Ruffer Investment Company Ltd

Quarterly Report • Jul 18, 2022

National Storage Mechanism | Additional information

RNS Number : 6943S

Ruffer Investment Company Limited

18 July 2022

Ruffer Investment Company Limited

(a closed-ended investment company incorporated in Guernsey with registration number 41996)

LEI 21380068AHZKY7MKNO47

18 July 2022

Investment Manager's Year End Review

For the year ended 30 June 2022

The following review from the Investment Manager of Ruffer Investment Company Limited (the "Company") covers the twelve month period to 30 June 2022. This review is intended to give shareholders unaudited key performance indicators and a portfolio review in a timely fashion. The audited Annual Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2022 will be released in the usual manner prior to the end of October 2022.

Attached is a link to the Year End Review - http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/6943S_1-2022-7-15.pdf

The Year End Review is also available on the Company's website at:

www.ruffer.co.uk/2022-ric-review

Post Year End Update from Duncan MacInnes

Hamish Baillie, my colleague since 2012 and co-manager since November 2016, has decided to step down from his role at Ruffer after 20 years of service. I will continue to manage the Ruffer Investment Company portfolio with help from the broader Ruffer investment team.

From a personal perspective, I have much to thank Hamish for. More than a decade ago he gave me a job and an opportunity which has changed my life. As a boss he was formidable but fair, always setting relentlessly high standards.

In the last few years as a partner and co-manager he has been an effective sounding board, an astute moral compass with consistently good judgement. If the measure of a good man is to leave those around him better than he found them, then Hamish Baillie is undeniably a good man.

He moves onto a new chapter with the best wishes and heartfelt thanks of myself and everyone else at Ruffer LLP.

Investment Manager's Year End Review

Key performance indicators

	30 June 2022 %	30 June 2021 %
Share price total return over 12 months1	5.6	19.5
NAV total return per share over 12 months1	5.9	15.3
Premium/(discount) of share price to NAV	1.7	2.0
Dividends per share over 12 months2	3.05p	1.90p
Annualised dividend yield3	1.0	0.7
Annualised NAV total return per share since launch1	7.7	7.9
Ongoing charges ratio4	1.07	1.08

Financial highlights

	30 June 2022	30 June 2021
Share price	300.00p	287.00p
NAV	£952,784,773	£575,913,008
Market capitalisation	£969,008,292	£587,541,854
Number of shares in issue	323,002,764	204,718,416
NAV per share5	294.98p	281.32p

1 Assumes reinvestment of dividends

2 Dividends paid during the period

3 Dividends paid during the year divided by closing share price

4 Calculated in accordance with AIC guidance

5 NAV per share as released on the London Stock Exchange

Investment Manager's report

Performance review

For the year to 30 June 2022 the company had a share price total return of 5.6% and the NAV total return of 5.9%. The Company has achieved its objective of preserving and growing shareholder capital.

The annualised NAV total return since inception of the Company in 2004 is 7.7%, which is ahead of UK equities with a much lower level of volatility and drawdowns.

The period has been unusually challenging for investors. The remarkable thing about Q1 2022 is that the best-case scenario was a loss of 4.5% offered by US high yield bonds. History shows how rare it is that there was nowhere to hide. However, this wasn't an anomaly - the second quarter was worse. The 60/40 portfolio is down 16% so far in 2022, a clear indicator that balanced, multi-asset portfolios are struggling.

Given all that has happened year to date, we have presented contributions for the full year to 30 June 2022 and also for the first six months of 2022.

Performance contributions for six months to 30 June 2022

With nowhere to hide in conventional assets, it is no surprise that it was the portfolio's unconventional protective assets that drove performance in the first six months of the year. Option protection via the Ruffer Protection Strategies Fund added 4.4%, driven mostly by interest rate options and equity puts. Credit protection continued to be an essential hedge contributing 3.6% via the Ruffer Illiquid Multi-Strategies Fund.

Within equities, energy stocks were the strongest contributors, adding 2.0% to performance. Individual stock performance of note came from value cyclicals - for instance Chesapeake Energy (+31%) and Mitsubishi UFJ Finance (+19%). The decision to rotate into defence and healthcare stocks was also rewarded as Northrop Grumman (+29%) and Bristol Myers Squibb (+27%) performed well.

