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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC — Annual Report 2022
Feb 10, 2023
5078_10-k_2023-02-10_4708a889-0505-4b62-b0df-0d09b6799d89.html
Annual Report
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Company registration number 13236308 (England and Wales)
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
COMPANY INFORMATION
Directors Brian A Basham (Appointed 17 May 2021)
Alejandro Ciruelos (Appointed 4 August 2021)
Michael Ellwood (Appointed 20 April 2021)
Lord James Wharton (Appointed 4 August 2021)
Secretary MSP Corporate Services Limited
Company number 13236308
Registered office 1-2 Charterhouse Mews
London
EC1M 6BB
Auditor Anstey Bond LLP
Statutory Auditors &
Chartered Accountants
1-2 Charterhouse Mews
London
EC1M 6BB
Bankers Santander UK plc
2 Triton Square
Regent's Place
London
United Kingdom
NWI 3AN
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
CONTENTS
Page
Chairman's statement and key personnel 1 - 2
Strategic report 3 - 5
Directors' report 6 - 9
Directors' responsibilities statement 10
Corporate governance statement 11
Independent auditor's report 12 - 15
Statement of comprehensive income 16
Statement of financial position 17
Statement of changes in equity 18
Statement of cash flows 19
Notes to the financial statements 20 - 26
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT AND KEY PERSONNEL
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
I have pleasure in presenting the annual report and financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2022.
Net Zero Infrastructure PLC (the “Company”) was formed as a special purpose acquisition company with the intention to acquire
renewable or clean energy technology companies (an “Acquisition”) and to finance, develop and promote those environmentally sound
projects internationally. Any Acquisition is expected to constitute a reverse takeover transaction and consideration for the Acquisition may
be in part or in whole in the form of share-based consideration or funded from the Company's existing cash resources or the raising of
additional funds.
In September 2021, the Company successfully listed its shares for trading on the London Stock Exchange Main Market, and at the same
time secured a placing of additional ordinary shares for £1,500,000 (before expenses). This has enabled the company to identify and
engage with a suitable target for acquisition in line with its stated corporate strategy. Further details of this transaction are included in the
following strategic report .
The business environment has changed significantly since the Company’s listing in September last year.
In early spring, there were already nascent signs of the now very evident global inflationary pressures. These increased enormously with
Russia’s attempted invasion of Ukraine in late February. A broad range of energy, industrial and agricultural commodities saw significant
price increases. These have, in turn, fed into the consumer sector, making central banks’ task of managing inflation more problematical
and increasing fears of an extended period of higher interest rates.
In the Company’s chosen sphere of interest, renewable or clean energy, the structural changes identified in our Admission Document
became evident.
As summer progressed, it became clear that ‘transitory’ inflation was, in fact, more embedded, than first thought. Central banks, including
the Bank of England, started to increase interest rates from historically low levels. UK base rates have risen from ¼% in January of this
year to 3% currently.
Meanwhile, the current and forecast increase in energy prices, combined with a wider rise in the cost of living has, and continues to
dampen consumer activities and expectations. With consumer activity representing over 60% of UK nominal GDP, this anticipated
slowdown has led businesses to review their own expectations.
The challenge for the Directors is to find a suitable acquisition upon which to base the Company’s future at a time when assets in the
renewable or clean energy sector are becoming increasingly hard to value correctly.
Key Personnel
MIKE ELLWOOD - chairman
Michael is an experienced corporate banker having previously been Managing Director of RBS Structured Finance. Most recently, as
Head of Corporate and Commercial Banking at Santander U.K. Ltd in London, he assisted in establishing Santander in the U.K. corporate
banking market, with a significant presence in the renewable and infrastructure sector.
He sat on both the U.K. Executive Committee and the Global Coverage Board for the Investment Bank and was also a senior member of
the U.K. Credit Committee.
Michael now has a portfolio of non-executive roles across a variety of sectors.
ALEJANDRO CIRUELOS - non-executive director
Alejandro is a Managing Director at Sustainable Development Capital LLP (“SDCL”) where he heads the renewable energy and power
practice of the firm. He has 15 years of experience in structuring, financing, investing and raising capital for power and infrastructure
projects and corporations. Alejandro has participated twice as an expert witness in the UK Energy and Climate Change Committee and co-
authored Renewable Energy Finance: Powering the Future.
Prior to joining SDCL Alejandro was a Managing Director and member of the executive leadership team of Santander Corporate &
Investment Banking in London where he was responsible for the origination, structuring and placement of private debt and equity
products.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT AND KEY PERSONNEL (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
BRIAN BASHAM - non-executive director
Brian Basham is a former investigative journalist, Mergers & Acquisitions communications specialist and entrepreneur. He started his
career in journalism with City Press, then moved to the Daily Mail, the Daily Telegraph and The Times. After a brief spell as a fund
manager, he moved into public relations, joining John Addey Associates.
Brian has been a founding member of a number of companies, including Broad Street Group, Primrose Care, Equity Development and
ArchOver. He has also advised the chairmen and chief executives of many large companies and organisations, including British Airways,
Hanson, BAE Systems, Tesco, Guinness, Safeway, Wimpy, Saatchi and Saatchi, Age Concern and the British Association of Pension
Funds.
