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PERSEUS MINING LIMITED — Annual Report 2014
Sep 28, 2014
46513_rns_2014-09-28_a16edc8b-5ecb-49ba-8105-3761365cc027.pdf
Annual Report
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ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM
of
PERSEUS MINING LIMITED
ABN 27 106 808 986
FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2014
September 26, 2014
Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this annual information form is given as of June 30, 2014.
| FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION1A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS AIF IS INCLUDED IN | |
|---|---|
| APPENDIX A1CORPORATE STRUCTURE2 | |
| Name, Address and Incorporation2 | |
| Intercorporate Relationships2 | |
| GENERAL DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESSOverview3 | 3 |
| Strategy and Objectives3 | |
| Sissingué Gold Project, Côte d'Ivoire8 | |
| Grumesa Gold Project10 | |
| Project Loan10 | |
| Director changes11 | |
| Company Secretary changes11 | |
| Personnel changes at EGM11 | |
| Equity Financing11 | |
| Performance Rights and options11 | |
| Specialized Skill and Knowledge12 | |
| Business Cycle12 | |
| Environmental Protection12 | |
| Environmental Policies12 | |
| Employees12 | |
| Foreign Operations12 | |
| Competitive Conditions13 | |
| RISK FACTORS13 | |
| Price of Gold13 | |
| Production, Cost and Life-Of-Mine Estimates13 | |
| Third Party Funding May be Required14 | |
| Risks Related to the Potential Development of the SGP14 | |
| Operating Cost Increases at the EGM14 | |
| Sustaining and Increasing Production Levels14 | |
| Operational Risks14 | |
| Political Stability and Security Concerns in West Africa15Global Economic Conditions15 | |
| Failure to Comply with Restrictions and Covenants in Credit Agreement15 | |
| The Effectiveness of Perseus's Hedging Policies16 | |
| Currency Fluctuations16 | |
| Labour and Employment Matters16 | |
| Effect of Inflation on Results of Operations17 | |
| Environmental Risks and Hazards17 | |
| Permitting and Licencing17 | |
| Exploration Risks17 | |
| Governmental Regulation of the Mining Industry18 | |
| Uncertainty in the Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves | 18 |
| Land Title19 | |
| Insurance and Uninsured Risks19 | |
| Dependence on Key Management Personnel and Executives19 | |
| Litigation19 | |
| Repatriation of Earnings20 | |
| Dilution20 | |
| Stock Exchange Prices20 | |
| GHANA20 | |
| Location, Population and Economy20 |
| MATERIAL CONTRACTS55 | |
|---|---|
| INTERESTS OF EXPERTS55 | |
| QUALIFIED PERSON STATEMENT55 | |
| ASX COMPETENT PERSONSTATEMENT55 | |
| ADDITIONAL INFORMATION55 | |
| APPENDIX A57 | |
| GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS57 | |
| APPENDIX B59 | |
| AUDIT AND RISK COMMITTEE CHARTER59 |
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This annual information form ("AIF"), contains "forward-looking information", within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws. Forward-looking information includes, but is not limited to, information with respect to Perseus Mining Limited's ("Perseus" or the "Company") plans respecting the Edikan Gold Mine ("EGM"), formerly known as the Central Ashanti Gold Project or the Ayanfuri Gold Project (and sometimes still referred to by those names) and the Sissingué Gold Project (formerly and sometimes still referred to as the Tengréla Gold Project) ("SGP"), the estimation of mineral reserves and mineral resources, the timing and amount of future production, operating costs, costs and timing of development of the SGP, mine life projections, the ability to secure required permits, the results of future exploration and drilling, the adequacy of financial resources and business and acquisition strategies. Often, but not always this information includes words such as "plans", "expects" or "does not expect", "is expected", "budget", "scheduled", "estimates", "forecasts", "intends", "anticipates" or "does not anticipate" or "believes" or variations of such words and phrases or statements that certain actions, events or results "may", "could", "would", "might" or "will" be taken, occur or be achieved.
Forward-looking information is based on the assumptions, estimates, analysis and opinions of management made in light of its experience and its perception of trends, current conditions and expected developments, as well as other factors that management of the Company believes to be relevant and reasonable in the circumstances at the date that such statements are made, but which may prove to be incorrect. Assumptions have been made by the Company regarding, among other things: the price of gold, future production from the EGM, the accuracy of capital and operating cost estimates, the receipt of required approvals on a timely basis, the ability of the Company to operate in a safe, efficient and effective manner and the ability of the Company to obtain financing as and when required and on reasonable terms. Readers are cautioned that the foregoing list is not exhaustive of all factors and assumptions which may have been used by the Company. Although management believes that the assumptions made by the Company and the expectations represented by such information are reasonable, there can be no assurance that the forward-looking information will prove to be accurate.
By its nature, forward-looking information is based on assumptions and involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company's actual results, performance or achievements, to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking information. Such risks, uncertainties and other factors include among other things the following: (i) risks associated with the price of gold; (ii) risks related to capital cost increases at the SGP; (iii) risks related to the failure to achieve production, cost and life of mine estimates for the EGM; (iv) risks associated with the availability of additional financing, as and when required; (v) risks related to the potential development of the SGP; (vi) risks related to operating cost increases at the SGP; (vii) risks relating to sustaining and increasing production at the EGM; (viii) risks related to the operation of the EGM; (ix) the risk of unrest and political instability in West Africa; (x) risks related to global economic conditions; (xi) risks related to the Company's compliance with restrictions and covenants in the Credit Agreement (as defined herein); (xii) risks related to the effectiveness of Perseus's hedging policies; (xiii) risks related to currency fluctuations; (xiv) risks related to labour and employment matters; (xv) the effect of inflation on results of operations; (xvi) environmental risks and hazards; (xvii) permitting and licencing risks; (xviii) exploration risks; (xix) risks related to governmental regulation (including tax regulation) of the mining industry; (xx) risks related to uncertainty in the estimation of mineral resource and reserve estimates; (xxi) risks related to land title matters; (xxii) insurance and uninsured risks; (xxiii) risks related to dependence on key management personnel and executives; (xxiv) litigation risk; (xxv) risks related to the repatriation of earnings; (xxvi) dilution risk; (xxvii) risks associated with stock exchange prices; and (xxviii) risks associated with the potential spread of infectious diseases, particularly in West-Africa.
Although the Company has attempted to identify factors that would cause actual actions, events or results to differ materially from those disclosed in the forward-looking information, there may be other factors that cause actual results, performances, achievements or events not to be anticipated, estimated or intended. Also, many of the factors are beyond the Company's control. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information. The Company undertakes no obligation to reissue or update forward-looking information as a result of new information or events after the date of this AIF except as may be required by applicable law. All forward-looking information disclosed in this document is qualified by this cautionary statement.
A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS AIF IS INCLUDED IN APPENDIX A.
CORPORATE STRUCTURE
Name, Address and Incorporation
Perseus Mining Limited ("Perseus" or the "Company") was incorporated under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Australia) ("Corporations Act") on October 24, 2003. The Company's ordinary shares are listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (the "ASX") and on the Toronto Stock Exchange (the "TSX"). Perseus's registered and head office is located at Level 2, 437 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
Intercorporate Relationships
The following diagram indicates the corporate structure of the Company and its subsidiaries, the percentage of voting securities of each subsidiary beneficially owned, or controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, by the Company, and the jurisdiction of incorporation of each entity.

Notes:
(1) The remaining 10% in Perseus Mining (Ghana) Limited is held by the Government of Ghana.
(2) Following transfer of the exploitation licence for the SGP from Occidental Gold SARL to Perseus Mining Côte d'Ivoire SA the other assets and liabilities comprising the SGP are in the process of being transferred from Occidental Gold SARL to Perseus Mining Côte d'Ivoire SA as well to prepare for the transfer of a 10% non-contributory interest in the SGP to the Government of Côte d'Ivoire. The remaining 5% interest in the SGP is held by Societé Minière De Côte d'Ivoire, Perseus's joint venture partner, leaving Perseus with an 85% interest in the capital of Perseus Mining Côte d'Ivoire SA.
(3) The GGP is subject to a 10% non-contributory interest in favour of the Government of Ghana, which will be issued upon the grant of a mining lease for the GGP.
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS
Overview
Perseus is an Australian-based corporation with a focus on under-explored gold belts in West Africa where it explores, evaluates, develops and mines gold deposits. Perseus's principal assets currently consist of:
- a 90% interest in Perseus Mining (Ghana) Limited, which owns the Edikan Gold Mine ("EGM"), located in Ghana and which has been in commercial production since January 2012. The remaining 10% is held by the Ghanaian government;
- a 85% interest in the Sissingué Gold Project (the "SGP"), a development stage project, located in Côte d'Ivoire; and
- a 100% interest in the Grumesa Gold Project (the "GGP"), an exploration stage project located in the Grumesa region of Ghana. The Ghanaian government has the right to a 10% non-contributory interest in a production company if a mining lease is granted.
As at the date of this AIF Perseus also has: (i) a 13.04% interest in Manas Resources Limited, an ASX listed company holding a portfolio of properties in Central Asia, which assets were spun out of Perseus in mid-2008; and (ii) a 15.51% interest in Burey Gold Limited, an ASX listed company holding a portfolio of gold exploration properties in West Africa.
Strategy and Objectives
Perseus's corporate strategy is to organically grow cash flows and create shareholder wealth through successful exploration, effective development and efficient operation of multiple gold mines in diverse geopolitical settings within West Africa.
Perseus's principal objectives over the next 12 months are to:
-
Produce gold at the EGM at a total all-in site cash cost that is in line with guidance;
-
Continue to fine-tune EGM plant metallurgical performance and maximise SAG mill throughput;
-
Continue training of EGM operating and maintenance staff;
-
Continue drilling near-mine mineral deposits to delineate potential higher grade mill feed;
-
Continue to implement business improvement initiatives across all departments of the EGM, but in particular in the Mining Department;
-
Finalise a review of alternative mining strategies and implement a strategy that appropriately balances risk and return;
-
Revise EGM Life of Mine Plan and Mineral Reserves taking into account updated operating assumptions and recently re-estimated Mineral Resources;
-
Complete preparations and commence mining in the Fetish, Bokitsi South and Chirawewa pits, located on the eastern side of the Edikan mining tenements;
-
Update relevant sections of the Feasibility Study for the SGP based on preferred development configuration and flow sheet;
-
Re-convene discussions with the Ivorian government about a Mining Convention covering the revised SGP;
-
Develop and, as required, implement a Financing Plan for the development of the SGP;
-
Continue exploration for Mineral Resources on Mahalé exploration licence and the Sissingué exploitation permit for additional sources of high grade mill feed for the SGP to supplement existing Mineral Reserves;
-
Prepare and consider a proposal for the development of the SGP;
-
continue to explore on a limited basis for gold on exploration tenements associated with the EGM and SGP as well as other exploration tenements held by Perseus in West Africa; and
-
assess new opportunities where these are considered to have synergies with existing projects or where the Company can add value through the use of its exploration, development and operating expertise.
Edikan Gold Mine
Background
In July 2009, the Company completed a definitive feasibility study ("DFS") on developing a mine and associated treatment facility for the EGM.
The Company received a permit from the Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana (the "Ghana EPA") in respect of the EGM in June 2010 and commenced construction activities that same month.
Practical completion of the EGM process facility occurred on July 20, 2011, the first ore was processed on August 9, 2011 and the first gold was poured on August 21, 2011. Based on plant performance from September to December 2011, the commissioning process was declared complete on December 31, 2011 and January 1, 2012 was deemed the first day of commercial production.
Operations
Total ore and waste movements of 10,146,576 bank cubic metres ("bcm") for the year ended June 30, 2014 ("2014 Financial Year"), which was 32% lower than the previous year due to a strategy to minimise investment in waste stripping to conserve capital, included 47,792 tonnes of oxide ore at 0.95 grams/tonne ("g/t") gold and 6,100,615 tonnes of transition and primary ore at 1.07g/t gold.
The ROM ore stockpiles that include both high and low grade ore (but not mineralised waste) plus crushed ore amounted to 3,682,405 tonnes grading 0.58g/t gold, and containing approximately 68,500ozs of gold. These ore stockpiles were made up of approximately 32% oxide ore and 68% transitional/primary ore. Approximately 10% of the remaining stockpiled ore is classified as medium/high grade, containing greater than 0.6g/t gold, while 90% of the ore is classified as low grade containing 0.4g/t to 0.6g/t gold.
Total mill throughput for the 2014 Financial Year was 6,650,000 tonnes of ore grading 1.0 g/t of gold, 17.8% higher than the previous period. Gold recovery of 84.3%, which was 1.2% higher than the previous period, resulted in the production of 180,519 ounces of gold. The improvements in productivity above were despite the fire and power setbacks felt during the period, and were a large part of Perseus's strategy for the period to make significant operational improvements, compensating for the expected reduction in processing grade in the short term.
The key production statistics for the EGM are set out below:
| Parameter | Unit | Twelve months | Twelve months |
|---|---|---|---|
| to | to | ||
| 30 June 2014 | 30 June 2013 | ||
| Ore mined | kt | 6,148 | 6,999 |
| Total material mined | kt | 27,109 | 32,710 |
| Ore milled | kt | 6,650 | 5,647 |
| Head grade | g/t gold | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| Gold recovery | % | 84.3 | 83.3 |
| Gold produced | ounces | 180,519 | 208,444 |
Table 1: Key production statistics - EGM
The key financial results of EGM operations for the 2014 Financial Year are set out below:
| Parameter | Units | Twelve months | Twelve months |
|---|---|---|---|
| to | to | ||
| 30 June 2014 | 30 June 2013 | ||
| Total gold sales(1) | Ounces | 183,325 | 205,109 |
| Average sales price | US$/oz of gold sold | 1,322 | 1,469 |
| Mining cost | US$/tonne of material mined | 4.09 | 3.23 |
| Processing cost | US$/tonne of ore milled | 10.99 | 12.08 |
| G & A cost | US$M / month | 1.59 | 1.68 |
| Royalties | US$/oz | 84 | 95 |
| All-in site cost | US$/oz | 1,294 | 1,150 |
Table 2: Key financial operating statistics - EGM
Note:
- A gold sale is recognised in Perseus's accounts when the Company's contracted gold refiner, Rand Refineries Limited, takes delivery of gold in the EGM gold room. For accounting purposes, the sales price is the spot price of gold on the day of transfer and subsequently adjusted to reflect the realised gold price.
Of the 183,325 ounces of gold that were sold at an average delivered price of US$1,322/oz, 62,000 ounces were delivered under forward sales contracts at a weighted average price of US$1,263/oz while the balance of the gold sales were made at prevailing spot prices.
As at June 30, 2014, the company held forward gold sale contracts totalling 125,000 ounces of gold deliverable up to and including December 31, 2015 at a weighted average price of US$1,468/oz. This includes a total of 70,000 ounces of gold deliverable in quarterly instalments during the 2015 calendar year at a price of US$1,600/oz.
Mining costs per tonne of material mined have increased from the prior period due to a number of factors including higher rise and fall charges under the mining contract, attributable to labour outcomes unilaterally agreed by the mining contractor, AMS, as well as escalation in the costs of explosives and spare parts; increased consumption of diesel fuel per bcm of material moved by AMS; back payment of incremental management fees to AMS relating to an increase in the scope of material movements under the contract; and increased drill and blast costs arising from a trial to determine whether improved rock breakage could generate sustained increase in mill throughput rates as ore hardens with depth in the pits.
Processing costs have decreased from the prior period due to less maintenance charges associated with remediation of the crusher and other parts of the plant that occurred in the prior year. General and administrative costs have decreased due to cost saving initiatives introduced during the period. Further cost reductions are being targeted across all departments to reduce the operating cost base of the EGM in future periods.
Mineral Resource Estimate
Following an infill drilling programme on the EGM mining leases in the period up to June 2014, and after adjusting key assumptions to reflect actual results to date, Mineral Resource estimates have been updated by independent consultant, RungePincockMinarco in accordance with the JORC Code – 2012 Edition.
A detailed summary of the updated Mineral Resource estimate for each of the mineral deposits identified to date on the EGM tenements, calculated using a 0.40 g/t gold cut-off grade, is shown below. The Mineral Resource estimates take into account mining depletion as at June 30, 2014 as relevant.
Relative to the previous Mineral Resource estimate for EGM published in June 2013, the updated Mineral Resource contains 411,000 fewer ounces of gold in the Measured and Indicated categories and 74,300 fewer ounces in the Inferred
6
category. After adjusting both Mineral Resource estimates to the mining surface as at June 30, 2014, the net decrease in Mineral Resources is 155,500 ounces (2.8%) in the Measured and Indicated category and 73,800 ounces (3.0%) in the Inferred category.
The Mineral Resource estimates for the EGM are tabulated below in Tables 3 and 4 respectively.
| Deposit | Measured Resources | Indicated Resources | Measured + IndicatedResources | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantity | Grade | Gold | Quantity | Grade | Gold | Quantity | Grade | Gold | ||
| Mt | g/t gold | Ounces | Mt | g/t gold | Ounces | Mt | g/t gold | Ounces | ||
| AF Gap - Fobinso | 34.5 | 1.1 | 1,228,000 | 24.5 | 0.9 | 698,000 | 59.0 | 1.0 | 1,926,000 | |
| Esuajah South | 9.5 | 1.8 | 546,000 | 7.3 | 1.6 | 370,000 | 16.8 | 1.7 | 916,000 | |
| Esuajah North | 16.9 | 0.9 | 494,000 | 18.4 | 0.8 | 493,000 | 35.3 | 0.9 | 986,000 | |
| Fetish | 12.6 | 0.9 | 380,000 | 18.1 | 1.1 | 663,000 | 30.8 | 1.1 | 1,043,000 | |
| Chirawewa | - | - | - | 5.8 | 1.0 | 195,000 | 5.8 | 1.0 | 195,000 | |
| Bokitsi | 0.7 | 3.7 | 86,000 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 133,000 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 219,000 | |
| Mampong | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Dadieso | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Total | 74.2 | 1.1 | 2,734,000 | 75.7 | 1.0 | 2,552,000 | 150.0 | 1.1 | 5,285,000 |
Table 3: M&I Mineral Resources – EGM1,2,3
-
Based on May 2014 Resource estimation.
-
0.4g/t gold cut-off applied.
-
Last updated in May 2014 and allows for mining depletion to June 30, 2014.
| Inferred Resources | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Deposit | Quantity | Grade | Gold |
| Mt | g/t gold | Ounces | |
| AF Gap - Fobinso | 28.5 | 0.8 | 731,000 |
| Esuajah South | 5.7 | 1.1 | 211,000 |
| Esuajah North | 3.6 | 0.9 | 105,000 |
| Fetish | 9.8 | 1.1 | 346,000 |
| Chirawewa | 10.4 | 0.9 | 284,000 |
| Bokitsi | 2.9 | 1.8 | 170,000 |
| Mampong | 8.6 | 0.9 | 257,000 |
| Dadieso | 5.3 | 1.5 | 253,000 |
| Total | 74.8 | 1.0 | 2,356,000 |
Table 4: Inferred Mineral Resources – EGM1,2,3
-
Based on May 2014 Resource estimation.
-
0.4g/t gold cut-off applied.
-
Last updated in May 2014 and allows for mining depletion to June 30, 2014.
Mineral Reserve Estimate
Following the update of the Mineral Resource in July 2013, mining consultant RPM was commissioned to complete an independent estimate of the Mineral Reserves for the EGM as at July 1, 2013 in accordance with the requirements of the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (the JORC Code, 2004 Edition).
Compared to the previous 2012 Mineral Reserve the tonnes of ore and waste moved were reduced by 15%, the life of mine strip ratio was reduced by 16%, head grade remained steady, contained gold was decreased by 6% and the life of the mine was increased by 0.6 years. These changes result in material cash flow benefits.