Towards the end of the period, as fears of recession grew, exposure to the auto manufacturing sector was hit hard with Volkswagen (-25%) and General Motors (-45%) together costing the portfolio -0.5%. In the UK, exposure to domestic value stocks via Ruffer UK Mid & Smaller Companies Fund (-14%) was hurt by the political omnishambles, inflation and recession risk, detracting -0.4% from the portfolio. Both cases provided a stark reminder that cheap stocks can get cheaper in the short term.

The carnage in the long-dated inflation-linked bond market should not be understated. These assets cost the portfolio -6.0%. The 2073 index-linked bond was down as much as 54% from its November 2021 all-time high - further commentary below.

Performance contributions for 12 months to 30 June 2022

The drivers of performance over 12 months were similar to those shaping the first half of 2022. The toolkit of unconventional protections performed exactly as desired. Options added 3.7% and Ruffer Illiquid Multi-Strategies Fund added 3.3%. These protections provided both negative correlation and duration at a time of market stress and high cross-asset correlation in conventional markets.

Energy equities added 2.8% to performance and we took significant profits during the period. In the summer of 2021, we had a 7% allocation to these stocks at the end of the period this was closer to 4%.

Gold exposure and gold equities cost the portfolio 0.9% during the period. The largest individual pain came from Kinross Gold (-0.4%), which was the largest exposure in the portfolio to Russian asset risk. Gold is a prime example of the failure of conventional safe havens in recent times. Despite inflation and war being front page news, gold has misfired. We still think it has a valuable role to play, but this greater correlation with risk assets is a consequence of gold's increased financialisation.

In the period, inflation-linked bonds cost the portfolio 3.5%, with the longest dated 2073 issue down 51%. We have long called these assets the 'crown jewels' in our portfolio due to our conviction that they should provide the perfect protection in the world of financial repression we are entering. We are still of this view. But the sensitivity to rising rates we have warned about, has now been felt. This illustrates a distinction we have been labouring; investing for inflation and investing for inflation volatility are not the same thing and conflating the two will be costly. Mr Market will make us crawl through fire for the gift of redemption, and derivative protection via the unconventional toolkit remains essential to safely navigating choppy and dangerous markets. Inflation-linked bonds are now back to pre-Brexit prices - and yet in our assessment the likelihood and proximity of the inflationary denouement is much greater.

Portfolio changes

In the last few months of the period, we reduced the risk in the portfolio, moving into what we call 'crouch mode' for what we believe will be a particularly dangerous period in the second half of this year. This de-risking included

1      Reducing equities to a 25% weighting with hedges on top for good measure - this is the lowest weighting for Ruffer portfolios since 2003.

2      Increasing portfolio duration as the rise in bond yields has increased its potential effectiveness as a hedge

3      Rotating gold exposure from equities to bullion.

Investment outlook

Summary

1      The long term - an era of inflation volatility

2      The short term - the impossible tightrope walk

3      The bear is mid-grizzle

4      Hard hats on

There's an old Charlie Munger quote: 'If you're not a little confused about what's going on, you don't understand it'.

That sums up the fog of war, literal and metaphorical, we find the global economy immersed in. We have never had higher conviction on the long term - that we have moved into a new regime of inflation volatility and those conventional portfolios are not going to fare well. In the short term - the outlook is far murkier and path-dependent as policymakers try to navigate a narrow path without either tipping the economy into a wage-price spiral or over the other side into recession. In the meantime, liquidity continues to drain from the system.

The long term - an era of inflation volatility

So what does the new regime look like? We think we return to spasmodic bouts of inflation volatility like we saw after the World War 2 period or indeed again in the 1970s. The long-term chart of UK and US inflation makes it clear that the last 30-40 years has been something of an aberration.

We expect an extended period of accelerating financial repression - where interest rates are below the rate of inflation, forcing negative real returns upon savers. 'Stealing money from old people, slowly' as Russell Napier has memorably described it. We believe we are evolving into a staccato, stop-start world of higher inflation and faster economic growth. This will be driven by targeted government stimulus to tackle the big societal issues of the day; inequality, climate change and now the containment of the geopolitical aspirations of China and Russia.

'Ketchup inflation'

With these trends will come much greater economic and market volatility - the great moderation of inflation, growth and geopolitics enjoyed over the last 40 years is over. Having spent a decade trying in vain to create inflation, like an impatient child slapping on a ketchup bottle, central bankers have now got too much, all at once, in an uncontrolled splat. Inflation was desired as a palliative treatment for the system, the least painful method of debt default and wealth redistribution from old to young and rich to poor - but this ketchup inflation is too hot to handle. The political imperative is that something must be done.