LORD JAMES WHARTON - non-executive director
James is a British Conservative Party politician who entered the House of Lords as Baron Wharton of Yarm in September 2020.
Prior to this, he served as the Member of Parliament for his home constituency of Stockton South from 2010 to 2017 and served as the
Northern Powerhouse Minister at the Department for Communities and Local Government. He also served as the Minister for Africa at the
Department for International Development. James’ early career was as a solicitor working for a firm in the North East of England.
James now has a number of roles including Chair of the Office for Students, England’s Higher Education regulator.
Michael Ellwood
Chairman
1 December 2022
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
STRATEGIC REPORT
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
The directors present the strategic report for the period ended 31 March 2022.
Fair review of the business
The company is a special purpose acquisition company formed with the intention to acquire renewable or clean energy technology
companies and to finance, develop and promote those environmentally sound projects internationally.
In September 2021, the company successfully admitted its Ordinary shares to the Official List (by way of a Standard Listing under
Chapter 14 of the Listing Rules) and to trading on the Main Market of the London Sock Exchange). In conjunction with this, the company
placed 50,000,000 ordinary shares raising gross proceeds of £1,500,000 before expenses.
The company has evaluated potential acquisition opportunities and in May 2022, the company signed a non-binding letter of intent
(“LOI”) to acquire the entire issued share capital of Taylor Construction Plant Limited and Solar Highways Limited (“TCP”). TCP is a UK
based infrastructure services business. This acquisition, if completed, along with an associated proposed placing of shares by the
ccompany, would result in the shareholders of the Target having a significant minority interest in the enlarged group.
The principal activity of TCP is the supply and hire of specialist equipment to UK infrastructure and construction contractors. TCP is
transitioning its existing business from diesel-powered to zero emission equipment powered by hydrogen and other renewable sources.
This is carbon neutral at the point of use and offers customers an alternative to the use of diesel across a wide range of market
applications, including in construction, events, film, and temporary power. TCP is profitable and includes as its customers a number of
leading participants in the infrastructure services market.
This proposed acquisition is subject to the completion of due diligence, documentation and compliance with all regulatory requirements,
including the Listing and Prospectus Rules and, as required, the Takeover Code.
Principal risks and uncertainties
The principal risks currently faced by the Company relate to:
Acquiring Less than Controlling Interests
The Company may acquire either less than whole voting control of, or less than a controlling equity interest in, a target, which may limit
the Company’s operational strategies and reduce its ability to enhance Shareholder value.
Inability to Fund Operations Post-Acquisition
The Company may be unable to fund the operations post acquisition of the target business if it does not obtain additional funding,
however, the Company will ensure that appropriate funding measures are taken to ensure minimum commitments are met.
The Company’s Relationship with the Directors and Conflicts of Interest
The Company is dependent on the Directors to identify potential acquisition opportunities and to execute an acquisition.
The Directors are not obliged to commit their whole time to the Company’s business; they will allocate a portion of their time to other
businesses which may lead to the potential for conflicts of interest in their determination as to how much time to assign to the Company’s
affairs.
Suitable Acquisition Opportunities may not be Identified or Completed
The Company’s business strategy is dependent on the ability of the Directors to identify sufficient suitable acquisition opportunities. If the
Directors do not identify a suitable acquisition target, the Company may not be able to fulfil its objectives. Furthermore, if the Directors
do identify a suitable target, the Company may not acquire it at a suitable price or at all. In addition, if an acquisition is identified and
subsequently aborted the Company may be left with substantial transaction costs.
Risks Inherent in an Acquisition
Although the Company and the Directors will evaluate the risks inherent in a particular target, they cannot offer any further assurance that
all of the significant risk factors can be identified or properly assessed. Furthermore, no assurance can be made that an investment in
Ordinary Shares in the Company will ultimately prove to be more favourable to investors then a direct investment, if such an opportunity
were available, in a target business.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
Reliance on External Advisors
The Directors expect to rely on external advisors to help identify and assess potential acquisitions and there is a risk that suitable advisors
cannot be placed under contract or that such advisors that are contracted fail to perform as required.
Failure to Obtain Additional Financing to Complete an Acquisition or Fund a Target’s Operations
There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to obtain any additional financing needed to either complete an acquisition or to
implement its plans post acquisition or, if available, to obtain such financing on terms attractive to the Company. In that event, the
Company may be compelled to restructure or abandon the acquisition or proceed with the acquisition on less favourable terms, which may
reduce the Company’s return on the investment. The failure to secure additional financing on acceptable terms could have a material
adverse effect on the continued development or growth of the Company and the acquired business.
Reliance on Income from the Acquired Activities
Following an acquisition, the Company may be dependent on the income generated by the acquired business or from the subsequent
divestment of the acquired business to meet the Company’s expenses. If the acquired business is unable to provide the sufficient funds to
the Company, the Company may be unable to pay its expenses or make distributions and dividends on the Ordinary Shares.
Restrictions in Offering Ordinary Shares as Consideration for an Acquisition or Requirements to Provide Alternative Consideration.