The Mineral Reserves, which include material from seven open pits including Abnabna, Fobinso, Fetish, Chirawewa, Bokitsi, Esuajah North and Esuajah South plus stockpiles and taking into account mining depletion, are as follows:
| Deposit | Proved Reserves | Probable Reserves | Proved & Probable Reserves | W: O | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QuantityMt | Gradeg/t gold | Gold'000 oz | QuantityMt | Gradeg/t gold | Gold'000 oz | QuantityMt | Gradeg/t gold | Gold'000 oz | Ratio3 | |
| AF Gap - Fobinso | 24.2 | 1.2 | 908 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 154 | 30.2 | 1.1 | 1,062 | 2.4 |
| Esuajah South | 5.9 | 1.7 | 327 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 55 | 6.9 | 1.7 | 382 | 8.1 |
| Esuajah North | 11.8 | 0.9 | 354 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 111 | 15.7 | 0.9 | 465 | 1.4 |
| Fetish | 7.8 | 0.9 | 224 | 6.1 | 1.1 | 219 | 13.9 | 1.0 | 443 | 2.1 |
| Chirewawa | 2.9 | 1.1 | 106 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 106 | 3.9 | |||
| Bokitsi | 2.1 | 2.3 | 158 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 158 | 6.3 | |||
| ROM Stockpiles | 3.7 | 0.6 | 69 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 69 | - | |||
| Total | 49.7 | 1.1 | 1,813 | 25.7 | 1.1 | 872 | 75.4 | 1.1 | 2,685 | 2.7 |
Table 5: Mineral Reserves – EGM1,2,3,4
-
Based on June 2013 Resource estimation.
-
Variable gold grade cut-off based on material type, Oxide = 0.6g/t, Transition = 0.5g/t and Fresh = 0.4g/t
-
Inferred mineral resource is considered as waste.
-
Last updated in August 2013 and allows for material mined to June 30, 2014.
Revised Life of Mine Plan
On September 18, 2013 the Company announced a revised life of mine plan for the EGM ("2013 LOMP"), based on the June 2013 Mineral Resource estimate and applying a set of technical assumptions that reflect actual operating parameters.
In preparing the 2013 LOMP, the following objectives were adopted:
- Minimise investment in the 2014 financial year without compromising the future by mining ore from existing pits (Fobinso and AF Gap) and reclaiming ore from existing ore stockpiles;
- Resume development of Eastern pits from July 2014;
- Include new pits (Chirawira and Bokitsi) not previously included in Mineral Reserves;
- Give priority to cash generation over marginal gold production;
- Preserve the capacity to expand pits in a higher gold price environment; and
- Use revised technical parameters that reflect actual experience including: US$1,200/oz pit shells; 0.5g/t cut-off grade; updated mining and processing costs and current mill availability, throughput, and recovery rates.
Compared to the previous life of mine plan for EGM ("2012 LOMP"), the 2013 LOMP resulted in the following:
| • | Tonnes of ore and waste moved | - Down by 15% |
|---|---|---|
| • | Life of mine strip ratio | - Down by 16% |
| • | Head Grade | - Steady |
-
Contained gold in Ore Reserve Down by 6%
-
Life of mine Increased by 0.6 years to 2025
| Table 6: LOMP technical parameters | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pit | 2012 LOMP 1, 3 | (Updated) 2013 LOMP2,4 | ||||||||
| Waste(Mt) | Ore(Mt) | Grade(g/t) | Au(koz) | StripRatio(t:t) | Waste(Mt) | Ore(Mt) | Grade(g/t) | Au(koz) | StripRatio(t:t) | |
| AF Gap | 78.1 | 29.8 | 1.1 | 1,015 | 2.6 | 63.4 | 27.5 | 1.1 | 954 | 2.8 |
| Fobinso | 40.1 | 11.5 | 1.2 | 429 | 3.5 | 30.6 | 9.3 | 1.1 | 330 | 3.6 |
| Sub-total | 118.2 | 41.3 | 1.1 | 1,444 | 2.9 | 94.0 | 36.8 | 1.1 | 1,283 | 2.6 |
| Fetish | 53.7 | 15.8 | 1.1 | 576 | 3.4 | 29.8 | 13.9 | 0.9 | 442 | 2.1 |
| Esuajah Sth | 73.8 | 8.2 | 1.9 | 493 | 9.0 | 56.2 | 6.9 | 1.7 | 382 | 7.2 |
| Esuajah Nth | 32.5 | 17.1 | 0.9 | 501 | 1.9 | 22.2 | 15.7 | 0.9 | 465 | 1.4 |
| Chirawira | - | - | - | - | - | 11.2 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 106 | 3.8 |
| Bokitsi | - | - | - | - | - | 13.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 158 | 6.3 |
| ROM S/pile | - | 4.4 | 0.6 | 89 | - | - | 4.4 | 0.6 | 89 | - |
| TOTAL | 278.2 | 86.9 | 1.1 | 3,109 | 3.2 | 226.7 | 82.7 | 1.1 | 2,925 | 2.7 |
On a pit by pit basis, the technical parameters of the 2012 LOMP and the 2013 LOMP are as follows:
Notes: 1. Based on the Proven and Probable Mineral Reserve estimate effective August 2012
-
Based on the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource estimate effective June 2013 and Proven and Probable Mineral Reserve estimate effective August 2013.
-
Based on sub-blocks with 0.4g/t for Western deposits and 0.5g/t cut-off for Eastern deposits.
-
Based on the following cut-offs: regular blocks for oxide – 0.6g/t cut-off; for transitional – 0.5g/t cut-off; for fresh – 0.4g/t cut-off for all deposits.
Work is underway on revising the design of each of the pits based on the most recent Mineral Resources as well as key operating parameters, and reassessing the sequence in which each of the pits will be brought into production, with the objective of maximising cash flow generated by the Edikan operation. The revised Life of Mine Plan and updated Mineral Reserve statement is expected to be completed in the December 2014 Quarter.
Sissingué Gold Project, Côte d'Ivoire
The SGP is located in the north of Côte d'Ivoire and is situated within an 885sq km land package consisting of the Sissingué exploitation permit area and the adjoining Tengréla South exploration permit area, together referred to as the Tengréla Gold Project. The permits are located along a structural/stratigraphic corridor within the Syama-Boundiali greenstone belt approximately 150km south-southeast of the Morila gold mine (7.0 Moz) in Mali and 65km west northwest of Randgold's Tongon deposit (4.3Moz) in Côte d'Ivoire.
Development
The fall in the price of gold towards the end of the 2013 Financial Year reduced the amount of free cash forecasted to be generated at the EGM, and also increased risk associated with servicing any debt (assuming Perseus was prepared to draw down debt in the current economic climate). As a result, Perseus decided not to commit to the development of the SGP until it is confident of its ability to finance the mine development and generate an acceptable rate of return on its investment.
Since late 2013, Perseus has been reviewing processing options for the SGP with the aim of reducing capital costs and increasing gold recoveries as a prelude to reassessing the Feasibility Study model. A smaller, higher grade operation with significantly reduced capital costs has been targeted and relevant metallurgical test work has been carried out to assess a number of alternative options.
Work on the preliminary economic assessment of the above processing options was completed following the end of the financial year and selection of a preferred process flow sheet is imminent.
In the coming months, the technical study of the chosen flow sheet will be advanced and the project Feasibility Study will be revised to reflect not only the new processing flow sheet, but also revised assumptions related to mining and various service functions associated with the project. Perseus will take particular note of the commissioning and operating experience gained through the development and operation of the group's first gold mine, EGM. Based on current plans, it is estimated that Management will be in a position to table a project development proposal conditional on financing for consideration by the Board of Perseus in early 2015.
Permitting and Fiscal Arrangements
The exploitation permit for the SGP was issued to a subsidiary of Perseus, Occidental Gold SARL ("OG"), in August 2012. In July 2013 the permit was transferred to a newly incorporated subsidiary, Perseus Mining Côte d'Ivoire SA ("PMCI"), as part of the process to transfer the SGP to PMCI (which is estimated to be completed during the first half of the coming financial year). This transfer is being carried out in connection with the Ivorian government taking a 10% interest in the SGP via a shareholding in PMCI. While the SGP has been on hold, a new Mining Code came into effect in March 2014 which provided a framework for obtaining fiscal stability for mining projects and the Government granted an extension of time of two years until March 2016 to develop the SGP. In the coming months, Perseus will also re-engage with the Ivorian Government with the aim of finalising a Mining Convention for the project.
SGP Mineral Resource Estimate
A summary of the current Mineral Resource estimate calculated using a 0.60 g/t gold cut-off grade follows below.
| Weathering | Measured Resources 1 | Indicated Resources1 | Measured + Indicated Resources | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | QuantityMt | Grade g/tgold | GoldOunces | QuantityMt | Gradeg/tgold | GoldOunces | QuantityMt | Gradeg/t gold | GoldOunces |
| Oxide | 925,000 | 1.6 | 48,000 | 4,600,000 | 1.2 | 171,000 | 5,520,000 | 1.2 | 219,000 |
| Transition | 600,000 | 2.0 | 39,000 | 1,300,000 | 1.3 | 56,000 | 1,900,000 | 1.6 | 95,000 |
| Fresh | 2,700,000 | 2.5 | 217,000 | 8,850,000 | 1.4 | 394,000 | 11,560,000 | 1.6 | 611,000 |
| Total | 4,225,000 | 2.2 | 304,000 | 14,750,000 | 1.3 | 621,000 | 18,980,000 | 1.5 | 925,000 |
Table 7: M&I Mineral Resources - SGP
Notes: 1. Based on 0.6 g/t cut-off grade.
Table 8: Inferred Mineral Resources - SGP
| Weathering | Inferred Resources1 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | Quantity | Grade | Gold Ounces | ||||||
| Mt | g/t gold | ||||||||
| Oxide | 950,000 | 1.0 | 31,000 | ||||||
| Transition | 650,000 | 1.0 | 21,000 | ||||||
| Fresh | 5,400,000 | 1.4 | 239,000 | ||||||
| Total | 7,000,000 | 1.3 | 291,000 |
Notes: 1. Based on 0.6 g/t cut-off grade.
SGP Mineral Reserve Estimate
Work on the re-design of the SGP open pit based on the current Mineral Resource estimate is underway in conjunction with the review of process options discussed above. The current Mineral Reserves for the SGP are as follows:
Table 9: Mineral Reserves – SGP1,2,3,4
| Proved Reserves | Probable Reserves | Proved & Probable Reserves | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ore type | QuantityMt | Gradeg/t gold | Gold'000 oz | QuantityMt | Gradeg/t gold | Gold'000 oz | QuantityMt | Gradeg/t gold | Gold'000 oz |
| Oxide/Transition | - | - | - | 3.4 | 2.1 | 224 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 224 |
| Primary | - | - | - | 6.3 | 2.1 | 433 | 6.3 | 2.1 | 433 |
| Total | - | - | - | 9.7 | 2.1 | 657 | 9.7 | 2.1 | 657 |
-
Reserve estimated by Coffey Mining using a pit design based on a US$950/oz gold price optimisation.
-
All Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources in pit designs designated as Probable Mineral Reserves, Inferred Mineral Resources considered as waste.
-
A mining dilution of 5% was applied at a grade of 0.0g/t. In addition, a mining ore loss of 3% was assumed.
-
The Probable Mineral Reserve as estimated in the DFS was estimated at a 0.55g/t gold cut-off.
Grumesa Gold Project
In September 2007, a pre-feasibility study in respect of the viability of a 2Mtpa heap leach operation at the GGP concluded that at the then prevailing gold prices the GGP should be considered a satellite operation to a larger mine at the EGM. Based on infill drilling completed in 2008, a new mineral resource estimate was declared in December 2010. A 2,186 meter diamond core drilling program was conducted on the GGP Kayeya deposit during November 2012 through February 2013 to provide fresh ore material for metallurgical test work, to test for extensions to mineralisation in the deposit and to better understand the geological controls on mineralisation. As part of this program three deeper (>300m) holes were drilled along the axis of the synform which hosts the Kayeya deposit in order to determine if the grade of the mineralization improves at depth. The results were generally weak, limiting the potential for significant resource growth at depth.
In July 2011, a consultant was commissioned to complete a base line study, a scoping report, a draft and final environmental impact study ("EIS") and to liaise with the Ghana EPA and the public until a permit is issued. The baseline study and most of a draft EIS have been completed. After consideration of metallurgical test work it was decided that more exploration of the project was warranted, and the Company has applied for an extension of the exploration permit. A decision on this application is pending.
Burkina Faso
During the 2014 Financial Year, Perseus entered into a farm-in agreement with West African Gold Limited ("WAG"), an Australian unlisted explorer, in respect of four exploration permits (Koutakou, Barga, Touya and Tangayé) in the North of Burkina Faso. Under the terms of the agreement Perseus must spend a minimum of US$250,000 during the first year on exploration. Perseus may earn a 50% interest in the permits by spending US$2M and up to an 80% interest by spending an additional US$2M within 5 years.
Project Loan
On December 9, 2010, Perseus and its subsidiary, Perseus Mining (Ghana) Limited ("PMGL"), entered into a syndicated facility agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Macquarie Bank Limited and Credit Suisse AG (together, the "Lenders") in respect of a project loan facility of US$85 million (the "Project Loan") and a hedging facility for up to 400,000 ounces of gold (the "Hedging Facility" and together with the Project Loan, the "Facilities"). Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Project Loan was to be repaid in 11 (non-equal) quarterly instalments with mandatory prepayment by way of a cash sweep equal to 25% of each dividend and shareholder loan payment. The Company's obligations in respect of the Facilities are effectively secured by all (or substantially all) of the Company's interest in the EGM. The entire US$85 million credit facility was drawn down by the Company on June 23, 2011 and the proceeds applied to the development of the EGM and repayment of intercompany loans.
The full outstanding balance of the Project Loan (after scheduled repayments in accordance with the Credit Agreement) was repaid in November 2012.
During the second half of 2012 Perseus successfully renegotiated the terms of the Credit Agreement by changing it to a revolving line of credit with a limit of US$100 million. During the 2014 Financial Year, and as part of the Company's cost reduction program, Perseus reduced the available commitment limit under the Credit Agreement to nil, eliminating the 1.75% per annum undrawn line fee and the political risk insurance relating to the debt. The security package associated with the Facilities remains in place and a revised commitment limit and tenor may be renegotiated with the lenders if and when a decision is made to proceed with the development of the SGP.
Director changes
At the Company's Annual General Meeting on November, 15 2013 Mr. Neil Fearis retired as a non-executive director. At the same time, executive director Mr. Rhett Brans resigned.
Company Secretary changes
The Company's General Counsel, Mr. Martijn Bosboom was appointed joint Company Secretary with Mr. Susmit Shah on November 18, 2013. Martijn Bosboom is a corporate commercial lawyer with more than 20 years' experience. Mr. Shah resigned as joint Company Secretary on May 14, 2014.
Personnel changes at EGM
Following the resignation of the Company's Chief Operating Officer and acting Executive General Manager, Mr. Jon Yelland, Mr. John Seaward has been appointed to the role of Executive General Manager at the EGM in July 2014. John Seaward is a very experienced manager of gold mining operations in Ghana having spent nearly seven years as General Manager of Kinross's Chirano Gold Mine as well as periods at Golden Star's Bogoso and Wassa Gold Mines, and Ashanti Goldfield's Bibiani Gold Mine. He has also served with mining contractors PW Mining in Africa and Roche Brothers Mining Contractors and MIM Holdings Limited in Australia. This experience will be important in formulating and implementing plans to reduce mining costs at EGM in the short to medium term.
Equity Financing
On February 18, 2014, the Company successfully completed a placement to institutional and sophisticated investors of about 68.7 million ordinary shares, representing 15% of Perseus's existing capital, at the time of the raise, to raise approximately AU$32.3 million. The price under the placement was set at AU$0.47 per new share issued. The proceeds of the placement will be used for capital expenditure to accelerate productivity improvements and access to the eastern pits at the EGM and to provide for further balance sheet flexibility.
Performance Rights and options
At the Company's Annual General Meeting held in November 2012 a Performance Rights Plan ("PRP") was adopted. As at the date of this AIF, 7,263,775 performance rights are outstanding under the PRP as follows:
| Grant date | Performance period | Outstanding as atthe date of thisAIF |
|---|---|---|
| 25/11/2012 | 01/07/2012 - 30/06/2015 | 300,000 |
| 01/01/2013 | 01/07/2012 - 30/06/2015 | 1,288,775 |
| 01/01/2014 | 01/01/2014 - 30/06/2015 | 2,275,000 |
| 01/01/2014 | 01/01/2014 - 31/12/2016 | 2,275,000 |
| 04/06/2014 | 01/01/2014 - 30/06/2015 | 562,500 |
| 04/06/2014 | 01/01/2014 - 31/12/2016 | 562,500 |
The performance rights do not entitle the holder to participate in any share issue of Perseus or any other body corporate.
During the 2014 Financial Year no shares were issued by Perseus as a result of the exercise of performance rights and none have been issued since the end of the 2014 Financial Year.
At the Company's Annual General Meeting held in November 2013 shareholder approval to issue shares under the Company's Employee Option Plan was renewed. No options were exercised or issued during the 2014 Financial Year and since the end of the 2014 Financial Year, and no options are outstanding as at the date of this AIF.
Specialized Skill and Knowledge
Most aspects of Perseus's business require specialized skills and knowledge. Such skills and knowledge include the areas of geology, exploration, development, production, environmental issues and accounting. The Company has a number of employees with extensive experience in mining, geology, exploration, development and production in West Africa.
Business Cycle
The Company is an exploration, development and mining corporation, currently focused on gold. As a result, gold prices can have a direct impact on the Company's business. Declining prices can, for example, impact operations by requiring a re-assessment of the feasibility of a particular project. See "Risk Factors — Price of Gold" and "Risk Factors — Currency Fluctuations".
Environmental Protection
The operations of the Company are primarily located within Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa and are subject to laws and regulations concerning the environment. The Company is required to submit and adhere to environmental plans lodged in relation to all its licence areas. The financial and operational effects of environmental protection requirements on capital expenditures, earnings and the competitive position of Perseus are not expected to be material during the current financial year, however, environmental protection requirements may cause additional capital expenditures and reductions in earnings that will affect the competitive position of Perseus in the future.
Perseus has estimated the total reclamation costs for the EGM (including reclamation in respect of activities by previous operators) at US$13 million. As at June 30, 2014, the Company had US$9.5 million of this estimated US$14 million held in bank deposits, subject to a lien, as collateral for a bank guarantee issued to the Ghana EPA in relation to environmental rehabilitation provisions concerning the operation of the EGM. At the request of the Ghana EPA, Perseus has prepared and submitted a complete reclamation plan. This reclamation plan has not resulted in an increase in the estimated reclamation cost but there can be no assurance that the actual reclamation cost will not exceed US$14 million. See "Risk Factors — Environmental Risks and Hazards".
Environmental Policies
The Company seeks to conduct its activities to the highest standard of environmental obligation, including compliance with all environmental laws, policies, regulations and plans and conducts extensive on-going operations, to keep any environmental impacts to a minimum and to rectify or rehabilitate those that necessarily occur as part of the mining and exploration activity of the Company. See "Risk Factors — Environmental Risks and Hazards".
Employees
As at June 30, 2014, the Company had 12 full-time employees at its office in Perth, 389 in Ghana and 76 in Côte d'Ivoire.
Foreign Operations
The Company is incorporated under the laws of Australia and resides outside of Canada. In addition, the Company's projects are located in West Africa and as such, are exposed to various levels of political, economic and other risks and uncertainties associated with operating in a foreign jurisdiction. See "Risk Factors —Political Stability in West Africa".
Competitive Conditions
The mining industry is intensely competitive and Perseus competes with many companies possessing greater financial and technical resources than itself. Competition in the precious metals mining industry is primarily for: mineral rich properties that can be developed and produce economically; the technical expertise to find, develop, and operate such properties; the labour to operate the properties; and the capital for the purpose of funding such properties. Many competitors not only explore for and mine precious metals, but conduct refining and marketing operations on a global basis. Such competition may result in the Company being unable to acquire desired properties, to recruit or retain qualified employees or to acquire the capital necessary to fund its operations and develop its properties. Existing or future competition in the mining industry could materially adversely affect the Company's prospects for mineral exploration and success in the future.
RISK FACTORS
There are a number of risks that may have a material and adverse impact on the future operating and financial performance of Perseus and the value of its ordinary shares. These include risks that are widespread and associated with any form of business and specific risks associated with Perseus's business and its involvement in the exploration and mining industry generally and in West Africa in particular. While most risk factors are largely beyond the control of Perseus and its directors, the Company will seek to mitigate the risks where possible. An investment in the Company's shares is considered to be speculative due to the nature of Perseus's business and the present stage of its development.