The short term - the impossible tightrope walk

Given that some inflation is desirable but too much is political suicide, perhaps the critical question is: how hard will central bankers fight inflation?

Monetary tightening is a little like going on a diet; easy to talk about and make detailed plans for, but difficult when it comes to the reality of the hard choices and abstinence.

From the current starting point of inflation at 40-year highs in both Europe and the US and a surging, fizzing jobs market - there are no good choices. Central bankers resemble quivering funambulists facing an impossible tightrope walk as they try to meet their objectives - full employment alongside low and stable inflation. Complicating matters further they have politicians breathing down their necks as inflation has spurred a cost of living crisis which now dominates the headlines. On one side, tighten conditions too much and unemployment will surge, probably tipping the economy into recession and crushing asset markets. On the other side, do not tighten enough and risk inflation getting embedded into wages, beginning the dreaded wage-price spiral of previous inflationary episodes.

To make an impossible situation worse the tightrope walker appears a little short-sighted. In May 2021 the Bank of England thought inflation in summer 2022 would be around 2.5%. The actual result? 9.2%.

So, we must conclude that nobody has a clue - particularly not academic economists. Despite their recent mistakes they remain highly confident that inflation will drop back to around 2% by 2024 and stay there.

By June 2022, central bankers began the gradual process of rate rises in the UK and US. Indeed the Federal Reserve (Fed) is engaging in the multi-variate experiment of simultaneous rate hikes and quantitative tightening.

We are now starting to see what happens when more than a decade of easy money is removed from the system. As ex-Federal Reserve Governor Jeremy Stein said, 'the thing about monetary policy is that it gets in all the cracks'. There is no hiding from the reality of higher interest rates. Every tightening cycle throughout history has ended with a recession, a market crisis or both. 'The Fed hikes until something breaks' as the old adage goes.

The punchbowl is being taken away. Quantitative easing is melting away and quantitative tightening is beginning. Combined with rapid-fire rate hikes, it's a recipe for financial market sobriety.

It IS different this time

The policy reaction function has changed. For the last decade or so, downside risk was limited because investors knew that once equity markets declined 20% the Fed put would kick in and there would be policy easing. Today, given the need to dampen demand to tame inflation, the market upside is capped; rise too much and it will be met with more hikes and tighter financial conditions. The Fed wants higher risk premiums, and that means a lower market.

If it were to come, another Fed U-turn, similar to 2018's Powell Pivot or last November's abandoning the word "transitory", would be confirmation central bankers have lost control and America has entered an era of structurally high inflation.

The Bezzle

The economist John Kenneth Galbraith coined the idea of 'The Bezzle', a form of psychic wealth that can be created by mistake or self-delusion. The theory goes that if a collector has a Picasso painting (or should it be an NFT these days?) worth $10 million and someone steals it, there is a period of time, potentially years, where both the collector and the thief believe they have a $10 million asset and act accordingly. The effective wealth in their micro economy is $20 million. Half of the wealth that exists in this moment is illusory and will be destroyed only when the collector identifies the crime. Today's bezzle is the trillions of dollars of assets held in crypto, profitless technology and venture capital funds globally. Although these sectors have felt significant pain already, we believe there is potentially much more to come as opacity, illiquidity and discretion around asset pricing allows the bezzle to be revealed slowly rather than with a bang.

The bear is only mid grizzle

How does an asset fall 95% in value? First it falls by 90% and then it halves!

Investors under the age of 60 have been conditioned to buy the dip. Central bank easing has always been just around the corner and the market recoveries are swift and steep. A look further back in history shows that the pattern many bear markets take is a steep drop, followed by a more prolonged, grind lower over a number of years. In these scenarios, buying the first downward lurch leaves your capital almost as impaired as buying at the top. Let me explain why we have high conviction that the bear market is not over, and stocks are not (yet) a buying opportunity.

The Fed is tightening into an economic slowdown.

Valuations have come down to something more reasonable but are based on earnings estimates that remain too optimistic, still forecasting growth when flat would be a good result.

Valuations have fallen because bond yields have risen, not because the equity risk premium has widened.

Earnings reflect record high margins at a time of rising debt service, labour and energy costs and supply chain disruptions.

Consumer and CEO confidence is at multi year lows, suggesting demand reduction and recession.

So far we have seen limited signs of capitulation. In fact, flows have remained strongly positive into equity and credit throughout the sell-off. ARK Innovation ETF has suffered no net redemptions despite declining 71% in price since the peak. The 'buy the dip' mentality is alive and well.