In certain jurisdictions, there may be legal, regulatory, or practical restrictions on the Company using its Ordinary Shares as consideration
for an acquisition or which may mean that the Company is required to provide alternative forms of consideration. Such restrictions may
limit the Company’s acquisition opportunities or make a certain acquisition more costly, which may have an adverse effect on the results
of operations of the Company.
Key performance indicators
Appropriate key performance indicators will be identified in due course as the business strategy is implemented following a successful
acquisition. Given the current nature of the Company’s business, the Directors are of the opinion that the primary performance indicator is
the completion of an acquisition.
Gender analysis
A split of our employees and directors by gender and average number during the year is shown below:
Male Female
Directors 4 nil
Statement by the directors in accordance with Section 172 (1) of the Companies Act
The directors believe they have acted in the way most likely to promote the success of the Company for the benefit of its members as a
whole, as required by s172 of the Companies Act 2006.
The requirements of s172 are for the directors to:
consider the likely consequences of any decision in the long term;
act fairly between the members of the company;
maintain a reputation for high standards of business conduct;
consider the interests of the company's employees;
foster the company's relationships with suppliers, customers and others; and
consider the impact of the company's operations on the community and the environment.
The main decision made by the directors during the period was to use some or all of the net proceeds raised in issuing shares to acquire a
company, business, project or asset in the renewable or clean energy sector.
The company is in its early stage and only has one employee apart from the board of directors. Otherwise, the company only has
professional advisors, a limited number of suppliers, no customers or others who require consideration by the directors and there are no
activities that could impact the community or environment. The directors acknowledge that the company will seek to maintain a reputation
for high standards of business conduct in its dealings with individual stakeholders.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
STRATEGIC REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
On behalf of the board
Michael Ellwood
Director
1 December 2022
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
DIRECTORS' REPORT
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
The directors present their annual report and financial statements for the period ended 31 March 2022.
The corporate governance statement set out on pages page 11 forms part of this report.
Principal activities
The company was incorporated on 1 March 2021 in England Wales as a private company and it reregistered as a public company on 28
July 2021. Subsequently, on 14 September 2021, the company was listed on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange, pursuant to
Chapter 14 of the Listing Rules (which sets out the requirements for Standard Listings). The principal activity of the company during the
period was that of identifying potential companies, businesses or assets for acquisition.
Results and dividends
The results for the period are set out on page 16.
No ordinary dividends were paid. The directors do not recommend payment of a final dividend.
Directors
The directors who held office during the period and up to the date of signature of the financial statements were as follows:
Brian A Basham (Appointed 17 May 2021)
Alejandro Ciruelos (Appointed 4 August 2021)
Michael Ellwood (Appointed 20 April 2021)
Lord James Wharton (Appointed 4 August 2021)
Konstantin Nemchukov (Appointed 1 March 2021 and resigned 20 April 2021)
Directors' interests
The directors' interests in the shares of the company were as stated below:
Ordinary shares of 1p each
31 March 2022
Brian A Basham 1,000,000
Alejandro Ciruelos -
Michael Ellwood 1,249,100
Lord James Wharton -
Konstantin Nemchukov -
Remuneration committee
There is no separate Remuneration Committee at present, instead all remuneration matters are considered by the Board as a whole. It
meets when required to consider all aspects of directors’ and staff remuneration, share options and service contracts.
Nominations committee
A nominations committee has not yet been established.
Internal financial control
Financial controls have been established to provide safeguards against unauthorised use or disposition of the assets, to maintain proper
accounting records and to provide reliable financial information for internal use. Key financial controls include:
• the maintenance of proper records;
• a schedule of matters reserved for the approval of the Board;
• evaluation, approval procedures and risk assessment for acquisitions; and
• close involvement of the Directors in the day-to-day operational matters of the Company.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
DIRECTORS' REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
Shareholder Communications
The Company uses its corporate website (http://www.nziplc.com) to ensure that the latest announcements, press releases and published
financial information are available to all shareholders and other interested parties.
The AGM is used to communicate with both institutional shareholders and private investors and all shareholders are encouraged to
participate. Separate resolutions are proposed on each issue so that they can be given proper consideration and there is a resolution to
approve the Annual Report and Accounts. The Company counts all proxy votes and will indicate the level of proxies lodged on each
resolution after it has been dealt with by a show of hands.
Directors’ Remuneration Report
Remuneration Policies (unaudited)
The remuneration policy of the Company in effect from 15 September 2021 was that:
Michael Elwood was entitled to a salary not in excess of £24,000 per annum from the date of Admission until the completion
of an acquisition
Brian Basham was entitled to a salary not in excess of £12,000 per annum from the date of Admission until the completion
of an acquisition
Alejandro Ciruelos was entitled to a salary not in excess of £12,000 per annum from the date of Admission
James Wharton was entitled to a salary not in excess of £12,000 per annum from the date of Admission
It is intended that these policies will be continued for the next and subsequent years subject to any acquisition. At the forthcoming AGM
shareholders will be asked to vote on the remuneration policy of the Company, as per previous AGM. The date of Admission was 15
September 2021.
