distributions

How will the Holder receive dividends and other distributions on the shares?

The depositary has agreed to pay or distribute to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on shares or other deposited securities, upon payment or deduction of its fees and expenses. The Holder will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of shares the Holder's ADSs represent.

Cash.

The depositary will convert any cash dividend or other cash distribution the Company pays on the shares into U.S. dollars, if it can do so on a reasonable basis and can transfer the U.S. dollars to the United States. If that is not possible or if any government approval is needed and cannot be obtained, the deposit agreement allows the depositary to distribute the foreign currency only to those ADS holders to whom it is possible to do so. It will hold the foreign currency it cannot convert for the account of the ADS holders who have not been paid. It will not invest the foreign currency and it will not be liable for any interest.

Before making a distribution, any withholding taxes, or other governmental charges that must be paid will be deducted. The depository will distribute only whole U.S. dollars and cents and will round fractional cents to the nearest whole cent. If the exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert the foreign currency, the Holder may lose some or all of the value of the distribution.

Shares.

The depositary may distribute additional ADSs representing any shares the Company distributes as a dividend or free distribution. The depositary will only distribute whole ADSs. It will sell shares which would require it to deliver a fraction of an ADS (or ADSs representing those shares) and distribute the net proceeds in the same way as it does with cash. If the depositary does not distribute additional ADSs, the outstanding ADSs will also represent the new shares. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed shares (or ADSs representing those shares) sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution.

Rights to purchase additional shares.

If the Company offers holders of the Company's securities any rights to subscribe for additional shares or any other rights, the depositary may (i) exercise those rights on behalf of ADS holders, (ii) distribute those rights to ADS holders or (iii) sell those rights and distribute the net proceeds to ADS holders, in each case after deduction or upon payment of its fees and expenses. To the extent the depositary does not do any of those things, it will allow the rights to lapse. In that case, the Holder will receive no value for them.

The depositary will exercise or distribute rights only if the Company ask it to and provide satisfactory assurances to the depositary that it is legal to do so. If the depositary will exercise rights, it will purchase the securities to which the rights relate and distribute those securities or, in the case of shares, new ADSs representing the new shares, to subscribing ADS holders, but only if ADS holders have paid the exercise price to the depositary.

U.S. securities laws may restrict the ability of the depositary to distribute rights or ADSs or other securities issued on exercise of rights to all or certain ADS holders, and the securities distributed may be able subject to restrictions on transfer.

Other Distributions.

The depositary will send to ADS holders anything else the Company distributes on deposited securities by any means it thinks is legal, fair and practical. If it cannot make the distribution in that way, the depositary has a choice. It may decide to sell what the Company distributed and distributes the net proceeds, in the same way as it does with cash. Or, it may decide to hold what the Company distributed, in which case ADSs will also represent the newly distributed property. However, the depositary is not required to distribute any securities (other than ADSs) to ADS holders unless it receives satisfactory evidence from the Company that it is legal to make that distribution. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed securities or property sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution. U.S. securities laws may restrict the ability of the depositary to distribute securities to all or certain ADS holders, and the securities distributed may be subject to restrictions on transfer.

The depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any ADS holders. The Company has no obligation to register ADSs, shares, rights or other securities under the Securities Act. The Company also has no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, shares, rights or anything else to ADS holders. This means that the Holder may not receive the distributions the Company makes on the Company's shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for the Company to make them available to the Holder.

Deposit, Withdrawal and Cancellation

How are ADSs issued?

The depositary will deliver ADSs if the Holder or the Holder's broker deposits shares or evidence of rights to receive shares with the custodian. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will register the appropriate number of ADSs in the names the Holder requests and will deliver the ADSs to or upon the order of the person or persons that made the deposit.

How can ADS holders withdraw the deposited securities?

The Holder may surrender his ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal at the depositary's office. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will deliver the shares and any other deposited securities underlying the ADSs to the ADS holder or a person the ADS holder designates at the office of the custodian. Or, at the Holder's request, risk and expense, the depositary will deliver the deposited securities at its office, if feasible. However, the depository is not required to accept surrender of ADSs to the extent it would require delivery of a fraction of a deposited share of other security. The depositary may charge the Holder a fee and its expenses for instructing the custodian regarding delivery of deposited securities.

How do ADS holders interchange between certificated ADSs and uncertificated ADSs?