Price of Gold
Changes in the market price of gold, which in the past has fluctuated widely, will affect the profitability of the Company's operations and its financial conditions. The viability of the Company's projects and the Company's revenues and profitability will depend on the market price of gold. The market price of gold is set in the world market and is affected by numerous industry factors beyond the Company's control, including but not limited to the demand for precious metals, expectations with respect to the rate of inflation and deflation, interest rates, currency exchange rates, the global and regional supply and demand for jewellery and industrial products containing gold, production levels, inventories, costs of substitutes, changes in global or regional investment or consumption patterns, and sales by central banks and other holders, speculators and producers of gold in response to any of the above factors, and global and regional political and economic factors.
A decline in the market price of gold below the prices used in the Company's economic analysis for any sustained period would have a material adverse impact on the Company's projects and anticipated future operations. Such a decline could also have a material adverse impact on the ability of the Company to finance the exploration and development of its existing and future mineral projects and may also impact operations by requiring a reassessment of the feasibility of a particular project. Even if a project is ultimately determined to be economically viable, the need to conduct a reassessment may cause substantial delays or may interrupt operations until the reassessment can be completed. The Company will also have to assess the economic impact of any sustained lower gold prices on recoverability and therefore on cut-off grades and the level of its mineral reserves and mineral resources.
Specifically, the Company's revenues and profitability of the EGM and the viability of the SGP are dependent on the price of gold among other things.
Production, Cost and Life-Of-Mine Estimates
Failure to achieve production, cost or life-of-mine estimates for the EGM could have an adverse impact on future cash flows, profitability, results of operations and financial condition. The Company's actual production, costs and productive life may vary from estimates for a variety of reasons, including actual ore mined varying from estimates of grade, tonnage, dilution and metallurgical and other characteristics, short-term operating factors relating to mineral reserves, such as the need for sequential development of ore bodies and the processing of new or different ore grades, revisions to mine plans, risks and hazards relating to mining and availability of and cost of labour and materials.
Third Party Funding May be Required
The Company may require third party financing for the development of the SGP or other projects. The success and the pricing of any such capital raising and/or additional debt financing will be dependent upon the prevailing market conditions at that time to attract potentially significant amounts of additional debt and/or equity. There is no assurance that such financing will be obtained or obtained on terms satisfactory to the Company. Failure to obtain sufficient financing, as and when required, could cause the Company to alter the Company's strategic plans.
Risks Related to the Potential Development of the SGP
Should the Company decide to develop the SGP, its ability to do so is subject to many risks and uncertainties. These include obtaining and maintaining various permits and approvals from governmental authorities, securing required surface and other land rights, finding or generating suitable sources of power and water, potential resistance from stakeholders and other interested parties, political and social risk, confirming the availability and suitability of appropriate local area infrastructure.
Furthermore, the success of any construction project and the start-up of a mine at the SGP may be subject to a number of additional factors including: the inability to complete construction and related infrastructure in a timely manner; changes in the legal and regulatory environment in Côte d'Ivoire; currency fluctuations; industrial disputes; unavailability of parts, machinery or operators; delays in the delivery of major process plant equipment; inability to obtain, renew or maintain the necessary permits, licences or approvals; unforeseen natural events; and political and other factors. Factors such as changes to technical specifications and failure to enter into agreements with contractors or suppliers in a timely manner may also delay the completion of construction or commencement of production or require the expenditure of additional funds. There can be no assurance that the SGP will be able to be successfully or economically developed or that it will not be subject to the other risks described above.
Operating Cost Increases at the EGM
Costs at the EGM are affected by the price of input commodities, such as fuel, electricity, labour, chemical reagents, explosives, steel and concrete. Commodity costs are, at times, subject to volatile price movements, including increases that could make production less profitable, and to changes in laws and regulations affecting their price, use and transport. Reported costs may also be affected by changes in accounting standards. A material increase in costs at the EGM could have a significant effect on Perseus's profitability and operating cash flow.
Sustaining and Increasing Production Levels
The Company's ability to maintain its current production or increase annual production of precious metals and generate revenues therefrom will depend significantly upon its ability to discover or acquire and to successfully bring new mines into production and to expand mineral reserves at the EGM. As discussed below, exploration and development of mineral properties involves significant financial risk. Very few properties that are explored are later developed into operating mines.
Operational Risks
Mining operations generally also involve a high degree of risk. Such operations are subject to all the hazards and risks normally encountered in the exploration for, and development and production of, gold and other precious or base metals, including unusual and unexpected geologic formations, wall failure, seismic activity, rock bursts, cave-ins, flooding and other conditions involved in the drilling and removal of material, any of which could result in damage to, or destruction of, mines and other producing facilities, damage to life or property, environmental damage and possible legal liability. Milling operations are subject to hazards such as equipment failure or failure of retaining dams around tailings disposal areas, which may result in environmental pollution and consequent liability.
In particular, the Company's mineral properties are situated in remote locations, where access is often limited to dirt roads, increasing the risk that the Company may be unable to explore, develop or operate efficiently during the wet season. Climate change or prolonged periods of inclement weather may severely limit the length of time in which exploration programs and development activities may be undertaken.
Political Stability and Security Concerns in West Africa
The Company conducts exploration and development activities in West Africa. The Company's properties in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire may be subject to the effects of political changes, war and civil conflict, changes in government policy, lack of law enforcement, labour unrest and the creation of new laws. These changes (which may include new or modified taxes or other government levies, as well as other legislation) may impact the profitability and viability of its properties. The effect of unrest and instability on political, social or economic conditions in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire could result in the impairment of exploration, development and mining operations. Any such changes are beyond the control of the Company and may adversely affect its business.
In addition, local tribal authorities in West Africa exercise significant influence with respect to local land use, land labour and local security. From time to time, government has intervened in the export of mineral concentrates in response to concerns about the validity of export rights and payment of duties. No assurances can be given that the co-operation of such authorities, if sought by the Company, will be obtained, and if obtained, maintained.
In particular, Côte d'Ivoire has had a history of political instability, significant and unpredictable changes in government policies and laws, war and civil conflict, illegal mining activities, lack of law enforcement and labour unrest. In October 2010, the Company suspended exploration activity due to political uncertainty and security concerns. Activities recommenced in May 2011.
In addition, in the event of a dispute arising from foreign operations, the Company may be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign courts and/or may not be successful in subjecting foreign persons to the jurisdiction of Canadian or Australian courts or in enforcing the judgements of those courts against those persons or their assets. The Company also may be hindered or prevented from enforcing its rights with respect to a governmental instrumentality because of the doctrine of sovereign immunity. It is not possible for Perseus to predict such developments or changes in laws or policy or to what extent any such developments or changes may have a material adverse effect on the Company's operations.
Global Economic Conditions
The unprecedented events in global financial markets in the past several years have had a profound impact on the global economy. Many industries, including the mining industry, are impacted by these market conditions. Market events and conditions, including disruptions in the international credit markets and other financial systems and the deterioration of global economic conditions, could impede the Company's access to capital or increase the cost of capital and may adversely affect its operations.
The Company is also exposed to liquidity risks in meeting its operating and capital expenditure requirements in instances where its cash position is unable to be maintained or appropriate financing is unavailable. These factors may impact the Company's ability to obtain capital on terms favourable to it or at all. Increased market volatility may also impact the Company's operations, which could adversely affect the trading price of its ordinary shares.
Failure to Comply with Restrictions and Covenants in Credit Agreement
While there are currently no funds drawn down under the Credit Agreement and the available commitment has been reduced to zero, the Credit Agreement must still be complied with. In particular, some of the Company's hedging arrangements are covered by the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement contains covenants and imposes restrictions on the Company's ability to complete certain transactions. For example, the Credit Agreement requires that the Company maintain certain financial ratios and prohibits the Company from incurring additional indebtedness or entering into hedging arrangements beyond that specifically permitted. The Credit Agreement also contains (i) certain conditions precedent to the drawdown of funds, which were either satisfied or waived, and (ii) certain conditions subsequent, some of which remain outstanding. The Company has
previously received waivers of breaches of, and extensions for satisfaction of, non-financial conditions to the Credit Agreement. The Company may require waiver or extensions in respect of some of the foregoing conditions subsequent. A breach by the Company of certain provisions of the Credit Agreement, unless waived, will constitute an event of default, entitling the Lenders to terminate the Credit Agreement.
The Effectiveness of Perseus's Hedging Policies
As at June 30, 2014, the Company's gold price hedging position included 125,000ozs of gold deliverable up to and including December 31, 2015 at a weighted average price of US$1,468/oz. This includes a total of 70,000oz of gold deliverable in quarterly instalments during the 2015 calendar year at a price of US$1,600/oz.
The Company does not otherwise have any hedging agreements, including arrangements in respect of its exposure to changes in foreign exchange rates, but may enter into additional contracts in the future to the extent permitted by the Credit Agreement.
These risks will be managed by the Company's risk management policy, as determined from time to time, and detailed budgets, forecasts and mine plans, but the Company cannot guarantee the effectiveness of its present or future hedging policies. Although hedging activities may protect the Company in certain instances, they may also limit the price that can be realized on metals subject to any hedges where the market price exceeds the hedge contract price.
Currency Fluctuations
Currency fluctuations may affect the Company's costs and margins and the Company has not entered into any derivative financial instrument to hedge such fluctuations. The Company pays for goods and services in U.S. dollars, Australian dollars, Ghanaian cedis and CFA francs and the Company receives the proceeds of financings in Australian, Canadian and U.S. dollars. As a result of the use of these different currencies, the Company is subject to foreign currency fluctuations. Foreign currencies are affected by a number of factors that are beyond the control of the Company. These factors include economic conditions in the relevant country and elsewhere and the outlook for interest rates, inflation and other economic factors. Adverse fluctuations in these other currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could materially and adversely affect the Company's profitability, results of operation and financial position.
Labour and Employment Matters
Relations between the Company and its employees may be affected by changes in the scheme of labour relations that may be introduced by the relevant governmental authorities in whose jurisdictions the Company carries on business. Changes in such legislation or in the relationship between the Company and its employees may have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and/or financial condition.
In connection with the operation of the EGM the Company has engaged a number of additional key financial, administrative, mining, marketing and public relations personnel as well as additional staff for operations. Given the remote location of the property and the lack of infrastructure in the nearby surrounding areas Perseus may experience difficulties retaining these employees and contractors. In addition, in the event the Company commences development of the SGP it may also require additional key financial, administrative, mining, marketing and public relations personnel and will require additional staff for operations. Again, given the remote location of the property, the lack of infrastructure in the nearby surrounding areas, and the shortage of a readily available labour force in the mining industry, Perseus may experience difficulties attracting the requisite skilled employees. While the Company believes that it will be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel and employees, there can be no assurance of such success.
Also, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases represent a serious threat to maintaining a skilled workforce in the mining industry in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. HIV/AIDS is a major healthcare challenge faced by Perseus's operations in these countries. There can be no assurance that Perseus will not lose members of its workforce or workforce man hours or incur increased medical costs, which may have a material adverse effect on Perseus's operations. An outbreak of Ebola in Ghana or Côte d'Ivoire may have a material impact on the Company and its key contractors including potential suspension of operations in those countries.
Effect of Inflation on Results of Operations
Perseus's mineral properties are located in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, which have historically experienced relatively high rates of inflation.
Environmental Risks and Hazards
All phases of the Company's operations are subject to environmental regulation in the various jurisdictions in which it operates. Environmental legislation is evolving in a manner that will require stricter standards and enforcement, increased fines and penalties for non-compliance, more stringent environmental assessments of proposed projects, and a heightened degree of responsibility for companies and their officers, directors and employees. There is no assurance that existing or future environmental regulation will not materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
Environmental hazards may also exist on the properties in which the Company holds interests that are unknown to the Company at present and that have been caused by previous or existing owners or operators of the properties.
Amendments to current laws, regulations and permits governing operations and activities of mining and exploration companies, or more stringent implementation thereof, could also have a material adverse impact on the Company and cause increases in exploration expenses, capital expenditures or require abandonment or delays in the development of new mining properties.
Further, the Company's balance sheet as at June 30, 2014, contains a provision of AU$7.5 million for rehabilitation work relating to the EGM, representing the Company's estimate of the reclamation obligation arising at that reporting date. The total estimated reclamation obligation for EGM is US$13 million**.** A formal rehabilitation plan was submitted to the EPA to address reclamation due to historical activities by previous owners and planned activities by Perseus which has resulted in an increase of bank guarantees provided to the Ghana EPA from US$2.2 million to US$9.5 million. There can be no assurance the actual cost of completing the reclamation will not be significantly higher than the present estimate of US$13 million.
Permitting and Licencing
The Company's mining, development and exploration activities are dependent upon the grant, or as the case may be, the maintenance or renewal of appropriate licences, concessions, leases, permits and regulatory consents which may be withdrawn or made subject to limitations. The maintenance, renewal and granting of tenements often depends on the Company being successful in obtaining required statutory approvals. There is no assurance that the Company will be granted all the mining tenements for which it has applied or that licences, concessions, leases, permits or consents will be renewed as and when required or that new conditions will not be imposed in connection therewith. To the extent such approvals, consents or renewals are not obtained, the Company may be curtailed or prohibited from continuing with its exploration and development activities or proceeding with any future exploration or development.
Exploration Risks
The exploration for and development of mineral deposits is speculative and involves significant risks which even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge may not eliminate. While the discovery of an ore body may result in substantial rewards, few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. Major expenses may be required to locate and establish mineral reserves, to develop metallurgical processes and to construct mining and processing facilities at a particular site. It is impossible to ensure that the exploration or development programs planned by Perseus will result in a profitable commercial mining operation. Whether a mineral deposit will be commercially viable depends on a number of factors, including: the particular attributes of the deposit, such as size, grade and proximity to infrastructure; metal prices, which are highly cyclical; and government regulations, including regulations relating to prices, taxes, royalties, land tenure, land use, importing and exporting of minerals and environmental protection. The exact effect of these factors cannot be accurately predicted, but the combination of these factors may result in Perseus not receiving an adequate, or any, return on invested capital. There is no certainty that the expenditures made by Perseus towards the search for, and evaluation of, mineral deposits will result in discoveries of commercial quantities of ore.
Governmental Regulation of the Mining Industry
The mineral exploration activities of the Company are subject to various laws governing prospecting, mining development, production, royalties, taxes, export licences, labour standards and occupational health, mine safety, toxic substances and other matters. Although the Company believes that its exploration activities are currently carried out in accordance with all applicable rules and regulations, no assurance can be given that new rules and regulations will not be enacted or that existing rules and regulations will not be applied in a manner that could limit or curtail the production or development of the Company's properties. Amendments to current laws and regulations governing the operations and activities of the Company or a more stringent implementation thereof could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permitting requirements may result in enforcement actions thereunder, including orders issued by regulatory or judicial authorities causing operations to cease or be curtailed, and may include corrective measures requiring capital expenditures, the installation of additional equipment, or remedial actions. Parties engaged in mining operations, including the Company, may be required to compensate those suffering loss or damage by reason of the mining activities and may have civil or criminal fines or penalties imposed for violations of applicable laws or regulations.
Amendments to current laws, regulations and permits governing operations and activities of mining companies, or a more stringent implementation thereof, could have a material adverse impact on the Company and cause increases in exploration expenses, capital expenditures or production costs, reduction in levels of production at producing properties, or abandonment or delays in development of new mining properties.
Many countries in West Africa including those in which the Company currently operates, have a tax regime that is specifically applicable to the mining industry. From time to time, based on the prevailing market price of gold and other commodities, some of these governments have sought to increase the amount of tax collected from mining companies through changing existing tax regimes including the introduction of new taxes such as "super profits" taxes or "windfall profits" taxes. If such tax changes are introduced they have the potential to significantly reduce the profitability of the Company, reduce cash flow available to the Company and, in extreme circumstances, render otherwise viable projects uneconomic.
Uncertainty in the Estimation of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
The mineral resources and mineral reserves contained in this AIF are estimates only and no assurance can be given that the anticipated tonnages and grades will be achieved, that the indicated level of recovery will be realized or that mineral reserves could be mined or processed profitably. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating mineral resources and mineral reserves, including many factors beyond the Company's control. Such estimation is a subjective process, and the accuracy of any reserve or resource estimate is a function of the quantity and quality of available data and of the assumptions made and judgments used in engineering and geological interpretation. Short-term operating factors relating to the mineral reserves, such as the need for the orderly development of ore bodies or the processing of new or different ore grades, may cause mining operations to be unprofitable in any particular accounting period. In addition, there can be no assurance that gold recoveries in small scale laboratory tests will be duplicated in larger scale tests under on-site conditions or during production.
Fluctuation in gold prices, results of drilling, metallurgical testing and production and the evaluation of mine plans subsequent to the date of any estimate may require the revision of such estimate. The volume and grade of reserves mined and processed and recovery rates may not be the same as currently anticipated. Any material reductions in estimates of mineral resources and mineral reserves, or of the Company's ability to extract these mineral reserves, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition.
Land Title
The acquisition of title to mineral properties is a very detailed and time-consuming process. Title to, and the area of, mineral concessions may be disputed. Although the Company believes it has taken reasonable measures to ensure proper title to its properties, there is no guarantee that title to any of its properties will not be challenged or impaired. Third parties may have valid claims underlying portions of the Company's interests, including prior unregistered liens, agreements, transfers or claims, including native land claims, and title may be affected by, among other things, undetected defects. Land use for mineral exploitation activities is also subject to reaching satisfactory agreement with local communities on various matters such as crop compensation, housing relocation, assistance with community welfare and social development activities and employment of members of the local communities. There can be no assurances that the Company's title interests will not be challenged or impugned by third parties.
Title is also subject to continued compliance with obligations under applicable laws and regulations, including minimum expenditure requirements, rent and royalty payments.
Insurance and Uninsured Risks
The Company's business is subject to a number of risks and hazards generally, including: adverse environmental conditions; industrial accidents; labour disputes; metallurgical and other processing problems; unusual or unexpected geological conditions; ground or slope failures; cave-ins; changes in the regulatory environment; and natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods and earthquakes, and malfeasance. Such occurrences could result in damage to mineral properties or production facilities resulting in partial or complete shutdowns, personal injury or death, environmental damage to the Company's properties or the properties of others, delays in mining and processing, monetary losses and possible legal liability.
Although the Company maintains insurance to protect against certain risks in such amounts as it considers reasonable, its insurance will not cover all the potential risks associated with its operations. The Company may also be unable to maintain insurance to cover these risks at economically feasible premiums. In addition, insurance coverage may not continue to be available or may not be adequate to cover any resulting liability.
Moreover, insurance against risks such as environmental pollution or other hazards as a result of exploration and production is not generally available to Perseus or to other companies in the mining industry on acceptable terms. As a result, the Company may become subject to liability for pollution or other hazards that may not be insured against or that the Company may elect not to insure against because of premium costs or other reasons. Losses from these events may cause the Company to incur significant costs that could have a material adverse effect upon its financial performance and results of operations.
To the extent that the Company incurs losses not covered by its insurance policies, the funds available for sustaining the current exploration activities and for the development of further operations will be reduced.
Dependence on Key Management Personnel and Executives
The Company is dependent upon a number of key management personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of such key management personnel could have a material adverse effect on the Company. The Company's ability to manage its operation, development and exploration activities, and hence its success, will depend in large part on the efforts of these individuals.
Litigation
The Company is subject to litigation risks. All industries, including the mining industry, are subject to legal claims, with and without merit. Defence and settlement costs of legal claims can be substantial, even with respect to claims that have no merit. Due to the inherent uncertainty of the litigation process, the resolution of any particular legal proceeding to which the Company is or may become subject could have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or the Company's mining and project development operations.
Repatriation of Earnings
The Company conducts its operations through foreign subsidiaries and holds substantially all of its assets in such subsidiaries. Accordingly, any limitation on the transfer of cash or other assets between the Company and its subsidiaries could restrict the Company's ability to fund its operations efficiently. Any such limitations, or the perception that such limitations may exist now or in the future, could have an adverse impact on the Company's valuation and stock price. Moreover, there is no assurance that Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire or any other foreign country in which the Company may operate in the future will not impose restrictions on the repatriation of earnings to foreign entities.
Dilution
The Company may undertake additional offerings of ordinary shares and of securities convertible into ordinary shares in the future. The increase in the number of ordinary shares issued and outstanding and the possibility of sales of such ordinary shares may depress the price of ordinary shares. In addition, as a result of such additional ordinary shares, the voting power of the Company's existing shareholders will be diluted.