At such time upon completion of an acquisition, a remuneration committee may be appointed to reassess an appropriate level of Directors’
remuneration and it is envisaged that the remuneration policy be amended so as to attract, retain and motivate Executive Directors and
senior management of a high calibre with a view to encouraging commitment to the development of the Company and for long term
enhancement of shareholder value. The Board believes that share ownership by Executive Directors strengthens the link between their
personal interests and those of shareholders although there is no formal shareholding policy in place.
The current Directors’ remuneration comprises a basic fee and at present, there is no bonus or long-term incentive plan in operation for the
Directors. Directors also receive reimbursement for expenses incurred whilst performing services for the Company.
Service contracts (unaudited)
The Executive Directors have entered into Service Agreements with the Company and continue to be employed until terminated by the
Company. In the event of termination or loss of office the Director is entitled only to payment of his basic salary in respect of his notice
period. In the event of termination or loss of office in the case of a material breach of contract the Director is not entitled to any further
payment.
Each Director is paid at the rate listed in the table above.
The contracts are available for inspection at the Company’s registered office.
Approval by members (unaudited)
The remuneration policy above will be put before the members for approval at the next Annual General Meeting.
Each Director is paid at the rate listed in the table above.
The contracts are available for inspection at the Company’s registered office.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
DIRECTORS' REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
Supplier payment policy
The company's current policy concerning the payment of trade creditors is to follow the CBI's Prompt Payers Code (copies are available
from the CBI, Centre Point, 103 New Oxford Street, London WC1A 1DU).
The company's current policy concerning the payment of trade creditors is to:
settle the terms of payment with suppliers when agreeing the terms of each transaction;
ensure that suppliers are made aware of the terms of payment by inclusion of the relevant terms in contracts; and
pay in accordance with the company's contractual and other legal obligations.
Trade creditors of the company at the year end were equivalent to 12 day's purchases, based on the average daily amount invoiced by
suppliers during the year.
Warrant Instruments
On 17 August 2021, the Company entered into warrant instruments, pursuant to which the Company granted Warrants over in aggregate
7,891,000 new Ordinary Shares which represent an amount equal to 13 per cent. of the Ordinary Shares as at the date of Admission,
conditional on Admission occurring, to Axis Capital, Alexander David and the Directors, exercisable for three years from the date of
Admission at an exercise price of 4.5 pence per share. One Warrant entitles the relevant holder to subscribe for one Ordinary Share
(subject to adjustment following an adjustment event such as a consolidation/sub-division of Ordinary Shares or if the Company in its sole
discretion determines that an adjustment should be made) at the exercise price payable in cash in full on subscription. The holder of
Warrants is entitled to subscribe for all or part of its specified number of fully paid Ordinary Shares. Every Warrant in respect of which
subscription rights have been exercised in full, or which have not been exercised at the end of the subscription period, will lapse and be
cancelled. The Warrants will not be admitted to the Official List (by way of a Standard Listing) nor admitted to trading on the London
Stock Exchanges’ main market.
Substantial shareholdings
At 2 December 2022, the Company had been informed of the following substantial interests over 3% of the issued share capital of the
Company.
Holding Percentage
The Bank of New York (Nominees) Limited 16,600,000 27.35%
HSDL Nominees Limited 15,925,000 26.24%
Barclays Direct Investing Nominees Limited 6,714,523 11.06%
Auditor
Anstey Bond LLP were appointed as auditor to the company and, in accordance with section 485 of the Companies Act 2006, a resolution
proposing that they be re-appointed will be put at a General Meeting.
Energy and carbon report
As the company has not consumed more than 40,000 kWh of energy in this reporting period, it qualifies as a low energy user under these
regulations and is not required to report on its emissions, energy consumption or energy efficiency activities.
Statement of disclosure to auditor
Each director in office at the date of approval of this annual report confirms that:
so far as the director is aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the company's auditor is unaware, and
the director has taken all the steps that he / she ought to have taken as a director in order to make himself / herself aware of
any relevant audit information and to establish that the company's auditor is aware of that information.
This confirmation is given and should be interpreted in accordance with the provisions of section 418 of the Companies Act 2006.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
DIRECTORS' REPORT (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
On behalf of the board
Michael Ellwood
Director
1 December 2022
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES STATEMENT
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
The directors are responsible for preparing the annual report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and
regulations.
Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under that law the directors have elected to
prepare the financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by the United
Kingdom. Under company law the directors must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and
fair view of the state of affairs of the company and of the profit or loss of the company for that period. In preparing these financial
statements, International Accounting Standard 1 requires that directors:
properly select and apply accounting policies;
present information, including accounting policies, in a manner that provides relevant, reliable, comparable and
understandable information;
provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements in IFRSs are insufficient to enable users to
understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity's financial position and financial
performance; and
make an assessment of the company's ability to continue as a going concern.
The directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the company’s transactions
and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and enable them to ensure that the financial
statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the company and hence for
taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.