But the old rules no longer apply. Now that the cost of living crisis is front page news, the political imperative is to bring down inflation, not to support asset prices as in previous market sell-offs. Rather, we are in a negative feedback-loop, where any bear market rally sows the seeds of its own demise by loosening financial conditions, which in turn forces Central Banks to counteract.

Lastly, liquidity is the driver of market prices at the margin and this is likely to evaporate in coming months -as quantitative tightening takes hold, while rising short term rates creates a legitimate alternative to risky assets. The plumbing of the financial system exacerbates this liquidity squeeze by steering cash from banks to money market funds, which have less of a money multiplier effect in the economy. Banks, though not in danger, want to shed deposits and are not keen to expand their balance sheets, while money market funds reflect rate rises quickly and will attract flows.

Hard hats on!

In an episode of surprisingly and persistently high inflation, no allocation to risk escapes repricing. Investors in the Company delegate to Ruffer the task of assessing the economic and market landscape, evaluating the opportunity set and then deciding about how much risk to take.

We do not think this is a good environment to be risking our shareholders' capital.

Rather, we see the coming months as a period to survive, given the extent of the uncertainty around the Ukraine war, central bank policy, inflation, corporate earnings and the consequences of rising interest rates.

This is all happening as the tide of easy money recedes, and we strongly suspect that some people will be found to have been swimming naked.

In this environment, an allocation to cash is an underrated decision - it provides the certainty of a slow erosion by inflation, but it also gives you the option value of being able to move quickly. This is clearly reflected in our portfolio construction. 

As our CIO Henry Maxey wrote in the Ruffer Review at the turn of the year: 'Winter is coming for liquidity, it's coming for narcissism, it's coming for crypto, it's coming for retail punting, and it is definitely coming for businesses which depend on any of these things'.

There are times for a get rich portfolio and times for a stay rich portfolio. We believe this is the latter. There will be better moments and better prices in the future.

In The Science of Hitting by legendary baseball slugger Ted Williams, the key observation was that you don't have to swing your bat at every pitch, only at the ones which look sufficiently attractive. That insight applies in spades to investing in risky assets at this juncture. We would rather lose half of our clients, than half of our client's money.

Portfolio statement

as at 30 June 2022 (unaudited)