Stock Exchange Prices
There can be no assurance that an active market for the ordinary shares will be sustained. The market price of publicly traded stock is affected by many variables not all of which are directly related to the success of the issuer. In recent years, the securities markets have experienced a high level of price and volume volatility, and the market price of securities of many companies has experienced wide fluctuations which have not necessarily been related to the operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects of such companies. There can be no assurance that such fluctuations will not affect the price of Perseus's securities.
GHANA
Location, Population and Economy
Ghana is situated in West Africa, immediately north of the equator and on the Greenwich meridian. Ghana is bordered to the north and northwest by Burkina Faso, to the east by Togo, to the south by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). Formerly a British colony known as the Gold Coast, Ghana is the first nation in sub-Saharan Africa to have achieved independence, in 1957.
Ghana has a total area of approximately 239,000 km2 . Its capital city is Accra, and other major centres include Kumasi, Tema, Tamale and Sekondi-Takoradi. Its population is estimated at 26.6 million people.
Mineral Rights and Mining in Ghana
The right to explore for minerals and to develop a mine are regulated by the Minister of Lands, Forestry and Mines (the "Minister") through the Minerals Commission, a governmental organization designed to promote and control the development of Ghana's minerals in accordance with the Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, Act 703 (the "2006 Mining Act").
Under the laws of Ghana, mining may only be carried out by a body corporate or an incorporated partnership registered or established under the laws of Ghana. There are three types of mining rights in Ghana: reconnaissance licences, prospecting licences and mining leases. These rights are acquired by making an application to the Minister through the Minerals Commission. The grant of these rights is discretionary but they are generally granted on a first come first serve basis upon satisfaction of the conditions contained in 2006 Mining Act.
The holder of a reconnaissance licence has the exclusive right to carry out reconnaissance for the minerals specified in the licence and to conduct other ancillary or incidental activity within the area covered by the licence. The holder of a reconnaissance licence also has the right to install camps and temporary buildings, but is not permitted to engage in drilling or excavation.
A prospecting licence grants the exclusive right to conduct prospecting operations for a particular mineral in a selected area for an initial period not exceeding three years. The holder of a prospecting licence has the right to make boreholes and excavations, install camps and conduct other incidental activities. The licence holder also has the right to conduct such geographic and geophysics investigations in the area of the licence as it considers necessary to confirm the existence of an adequate quantity of geologically proven and mineable reserve of gold. The holder of a prospecting licence is required to commence prospecting activities within three months of issue of the licence. The terms and conditions of a prospecting licence include marking out the prospecting area in a prescribed manner; advising the Minerals Commission of any discovery within 30 days of the date of discovery; expending the amount specified in the licence and submitting reports as and when specified; repairing any damage caused by its activities (including filling boreholes and removing camps); and employing and training Ghanaian personnel.
The rights granted by a prospecting licence are subject to certain restrictions imposed by land owner rights including cattle grazing and land cultivation if these activities do not interfere with the mining operations in the area. The holder of a prospecting licence must not hinder or prevent members of the local population from exercising customary rights and privileges in or over a licenced area (including hunting, gathering firewood and collecting snails) so long as these customary rights and privileges do not interfere with mining operations. The licence holder may however make arrangements with the local landowners for a waiver of these rights, which arrangements may include compensation. The compensation may be for deprivation for the use of the land, loss or damage to immoveable properties, loss of expected income (if the land is cultivated) but may not include compensation for access to the land, the value of any mineral derived therefrom or loss or damage that is not capable of being assessed according to applicable legal principles.
The holder of a prospecting licence must obtain the consent of the Minister prior to conducting any operations (i) within twenty metres of any building, installation, reservoir, dam, public road, railway or any area appropriated for a railway; and (ii) in any area occupied by a market, burial ground, cemetery or within a town or village or an area set aside for, used, appropriated or dedicated to a public purpose.
The holder of a prospecting licence must surrender, upon renewal, not less than 50% of the number of blocks in the prospecting area covered by the licence, provided that any such surrender would not leave the licence holder with less than 125 blocks (with one block representing 21 hectares of land). The Minister may waive this requirement of surrender.
Prospecting licences may be converted into mining leases upon application and the applicant is not required to provide evidence that a mineral exists in commercial quantities. The area covered by a mining lease shall not be less than 21 hectares representing one block and not more than 300 contiguous blocks.
A mining lease confers upon the holder the right to mine for the specified mineral and undertake any operations that are directly or indirectly necessary or incidental thereto. A mining lease may be granted for an initial term of up to 30 years or for such shorter term as may be agreed and may be renewed for a further period of 30 years. Upon ministerial approval, the holder of a mining lease may suspend operations for a period not exceeding 12 months.
The holder of a mining lease is not required to meet minimum exploration expenditures but is required to submit quarterly, half-yearly and annual reports of the results of its activities and pay ground rent.
The Minister may enter into a stability agreement with the holder of a mining lease to ensure that, for a period of 15 years, the licence holder will not be adversely affected by any new enactment, regulation or order (including those relating to the payment of customs duties, royalties and taxes).
A mineral right may be cancelled if the holder fails to make payments when due, becomes insolvent or bankrupt, makes a false statement or becomes ineligible to apply for a mineral right.
Government Free Carried Interest
The Government of Ghana is granted a 10% free carried interest in all mining operations and has no obligation to contribute to development or operating expenses. This 10% carried interest also entitles the Government of Ghana to a pro-rata share of future dividends.
Royalty Requirements
A flat royalty of 5% of mining revenues is payable to the Government of Ghana.
Environmental Regulations
All environmental matters in Ghana, including those related to mining, are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994 and the Environmental Assessment Regulations, 1999, administered by the Ghana EPA and which govern environmental impact statements, mine operations, mine closures and reclamation and the Forestry Commission.
Persons proposing to undertake the mining and processing of minerals are required to register their activities with the Ghana EPA and obtain an environmental permit prior to commencing such activities. Additionally, no person may commence activities in respect of an undertaking, which in the opinion of the Ghana EPA, has, or is likely to have an adverse effect on the environment or public health unless, prior to the commencement thereof, the undertaking has been registered with the Ghana EPA and an environmental permit has been issued by the Ghana EPA in respect of the undertaking.
An EIS and baseline study of the EIS must be submitted to the Ghana EPA prior to issuance by the Ghana EPA of any environmental permit where the undertaking is the mining and processing of minerals in areas if the mining lease covers a total area in excess of 10 hectares. Each environmental permit is valid for a period of 18 months from the date of issue. The Ghana EPA is required to hold a public hearing in respect of an application for an environmental permit where there is material adverse public reaction to the commencement of the proposed undertaking, the undertaking will involve the dislocation, relocation or resettlement of communities or the undertaking could have extensive and far reaching effects on the environment.
After the approval of the EIS, an environmental management plan in respect of operations must be submitted within 18 months of commencing operations and every three years thereafter.
Failure to commence operations within the prescribed time period renders the environmental permit invalid and the applicant is required to resubmit an application to the Ghana EPA, together with reasons for the new application.
After commencing mining operations, the applicant is required to apply for an environmental certificate that may be issued subject to terms and conditions. The environmental certificate must be obtained within 24 months from the commencement of operations. An environment certificate will not be issued by the Ghana EPA until the person responsible for the application has submitted evidence or confirmation of the actual commencement of operations, acquisition of other required permits and approvals and compliance with mitigation commitments provided for in either the EIS or preliminary environmental report. Mining companies are also required to submit annual environmental reports in respect of mining operations.
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Location, Population and Economy
Côte d'Ivoire is located in West Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, between Ghana and Liberia, and surrounded inland by Guinea, Mali and Burkina Faso from the north-west to the north-east.
Côte d'Ivoire has a total area of approximately 322,462 km2 . The capital city is Yamoussoukro, however the city of Abidjan is the commercial and administrative centre. Its population is estimated to be approximately 20 million people.
Côte d'Ivoire's climate is tropical along the coast and semi-arid in the far north. In the south, it is hot and wet from April to July and from October to November and warm and dry from August to September and from December to March. In the North it is hot and wet from June to September and warm and dry from October to May.
Mineral Rights and Mining in Côte d'Ivoire
The right to explore for minerals and develop a mine are regulated by the Law no. 2014-553 of March 24, 2014 ("Mining Code"). The Mining Code is administered by the Minister of Mining ("Minister of Mining"). Perseus permits granted at the time the Mining Code came into effect are governed by the old Mining Code (Law no. 95-553 of July 18, 1995) ("Old Mining Code"), any applications are subject to the Mining Code. Permit holders have the option to have the Mining Code apply to permits granted under the Old Mining Code and the Company is currently considering its options in this respect.
Under the Mining Code, all minerals and mineral waters are the property of the State. No person, whether a national or foreign, is authorized to undertake or conduct any activity governed by the Mining Code without the appropriate permit.
Other than prospecting and reconnaissance authorizations, the Mining Code provides for two mining rights or titles: exploration permits and exploitation permits.
No legal entity is entitled to hold a mining title unless it is registered with the Côte d'Ivoire trade register and has not been placed in receivership or been declared bankrupt. Also, no natural person may acquire a direct or indirect interest in a mineral title or authorization unless he is in full possession of his civil rights.
The regime described below is the regime under the new Mining Code. Where appropriate a comparison with the Old Mining Code is given.
Prospecting Authorization
A prospecting authorization confers upon the holder thereof the non-exclusive right to prospect for all mineral substances within the entire area of one or more administrative departments. A prospecting authorization does not confer upon the holder thereof any particular right to obtain a mineral title, or any right to dispose of mineral substances acquired from prospecting activities, on a commercial basis. The term of a prospecting authorization is one year and may be renewed. A prospecting authorization may not be assigned, transferred or sublet.
Exploration Permit
An exploration permit is granted by decree of the Council of Ministers upon recommendation of the Minister of Mining, on submission of an application in accordance with the applicable requirements of the Mining Code.
A holder of an exploration permit has the exclusive right to explore for minerals within the perimeter (surface and depth) of a specified area and dispose of products extracted during exploration.
The holder of an exploration permit must begin exploration activities within six months (Old Mining Code: one year) from the effective date of the permit.
The term of an exploration permit must not exceed twelve years, consisting of four distinct terms, being an initial term of four years (Old Mining Code: three years), two successive three year terms (Old Mining Code: two years each), and an exceptional renewal of up to two years (Old Mining Code: three years). If the holder of the exploration permit satisfies its obligations and complies with the Mining Code during the initial term, renewals are automatically granted. Renewal may be refused if the holder of the exploration permit fails to satisfy its commitments relating to the general work program or the minimum financial expenditure. At each renewal of the exploration permit, 25% (Old Mining Code: 50%) of the area held must be relinquished.
Exploration permits may be assigned or transferred to another mining operator subject to the prior approval of the Minister of Mining and compliance with the conditions imposed by applicable regulation. Provided that the holder of the exploration permit has satisfied its obligations under the Mining Code, has submitted an application for title in conformity with the applicable regulation and meets the requirement of such regulation, the Minister of Mining's consent to transfer cannot be refused.
An exploration permit may be revoked or limited without right of indemnity or compensation upon notice requiring the holder or operator to remedy a default within 60 days, and failure of the holder to do so. Such defaults entitling service of notice of revocation are limited to matters involving worker safety and health, delay or suspension of exploration activity for a period of more than one year without valid reason, disqualification of the title holder, the failure to comply with directions of a mining engineer, unauthorized transfer or assignment of the exploration permit, the failure to pay duties or taxes, and the failure to maintain and restore the site during exploration.
Exploitation Permit
A holder of a mining permit has the exclusive right to extract minerals within the perimeter, surface and underground boundaries of a specified area. The Council of Ministers on the recommendation of the Minister of Mining issues decrees granting mining permits to holders of exploration permits who have furnished evidence of existence of a mineral deposit within the area of the exploration permit in the form a feasibility study which must include amongst others a socioeconomic impact study, an environmental impact study and a community development plan.
A mining permit holder also has the right to transport or cause to be transported mineral substances extracted, extracts and primary derivatives thereof, and metals and alloys of these substances, to storage, processing or loading sites, for disposal and/or export to local or external markets.
The initial term of a mining permit must not exceed 20 years, but application may be made to renew the permit at the end of the initial period. The holder of a mining permit must commence mining works on the deposit within one year (Old Mining Code: two years) after the date of grant. The holder may postpone mining works during a period of up to three years (Old Mining Code: five years) on the grounds of temporary unfavourable commercial conditions or a sudden decline in the market price for the relevant mineral.
The Minister of Mining may revoke a mining permit without right of indemnity or compensation upon notice requiring the holder or operator to remedy a default within 60 days, and failure of the holder to do so. Such defaults entitling service of notice of revocation are limited to matters involving worker safety and health, delay or suspension of exploration works for more than one year without valid reason, disqualification of the title holder, delay or suspension of the preliminary exploitation activities or mining for more than two years, without approval, and for reasons other than adverse market conditions. The failure to comply with directions of a mining engineer, unauthorized transfer or assignment of the mining permit, the failure to pay duties or taxes, and the failure to maintain and restore the site during mining works.
Government Interest
The State of Côte d'Ivoire has a 10% free carried interest in any mining venture undertaken pursuant to an exploitation permit via a non-dilutable free carried interest in the permit holding company. The Mining Code fixes the State's additional and contributing shareholding at 15%.
Royalty Requirements
In addition to the taxes provided for in the General Tax Code, the holder of a mineral title is required to pay: (i) a nonrefundable fixed duty, (ii) an annual land rent, and (iii) a royalty on gold as follows:
| Royalty | Gold price |
|---|---|
| 3% | Up to US$1,000 |
| 3.5% | US$1,000 – US$1,300 |
| 4% | US$1,300 – US$1,600 |
| 5% | US$1,600 – US$2,000 |
| 6% | Over US$2,000 |
The royalty is based on the gross revenue from minerals produced, after deduction of transportation and refining or smelting costs. Under the Old Mining Code, the royalty was a flat 3%.
Environmental Regulations and Community
The application for an exploitation permit must include a socio-economic impact study, an environmental impact study and a community development plan.
A holder of an exploitation permit must establish a reserve fund for the rehabilitation and restoration of the site upon completion of mining activities.
A holder of an exploitation permit is required to establish a community development plan and an investment plan. This is in addition to the constitution of a fund to which they are required to contribute an annual amount equal to 0.5% of gross revenue from minerals produced, after deduction of transportation and refining or smelting costs for the realisation of socioeconomic projects for the benefit of local communities.
The Mining Code requires the periodic monitoring of mining sites to verify the health and well-being of neighbouring populations. Monitoring is performed by the mining permit holder, at its expense, within the framework of its environmental management program, as approved by the Minister of Mining. Monitoring is also performed by the Minister of Mining, and if required, by international agencies experienced in the area designated by the Minister of Mining, at the expense of the administering authority. In the event of pollution exceeding normal tolerance, the costs related to inspections, future verifications and consequential fines are borne by the holder of the mining permit.
DETAILS OF THE EDIKAN GOLD MINE
Unless otherwise stated, the information that follows relating to the EGM is derived from, and in some instances is an extract from, the technical report entitled "Technical Report — Central Ashanti Gold Project, Ghana" dated May 30, 2011 prepared by Aaron Green, Operations Manager, Runge Limited (the "Central Ashanti Technical Report") available under the Company's profile at www.sedar.com. Unless stated otherwise this information has not been updated.
Property Description and Location
As illustrated below, the EGM is located in Ghana, West Africa, approximately 40 kilometres to the south-west of the regional town of Obuasi and 195 kilometres west-north-west of the capital Accra, between 1°50'00" west and 2°00'00" west and 5°48'49" north and 6°00'00" north.

The EGM comprises two mining leases: (i) the Ayanfuri mining lease (49.2 km2 ); and (ii) the Nanankaw mining lease (43.93 km2 ), both identified by PL 6/15, (together, defined as the "Edikan Mining Leases") and the Dadieso prospecting licence, identified by PL 6/15 (29.33 km2 ). Together, the Edikan Mining Leases and the Dadieso prospecting licence occupy a total aggregate land area of 122.46 km2 .
The Ayanfuri mining lease (PL 6/15) is registered in the name of PMGL, an indirect subsidiary of Perseus and expires on December 30, 2024. The Nanankaw mining lease (PL 6/15) is also registered in the name of PMGL and expires on December 30, 2024.
The Dadieso prospecting licence is registered in the name of PMGL. As at the date of the Central Ashanti Technical Report, the Dadieso prospecting licence was subject to an application for renewal. The licence was subsequently renewed and expired on December 31, 2013. An additional renewal has been applied for.
To maintain a mining lease in good standing, the holder thereof must:
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pay rental land rates, royalties and government charges;
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present regular returns and annual returns;
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utilize the mining rights through the exploitation of minerals; and
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pay bonds and maintain rehabilitation programs.
Surface rights are held by the central government of Ghana and rent is charged for land usage based on published rates. Compensation is also paid to local land owners for damage to crops based on the higher of the rates prescribed by the Land Valuation Board and that privately agreed to. PMGL has negotiated all amounts payable for surface rights in and to the area of the proposed production activities.
The following map indicates the location of all known mineralized zones, mineral resources, mineral reserves and mine workings, existing tailing ponds, waste deposits and important natural features and improvements at the EGM, relative to the outside property boundaries.

Future gold production from the EGM is subject to the following royalties:
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- A government statutory royalty of 5% on the sale of mineral from the project.
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- A royalty of 0.25% payable by Kojina in respect of its purchase of PMGL from Strategic Systems Pty Ltd. This royalty was assigned to Waratah Investments Limited in August 2009. The obligation to pay this royalty has been assumed by PMGL.
In addition to the foregoing (though not contained in the Central Ashanti Technical Report), the EGM is subject to a royalty on gold produced from the Edikan Mining Leases of 1% if the gold price is below US$350/oz, 1.25% if the gold price is over US$350 but below US$500/oz and 1.5% if the gold price exceeds US$500/oz. By deed of assignment dated June 30, 2011 this royalty was assigned to Franco-Nevada Corporation.
Under the 2006 Mining Act, the Government of Ghana is granted a 10% free carried interest in the holder of mining operations in Ghana and has no obligation to contribute to development or operating expenses.
The EGM is not subject to any environmental liabilities except as set out in the Ayanfuri Mine Decommissioning Plan Final Report 27-4-2004 (the "Ayanfuri Decommissioning Plan") and the Draft Environmental Audit Report 2006 (the "Draft Environmental Audit").
The Ayanfuri Decommissioning Plan was submitted to the Ghana EPA by Ashanti Goldfields Company Limited ("AGC"), a subsidiary of AngloGold Ashanti Limited ("AGA") and the previous holder of the Edikan Mining Licences, in 2004 and provides for the decommissioning of the gold mining operations previously carried out by AGC. AGC has spent approximately US$3 million on the decommissioning program. The cost for the remaining decommissioning activities was estimated by AGC to be US$2,257,941.
In 2006, Strategy Investments Ltd. ("SSI") (now PMGL) commissioned an environmental audit of the rehabilitated and nonrehabilitated areas of prior mining disturbance post decommissioning and to give recommendations for future management of the mine. The resulting estimate was substantially less than the estimate contained in the Ayanfuri Decommissioning Plan prepared by AGC in 2004.
In 2007, however, the Ghana EPA accepted the Ayanfuri Decommissioning Plan from 2004 and on August 6, 2007 a reclamation security agreement was signed between the Ghana EPA and AGA. Subsequently Perseus made a cash deposit of US$257,939 to a joint EPA/AGA account and presented bank guarantees to the EPA for US$2,000,000 in August 2007.
Due to the significant changes in the mine plan since acquisition of the property by Perseus, at the request of the Ghana EPA, PMGL has prepared and submitted a reclamation and decommissioning plan for historical and current production. The present estimate for current and historical reclamation costs is US$13 million.
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography
The EGM is located 16 kilometres west of Dunkwa, near the village of Ayanfuri in the Central Region of Ghana. The EGM lies along the sealed highway from Ghana's second largest city, Kumasi, located 107 kilometres by road to the north and the port of Takoradi located 186 kilometres by road to the south.
The EGM area has a south western equatorial climate with seasons influenced by the moist south west monsoon winds from the South Atlantic Ocean and the dry north east trade winds. The mean annual rainfall is approximately 1,500 millimetres with peaks of more than 170 millimetres per month in June and October. During the wet season, access and transport can become difficult unless well-formed and drained roads are constructed.