Each director as at the date of this report has confirmed that, to the best of their knowledge, the financial statements, which have been
prepared in accordance with (IFRS) as adopted by the United Kingdom;
- Give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and loss of the company; and
- Include in the Chairman's statement, the Strategic report and Directors' report a fair review of the development, performance and position
of the Company, together with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties it faces.
On behalf of the Board
Michael Elwood
Director
1 December 2022
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATEMENT
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
Governance report
As a company with a Standard Listing, the Company is not required to comply with the provisions of the Corporate Governance Code.
However, in the interests of observing best practice on corporate governance, the Company intends to comply with the provisions of
the Corporate Governance Code insofar as is appropriate having regard to the size and nature of the Company and the size and
composition of the Board, except that:
given the size of the Board and the Company’s current non-operational status, certain provisions of the Corporate
Governance Code (in particular the provisions relating to the composition of the Board and the division of
responsibilities between the chairman and chief executive and executive compensation), are not being complied with by
the Company as the Board considers these provisions to be inapplicable to the Company;
until an Acquisition is made the Company will not have separate audit and risk, nomination or remuneration committees.
The Board as a whole will instead review audit and risk matters, as well as the Board’s size, structure and composition
and the scale and structure of the Directors’ fees, taking into account the interests of Shareholders and the performance of
the Company, and will take responsibility for the appointment of auditors and payment of their audit fee, monitor and
review the integrity of the Company’s financial statements and take responsibility for any formal announcements on the
Company’s financial performance. Following the completion of an Acquisition, the Board intends to put in place audit
and risk, nomination and remuneration committees;
the Corporate Governance Code recommends the submission of all directors for re-election at regular intervals. None of
the Directors will be required to be submitted for re-election until the first annual general meeting of the Company
following an Acquisition; and
the Board does not comply with the provision of the Corporate Governance Code that at least half of the Board,
excluding the chairman, should comprise non-executive directors determined by the Board to be independent. In
addition, the Company has not appointed a senior independent director. The Company intends to appoint additional
independent non-executive directors following the Acquisition so that the Board complies with these provisions.
The Company has adopted UK MAR-compliant policies regarding directors’ dealings.
The Company will not seek Shareholder approval at a general meeting in respect of the Acquisition, unless required to do so for the
purposes of facilitating the financing arrangements or for other legal or regulatory reasons.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT
TO THE MEMBERS OF NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
Opinion
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We have audited the financial statements of Net Zero Infrastructure Plc (the 'company') for the period ended 31 March 2022 which
comprise the statement of comprehensive income, the statement of financial position, the statement of changes in equity, the statement of
cash flows and notes to the financial statements, including significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been
applied in their preparation is applicable law and UK adopted international accounting standards.
In our opinion the financial statements:
give a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs as at 31 March 2022 and of its loss for the period then ended;
have been properly prepared in accordance with UK adopted international accounting standards; and
have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006.
Basis for opinion
We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities
under those standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report.
We are independent of the company in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in
the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these
requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.
Conclusions relating to going concern
In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation
of the financial statements is appropriate.
Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually
or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the company's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months
from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.
Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the directors with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this
report.
Our application of materiality
The scope of our audit was influenced by our application of materiality. The quantitative and qualitative thresholds for materiality
determine the scope of our audit and the nature, timing and extent of our audit procedures.
Materiality for the company's financial statements was set at £12,500. Overall materiality was calculated based on 5% adjusted profit
before tax, which we determined, in our professional judgement, to be the key principle benchmark within the financial statements
relevant of the Company in assessing financial performance. We set performance materiality at 80% of the overall financial statements
materiality at £10,000.
We agreed to report to those charged with governance all corrected and uncorrected misstatements we identified through our audit with a
value in excess of £2,000. We also agreed to report any other audit misstatements below that threshold that we believe warranted reporting
on qualitative grounds.
Our approach to the audit
As part of our planning we assessed the risk of material misstatement including those that required significant consideration for the
Company. Procedures were then performed to address the risk identified and for the most significant assessed risks of material
misstatement. The procedures performed are outlined below in the key audit matters section of this report. We addressed the risk of
management override of internal controls, including among other matters consideration of whether there was evidence of bias that
represented a risk of material misstatement due to fraud.
Key audit matters
Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements
of the current period and including the most significant assessed risks of material misstatement (whether or not due to fraud) we identified,
including those which had the greatest effect on; the overall audit strategy, the allocation of resources in the audit; and directing the efforts
of the engagement team. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming
our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT (CONTINUED)
TO THE MEMBERS OF NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
Key audit matter How our scope addressed this matter
Going concern Risks were identified surrounding the company’s ability to continue as a going
concern.
In this area, our audit procedures included:
• We obtained and reviewed the post year end management accounts, bank
statements, and statutory documentation;
• We assessed the level of funding required for the company to continue at the
same capacity for the next 12 months to ensure sufficient reserves of cash
remained;
• We obtained the Board of Directors’ assessment of the company’s going
concern;
• We reviewed the disclosures included within these statements and confirmed
that they were in line with regulatory reporting standards.
From the work performed, we did not identify any instances from which to
conclude that the disclosure or accounting treatment was incorrectly stated.