	Currency	Holding at 30 June 22	Fair value £	% of total net assets
Government bonds 36.42%
(30 Jun 21: 34.27%)
Non-UK index-linked bonds
Japanese index linked bond 10/03/2026	JPY	511,000,000	3,348,828	0.35
Japanese index linked bond 10/03/2027	JPY	481,900,000	3,222,241	0.34
Japanese index linked bond 10/03/2028	JPY	521,900,000	3,413,404	0.36
US Treasury inflation indexed bond 0.625% 15/04/2023	USD	50,000,000	48,578,000	5.10
Total non-UK index-linked bonds			58,562,473	6.15
Long-dated index-linked gilts
UK index-linked gilt 0.375% 22/03/2062	GBP	9,280,400	19,212,470	2.02
UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/11/2065	GBP	10,856,980	19,546,768	2.05
UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2068	GBP	12,907,220	25,128,271	2.64
UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2073	GBP	11,512,745	19,729,944	2.07
Total long-dated index-linked gilts			83,617,453	8.78
Short-dated index-linked gilts
UK index-linked gilt 1.875% 22/11/2022	GBP	20,000,000	33,647,195	3.53
UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2024	GBP	24,000,000	35,000,109	3.67
UK index-linked gilt 0.125% 22/03/2026	GBP	11,688,600	16,301,447	1.71
Total short-dated index-linked gilts			84,948,751	8.91
Short-dated bonds
Australia 5.75% 15/07/2022	AUD	21,000,000	11,924,252	1.25
Australia 2.25% 21/11/2022	AUD	24,000,000	13,624,994	1.43
Australia 5.5% 21/04/2023	AUD	21,500,000	12,486,116	1.31
Australia 2.75% 21/04/2024	AUD	21,000,000	11,922,227	1.25
US Treasury floating rate bond 31/10/2023	USD	35,000,000	28,786,336	3.02
US Treasury floating rate bond 31/01/2024	USD	50,000,000	41,144,576	4.32
Total short-dated bonds			119,888,501	12.58
Total government bonds			347,017,178	36.42
Corporate bonds 0.22%
(30 Jun 21: 0.00%)
PFCLN 9.75% 15/11/2026	USD	3,200,000	2,069,463	0.22
Total corporate bonds			2,069,463	0.22
Equities 25.51%
(30 Jun 21: 40.64%)
Europe
Aena	EUR	2,510	261,760	0.03
Arcelormittal	EUR	150,000	2,776,749	0.29
Bank of Ireland	EUR	627,958	3,260,603	0.34
Bayer	EUR	55,500	2,708,832	0.28
Dassault Aviation	EUR	10,007	1,281,778	0.13
Groupe Danone	EUR	15,100	692,154	0.07
Koninkliijke Vopak	EUR	160,056	3,316,302	0.35
Novartis	CHF	12,850	893,279	0.09
Prosegur Cash	EUR	720,973	386,025	0.04
Swedish Match	SEK	135,780	1,135,018	0.12
Unicredito	EUR	620,000	4,837,996	0.52
Vallourec	EUR	136,742	1,340,112	0.14
Vivendi	EUR	105,834	882,967	0.09
Volkswagen	EUR	45,122	4,970,140	0.52
Total Europe equities			28,743,715	3.01
United Kingdom
Ashmore	GBP	397,131	880,837	0.09
Associated British Foods	GBP	265,000	4,181,700	0.44
BAE Systems	GBP	118,610	984,700	0.10
Balfour Beatty	GBP	484,089	1,230,554	0.13
Beazley	GBP	344,796	1,719,842	0.18
Belvoir Lettings	GBP	390,000	877,500	0.09
BP	GBP	5,900,000	22,909,700	2.41
Conduit	GBP	263,583	886,957	0.09
Countryside Properties	GBP	93,381	231,585	0.02
Glaxosmithkline	GBP	260,000	4,590,040	0.48
Glencore	GBP	900,000	4,005,900	0.42
Grit Real Estate	GBP	3,743,544	1,123,063	0.12
Hipgnosis Songs Fund	GBP	4,500,000	4,941,000	0.52
Jet2	GBP	132,666	1,201,689	0.13
Lloyds Banking Group	GBP	10,000,000	4,231,000	0.44
Marks & Spencer	GBP	2,253,000	3,052,815	0.32
Melrose Industries	GBP	2,400,000	3,591,600	0.38
Natwest	GBP	2,000,000	4,366,000	0.46
Petrofac	GBP	1,500,000	1,681,500	0.18
Rolls-Royce Holdings	GBP	1,374,345	1,139,882	0.12
Ruffer SICAV UK Mid & Smaller Companies Fund*	GBP	92,260	21,915,425	2.30
Science Group	GBP	174,218	665,513	0.07
Serco	GBP	273,830	477,012	0.05
Shell	GBP	320,000	6,828,800	0.72
Trident Royalties	GBP	7,557,947	3,249,917	0.34
Unilever	GBP	47,844	1,780,275	0.19
Vodafone Group	GBP	4,000,000	5,065,600	0.53
Total UK equities			107,810,406	11.32
North America
American Express	USD	39,429	4,490,723	0.47
Bristol Myers Squibb	USD	55,000	3,480,744	0.37
Charles Schwab	USD	75,530	3,924,732	0.41
Chesapeake Energy	USD	74,080	4,926,703	0.52
Cigna	USD	47,000	10,171,112	1.06
Coty A	USD	310,520	2,042,425	0.21
Exxon Mobil	USD	21,600	1,520,762	0.16
General Electric	USD	23,352	1,221,675	0.13
General Motors	USD	147,000	3,836,147	0.40
Godaddy A	USD	27,663	1,580,094	0.17
Hertz	USD	63,453	825,337	0.09
II-VI	USD	31,152	1,303,329	0.14
Jackson Financial	USD	64,309	1,412,073	0.15
Meta Platforms	USD	32,206	4,264,690	0.45
Northrop Grumman	USD	8,300	3,262,749	0.34
Pfizer	USD	27,500	1,185,540	0.12
Sciplay	USD	46,097	528,423	0.06
Southwest Airlines	USD	48,739	1,446,401	0.15
Total North America equities			51,423,659	5.40
Japan
Fuji Electric	JPY	74,400	2,520,706	0.26
Fujitsu	JPY	35,000	3,586,035	0.38
Mitsubishi Electric	JPY	541,300	4,750,257	0.50
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial	JPY	2,226,700	9,808,759	1.03
NEC	JPY	136,000	4,311,531	0.45
Orix	JPY	581,000	7,996,848	0.84
Rakuten	JPY	1,051,300	3,886,236	0.41
Rohm	JPY	58,800	3,365,346	0.35
Sony	JPY	62,000	4,150,538	0.44
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group	JPY	150,000	3,659,090	0.38
Tokio Marine	JPY	60,000	2,863,020	0.30
Total Japan equities			50,898,366	5.34