Relief in the area of the EGM is largely gently undulating, ranging from 120 metres to 240 metres above sea level. Areas of lower relief are generally vegetated by open secondary forest and agricultural land, while remaining tropical forest is more prevalent in areas of higher relief outside the licence area. Agriculture in the area consists mainly of cocoa farms with lesser subsistence farming.
The village of Ayanfuri is connected to the national electricity grid. Water supply for the EGM was initially drawn from dewatering the flooded Abnabna and Fobinso pits and upon commencement of operations, the majority of the process water will be returned from the tailings storage facilities. This will be supplemented by the pumping of water from other flooded pits and from rainfall catchment. The Ayanfuri village also has land and mobile telephone coverage, internet services and is centrally located to the principal mining and exploration contractors and suppliers in Ghana. Ghana has an excellent depth of personnel experienced at many levels in modern open pit and underground mining technology.
Appropriate locations for tailings storage areas, waste disposal areas and processing plant sites have been selected.
History
Cluff Resources plc ("Cluff") commenced activity at the EGM in 1988 with mining operations commencing in 1994. In 1996 AGC acquired Cluff and continued mining activity until early 2001 upon depletion of oxide mineral reserves. Due to very low prevailing gold prices all exploration activity was suspended from 2001 to 2006. In April 2006, SSI entered into an agreement to acquire the Edikan Mining Leases and the Dadieso prospecting licence from AGC. In May 2006, Kojina was
granted an option to purchase all of the shares of SSI (now PMGL), which option was exercised in 2007 and the transaction completed in February 2009.
There were three principal phases of exploration undertaken at the EGM from 1988. The first was initial discovery and pre-development drilling by Cluff. The second was the exploration of secondary targets to locate additional ore feed by AGC. The third phase was the post mine closure exploration by Perseus commencing in 2006.
Cluff initially undertook a major trenching programme over surface indications (areas of previous artisanal activity) resulting in discovery of the Fetish, Esuajah North and South Esuajah deposits. Photogeological interpretation (1:20,000 scale) together with regional soil sampling outlined additional prospects including Chirawewa, Abnabna and Fobinso. Drilling commenced in 1989 and by 1991 a total of 337 holes had been completed for 20,951 metres. A total of 16,749 soil samples were collected and assayed for gold and arsenic and exploration trenching totalling 32,572 metres was completed. Cluff also completed substantial metallurgical sampling using diamond core and surface pitting to depths up to nine metres.
Between 1996 and 2000, AGC completed 580 hand dug trenches totalling approximately 40.7 kilometres and 776 drill holes totalling 58 kilometres of mostly reverse circulation ("RC") drilling.
The Ayanfuri heap leach project commenced production in November 1994 and the mine was closed in early 2001. Previous production is summarized in the table below:
| Year | OreTreated(tons) | HeadGrade(Gold g/t) | ContainedGold(Ounces) | RecoveredGold(Ounces) | Recovery(%) | TailGrade(Gold g/t) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994-5 | 1,129,357 | 2.2 | 80,607 | 56,426 | 70 | 0.7 |
| 1996 | 1,319,000 | 1.8 | 75,060 | 53,338 | 71 | 0.5 |
| 1997 | 1,340,000 | 1.7 | 74,963 | 58,089 | 77 | 0.4 |
| 1998 | 1,519,000 | 1.4 | 65,930 | 46,290 | 70 | 0.4 |
| 1999 | 1,392,000 | 1.2 | 51,914 | 44,424 | 86 | 0.2 |
| 2000 | 1,121,000 | 1.2 | 43,610 | 36,316 | 83 | 0.2 |
| 2001 | 329,000 | 1.2 | 12,693 | 11,517 | 91 | 0.1 |
| Total | 8,149,357 | 1.5 | 404,777 | 306,400 | 76 | 0.4 |
Notes:
- Excludes CIL treatment of high grade ore as high grade ore from Fetish main and possibly other deposits was hauled to the Sansu treatment plant at Obuasi.
Geological Setting
Regional Geology
The EGM is located in south-western Ghana in the Man Shield (also known as Leo Shield) of the Precambrian West African Craton. In Ghana, the Man Shield consists of seven mostly north-east striking Paleoproterozoic greenstone belts of the Birimian Supergroup, emplaced during 2250-2170 Ma, separated by flyshoid basin sediments deposited during 2150- 2100 Ma. Most of the gold in Ghana was emplaced relatively late in the Eburnian orogeny principally in deformation zones in Birimian metasediments and metavolcanics, as paleoplacer deposits in Tarkwaian braided fluvial quartz pebble conglomerates, and to a lesser extent within pre and syntectonic granitoid intrusive bodies within the greenstone belts and within basin sediments along regional structures. Metallogenetically the most important greenstone belt in Ghana is the Ashanti Belt. The figure below illustrates the general geology of Ghana.

Local Geology
The EGM deposits occur near the western flank of the Ashanti greenstone belt along the Obuasi-Akropong gold corridor, situated between six to 16 kilometres outboard of the Ashanti volcanic belt margin in the Kumasi basin sediments. The Obuasi-Akropong structure appears to represent a continuation of the main Obuasi shear which has veered away from the volcanic belt margin into basinal sediments. More likely, it corresponds to a separate sub parallel, southwest vergent thrust of sediments over sediments several kilometres further out in the basin, rotated nearly into the main Obuasi structure during transcurrent deformation and preferentially gold mineralized in comparison to the belt bounding structures south of Obuasi which are generally weakly mineralized. Further south, the principal gold bearing structures are reactivated thrusts along the belt margin, as at Obuasi.
Property Geology
The EGM is underlain principally by Paleoproterozoic Birimian metasediments of the Kumasi-Afema basin positioned between the Ashanti and Sefwi greenstone belts. The flysch type metasediments consist of dacitic volcaniclastics, greywackes plus argillaceous (phyllitic) sediments, intensely folded and faulted and metamorphosed to upper greenschist facies. Minor cherty and manganiferous exhalative sediments are locally present, and graphitic schists coincide with the principal shear (thrust) zones. Bedding and parallel to sub parallel cleavage follows the regional trend of the Akropong structure(s) striking 050o on average with steep to sub vertical dips to the south-east and north-west.
Numerous small basin-type or cape coast type granite bodies have intruded the sediments along several regional structures. The intrusive shapes vary from nearly ovoid plugs 200 meters to 400 meters long by 40 meters to 150 metres wide to relatively long (2,000+ metres) narrow (50m-100m) sills or dykes.
Exploration
Exploration by Perseus commenced with a review of the incomplete Ashanti databases. Considerable time was spent collating or reproducing digital drill, grade control and survey data, some of which had to be hand entered from hard copies. In 2001, post mine closure, significant quantities of data were lost including production reconciliation reports.
Due to the prevailing gold price no exploration was conducted at the Central Ashanti Gold Project from 2001 until August 2006, when Perseus began drilling. During the second half of 2006, Perseus completed 71 RC and nine diamond drill holes totalling 9,872 metres of drilling. Exploration activity has steadily increased since then as additional Mineral Resources have been discovered and extensive infill drilling programs continue. Contract drilling crews have been used for all programs with supervision by Perseus staff. Drilling companies used at the Project included Eagle Drilling Inc., Burwash Contract Drilling, Geodrill GHz Limited, Minerex Drilling Contractors Limited, Boart Longyear Limited ("Boart Longyear") and Hall Core Drilling Africa Ltd.
A summary of the exploration completed at EGM by Perseus is set out below.
| Period | Soil Samples | Drilling(m) |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 1,100 | 9,872 |
| 2007 | 1,430 | 71,143 |
| 2008 | 3,888 | 98,303 |
| 2009 | 4,576 | 25,788 |
| 2010 | — | 127,186 |
| Total | 10,994 | 332,292 |
Since the Central Ashanti Technical Report, Perseus drilled 183,947 metres in 2011, 127,745 metres in 2012, 30,081 meters in 2013 and 4,866 in 2014.
Mineralization
Gold occurs at the EGM both in classic Ashanti-style sediment hosted shear zones, and within granitic plugs and sills or dykes situated along two or three regional shear structures. More than two dozen known gold occurrences occur on the area of the EGM with granitic intrusives hosting the majority of these and more than 80% of the known gold resources.
The sediment shear hosted occurrences consist either of pinch and swell quartz reefs in relatively tight shears or quartz carbonate stockwork veining in broader shear zones. The host rocks are typically fine grained phyllitic sediments and volcaniclastics, with coarser grained wacke to sandstone interbeds often preferentially mineralized due to their more competent and brittle nature. Pervasive iron carbonate and more localized sericite and silica alteration has affected the host sediments, and fine grained pyrite with lesser arsenopyrite occurs as disseminations in the host sediments and to a lesser degree in the quartz veins. Most of the gold occurs in veins as disseminations and as free gold along sulphide grain boundaries.
Although gold grade is relatively uniform across the width of the intrusives at +/− 0.5 g/t to 1.5 g/t gold, frequent high grade (5 g/t gold to greater than 100 g/t gold) assays over widths of one metre to five metres occur in all of the granite hosted deposits.
Drilling
A summary of the type and extent of drilling completed at the EGM is set out below.
| Diamond | RC | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral Resource | Number | Metres | Number | Metres | Metres |
| Abnabna | 145 | 30,878 | 121 | 9,200 | 40,078 |
| AF Gap | 305 | 67,273 | 109 | 9,314 | 76,587 |
| Fobinso | 141 | 30,348 | 167 | 11,315 | 41,663 |
| Esuajah South | 105 | 30,828 | 61 | 4,648 | 35,476 |
| Esuajah North | 43 | 10,373 | 148 | 11,200 | 21,573 |
| Fetish | 134 | 33,582 | 319 | 21,795 | 55,377 |
| Chirawewa | 52 | 9,362 | 184 | 14,058 | 23,420 |
| Dadieso | 1 | 200 | 223 | 14,359 | 14,559 |
| Mampong | 16 | 2,948 | 216 | 20,067 | 23,015 |
| Other exploration and sterilization | — | — | 792 | 58,590 | 58,591 |
| Total | 942 | 215,792 | 2,340 | 174,546 | 390,339 |
RC drilling was completed either using an MPD1000, MPD1500, KWL-700, UDRKL900 or UDR650 drill rig drilling a 51 /4 inch diameter hole. Diamond core drilling was completed using a variety of core rigs including Longyear 38, Longyear LF70 and LF90, UDR650 (multipurpose) or UDRKL900 rigs plus Atlas Copco CS14 core rigs drilling PQ, HQ or NQ size holes.
The drill holes have varying directions and the majority of the holes have inclinations of between 50o and 60o with the notable exception being the diamond holes which have varying inclinations from 45o to vertical. In general, the true thickness of the mineralization is 60% to 80% of the intersection lengths and the intersection angles are satisfactory.
Initially only acid tube dip tests were performed by Perseus so the first 58 diamond drill holes have no azimuth recordings. All subsequent drill holes have been down holed surveyed at 10 metres to 30 metres intervals using either Reflex or Flexit multi-shot equipment.
Geological logging is completed for the entire length of each hole under six principal fields: weathering, lithology, alteration, structure, mineralogy and veining.
Sampling and Analysis
Sampling at the EGM has largely been limited to the sampling of drill holes although surface trenching, pitting and soil samples have also been collected by various operators.
Rock types encountered included sediments and granitoid lithologies, with the majority of mineralization hosted by granitoid intrusives. The width of mineralization varied between the deposits, ranging from 20 meters to in excess of 100 meters in thickness. The broad zones of mineralization and lack of discrete structures controlling grade distribution meant that selective sampling was not warranted and a sample length of two metres was used throughout the EGM with exception of Esuajah South, where one metre sample lengths were used. The steep nature of the deposits and occasional limited drill access meant that holes were at moderate to low angle to the mineralization and true thickness of intersections was typically half of the downhole thickness.
RC drilling was completed at all resource areas at spacings varying between 20 meters by 20 meters to 40 meters by 40 meters and 40 meters by 50 meters. RC drill samples were collected every metre from a rig mounted cyclone into large monitored plastic bags and two metre composite samples were made by splitting each one metre sample down 1.5 kilograms using a rifle splitter and combining adjacent samples. All samples were kept dry when possible with the use of high pressure air. Where it was not possible to keep the sample dry, the sample was collected from the cyclone into a plastic bag and a sub-sample was collected using a plastic spear. There is some evidence of down hole smearing, depletion or enrichment during wet RC drilling. The current practice is for holes to be drilled until the hole becomes wet at which time the rig switches to diamond drilling.
Diamond drilling was completed at all resource areas to test deeper mineralization or where the influx of ground water forced the termination of RC drilling. The spacing for diamond drill holes for depth testing was typically 40 meters by 40 meters with infill drilling at 20 metres by 40 metres throughout several of the deposits. The core was cut in half using a diamond cutting saw and on one metre intervals. Typically the core was not sampled to geological intervals but on the even metre intervals. The right hand side of the core was always submitted for analysis with the left side being stored in trays on site. Core recovery was typically very good with no evidence of core loss.
The authors of the Central Ashanti Technical Report concluded that the samples were representative of the mineralization, no bias was present and no other factors were present that could materially impact the accuracy and reliability of results.
For Perseus drilling, after cutting or splitting, the samples were bagged by Perseus employees and then sent to Intertek Minerals Ltd. ("IML") in Tarkwa for preparation and analysis. All samples followed a standard path of drying, crushing and grinding. Samples were pulverised using a LM5 ring mill and thoroughly mixed on a rolling mat prior to the 200g sub sample being collected. Two sample analysis methods were used by Perseus depending on the drilling method used. RC samples were subject to a bulk leach extractable gold ("BLEG") and 24 hour bottle roll with atomic absorption spectrometry ("AAS") analysis, while diamond core samples were subjected to a 50g fire assay and AAS analysis.
Sample preparation and analysis for the Cluff and AGC samples is not well documented. However it is known that samples were assayed using a variety of methods.
Duplicate samples, standards and blanks were submitted with all RC and diamond drill sample batches at a rate of one standard and one field duplicate for every 20 samples submitted for the diamond drilling and RC drilling. In addition, selected samples were sent to SGS Laboratory Services (Ghana) Ltd. for check analysis.
IML also has several control procedures to monitor the precision and accuracy of results, including internal standards, internal duplicates, internal repeats, reagent and sample blanks, inter-laboratory cross checks, sizing tests on pulverized material, blank tests on jaw crushers, roll mills and pulverizing mills and fire assay copper maps and loss-lead maps.
The authors of the Central Ashanti Technical Report concluded that the sample preparation, security and analytical procedures used by Perseus have been to a high standard, though poor repeatability of field duplicates warrants further investigation. The authors further concluded that overall the quality assurance and quality control ("QAQC") analysis does not indicate any bias and supports the assay data used in the mineral resources estimate contained in the Central Ashanti Technical Report. The authors did recommend that the number of field duplicates and umpire samples be increased to represent at least 8% of the total mineralised samples.
Data verification involved the comparison of the digital data for 23 holes against the hard copy data, this included the assay, geology, collars and down hole survey information. The verification process noted: (i) one assay error; (ii) nine holes with incomplete or no down hold surveys on the hard copy sheets while the database contains complete suite of survey entries to the end of the hole; and (iii) minor errors for geology entries on ten holes where either alteration or intensity values were incorrect at certain depth intervals. However, from the small amount of data verified the authors of the Central Ashanti Technical Report concluded that the digital data provided by Perseus represents the original data gathered from field activities, with the foregoing only representing minor errors between the digital data and hard copy data.
Security of Samples
The measures taken by Perseus to ensure the validity and integrity of samples taken include the following:
- RC samples are combined in the field to two metre composite samples which are packed into large bags and the numbers are recorded;
- core is transported to the Ayanfuri exploration office either by Perseus staff or drill contractors;
- core samples are stored in the core logging area of a fenced compound where the sample intervals are rechecked, recoveries are noted and core is photographed;
- half core samples are placed in plastic bags, stapled shut and combined in numerical sequence in larger bags;
- a sample submission form accompanies each shipment of core sample to the assay laboratory in trucks operated by laboratory employees or contractors; and
- assays and analyses are sent electronically by the laboratory to a pre-determined list of recipients with final paper certificates sent to the office site.
Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing
Bulk composite samples were prepared from drill core intervals from each of the deposits representing the primary west (Abnabna, AF-Gap, Fobinso), primary east (Esuajah North, Esuajah South and Fetish) and global oxide/transitional mineralization types. Each of the bulk composite samples were tested to determine ore characterization, gold recovery by gravity concentration and extraction using sodium cyanide, gold recovery by bulk sulphide flotation, gold recovery by gravity concentration and bulk sulphide flotation on the gravity tail, oxygen requirements during the concentrate leach stage, combined gold, silver and copper loadings, viscosity and density.
Based on the metallurgical testwork, the preferred process flowsheet consists of the following unit process stages: (i) primary jaw crusher; (ii) single stage SAG mill; (iii) gravity circuit; (iv) flotation circuit; (v) regrind ball mill; (vi) concentrate CIL circuit; and (vii) elution circuit.
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates
Mineral Resource Estimate
The Mineral Resource estimate for the EGM as contained in the Central Ashanti Technical Report is summarised below. More recent Mineral Resource estimates are set out earlier in this AIF.
| Measured MineralResource | Indicated MineralResource | Measured and IndicatedMineral Resource | Inferred Mineral Resource | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deposit | Mt | Gold(g/t) | Mt | Gold(g/t) | Mt | Gold(g/t) | Au(Ounces) | Mt | Gold(g/t) | Au(Ounces) |
| Abnabna/AF Gap/Fobinso | 42.9 | 1.2 | 23.3 | 0.9 | 66.2 | 1.1 | 2,324,000 | 4.6 | 1.2 | 173,000 |
| Esuajah South | 8.3 | 1.8 | 6.2 | 1.7 | 14.5 | 1.8 | 818,000 | 5.3 | 1.3 | 224,000 |
| Esuajah North | 20.2 | 0.9 | 20.2 | 0.9 | 579,000 | 9.3 | 0.7 | 213,000 | ||
| Fetish | 17.4 | 1.1 | 17.4 | 1.1 | 597,000 | 8.0 | 1.4 | 360,000 | ||
| Chirawewa | — | — | — | — | — | 12.5 | 0.8 | 341,000 | ||
| Mampong | — | — | — | — | — | 6.9 | 0.9 | 208,000 | ||
| Dadieso | — | — | — | — | — | 3.2 | 1.6 | 201,000 | ||
| Total 51.2 | 1.3 | 67.1 | 1.0 | 118.4 | 1.2 | 4,318,000 | 49.8 | 1.0 | 1,720,000 |
Notes:
-
Estimates include mineral reserves.
-
Using cut-off grade of 0.4g/t gold.
The reported Mineral Resource for the EGM was prepared using standard Surpac block models using Ordinary Kriging ("OK") grade interpolation within wireframes which were based on a 0.2g/t gold grade cut-off. Selection of 0.2g/t gold as the mineralized threshold for defining the wire frames was based on visual review of the grade distribution and was supported by the analysis of raw sample data. OK was used for the grade interpolation and the wire frames were used as hard boundaries for the grade estimation of each object. The models have all been reported at a 0.4g/t gold cut-off for the material above -100mRL and 0.8g/t gold for material below -100mRL. Small pods at Esuajah South were estimated using Inverse Distance Squared grade interpolation due to the sparsity of data.
For all deposit, the granite/metasediment contact was modelled due to the preferential development of gold mineralization within the granite bodies. Where geological contacts were not clearly controlling the distribution of Mineral Resource grade mineralization, a grade cut-off of 0.2g/t gold was used to construct Mineral Resource boundaries and to provide overall geometry to mineralized zones.
The interpreted geology and grade boundaries were manually triangulated to form wireframes. The wire framed objects were then validated and set as solids. The wireframes were used to select the sample data for grade estimation and to constrain the block model for estimation purposes. Only assays within each wireframe were used to estimate blocks within that wire frame. To assist in the selection of appropriate high grade cuts, log-probability plots and histograms were generated.
To assist in the continuity analysis the data was transformed using a normal scores transformation. Down hole variograms were generated from the data to determine the nugget variance and then directional variograms were prepared to define the directional continuity of gold grades. These models were then back transformed to generate the final OK parameters.