Cash and cash equivalents Risk of material misstatement surrounding cash as the most significant balance
sheet item, if incorrect would result in material misstatement.
In this area, our audit procedures included:
• We conducted substantive testing including the identification of unusual
transactions to ensure expenditure was company related;
• We assessed the approval process for bank payments to be made to ensure a
multi-tier approach;
• We obtained the third party balance confirmation directly from the bank.
From the work performed, we did not identify any instances from which to
conclude that the disclosure or accounting treatment was incorrectly stated.
Other information
The other information comprises the information included in the annual report other than the financial statements and our auditor's report
thereon. The directors are responsible for the other information contained within the annual report. Our opinion on the financial statements
does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of
assurance conclusion thereon. Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information
is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit, or otherwise appears to be
materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine
whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we
conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.
We have nothing to report in this regard.
Opinions on other matters prescribed by the Companies Act 2006
In our opinion, based on the work undertaken in the course of our audit:
the information given in the strategic report and the directors' report for the financial period for which the financial statements
are prepared is consistent with the financial statements; and
the strategic report and the directors' report have been prepared in accordance with applicable legal requirements.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT (CONTINUED)
TO THE MEMBERS OF NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
Matters on which we are required to report by exception
In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the company and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not
identified material misstatements in the strategic report or the directors' report. We have nothing to report in respect of the following
matters in relation to which the Companies Act 2006 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:
adequate accounting records have not been kept, or returns adequate for our audit have not been received from branches not
visited by us; or
the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or
certain disclosures of remuneration specified by law are not made; or
we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.
Responsibilities of directors
As explained more fully in the directors' responsibilities statement, the directors are responsible for the preparation of the financial
statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the directors determine is necessary to
enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the
financial statements, the directors are responsible for assessing the company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as
applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the directors either intend to liquidate
the company or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.
Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement,
whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance
but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists.
Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be
expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.
Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our
responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our
procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:
We obtained an understanding of the company and the sector in which it operates to identify laws and regulations that could
reasonably be expected to have a direct effect on the financial statements. We obtained our understanding in this regard
through discussions with management, application of cumulative audit knowledge and experience of the sector.
We determined the principal laws and regulations relevant to the company in this regard to be those arising from Companies
Act 2006, international accounting standards, London Stock Exchange Rules and the Disclosure and Transparency Rules.
We designed our audit procedures to ensure the audit team considered whether there were any indications of non-compliance
by the company with those laws and regulations. These procedures included but were not limited to enquiries of management,
review of legal and professional fees and review of Board minutes.
We also identified the risks of material misstatements of the financial statements due to fraud. We considered, in addition to the
non-rebuttable presumption of a risk of fraud arising from management override of controls, the potential for management bias
in relation to revenue recognition. This was addressed through updating our understanding of the internal control environment,
analysing and reviewing the agreements for the year, substantive testing of revenue and expenses recognised and a review of
post year end receipts and payments.
We addressed the risk of fraud arising from management override of controls by performing audit procedures which included
but were not limited to: the testing of journals; reviewing bank payments and receipts in the year; and evaluating the business
rationale of any significant transactions that are unusual or outside the normal course of business.
Because of the inherent limitations of an audit, there is a risk that we will not detect all irregularities, including those leading to a material
misstatement in the financial statements or non-compliance with regulation. This risk increases the more that compliance with a law or
regulation is removed from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, as we will be less likely to become aware of
instances of non-compliance. The risk is also greater regarding irregularities occurring due to fraud rather than error, as fraud involves
intentional concealment, forgery, collusion, omission or misrepresentation.
A further description of our responsibilities is available on the Financial Reporting Council's website at:
https://www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities. This description forms part of our auditor's report.
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT (CONTINUED)
TO THE MEMBERS OF NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
Other matters which we are required to address
We were appointed by the Board on 20th July 2022 to audit the financial statements for the period ended 31 March 2022. Our total
uninterrupted period of engagement is 1 year, covering the current period ended 31 March 2022.
The non-audit services prohibited by the FRC's Ethical Standard were not provided to the Company and we remain independent of the
Company in conducting our audit.
Use of our report
This report is made solely to the company’s members, as a body, in accordance with Chapter 3 of Part 16 of the Companies Act 2006. Our
audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an
auditor's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other
than the company and the company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.
Colin Ellis FCCA CF (Senior Statutory Auditor)
For and on behalf of Anstey Bond LLP 1 December 2022
Chartered Accountants
Statutory Auditor 1-2 Charterhouse Mews
London
EC1M 6BB
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19/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
Period
ended
31 March
2022
Notes £
Administrative expenses (290,116)
Operating (loss)/profit 3 (290,116)
Income tax expense 6-
(Loss)/profit and total comprehensive income for the period (290,116)
Earnings per share 7
Basic (pence per share) (0.79)
Diluted (pence per share) (0.79)
The income statement has been prepared on the basis that all operations are continuing operations.