The Holder may surrender his ADR to the depositary for the purpose of exchanging the Holder's ADR for uncertificated ADSs. The depositary will cancel that ADR and will send to the ADS holder a statement confirming that the ADS holder is the registered holder of uncertificated ADSs. Upon receipt by the depositary of a proper instruction from a registered holder of uncertificated ADSs requesting the exchange of uncertificated ADSs for certificated ADSs, the depositary will execute and deliver to the ADS holder an ADR evidencing those ADSs.

Voting Rights

How do the Holder vote?

ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote the number of deposited shares their ADSs represent. If the Company request, the depositary to solicit the Holder's voting instructions (and the Company is not required to do so), the depositary will notify ADS holders of a shareholders' meeting and send or make voting materials to them if the Company asks it to. Those materials will describe the matters to be voted on and explain how ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote. For instructions to be valid, they must reach the depositary by a date set by the depositary.

The depositary will try, as far as practical, subject to the laws of the State of Israel and of the Company's amended and restated articles of association or similar documents, to vote or to have its agents vote the shares or other deposited securities as instructed by ADS holders. If the Company does not request the depositary to solicit the Holder's voting instructions, the Holder can still send voting instructions, and, in that case, the depositary may try to vote as the Holder instruct, but it is not required to do so.

Except by instructing the depositary as described above, the Holder won't be able to exercise voting rights unless the Holder surrender the Holder's ADSs and withdraw the shares. However, the Holder may not know about the meeting enough in advance to withdraw the shares. In any event, the depositary will not exercise any discretion in voting deposited securities and it will only vote or attempt to vote as instructed.

The Company cannot assure that the Holder will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that the Holder can instruct the depositary to vote the Holder's shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that the Holder may not be able to exercise the Holder's right to vote and there may be nothing the Holder can do if the Holder's shares are not voted as the Holder requested.

In order to give the Holder a reasonable opportunity to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of voting rights relating to deposited securities, if the Company requests the depositary to act, the Company agrees to give the depositary notice of any such meeting and details concerning the matters to be voted upon at least 30 days in advance of the meeting date.

Listing

The Company's ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "SFET."

List of Subsidiaries

Company Name	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Safe-T Data A.R Ltd.	Israel
NetNut Ltd.	Israel
NetNut Networks Inc.	Delaware
CyberKick Ltd.	Israel
Spell Me Ltd.	Seychelles
iShield Inc.	Delaware
RoboVPN Inc.	Delaware
RoboVPN Technologies Ltd	Cyprus

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

I, Shachar Daniel, certify that:

• 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20–F of Alarum Technologies Ltd.;
• 2 Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
• 1. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
• 1. The Company's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
  2. a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
  3. b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
  4. c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
  5. d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
• 1. The Company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company's auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
  2. a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
  3. b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 31, 2023 /s/ Shachar Daniel

Shachar Daniel Chief Executive Officer

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO EXCHANGE ACT RULE 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

I, Shai Avnit, certify that:

• 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20–F of Alarum Technologies Ltd.;
• 1. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
• 1. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
• 1. The Company's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:
  2. a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
  3. b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
  4. c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
  5. d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting; and
• 1. The Company's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company's auditors and the audit committee of the Company's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
  2. a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
  3. b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: March 31, 2023 /s/ Shai Avnit

Shai Avnit Chief Financial Officer

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

In connection with the filing of the Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the "Report") by Alarum Technologies Ltd. (the "Company"), the undersigned, as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that, to my knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 31, 2023 /s/ Shachar Daniel

Shachar Daniel Chief Executive Officer

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. Section 1350

In connection with the filing of the Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the "Report") by Alarum Technologies Ltd. (the "Company"), the undersigned, as Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that, to my knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: March 31, 2023 /s/ Shai Avnit

Shai Avnit Chief Financial Officer

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-233510, 333-239249, 333-250138, 333- 258744 and 333-267586) and Form F-3 (Nos. 333-233724, 333-235368, 333-236030, 333-233976, 333-237629, 333-253983 and 333-267580) of Alarum Technologies Ltd. of our report dated March 31, 2023 relating to the financial statements of Alarum Technologies Ltd. (formerly Safe-T Group Ltd.), which appears in this Form 20-F.

/s/ Kesselman & Kesselman Certified Public Accountants (Isr.) A member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited Tel Aviv, Israel March 31, 2023