To confirm that the interpolation of the block model correctly honoured the drilling data, validation was carried out by comparing the interpolated block grades to the composited sample grades.
Mineral Reserve Estimate
The reported Mineral Reserve for EGM was prepared based on the Mineral Resource estimate of the Abnabna/Fobinso, Fetish, Esuajah North and Esuajah South deposits. Other deposits were excluded either due to their more preliminary stage of delineation or the more limited nature of their economic potential.
The Mineral Reserve estimate for the EGM as set out in the Central Ashanti Technical Report is summarised below. More recent Mineral Reserve estimates are set out earlier in this AIF.
| ProvenMineral Reserves | ProbableMineral Reserves | Proven & Probable Mineral Reserve | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deposit | Mt | Gold(g/t) | Mt | Gold (g/t) | Mt | Gold (g/t) | Gold (Moz) | |
| Abnabna// Fobinso | 40.2 | 1.2 | 12.3 | 0.9 | 52.6 | 1.1 | 1,880,000 | |
| Fetish | — | — | 13.7 | 1.1 | 13.7 | 1.1 | 500,000 | |
| Esuajah North | — | — | 11.9 | 1.0 | 11.9 | 1.0 | 390,000 | |
| Esuajah South | 7.5 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 8.7 | 1.8 | 510,000 | |
| Total | 47.7 | 1.3 | 39.1 | 1.0 | 86.9 | 1.2 | 3,280,000 |
Notes:
- Cut-off grade of 0.4g/t gold for Abnabna -Fobinso. Cut-off grade of 0.5g/t gold applied to other deposits.
In preparing the mineral reserve estimate, cut-off grades were calculated for each of the four different weathering stages and three primary pit locations using a gold price of US$1,000/oz. The reserve estimate was then prepared on the following basis:
- the measured and indicated mineral resource for the Abnabna/Fobinso, Esuajah North, Esuajah South and Fetish deposits were used in the pit optimisation;
- the optimisation results were used to provide a guide for the final pit designs using current operating costs and production parameters; and
- reporting of the in-situ material within these pit designs as a mineable inventory for the creation of working production schedules.
In addition the estimated Mineral Reserve for Esuajah North and Fetish was based on optimisation work that used the following criteria: (i) gold processing recovery of between 75% to 94% oxide to fresh rock; (ii) processing throughput of 5.5Mtpa; (iii) mining recovery of 95% and mining dilution of 10%; (iv) total process and administration costs of US$6.95/t; and (v) sensitivity ranges of operating costs 15%, gold price US$600/oz to US$1200/oz and wall slopes with 15% ranges.
The estimated Mineral Reserve for Abnabna, AF Gap, Fobinso and Esuajah South was based on optimisation work that used the following criteria: (1) gold processing recovery of between 66% to 91% oxide to fresh rock; (ii) processing throughput of 5.5 Mtpa; and (iii) mining recovery of 100% and mining dilution of 3%.
The Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates are not materially affected by metallurgical, environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political and other relevant issues.
Development
Mining Operations
The Abnabna-AF Gap deposit will be mined in two stages. The first stage consists of separate interim pits over the Abnabna and AF Gap deposits while stage two consists of a cutback on both to create a single pit. The Fobinso deposit will be mined in two stages, stage one is an interim pit and stage two is a cutback to the ultimate pit. The Fetish deposit will be mined in two stages and Stage 2 will share a section of wall with Stage 1. The Esuajah North deposit will be mined in one stage. The Esuajah South pit will be designed to target a ramp exit to facilitate access to the waste dump and ROM pad, both on the west side of the deposit.
Float tailings from the process operation will be discharged from the plant to the float tailings storage facility and tailings from the carbon in leach will be discharged to the concentrate tailings storage facility.
Production Schedule
The mining schedule targets a mill feed rate of 8.0 Mtpa of primary ore material. The low grade material will be stockpiled and fed in years where schedule constraints prevent the delivery of 8.0 Mtpa of high grade material.
The following table shows the planned annual material movements resulting from the mining production and mill feed schedules.
| Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | ||
| Ore | Kt | 87,852 | 4,614 | 7,491 | 8,414 | 9,105 | 7,679 | 8,739 | 8,346 | 7,464 | 8,215 | 7,538 | 6,602 | 3,645 |
| Waste | Kt | 248,119 | 15,420 | 25,430 | 25,084 | 24,460 | 25,979 | 25,642 | 26,530 | 27,051 | 25,016 | 15,790 | 10,759 | 957 |
| Total | Kt | 335,970 | 20,033 | 32,921 | 33,498 | 33,565 | 33,658 | 34,381 | 34,876 | 34,515 | 33,231 | 23,328 | 17,360 | 4,602 |
Markets and Contracts
Ghana allows for direct export of the gold doré to refiners, with the proviso that all gold may be purchased by the Bank of Ghana at the standing sale price. No contracts for the sale of product have been entered into, except for the delivery of gold under bullion forward sales contracts referred to elsewhere in this AIF.
Environmental Conditions
Environmental reclamation costs for all current and historical activities are currently estimated at US$13 million. Reclamation will be progressively completed during the operation of the mine.
Taxes
The economic analysis is based on the EGM being subject to the following taxes:
- (i) corporate tax at a rate of 25% per annum of profits (which rate has increased to 35% for mining companies since the date of the Central Ashanti Technical Report);
- (ii) a capital allowance claim of 105%; and
- (iii) a simplified depreciation schedule was applied that allows for 80% of the capital to be amortized in the year in which the asset is put into use in the production of income with 50% of the reducing balance amortized annually thereafter.
Since the date of the Central Ashanti Technical Report, the capital allowance claim and the 80% simplified depreciation schedule was replaced with a depreciation schedule that allows 20% of the capital to be amortized over a five-year period.
Mine Life
In the Central Ashanti Technical Report the mine life is estimated at 11.2 years, with exploration potential in the mineral resources identified but not yet included in the Mineral Reserve estimate. Mine life estimates have been updated since
the date of the Central Ashanti Technical Report. Reference is made to the 2013 LOMP discussed earlier in this AIF. As discussed earlier, the 2013 LOMP is currently under review.
DETAILS OF THE SISSINGUÉ GOLD PROJECT
Unless otherwise stated, the information, tables and figures that follow relating to the SGP are derived from, and in some instances are extracts from, the technical report entitled "Technical Report — Tengrela Gold Project, Ivory Coast" dated December 22, 2010 by Paul Payne, Executive Consultant, WA Consulting and Graham de la Mare, consulting geologist (the "Tengréla Technical Report"), available under the Company's profile on www.sedar.com. Unless stated otherwise, this information has not been updated.
Property Description and Location
The SGP is situated within Côte d'Ivoire adjacent to the Malian border, approximately 700 kilometres north of the commercial capital Abidjan and 15 kilometres from the town of Tengréla, the nearest population centre.

At the time of the Tengréla Technical Report, the SGP area consisted of two contiguous exploration permits, RP145 ("Tengréla East") and RP146 ("Tengréla South" and together with Tengréla East, the "Tengréla Exploration Permits"), covering an aggregate area of approximately 876 km2 . Exploration permits confer on holders, within boundaries, surface and depth, the exclusive right to explore for mineral substances as well as the free disposal of the products extracted during exploration. The Tengréla Exploration Permits were last renewed on April 21, 2009 and expired on November 19, 2011. In replacement of the Tengréla East exploration permit, the Company's subsidiary OG was granted an exploitation permit for the development of the Sissingué gold deposit in August 2012. That permit was subsequently transferred to another subsidiary company, PMCI, in July 2013. RP146 expired in November 2011 and a new exploration permit RP291 was granted to Perseus's joint venture partner Société Minière De Côte d'Ivoire SARL ("SOMICI") with a slightly reduced area of 398.7 km2on June 13, 2013.
At the time of the Tengréla Technical Report, the Company also held two reconnaissance permits covering an aggregate area of approximately 1,839 km2 , one of which shares, in part, a common border with Tengréla South. The Company has been issued with three new exploration permits, two of which replaced the reconnaissance permits, with a total area of 1,195 km2 .
The location of all known mineralized zones, mineral resources and important natural features and improvements relative to outside property boundaries is set out below.

After the effective date of the Tengréla Technical Report¸ OG exercised its option in respect of an additional 5% interest in the SGP increasing its interest to 85% (after giving effect to the 10% free carried interest reserved for the government of the Côte d'Ivoire (applicable upon grant of a mining permit)) and reducing SOMICI's interest to 5%.
The terms of the various permits require minimum expenditures, completion of a minimum work programme, payment of annual rent and submission of annual reports and exploration program.
The SGP is subject to the following royalties:
- US$0.80 per ounce of gold produced from Tengréla East, payable by OG;
- a royalty of 0.5% of the value of all minerals recovered from Tengréla East and Tengréla South, less transportation, smelting, treatment and refining costs, payable by PMCI; and
- a royalty on total production from the SGP payable to the government of Côte d'Ivoire (reference is made to the royalty requirements described on page 24 of this AIF).
Other than as set out above, the SGP is not subject to any royalties, overrides, back-in rights, payments or other agreements.
The Tengréla Exploration Permits (including the exploitation permit referred to above) are the only permits required to conduct the proposed work on the SGP.
The SGP has no known environmental liabilities.
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography
Principal access to the SGP is by sealed road to Boundiali and thereafter by all-weather formed gravel road through Tengréla. As previously stated, the SGP is approximately 15 kilometres from Tengréla, the nearest population centre.
The SGP area is situated in an area of low to moderate relief, lying to the west of the Bagoe River. The relief is generally gently rolling, relatively flat peneplain with areas of lateritic plateaux. The highest point of the area reaches approximately 370 metres above sea level. The vegetation is mainly savannah with long grass and moderately sparse trees and bushes.
The climate is semi-arid with only one wet and one dry season. Rainfall is heaviest in summer, culminating in September, and lightest in January. The average rainfall is 109 centimetres annually. At Bouaké, located in the centre of the country, the minimum and maximum temperatures range from 21° to 35° Celsius in November and from 20° to 29° Celsius in July.
The local infrastructure is currently poorly developed, and all consumables and services required to support an exploration program, are sourced from cities such as Korhogo, Bouake or Abidjan, to the south. The town of Tengréla is, however, connected to grid power, and running water is readily available.
Detailed investigation of potential site infrastructure has not been completed, however there is abundant land for all site infrastructure requirements. Power may ultimately be sourced from the state grid while a diesel power station will provide power for at least the first year of operation. It is expected that sufficient local water will be available for any planned mining operations.
After the date of the Tengréla Technical Report surface rights for mining, processing waste dumping and tailings disposal were provided with the granting of the mining permit.
Expert mining and exploration staff is available in West Africa with an established mining industry in Ghana and Mali. Several large contracting and consulting companies in West Africa are able to provide specialized exploration, drilling and sampling support services.
History
For the ownership history of the SGP see "General Development and Description of the Business — SGP", above.
Past exploration activities were conducted by Randgold Resources Limited ("RRL"), who negotiated but subsequently withdrew from a joint venture agreement with OG entered into in June 1998, as well as OG, before OG was purchased by Perseus from Afminex Limited.
Past exploration activities, conducted between 1998 and 2004, are summarised in the table below:
| Geochemical | Drilling | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period | Explorer | Surveys | samples | Pitting | (m) |
| 1998 - 1999 | RRL | Magentics, Radiometrics, VLF | 12,254 | 370 | — |
| 2001 - 2002 | Occidental-Afminex | 5,737 | 119 | 2,211 | |
| 2003 - 2004 | No exploration conducted due to civil unrest | — | — | — |
Exploration by RRL
Lag sampling (1,841 sites) at a density of 1.1 samples per km2 was undertaken over the area of the SGP outside the regional soil grids. Significant lag gold anomalies were identified in several locations. The anomalies appeared to closely coincide with regional structural trends, confirmed by broader targets generated in finer fraction sampling. The aggregate area of anomalous results approximated 180 km2 .
Regional sampling on a 500 metre by 100 metre pattern was completed over a 288 km2 area covering the structurally complex western portion of the Tengréla South permit. This soil sampling defined a single discrete anomaly from 200 metres to 400 metres wide and extending for 3.5 kilometres, incorporating values from 20ppb to 200ppb gold.
However, no further exploration was completed and RRL withdrew from the joint venture having spent US$500,000.
Exploration by OG
OG explored from April 2002 with a program of soil sampling and pitting designed to refine the extensive lag anomalies defined by RRL along the southern extensions of the Syama tectono-stratigraphic corridor. In addition to mapping and limited rock chip sampling, initial soil sampling was undertaken at 50 metre intervals along 800 metres to 1,600 metres spaced lines.
The initial results from a number of areas were encouraging and 624 of the 50 metre sub-sample residues were analysed for gold individually. Infill soil sampling was variously completed on an 800 metre by 50 metre, 400 metre by 50 metre or 200 metres by 50 metres grid spacing in five separate areas for gold analysis.
Sixteen potentially significant lag anomalies and two soil anomalies had been defined at the completion of the program in July 2002. Prior to commencement of the 2002 program, 13 of the lag anomalies had been tested and three remained untested. Of the 13 tested anomalies, ten were confirmed and refined by soil sampling, while three were rejected as being of little significance. Seven anomalies were considered to be of major regional significance and a further three targets required additional assessment before their significance could be accurately determined. The majority of the more significant targets were associated with elevated arsenic values. Weakly to moderately anomalous gold and arsenic values were also identified from pitting at the Papara and Kanakono prospects.
Exploration work was suspended at the SGP in 2003 and 2004 due to civil unrest in the country.
Exploration work was carried out by Perseus starting in 2004. See "Details of the SGP — Exploration", below.
No substantial mining or production has been carried out at the SGP. Small scale artisanal mining has been carried out in a number of areas in the SGP.
Geological Setting
Regional Geology
Most gold and base metal deposits in the Proterozoic Birimian Shield of West Africa occur in volcano-sedimentary greenstone belts. These belts generally consist of fine-grained sedimentary rocks and tholeiitic to calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. Regionally, the most prominent feature is a north-south striking airborne magnetic feature that separates an interpreted mafic bearing rock package to the west and a siliceous sediment/granitic package of rocks to the east.
Local Geology
The SGP is situated on the Syama-Boundiali Greenstone Belt. The geology of the northern portion of the belt has many similarities to the better-explored Ashanti Gold Belt in neighbouring Ghana, where Birimian volcaniclastics dominate over competent volcanics, with the development of inner belt basins filled with Tarkwaian epiclastics. In the Bagoe River region (near Tengréla), the terrain is comprised of undifferentiated granitoids, flysch sediments, intermediate volcanics, and small occurrences of mafic intrusives and molasse sediments.
Property Geology
The Sissingué prospect is defined by a four kilometres long and up to 1.5 kilometres wide gold-in-soil anomaly situated in the Syama-Boundiali greenstone belt. Rocks encountered in outcrops and drilling comprise predominantly north-north east striking, steeply dipping and isoclinally folded sediments of the Birimian Supergroup, interpreted as units of turbiditic flows.

Exploration
Previous extensive systematic exploration on the SGP, including airborne geophysics and extensive surface geochemical sampling, identified a series of soil anomalies over a strike length of 75 kilometres, mostly along the Syama shear.
Past exploration activities have been carried out by RRL and OG. Since 2004 and currently, all the exploration activities have been carried out by OG as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Perseus.
An airborne geophysical survey was carried out by High Sense Geophysics Limited in December 1998, and flown at 75 metres above ground level on east-west oriented lines. The digital airborne magnetics, radiometric and VLF database were re-interpreted by Southern Geoscience Consultants in Perth, Australia. From this, detailed structural and geological interpretations of the area were prepared and used to assist with exploration planning.
Since 2005, extensive rotary air blast ("RAB"), RC and diamond core drilling has been completed by Perseus over several of the soil anomalies (principally Sissingué). Contract drillers were used for the programs including Drillex Limited ("Drillex") and Boart Longyear. A summary of the exploration completed at Tengréla is set out below.
| Geochemical | Drilling | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period | Explorer | Surveys | samples | Pitting | m |
| 1998 - 1999 | RRL | Magentics, Radiometrics | 12,254 | 370 | — |
| VLF | |||||
| 2001 - 2002 | Occidental-Afminex | 5,737 | 119 | 2,211 | |
| 2003 - 2004 | No exploration conducted due to civil unrest | — | — | — | |
| 2005 | Occidental-Perseus | 1,546 | 55 | 4,608 | |
| 2006 | Occidental-Perseus | 1,836 | — | 14,271 | |
| 2007 | Occidental-Perseus | — | — | 26,905 | |
| 2008 | Occidental-Perseus | VTEM, Ground IP | — | — | 58,233 |
| 2009 | Occidental-Perseus | 2,978 | — | 45,050 | |
| 2010 | Occidental-Perseus | 47,317 | |||
| Total | 24,351 | 544 | 198,595 |
There are nine principal soil anomalies within the SGP that are currently regarded as regionally significant and represent high priorities for further exploration. Seven of these nine targets occur within a 60 kilometres long and seven kilometres wide corridor interpreted to represent the southern extension of the Syama Shear Zone.
These anomalies cover a total area greater than 40 km2 . First-pass RAB and Aircore drilling has been conducted on all principal soil anomalies for a total of 3,241 holes representing 123,788 meters testing approximately 31 kilometres of strike. Six anomalies have subsequently been followed up with RC drilling with 744 holes drilled for 63,957 meters. Several prospects have returned encouraging results from initial RC drilling and warrant further RC and possibly diamond core drilling.
Mineralization
Primary gold mineralization styles in the West African Birimian include structurally controlled, rheologically contrasting environments, and vary from shear hosted ductile environments to brittle-ductile brecciated horizons. Styles vary from quartz-poor lode to quartz vein deposits or hydrothermal. Mineralization is spatially associated with intrusives and shallow dipping shear zones. Other styles of mineralization are associated with brittle deformation and disseminated mineralization associated with quartz-feldspar porphyry dykes locating in dilational zones within shear systems.
Gold mineralization at the SGP is characterized by silica-feldspar alteration and sulphide mineralization consisting of arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite and trace chalcopyrite, or characterized by variable combinations of fine-grained albite, calcite and silica with deposition of pyrite, or arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and chlorite and haematite and gold.
Gold mineralization at the Sissingué prospect is closely associated with veined, altered and sulphidised felsic intrusive bodies. The gold mineralization is found as three distinct styles:
- (i) disseminated or fracture related mineralization in the felsics associated with silicification, chlorite alteration and pyrite and arsenopyrite;
- (ii) coarse gold has been observed in milky quartz veins cutting the intrusive or adjacent sediments; and
- (iii) significant low grade mineralization within the meta-grewackes immediately adjacent to the intrusive bodies, either in veins or in a more dispersed form through micro-fractures and sulphidisation.
Resource grade mineralization has been defined over a total strike length of 3.1 kilometres. Individual lodes and zones have lengths of up to 840 metres, widths of up to 100 metres and down dip extents of up to 250 metres.
Drilling
A total of 3,948 holes have been drilled at the SGP for 225,219 meters.
| In Project | In Mineral Resource | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drill Holes | Drill Holes | |||||
| Hole Type | Number | Metres | Number | Metres | Metres | |
| DD | 119 | 25,578 | 77 | 17,909 | 4,466 | |
| RC | 1,285 | 103,894 | 533 | 44,494 | 11,026 | |
| RAB | 2,544 | 95,747 | ||||
| Total | 3,948 | 225,219 | 610 | 62,403 | 15,492 |
RC drilling was conducted mainly over previously defined gold anomalies and on infill lines defined from earlier RC, Diamond and RAB drilling and soil sampling. RC drilling was completed by Drillex and Boart Longyear with CoreMaster drill rigs equipped with 51 /4 inch diameter hammers to a maximum depth of 150 metres. All RC drill holes were inclined between −50° and −60°.
Diamond drilling has been completed by Boart Longyear using a Longyear 44 drill rig and by Drillex using a modified diamond drill rig completed at HQ size in weathered material and NQ size in fresh rock. The majority of diamond drill holes were drilled inclined at −50° to either the east or west although drill hole SD080 was drilled at -50 to the north. Diamond drilling intersected both sediment and granitic dyke lithologies.
The majority of holes were drilled orthogonal to the mineralization and, as such, the intersection length is a good indication of the true thickness of the mineralization. Those holes drilled to the east in the dyke mineralization will have a true width of less than 50% of the intersection length.