	Currency	Holding at 30 June 22	Fair value £	% of total net assets
Asia (ex-Japan)
Alibaba Group	USD	30,000	2,800,706	0.29
Weiss Korea Opportunity Fund	GBP	800,000	1,448,000	0.15
Total Asia (ex-Japan) equities			4,248,706	0.44
Total equities			243,124,852	25.51
Global funds 1.15%
(30 Jun 21: 0.75%)
Renn Universal Growth Trust	GBP	937,500	0	0.00
Taylor Maritime Investments	GBP	4,519,208	4,745,168	0.50
Tufton Oceanic Assets	USD	2,562,500	2,567,129	0.27
Yellow Cake	GBP	1,125,000	3,656,250	0.38
Total global funds			10,968,547	1.15
Gold and gold equities 8.17%
(30 Jun 21: 6.62%)
Ishares Physical Gold	USD	1,620,000	46,878,634	4.92
Kinross Gold	USD	1,200,000	3,517,819	0.37
LF Ruffer Gold Fund*	GBP	9,579,120	23,966,709	2.52
X IE Physical Gold	USD	150,000	3,438,988	0.36
Total gold and gold equities			77,802,150	8.17
Credit protection and options 17.99%
(30 Jun 21: 7.46%)
Ruffer Illiquid Multi Strategies Fund 2015*	GBP	80,339,911	102,059,244	10.71
Ruffer Protection Strategies*	GBP	13,264,859	69,339,398	7.28
Total credit protection and options			171,398,642	17.99
Total investments			852,380,832	89.46
Cash and other net current assets			100,403,941	10.54
			952,784,773	100.00

* Ruffer Protection Strategies International and Ruffer Illiquid Multi Strategies Fund 2015 Ltd are classed as related parties as they share the same Investment Manager (Ruffer AIFM Limited) as the Company. LF Ruffer Gold Fund and Ruffer SICAV Global Smaller Companies Fund are also classed as related parties as their investment manager (Ruffer LLP) is the parent of the Company's Investment Manager.

Appendix

Regulatory performance data

To 31 Dec %	†2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
RIC NAV TR	8.9	14.0	0.1	6.0	23.8	15.1	16.5	0.7	3.4	9.5
FTSE All-Share TR	12.3	22.0	16.8	5.3	-29.9	30.1	14.5	-3.5	12.3	20.8
Twice UK Bank Rate	9.9	9.4	11.0	11.2	3.4	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	‡ 2022	Annualised
	1.8	-1.0	12.4	1.6	-6.0	8.4	13.5	11.4	3.0	7.7
	1.2	1.0	16.8	13.1	-9.5	19.2	-9.8	18.3	-4.6	7.1
	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.5	1.0	1.5	0.5	0.2	0.7	3.2

† From July 2004

‡ To June 2022

Source: Ruffer, Bloomberg, FTSE International. Please note that past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. The value of the shares and the income from them can go down as well as up and you may not get back the full amount originally invested. The value of overseas investments will be influenced by the rate of exchange. Calendar quarter data has been used up to the latest quarter end. This document is issued by Ruffer AIFM Limited (RAIFM), 80 Victoria Street, London SW1E 5JL. Ruffer LLP and Ruffer AIFM Limited are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Ruffer AIFM is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ruffer LLP.           © RAIFM 2022 © Ruffer LLP 2022.

This document, and any statements accompanying it, are for information only and are not intended to be legally binding. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, our investment management agreement, in the form entered into, constitutes the entire agreement between Ruffer and its clients, and supersedes all previous assurances, warranties and representations, whether written or oral, relating to the services which Ruffer provides.

The views expressed in this report are not intended as an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any investment or financial instrument. The views reflect the views of RAIFM at the date of this document and, whilst the opinions stated are honestly held, they are not guarantees and should not be relied upon and may be subject to change without notice.

The information contained in this document does not constitute investment advice and should not be used as the basis of any investment decision. References to specific securities are included for the purposes of illustration only and should not be construed as a recommendation to buy or sell these securities. RAIFM has not considered the suitability of this investment against any specific investor's needs and/or risk tolerance. If you are in any doubt, please speak to your financial adviser.

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