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20/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
AS AT 31 MARCH 2022
2022
Notes £
Current assets
Trade and other receivables 814,295
Cash and cash equivalents 1,195,917
1,210,212
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables 13 44,928
Net current assets 1,165,284
Net assets 1,165,284
Equity
Called up share capital 14 607,000
Share premium account 15 848,400
Retained earnings (290,116)
Total equity 1,165,284
The financial statements were approved by the board of directors and authorised for issue on 1 December 2022 and are signed on its
behalf by:
Michael Ellwood
Director
Company registration number 13236308
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21/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
Share capitalShare premium
account
Retained
earnings
Total
Notes £ £ £ £
Balance at 1 March 2021 ----
Period ended 31 March 2022:
Loss and total comprehensive income for the period - - (290,116) (290,116)
Transactions with owners in their capacity as owners:
Issue of share capital 14 607,000 848,400 - 1,455,400
Balance at 31 March 2022 607,000 848,400 (290,116) 1,165,284
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22/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
2022
Notes £ £
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash absorbed by operations 19 (259,483)
Net cash outflow from operating activities (259,483)
Financing activities
Proceeds from issue of shares 1,607,000
Share issue costs (151,600)
Net cash generated from/(used in) financing activities 1,455,400
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 1,195,917
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year -
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 1,195,917
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23/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
1 Accounting policies
Company information
Net Zero Infrastructure Plc is a public company limited by shares incorporated in England and Wales. The registered office is 1-2
Charterhouse Mews, London, EC1M 6BB. The company's principal activities and nature of its operations are disclosed in the
directors' report.
1.1 Reporting period
The company was incorporated on 1 March 2021 with a default first accounting reference date of 31 March 2022. Therefore the
first accounting period covers more than 12 months.
1.2 Accounting convention
The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted for
use in the United Kingdom and with those parts of the Companies Act 2006 applicable to companies reporting under IFRS, except
as otherwise stated.
The financial statements are prepared in sterling, which is the functional currency of the company. Monetary amounts in these
financial statements are rounded to the nearest £.
The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention. The principal accounting policies adopted are set
out below.
1.3 Going concern
The directors have at the time of approving the financial statements, a reasonable expectation that the company has adequate
resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Thus the directors continue to adopt the going concern
basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements.
1.4 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term liquid investments with original
maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts. Bank overdrafts are shown within borrowings in current liabilities.
1.5 Financial assets
Financial assets are recognised in the company's statement of financial position when the company becomes party to the contractual
provisions of the instrument. Financial assets are classified into specified categories, depending on the nature and purpose of the
financial assets.
At initial recognition, financial assets classified as fair value through profit and loss are measured at fair value and any transaction
costs are recognised in profit or loss. Financial assets not classified as fair value through profit and loss are initially measured at fair
value plus transaction costs.
Financial assets held at amortised cost
Financial instruments are classified as financial assets measured at amortised cost where the objective is to hold these assets in
order to collect contractual cash flows, and the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest. They arise
principally from the provision of goods and services to customers (eg trade receivables). They are initially recognised at fair value
plus transaction costs directly attributable to their acquisition or issue, and are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the
effective interest rate method, less provision for impairment where necessary.
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24/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
1 Accounting policies (Continued)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Debt instruments are classified as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income where the financial
assets are held within the company’s business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and
selling financial assets, and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely
payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
A debt instrument measured at fair value through other comprehensive income is recognised initially at fair value plus transaction
costs directly attributable to the asset. After initial recognition, each asset is measured at fair value, with changes in fair value
included in other comprehensive income. Accumulated gains or losses recognised through other comprehensive income are directly
transferred to profit or loss when the debt instrument is derecognised.
The company has made an irrevocable election to recognize changes in fair value of investments in equity instruments through
other comprehensive income, not through profit or loss. A gain or loss from fair value changes will be shown in other
comprehensive income and will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss. Equity instruments measured at fair value through
other comprehensive income are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction cost directly attributable to the asset. After initial
recognition, each asset is measured at fair value, with changes in fair value included in other comprehensive income. Accumulated
gains or losses recognized through other comprehensive income are directly transferred to retained earnings when the equity
instrument is derecognized or its fair value substantially decreased. Dividends are recognized as finance income in profit or loss.
Impairment of financial assets
Financial assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting end date.
The expected credit losses associated with these assets are estimated on a forward-looking basis. A broad range of information is
considered when assessing credit risk and measuring expected credit losses, including past events, current conditions, and
reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the future cash flows of the instrument.
For trade receivables, the simplified approach permitted by IFRS 9 is applied, which requires expected lifetime losses to be
recognised from initial recognition of the receivables.
Derecognition of financial assets
Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the
financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to another entity.
1.6 Financial liabilities
The company recognises financial debt when the company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.
Financial liabilities are classified as either 'financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss' or 'other financial liabilities'.
Other financial liabilities
Other financial liabilities, including borrowings, trade payables and other short-term monetary liabilities, are initially measured at
fair value net of transaction costs directly attributable to the issuance of the financial liability. They are subsequently measured at
amortised cost using the effective interest method. For the purposes of each financial liability, interest expense includes initial
transaction costs and any premium payable on redemption, as well as any interest or coupon payable while the liability is
outstanding.
Derecognition of financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are derecognised when, and only when, the company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled, or they expire.