The majority (92%) of the RC and Diamond drill hole collars at the Sissingue prospect were surveyed. Typically the surveyed collar locations are within 0.01 metres of accuracy. Unsurveyed holes are located within two to three metres accuracy using a handheld GPS. Only 8 holes included in the Mineral Resource were not accurately surveyed.
All diamond holes drilled by Boart Longyear were routinely surveyed downhole nominally every 30 metres with a "Flexit SmartTool" digital downhole survey instrument. Downhole surveys were not taken for any of the RAB and RC drilling, as well as the first three diamond holes drilled by Drillex (SD051-SD053). All subsequent Drillex diamond holes were surveyed downhole with a flexit tool every 30 metres.
Sampling and Analysis
RC Drilling was mainly carried out at Sissingué West and East, within an area of 5.7 kilometres along strike and 2.5 kilometres in width and using nominal spacings of 80 metres by 80 metres followed by 40 metres by 40 metres and 20 by 20 metres infill. RC drilling samples were collected every metre at a cyclone, and split through a multi-stage riffle splitter.
The natural water table varies by season, but is typically at around 30 metres to 40 metres depth. If a booster compressor is used during drilling, samples generally stay dry until approximately 60 metres depth. Wet samples were taken from the drill bag at the cyclone using a spear. There is no evidence of downhole smearing, depletion or enrichment during wet RC drilling.
RC drill chip bounds were prepared and the chips were logged geologically.
RC sampling was conducted for the full length of the drill hole at regular one metre intervals with two metre composites submitted for analysis.
Diamond drilling was completed over an area of 2.5 kilometres along strike by 500 metres in width. Spacing varied from 40 metres by 40 metres to 40 metres by 80 metres spacing over the main zone at Sissingué East, and 80 metres by 60 metres spacing at Sissingué Central and West. Core was orientated using a spear.
Diamond core drill samples were geologically and structurally logged, then sawn in half using a motorized diamond blade saw. Half core samples of oxide and transitional material were taken according to core run (1.5 metres) and every metre in fresh rock where core recovery usually was close to 100%.
Core sampling was conducted for the full length of the drill holes at regular intervals typically 1.5 metres in oxidized material and one metre in fresh rock. No attempt was made to selectively sample portions of holes.
Samples collected from RC and diamond drilling are considered by the authors of the Tengréla Technical Report to be representative of mineralization.
Two analytical laboratories are used to assay samples from the SGP. RC samples have been prepared and analysed by ALS Chemex Laboratories ("ALS") in Mali and diamond core is prepared and analysed by IML in Ghana.
Both RC and core samples followed a standard path of drying, crushing and grinding. Two types of analysis for gold have been performed, namely a standard FA50 fire assay and a BLEG bottle roll.
Nominally every 25th RC and RAB sample was duplicated and a blank inserted at a ratio of 1 in 25. Since April 2007 certified standard material was also submitted at a rate of 1 in 50 samples and then at a rate 1 in 25 since early 2008. Diamond core samples were submitted with standards of 1 in 25. A few selected 1 /4 core duplicates were also submitted. A total of 3,003 field duplicates were inserted into RAB and RC drilling during the 2008 to 2010 drilling season, representing approximately 3% of the total sample submissions.
ALS also has QAQC measures and protocols consisting of:
- (i) at the crushing and splitting stage, a second split is taken for every batch of 20 samples, and pulverised to create the duplicate CD sample;
- (ii) in every batch of 20 samples a second scoop is taken from the same pulverized split, this is the duplicate check or repeat sample;
- (iii) screening samples selected randomly from each batch of 20 is used to verify the quality of grind;
- (iv) rock labs analytical gold reference materials are inserted in every batch of 20 samples analysed;
- (v) a sample blank from the quartz washes and reagent blanks are used alternately for every batch of 20 samples; and
- (vi) duplicates and repeats from preparation are also inserted in every batch of 20 samples and analysed.
IML also has QAQC procedures consisting of internal standards, internal duplicates, internal repeats, reagent and sample blanks, inter-laboratory cross-checks, sizing tests in pulverized material, blank tests on jaw crushers, roll mills and pulverising mills and fire array copper maps and loss-lead maps.
Validation of the digital database against hard copies of the records noted no major discrepancies.
Security of Samples
Samples from RC drilling are collected and bagged at the drill site during the drilling operation. Core samples are cut in a central facility placed into sample bags as they are cut. All samples are then catalogued and placed in large woven bags and sealed prior to dispatch to ALS or IML for preparation and analysis. Dispatch from site to Korhogo is by Perseus staff and vehicles. Samples are collected from Korhogo by the laboratory transport service. All aspects of the process are supervised by Perseus personnel and limited opportunity exists for tampering with samples.
Mineral Resource and Reserve Estimates
Mineral Resources
The Mineral Resource estimate for the Sissingué deposit is based on data from 610 surface RC and diamond drill holes completed by Perseus between 2007 and 2010. All RAB holes were excluded from the estimate due to the typically poor quality of sample collection achieved from RAB drilling and potential risk of downhole grade contamination. Two holes were also excluded on the basis that assays conflicted with others that indicated a clear trend in the mineralisation.
The Mineral Resource estimate for the Sissingué gold deposit as at June 2010 is set out below. More recent Mineral Resource estimates are set out earlier in this AIF.
| Measured | IndicatedMeasured & Indicated | Inferred | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Gold(Ounces) | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Gold(Ounces) |
| Oxide | 10,000 | 1.9 | 2,028,000 | 2.2 | 2,038,000 | 2.2 | 144,000 | 599,000 | 2.1 | 40,000 |
| Transitional | 83,000 | 3.0 | 1,134,000 | 2.8 | 1,218,000 | 2.8 | 111,000 | 232,000 | 1.6 | 12,000 |
| Primary | 794,000 | 3.2 | 5,929,000 | 2.4 | 6,723,000 | 2.5 | 542,000 | 2,473,000 | 1.5 | 119,000 |
| Total | 888,000 | 3.2 | 9,091,000 | 2.4 | 9,979,000 | 2.5 | 796,000 | 3,304,000 | 1.6 | 171,000 |
Notes:
- Cut-off of 1.0g/t gold.
| Measured | Indicated | Measured & Indicated | Inferred | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Gold(Ounces) | Tonnes | Gold(g/t) | Gold(Ounces) |
| Oxide | 0 | 0.0 | 1,702,000 | 0.8 | 1,702,000 | 0.8 | 41,000 | 612,000 | 0.7 | 15,000 |
| Transitional | 1,000 | 0.8 | 706,000 | 0.8 | 707,000 | 0.8 | 18,000 | 495,000 | 0.7 | 11,000 |
| Primary | 43,000 | 0.8 | 3,101,000 | 0.8 | 3,144,000 | 0.8 | 76,000 | 2,530,000 | 0.7 | 60,000 |
| Total | 44,000 | 0.8 | 5,509,000 | 0.8 | 5,553,000 | 0.8 | 135,000 | 3,637,000 | 0.7 | 86,000 |
Notes:
- Cut-off of 0.5g/t gold – 1.0g/t gold.
The Mineral Resource estimate was prepared using a standard Surpac block model using OK grade interpolation within wireframes which were based on a 0.5g/t gold grade cut-off and geological contacts.
The key assumptions, parameters and methods used to estimate the mineral resources are set out below:
- the three main host lithologies are granite, porphyritic dykes and sediments;
- where geological contacts were not clearly controlling the distribution of mineral resource grade mineralisation, a grade cut-off of 0.5g/t gold was used to construct the boundaries and to provide overall geometry to mineralized zones;
- the interpreted geology and grade boundaries were manually triangulated to form wireframes;
- a total of 57 wireframes were created and used to select the sample data to be used for grade estimation and to constrain the block model for estimation purposes;
- statistical analysis was completed on the composites from the different mineralized domains and these domains were used to separate the data for continuity analysis and grade estimation;
- approximately 60% of the samples collected are two metres in length and 32% of the data was sampled at one metre intervals so the data was composited to two metre intervals for the grade estimation;
- to assist in the selection of appropriate high grade cuts, log-probability plots and histograms were generated;
- high grade cuts were determined for each object by noting distinct breaks in the stage of each distribution and determining the change in inflection on the curve on the mean and variance plots;
- continuity analysis was completed separately for each mineralized domain to prevent cross lode interference;
- downhole variograms were generated to determine nugget variance and directional variograms were prepared to define the directional continuity of gold grades;
- a block model was created using a primary block size of 20 metre north-south by 5 metres east-west by 10 metres vertical with subcells of 5 metres by 1.25 metres by 2.5 metres;
- the parent block size was selected on the basis of 50% of the average drill hole spacing and the size and orientation of the mineralized zones;
- the wireframes were used as a hard boundary for the OK interpolation (OK was selected as it allowed the measured spatial continuity to be incorporated into the estimate and the author considered it appropriate for the diffuse and irregular nature of the mineralization);
- oriented search ellipses with an ellipsoidal search were used to select data for interpolation and where necessary were rotated to reflect major local changes in the orientation of the mineralization;
- the Measured Resource was defined within the granite domain where the drill spacing was less than 20 metres by 20 metres and lode continuity was robust with good support from high Kriging efficiencies of greater than 80%;
- the Indicated Resource was defined where drill spacing was predominantly less than 40 metres by 40 metres and lode continuity was good with good support from Kriging efficiencies of between 60% and 90%; and
- the Inferred Resource included areas of the resource where sampling was greater than 40 metres by 40 metres.
To confirm that the interpolation of the block model correctly honoured the drill data, the interpolated block grades were compared to the composited sample grades. Volume validation was completed by comparing the volume of the mineralization wireframes against the volume of the model.
Mineral Reserves
The Mineral Reserve (proven and probable) estimate for the SGP is 9.7 Mt at 2.1g/t gold with a cut-off grade of 0.55g/t gold. The Mineral Reserve estimate was prepared as follows:
- using the Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource estimate for the main and satellite pits at Sissingué in the pit optimization;
- using the optimisation results to provide a guide for the final pit designs using the current operating costs and production parameters; and
- reporting in situ material within these pit designs as mineable inventory to create working production schedules.
The optimization work referred to above used the following criteria: (i) processing recovery of between 90% and 92% fresh to oxide rock; (iii) processing throughput of 1.90 Mtpa; (iii) mining recovery of 97% and mining dilution of 5%; (iv) total process and administrative costs of US$13.00/t; and (v) sensitivity ranges of 15% in respect of operating costs, gold price and wall slopes.
Mining Operations
Mining Method
The mining system relies upon bulk mining of a relatively continuous ore zone. To achieve production targets, fresh rock must be heavily blasted using control blasting. Ore and waste will be loaded in accordance with marked ore and waste boundaries to ensure minimum contamination and maximum recovery.
Metallurgical Process
A detailed metallurgical testwork program was conducted to support selection of an ore processing flowsheet to recover gold dore from open cut mined ore consisting of: (i) comminution testing; (ii) testwork to evaluate the upgrading potential of the ore; and (iii) wet processing testwork.
From the comminution testwork it was determined that a moderately high crushing power demand and ball milling power demand will be high. In addition, primary ore is expected to be very abrasive and comminution circuit design countermeasures will be required to mitigate the effects of highly abrasive material in feed chutes and as slurry in pipework.
Mineralogical testwork on samples of fresh ore composites revealed an opportunity to upgrade the gold concentration by using flotation prior to conventional cyanide leaching.
Total gold recovery from processing primary ore is predicted to be 86% at a 1.5g/t ore feed grade and 89% at 2.5g/t ore feed grade. Gold recovery from processing oxide-transitional ore is predicted to be 85% at a feed grade of 2.5 g/t and 91% at a feed grade of 4.0 g/t.
Production Forecast
The primary objective of the production schedule is to satisfy the planned mill feed target of 1.60 Mtpa of primary ore or 2.20 Mtpa of oxide ore material. Low grade material will be stockpiled and fed in years where the schedule constraints prevent the delivery of the required high grade material.
Markets and Contracts for sale of Products
Côte d'Ivoire allows for direct export of gold doré to refiners. No contracts have been entered into for the sale of product.
Environmental Conditions
Perseus will fulfil its reclamation and remediation obligations throughout the development and operational phases of the project in accordance with industry standards. The costs of these activities will be incurred at the time they are performed.
Capital Costs
The initial capital costs of the Tengréla Gold Project are estimated to be US$115 million (with an accuracy of 15%), including a contingency but excluding sustaining capital. It is estimated that a further US$30 million is required to fund the construction of a high voltage power line to connect the SGP to the national electricity grid. As stated earlier in this AIF, the SGP and related capital costs are currently under review.
Taxes
The taxes payable in respect of SGP are derived from the Mining Code and the general tax code of Côte d'Ivoire and, ultimately, an investment convention between Perseus and Mineral Commission. Based on the Mining Code and general tax code the SGP is subject to tax on the following basis:
- exempt from income tax for the first five years of operation thereafter an income tax rate of 25% will apply;
- exempt from import duties otherwise payable on equipment and material during the development phase;
- exempt from the payment of value added tax associated with the purchase of goods and services during the development and operating phases;
- exempt from the payment of withholding tax on payments for services provided by foreign entities;
- a withholding tax on dividends to shareholders of 18% during the tax free period reducing to 12% thereafter; and
- withholding tax on interest paid to shareholders of 9% will be paid.
Mine Life
The SGP has a mine life of 5.6 years.
Neither the estimate of Mineral Resources nor the Mineral Reserves has been, or is expected to be, materially affected by metallurgical, environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing and political and other relevant issues.
DIVIDEND RECORD AND POLICY
Perseus has not, since the date of incorporation, declared or paid any dividends on its ordinary shares. Perseus's dividend policy is to pay dividends to its shareholders when the Directors consider that the Company is in a position to sustain the payment of dividends from internally generated cash flows, without compromising capital growth plans or detracting from the stability of its core business of discovering and developing gold mines in West Africa.
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Description of Ordinary Shares
Under the Corporations Act and its constitution, the Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of ordinary shares. However, under the ASX listing rules, in order for a corporation listed on the ASX to issue an amount of shares greater than 15% of the total number of existing shares then issued and outstanding, the corporation must seek separate shareholder approval. At the date of this AIF, Perseus has an aggregate of 526,656,401 fully paid ordinary shares issued and outstanding. No other shares in the capital of Perseus of any other class are issued or outstanding.
The holders of Perseus's ordinary shares are entitled:
- (i) to vote at all meetings of shareholders of Perseus;
- (ii) to receive, subject to the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to any other class of shares of Perseus, any dividends declared by Perseus; and
- (iii) to receive, subject to the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to any other class of shares of Perseus, the remaining property of Perseus upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary.
The ordinary shares do not carry any exchange, exercise pre-emptive, redemption, conversion or retraction rights.
MARKET FOR SECURITIES
The ordinary shares are currently listed on the ASX and the TSX under the trading symbol "PRU" and the German Stock Exchange under the symbol "WKN: AOB7MN". The greatest volume of trading occurs on the ASX.
Trading Price and Volume
The following table sets forth the reported high and low sale prices and the trading volume for the Company's ordinary shares on the TSX on a monthly basis for the year ended June 30, 2014.
| Date | High | Low | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|
| (C$) | (C$) | ||
| July 2013 0.63 | 0.45 | 23,225,400 | |
| August 2013 0.81 | 0.47 | 22,241,100 | |
| September 2013 0.68 | 0.51 | 28,730,000 | |
| October 2013 0.65 | 0.42 | 20,229,000 | |
| November 2013 0.42 | 0.25 | 14,989,800 | |
| December 2013 0.27 | 0.21 | 31,474,000 | |
| January 2014 0.43 | 0.26 | 21,300,400 | |
| February 2014 0.55 | 0.38 | 17,352,700 | |
| March 2014 0.55 | 0.41 | 29,066,100 | |
| April 2014 0.45 | 0.35 | 8,962,800 | |
| May 2014 0.35 | 0.28 | 3,645,600 | |
| June 2014 0.47 | 0.29 | 10,588,200 |
Issues of Other Securities
In the year ended June 30, 2014, there were no issues of securities of Perseus that are not listed or quoted on a market place.
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Name, Occupation and Security Holding
The name of each director and executive officer of Perseus and his or her province or state and country of residence, offices and positions held with the Company, principal occupations during the five preceding years and period in which each has served as a director of the Company, as of the date of this AIF, are as follows:
| Name and Residence | Position(s) with Perseus | PrincipalOccupationDuringPast Five Years | Director Since(1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| REGINALD N. GILLARD(2)(3)Western Australia, Australia | Non-Executive Chairman | Acting as director of variouspublic companies | 2003 |
| JEFFREY A. QUARTERMAINEWestern Australia, Australia | ManagingDirectorandChiefExecutive Officer | ManagingDirector,Perseus(2013 to present), CFO, Perseus(2010 to 2013), Senior financeroles with a number of publiclylisted resource issuers, where hewas Chief Financial Officer, anExecutive Director and CompanySecretary (1987 to 2010) | 2013 |
| COLIN J. CARSONWestern Australia, Australia | Executive Director | Executive Director, Perseus (2003to present); Executive Director,Equus Mining Ltd., a mineralsand oil producer and explorer(1996 to 2012) | 2003 |
| T. SEAN HARVEY(2)(3)Ontario, Canada | Non-Executive Director | Acting as a director of variouspublic companies (June 2006 topresent) | 2009 |
| MICHAEL A. BOHM(2)(3)Western Australia, Australia | Non-Executive Director | Acting as a director of variouspublic companies and consultingmining engineer (June 2012 topresent).ManagingDirector,HerenciaResourcesplc,amineralexplorationanddevelopmentcompany(January 2009 to June 30, 2012);Chief Development Officer andManagingDirector(Asia),MineralSecuritiesOperationsLtd., a resource evaluation andexplorationcompany(August 2005 to December 2008) | 2009 |
| ELISSA S. BROWNWestern Australia, Australia | Chief Financial Officer | CFO, Perseus (February 2013 topresent;GroupFinancialController,Perseus2010–February2013);GroupAccountant, Perilya Limited 2007– 2010). | n/a |
| Name and Residence | Position(s) with Perseus | PrincipalOccupationDuringPast Five Years | Director Since(1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| MARTIJN P. BOSBOOMWestern Australia, Australia | GeneralCounsel&CompanySecretary | General Counsel Perseus (July2013–present,appointedCompany Secretary in November2013),GeneralCounsel&Company Secretary, Moly MinesLimited (August 2010 –June2013), Senior Lawyer, BalanceLegal (September 2009 – July2010). | n/a |
| KEVIN P. THOMSONOntario, Canada | Exploration Manager | ExplorationManager,Perseus(April 2007 to present) | n/a |
Notes:
-
Perseus's constituting documents provide that one-third of the directors, excluding the Managing Director, shall retire by rotation annually. Retiring Directors are eligible for re-election at the annual general meeting.
-
Member of the Audit Committee.
3. Member of the Remuneration Committee.
Shareholdings of Directors and Senior Officers
As at June 30, 2014, the directors and executive officers of Perseus, as a group, beneficially owned, controlled or directed, directly or indirectly, 3,934,450 ordinary shares representing approximately 0.75% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares.
Corporate Cease Trade Orders or Bankruptcies
No director or executive officer of the Company is, as at the date hereof or has been within the ten years prior to the date hereof, a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of any company (including Perseus) that was the subject of a cease trade or similar order or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, for a period of more than 30 consecutive days, issued: (a) while that person was acting as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer; or (b) after that person ceased to be a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in that capacity.
No director or executive officer of Perseus nor, to the knowledge of Perseus, any shareholder holding a sufficient number of securities of Perseus to affect materially the control of Perseus (a) is, as at the date hereof, or has been within the 10 years before the date hereof, a director or executive officer of any company (including Perseus) that, while that person was acting in that capacity, or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets, or (b) has, within the 10 years before the date hereof, become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or become subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold the assets of such director, executive officer or shareholder, other than as described as follows:
(a) from November 1996 to June 2008, Mr. Gillard was a director of Voyager Resources Limited ("Voyager") (previously Lafayette Mining Limited), an issuer listed on the ASX. Mr. Quartermaine was company secretary and CFO of Voyager from May 2006 to May 2007 and May 2006 to December 2007 respectively. Mr. Quartermaine was also appointed to the Board of Voyager in May 2007 and remained a director until approximately June 2008. On December 18, 2007, Voyager entered into voluntary administration under the provisions of the Corporations Act. In April 2008, Voyager entered into a deed of company arrangement with the consent of its creditors. In August 2009, the deed of company arrangement was effected, completing the term of the deed administrator. Voyager's securities were reinstated to quotation on the ASX in September 2009; and
(b) from August 2005 to November 2008, Mr. Bohm was a director of certain unlisted subsidiaries of Mineral Securities Limited, an ASX listed company, including Mineral Securities Operations Limited, Kadina Pty Ltd, Platmin Holdings Pty Ltd and Mineral Securities Holdings Pty Ltd, (collectively, the "CopperCo Subsidiaries"). In August 2008, CopperCo Limited ("CopperCo"), also an ASX listed company, acquired Mineral Securities Limited and the CopperCo Subsidiaries. In late November 2008, CopperCo and a number of its subsidiaries, including the CopperCo Subsidiaries, were placed in voluntary administration and receivership. Mr. Bohm resigned as a director of the CopperCo Subsidiaries immediately prior to the CopperCo Subsidiaries being placed in voluntary administration and receivership. The CopperCo Subsidiaries are now wholly-owned subsidiaries of Cape Lambert Iron Ore Ltd. and as of the date hereof, are no longer in voluntary administration and receivership.
Penalties or Sanctions
No director or executive officer of the Company or, to the Company's knowledge, a shareholder holding a sufficient number of securities of the Company to affect materially the control of the Company, has been subject to any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities authority, or has had any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision.
Conflicts of Interest
To the best of the Company's knowledge, there are no known existing or potential conflicts of interest between the Company or a subsidiary of the Company and any director or officer of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company as a result of their outside business interest at the date hereof. However, certain of the directors and officers of the Company serve as directors and/or officers of other companies. Accordingly, conflicts of interest may arise which would influence these persons in evaluating possible acquisitions or in generally acting on behalf of the Company.
AUDIT AND RISK COMMITTEE
Audit and Risk Committee Charter
The full text of the charter of Perseus's Audit and Risk Committee is attached to this AIF as Appendix "B". The procedures and policies adopted for the engagement of non-audit services are set forth in the Audit and Risk Committee Charter.
Composition of the Audit and Risk Committee
The Audit and Risk Committee members are Messrs. Harvey (chairman), Bohm and Gillard, each of whom is financially literate and independent within the meaning of National Instrument 52-110 — "Audit Committees".
Relevant Education and Experience
The education and experience of each of Messrs. Harvey, Bohm and Gillard that is relevant to the performance of his responsibilities as an audit committee member is set out below.
T. Sean Harvey MBA LL.B MA
Mr. Harvey has extensive experience in investment banking and the resources sector and brings valuable experience in capital markets. Mr. Harvey holds an Honours BA degree in Economics and Geography and an MA in Economics, both from Carleton University; an LLB from the University of Western Ontario; and an MBA from the University of Toronto and is a member of the Law Society of Upper Canada. Mr. Harvey was also an independent financial consultant and a director of Deutsche Bank Securities Limited (financial advisory services) and has served on the Boards of a number of companies in the mining sector.
Michael A. Bohm B.AppSc (Mining Eng.), MAusIMM
Mr. Bohm is a mining engineer with extensive experience in operations management, evaluation and project development in Australia, Northern Europe, SE Asia, North and South America. Mr. Bohm has more than 24 year's minerals industry experience predominantly in the gold, nickel and diamond sectors in both open pit and underground mining environments. He has serves on the Boards of various listed mining companies.
Reginald N. Gillard BA FCPA FAICD JP
After practicing as an accountant for over 30 years, during which time Mr. Gillard formed and developed a number of service related businesses, Mr. Gillard now focuses on corporate management, corporate governance and the evaluation and acquisition of resource projects as a director of Corporate & Resources Consultants Pty Ltd. Mr. Gillard is a Fellow of the Australian Society of Practicing Accountants, a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors, and a Member of the Royal Association of Justices of Western Australia. Mr. Gillard is a graduate of the University of Western Australia and Perth Technical College.
External Auditor Service Fees
The following table provides detail in respect of audit, audit related, tax and other fees paid or payable by Perseus to external auditors:
| Audit-Related | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Audit Fees | Fees | Tax Fees | All Other Fees | |
| (A$) | (A$) | (A$) | (A$) | |
| Year ended June 30, 2014 | 190,000 | - | 18,000 | 9,000(1) |
| Year ended June 30, 2013 | 165,804 | - | 15,590 | 72,145(2) |
Notes:
-
Site visit by auditors.
-
Professional services provided by Ernst & Young in the development of anti-bribery and corruption policies.
Audit fees were paid for professional services rendered by Ernst & Young for the audit and review of Perseus's annual and half yearly financial statements respectively.
INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS
No director or executive officer of the Company or a person or company that beneficially owns, or controls or directs, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company or any associate or affiliate of any of the foregoing persons or companies has any material interest, direct or indirect, in any transaction within the three most recently completed financial years of the Company or during the current financial year, that has materially affected or is reasonably expected to materially affect the Company.
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
The Company's transfer agent and registrar in Australia is Advanced Share Registry Limited at its principal offices in Nedlands, Western Australia. The Company's transfer agent and registrar in Canada is TMX Equity Transfer Services Inc at its principal offices in Toronto, Ontario.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS
To the knowledge of the Company, there are no legal proceedings or regulatory actions material to the Company to which the Company is or was a party, or to which any of its properties is or was subject, during the 2014 Financial Year, nor are there any such proceedings known by the Company to be contemplated. There have been no penalties or sanctions imposed against the Company by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority nor are there any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body against the Company that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor making an investment decision and the Company has not entered into any settlement agreements before a court or with a securities regulatory authority during the financial period ended June 30, 2014.
MATERIAL CONTRACTS
Except for contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, the Company has not entered into any material contracts since the beginning of the 2014 Financial Year.
INTERESTS OF EXPERTS
Information of a scientific or technical nature regarding the EGM set out under the heading "Details of the EGM" in this AIF is, unless otherwise stated, based upon the Central Ashanti Technical Report. Information of a scientific or technical nature regarding the SGP set out under the heading "Details of the Sissingué Gold Project" in this AIF is, unless otherwise stated, based upon the Tengréla Technical Report. As at the date hereof, each of the authors of the aforementioned reports beneficially own, directly or indirectly, less than one percent of the outstanding securities of Perseus.
The scientific and technical information in this AIF, other than that derived from the Central Ashanti Technical Report or the Tengréla Technical Report was prepared by or under the supervision of Kevin Thomson, Exploration Manager of the Company. Mr. Thomson beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, less than one percent of the outstanding securities of Perseus.
The auditors of the Company, as of the date of this AIF, are Ernst & Young. Ernst & Young are independent in accordance with the auditor's rules of professional conduct. The employees or partners of Ernst & Young beneficially own directly or indirectly, less than one percent of the outstanding securities of Perseus.
QUALIFIED PERSON STATEMENT
The scientific and technical information in this AIF, other than that set out under the headings "Details of the Edikan Gold Mine" and "Details of the Sissingué Gold Project", was approved by Kevin Thomson, Exploration Manager of the Company, who is a Qualified Person within the meaning of National Instrument 43-101 — Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects.
ASX COMPETENT PERSON STATEMENT
All production targets referred to in this report are underpinned by estimated Ore Reserves which have been prepared by competent persons in accordance with the requirements of the JORC Code.
The information in this report that relates to EGM Ore Reserves, SGP Ore Reserves and SGP Mineral Resources is based on, and fairly represents, information and supporting documentation compiled by Mr Kevin Thomson, a Competent Person who is a Professional Geoscientist with the Association of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario. This information was prepared and first disclosed under the JORC Code 2004. It has not been updated since to comply with the JORC Code 2012 on the basis that the information has not materially changed since it was last reported. The information in this report that relates to EGM Mineral Resources was first reported by the Company in compliance with the JORC Code 2012 in market release on August 27, 2014 and September 4, 2014. The Company confirms that it is not aware of any new information or data that materially affects the information in those market announcements.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Additional information, including particulars of directors' and officers' remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of the Company's securities and securities authorised for issuance under equity compensation plans, if applicable, will be contained in the Company's information circular for its most recent annual meeting of security holders, a copy of which will be filed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.
Additional financial information is available in the Company's audited financial statements and accompanying management's discussion and analysis for the financial period ended June 30, 2014, a copy of which has been filed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. For copies of documents, please contact the Company at Level 2, 437 Roberts Road, Subiaco, 6008, Western Australia, Australia, [email protected].
APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
The following is a glossary of technical terms and abbreviations that appear in this AIF.
| Albite | a common feldspar mineral, a sodium aluminosilicate that occurs most widely in pegmatites andfelsic igneous rocks such as granites |
|---|---|
| Argillaceoussediments which are silt- to clay-sized and have a very high clay mineral content | |
| Arsenopyritea silver-white mineral consisting of a combined sulfide and arsenide of iron, the principal source ofarsenic | |
| Calc-alkaline a series of igneous rocks generated along subduction zones and emplaced in volcanic arcs | |
| Calcitea mineral consisting of calcium carbonate crystallized in hexagonal form and including commonlimestone, chalk, and marble | |
| Carbonatea sediment formed by the organic or inorganic precipitation from aqueous solution of carbonates ofcalcium, magnesium, or iron; e.g., limestone and dolomite | |
| Chalcopyrite a copper iron sulphide mineral | |
| Chloritechlorites are associated with and resemble micas (the tabular crystals of chlorites cleave into small,thin flakes or scales that are flexible, but not elastic like those of micas); they may also be consideredas clay minerals when very fine grained | |
| Epiclasticspertaining to the texture of mechanically deposited sediments consisting of detrital material frompre-existent rocks | |
| Faciesaspects of rock units such as rock type, mode of origin, composition, fossil content or environment ofdeposition | |
| Faulta tectonic break or fracture in a body of rock | |
| Feldspara group of crystalline minerals that consist of aluminum silicates with either potassium, sodium,calcium, or barium and that are an essential constituent of nearly all crystalline rocks | |
| Felsicigneous rocks containing one or more of quartz, feldspar, or feldspathoids or the equivalent glasses | |
| Fluvial the processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them | |
| Flyschsequence of sedimentary rocks that is deposited in a deep marine facies in the foreland basin of adeveloping orogen | |
| Granitecoarse-grained igneous rock, with quartz, feldspars and micas | |
| Granitoidsresembling granite in granular appearance | |
| Greenstonea field term applied to any compact dark-green altered or metamorphosed basic igneous rock thatowes its colour to the presence of chlorite, actinolite, or epidote | |
| Greywackes a variety of sandstone generally characterized by its hardness, dark colour, and poorly-sorted, angulargrains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments or lithic fragments set in a compact, clay-finematrix | |
| Haematitea reddish-brown to black mineral consisting of ferric oxide, constituting an important iron ore, andoccurring in crystals or as earthy red ocher | |
| Igneousa rock formed by the cooling of molten material | |
| Intrusiverock which, while molten, penetrated into or between other rocks but solidified before reaching thesurface | |
| Mafica group of usually dark-coloured minerals rich in magnesium and iron | |
| Metamorphica rock produced by metamorphism | |
| pressure, and the introduction of new chemical substances | |
|---|---|
| Metasedimenta sediment or sedimentary rock that shows evidence of having been subjected to metamorphism | |
| Metavolcanicsa type of metamorphic rock first produced by a volcano, then buried underneath subsequent rockand subjected to high pressures and temperatures, causing it to recrystallize | |
| Orenaturally occurring material from which a mineral or minerals of economic value can be extractedprofitably or to satisfy social or political objectives | |
| Oxidation loosely, the sub-aerial weathering of rocks, generally with the presence of water | |
| Porphyry an igneous rock of any composition that contains conspicuous phenocrysts in a fine-grainedgroundmass; a porphyritic igneous rock | |
| Pyrite a common iron sulfide mineral FeS2 | |
| Pyrrhotite an iron sulfide FeS | |
| Quartzcommonly referred to as SiO2 | ; silicon dioxide; and is very common mineral in rocks; occurs also asveins, and stockworks |
| RABrotary air blast | |
| Radiometrics | the measure of natural radiation in the Earth's surface |
| RC | reverse circulation rotary and percussion drilling means rock drilling powered by compressed air |
| Sandstonea sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation and compaction of sand and held together by anatural cement, such as silica | |
| Sericitewhite, fine-grained potassium mica, usually muscovite in composition, having a silky luster and foundas small flakes in various metamorphic rocks | |
| Shear a deformation resulting from stresses that cause or tend to cause contiguous parts of a body to sliderelatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact | |
| Shear zonea zone of shearing (intense foliation); shearing is the response of a rock to deformation usually bycompressive stress | |
| Silica a white or colourless crystalline compound, occurring abundantly as quartz, sand, flint, agate, andmany other minerals | |
| Sulphidea mineral compound characterized by the linkage of sulphur and metal | |
| Sulphur | a non-metallic chemical element found in many minerals and ores |
| Tholeiitic | a type of basalt |
| Variogram | mathematical and graphical way of representing variation of data as a function of separation distance |
| Volcanics | igneous rocks that solidified after reaching or nearing the earth's surface |
APPENDIX B
AUDIT AND RISK COMMITTEE CHARTER
1. Introduction
- (a) The audit and risk committee (the "Committee") is a committee of the board of directors (the "Board") of the Company.
- (b) The Committee's purpose is to assist the Board in fulfilling its obligations and responsibilities relating to financial reporting, internal controls, risk management, corporate governance and the internal and external audit processes.
- (c) In this Charter, a reference to the "Company" means Perseus Mining Limited and the economic entity constituted by Perseus Mining Limited and the entities that it controls from time to time.
2. Committee Membership
- (a) The Committee shall consist of not less than three independent, non-executive members of the Board, each of whom shall satisfy the independence and financial literacy requirements of applicable securities regulatory requirements. Members of the Committee shall be selected by the Board. Any member of the Committee may be removed or replaced at any time by the Board and shall cease to be a member of the Committee upon ceasing to be a director of the Company.
- (b) Rotation of members, if required by the Committee, shall be limited to one per year. The decision as to which member to rotate, when appropriate, will be made by the Board. The Board shall review Committee membership on an annual basis and at other times as the Board may deem appropriate.
- (c) The members of the Committee shall be entitled to receive such remuneration for acting as members of the Committee as the Board may from time to time determine.
3. Responsibilities of the Committee
-
(a) While the Committee has the responsibilities and powers set forth in this Charter, the role of the Committee is oversight. Accordingly, the responsibilities of the Committee are to assist the Board fulfil its oversight responsibilities with respect to:
- (i) reporting of financial information to users of financial reports;
- (ii) systems of internal controls;
- (iii) risk management systems and the management of material business risks;
- (iv) application of accounting policies and improving financial management;
- (v) the internal and external audit process;
- (vi) compliance with applicable laws, regulations, standards and relevant best practice guidelines;
- (vii) improving the effectiveness of the external audit functions and being a forum for communication between the Board and the external auditor;
-
(viii) improving the quality of internal and external reporting of financial information; and
-
(ix) improving the credibility and objectivity of the accounting process (including financial reporting).
4. Authority of the Committee
- (a) In order to ensure the Committee is able to discharge its responsibilities efficiently and effectively, it is authorised by the Board to:
- (i) investigate any activity within its terms of reference or involving financial accounting and financial reporting and internal controls;
- (ii) seek any information it requires from any employee and require all employees to co-operate with any relevant request made by the Committee;
- (iii) engage independent counsel and other advisors as it determines necessary to carry out its duties, set and pay the compensation for any advisors employed by the Committee, the cost of which shall be borne by the Company; and
- (iv) communicate directly with the internal and external auditors.
5. Meetings
- (a) The Committee shall have a chairman appointed by the Board (the "Chairman"), who shall not be the chairman of the Board. The Chairman shall have the duties and responsibilities set out in Schedule A hereto.
- (b) The Committee shall meet at least twice per annum, with those two meetings designed to coincide with the Company's reporting of its half-year and annual results, and the Committee shall hold additional Committee meetings as and when the Committee may otherwise deem appropriate.
- (c) Committee meetings may be held in person, over the telephone or as the Committee may otherwise deem fit. The time at which, and the place where meetings of the Committee shall be held, and the procedure in all respects of such meetings shall be determined by the Committee, unless otherwise provided by the Company's Constitution or by the Board.
- (d) No business may be transacted by the Committee except at a meeting at which a quorum of the Committee is present. Two committee members shall constitute a quorum.
- (e) The secretary of the Committee (the "Secretary") will be the company secretary or such other person appointed by the Board. Minutes of the Committee meetings shall be maintained by the Secretary who shall ensure that they are maintained in a secure environment.
- (f) The Committee may invite such other persons to attend its meetings, including the managing director, the chief financial officer, the company secretary, general counsel and the external auditor, as it deems necessary.
6. Specific Duties
(a) In carrying out its oversight responsibilities, the Committee will:
-
(i) Review and assess the adequacy of this Charter from time to time and recommend any changes to the Board for approval;
-
(ii) Review, prior to public disclosure, the Company's annual and interim financial statements and MD&A, including any financial statement contained in a AIF, information circular, registration statement or similar document;
-
(iii) Review and approve earnings press releases before the Company public disclosure;
-
(iv) Review, with reasonable frequency, the adequacy of the Company's accounting and financial reporting controls (include the procedures for the review of the Company's public disclosure financial information extracted or derived from the Company's financial statements) ;
-
(v) Review, with reasonable frequency, whether the Company's systems and processes for determining, managing and reporting material business risks are appropriate and effective;
-
(vi) Review whether the insurance maintained by the Company is adequate;
-
(vii) Prepare a statement, in accordance with applicable law, for inclusion in the Company's annual report that describes the Committee's composition, activities and responsibilities;
-
(viii) Recommend to the Board the external auditor to be nominated for the purpose of preparing or issuing an auditor's report or performing other audit, review or attest services for the Company and the compensation to be paid to the external auditors;
-
(ix) Oversee the work of the external auditor engaged for the purpose of preparing or issuing an auditor's report or performing other audit, review or attest services for the Company, including the resolution of disagreements between management and the external auditor regarding financial reporting;
-
(x) Ensure that the external auditor is "independent" (within the meaning of applicable law) and that the external auditor reports directly to the Committee;
-
(xi) Either:
- (A) pre-approve all non-audit services to be provided to the Company or its subsidiaries by the external auditor (the Committee may delegate authority to pre-approve non-audit services to one or more members of the Committee, however, pre-approval of any non-audit services must be presented by any member to whom authority has been delegated to the full Committee at its first scheduled meeting after such approval); and
- (B) adopt specific policies and procedures for the engagement of non-audit services, provided that:
- (1) the policies and procedures are detailed as to the particular service;
- (2) the Committee is informed of each non-audit service; and
- (3) the procedures do not include delegation of the Committee's responsibilities to management;
-
(x) Review and approve the Company's hiring policies regarding current and former partners and employees of the present and former external auditor;
-
(xi) Establish procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by the Company regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and for the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of the Company of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters; and
-
(xii) Make regular reports to the Board concerning its activities.
SCHEDULE A
In addition to the duties and responsibilities set out in the Charter of the Audit Committee, the chairman of the Audit Committee has the duties and responsibilities described below:
- (a) Provide overall leadership to facilitate the effective functioning of the Committee, including:
- (i) overseeing the structure, composition, membership and activities delegated to the Committee;
- (ii) chairing every meeting of the Committee and encouraging free and open discussion at meetings of the Committee;
- (iii) scheduling and setting the agenda for Committee meetings with input from other Committee members, the Chair of the Board of Directors and management as appropriate;
- (iv) facilitating the timely, accurate and proper flow of information to and from the Committee;
- (v) arranging for management, internal and external auditors and others to attend and present at Committee meetings as appropriate;
- (vi) arranging sufficient time during Committee meetings to fully discuss agenda items;
- (vii) encouraging Committee members to ask questions and express viewpoints during meetings; and
- (viii) taking all other reasonable steps to ensure that the responsibilities and duties of the Committee, as outlined in its Charter, are well understood by the Committee members and executed as effectively as possible.
- (b) Foster ethical and responsible decision making by the Committee and its individual members.
- (c) Encourage the Committee to meet in separate, regularly scheduled, non-management, closed sessions with the independent auditors.
- (d) Following each meeting of the Committee, report to the Board of Directors on the activities, findings and any recommendations of the Committee.
- (e) Carry out other such duties as may reasonably be requested by the Board of Directors.