1.7 Equity instruments
Equity instruments issued by the company are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs. Dividends payable on
equity instruments are recognised as liabilities once they are no longer at the discretion of the company.
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25/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
1 Accounting policies (Continued)
1.8 Taxation
The tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.
Current tax
The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in the income
statement because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items
that are never taxable or deductible. The company’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or
substantively enacted by the reporting end date.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities
in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit, and is accounted for using the
balance sheet liability method. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences and deferred
tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary
differences can be utilised. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from goodwill or from
the initial recognition of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the tax profit nor the accounting profit.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting end date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer
probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Deferred tax is calculated at
the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised. Deferred tax is charged or
credited in the income statement, except when it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred
tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the company has a legally enforceable right to
offset current tax assets and liabilities and the deferred tax assets and liabilities relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority.
1.9 Employee benefits
The costs of short-term employee benefits are recognised as a liability and an expense, unless those costs are required to be
recognised as part of the cost of inventories or non-current assets.
The cost of any unused holiday entitlement is recognised in the period in which the employee’s services are received.
Termination benefits are recognised immediately as an expense when the company is demonstrably committed to terminate the
employment of an employee or to provide termination benefits.
2 Adoption of new and revised standards and changes in accounting policies
Standards which are in issue but not yet effective
A number of new standards and amendments to standards and interpretations are effective for annual periods beginning after 1
January 2022 and have not been applied in preparing these financial statements. None of these are expected to have a significant
effect on the financial statements of the company.
There are no other IFRSs or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective that would be expected to have a material impact on the
company.
3 Operating (loss)/profit
2022
Operating loss for the period is stated after charging/(crediting): £
Fees payable to the company's auditor for the audit of the company's financial statements 12,000
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NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
4 Employees
The average monthly number of persons (including directors) employed by the company during the period was:
2022
Number
Administration 4
Their aggregate remuneration comprised:
2022
£
Wages and salaries 35,000
5 Directors' remuneration
2022
£
Remuneration for qualifying services 35,000
6 Income tax expense
The charge for the period can be reconciled to the loss per the income statement as follows:
2022
£
Loss before taxation (290,116)
Expected tax credit based on a corporation tax rate of 19.00% (55,122)
Unutilised tax losses carried forward 55,122
Taxation charge for the period -
Estimated tax losses of £290,116 are available for relief against future profits.
7 Earnings per share
2022
Number
Number of shares
Weighted average number of ordinary shares for basic earnings per share 36,688,208
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27/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
7 Earnings per share (Continued)
2022
Earnings £
Continuing operations
Loss/profit for the period from continued operations (290,116)
2022
Pence per share
Basic and diluted earnings per share
From continuing operations (0.79)
8 Trade and other receivables
2022
£
VAT recoverable 12,045
Prepayments 2,250
14,295
9 Trade receivables - credit risk
Fair value of trade receivables
The directors consider that the carrying amount of trade and other receivables differs from fair value as follows:
Carrying value Fair value
2022 2022
£ £
Prepayments 2,250 -
2,250 -
No significant receivable balances are impaired at the reporting end date.
10 Liabilities
2022
Notes £
Trade and other payables 13 43,968
Taxation and social security 960
44,928
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28/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
11 Fair value of financial liabilities
The directors consider that the carrying amounts of financial liabilities carried at amortised cost in the financial statements
approximate to their fair values.
12 Liquidity risk
Responsibility for liquidity risk management rests with the board of directors, which has established an appropriate liquidity risk
management framework for the management of the company's funding and liquidity management requirements. The company
manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate reserves, banking facilities and reserve borrowing facilities, by continuously
monitoring forecast and actual cash flows, and by matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities.
13 Trade and other payables
2022
£
Trade payables 21,377
Accruals 22,591
Social security and other taxation 960
44,928
Trade payables and accruals principally comprise amounts outstanding for trade purchases and ongoing costs. The average credit
period taken for trade purchases is 12 days. For most suppliers no interest is charged on amounts payable. The company has
financial risk management policies in place to ensure that all payables are paid within the pre-agreed credit terms.
The directors consider that the carrying amount of trade payables approximates to their fair value
14 Share capital
2022 2022
Ordinary share capital Number £
Issued and fully paid
Ordinary shares of 1p each 60,700,000 607,000
The company only has one class of share. All ordinary shares have equal voting rights and rank equally for the distribution of
dividends and repayment of capital.
During the period prior to listing, the company issued a total of 10,007,000 ordinary shares at £0.01 per share, i.e. £107,000. On
admission to the London Stock Exchange, the company issued a further 50,000,000 ordinary shares at £0.03 per share, raising a
further £1,500,000 (before expenses). Expenses incurred in connection with this issue amounted to £151,600, resulting in net
proceeds to the company of £1,348,400.
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29/29
NET ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE PLC
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 MARCH 2022
15 Share premium account
2022
£
At the beginning of the period -
Issue of new shares 1,000,000
Share issue expenses (151,600)
At the end of the period 848,400
16 Capital risk management
The company manages its capital to ensure that it will be able to continue as a going concern while maximising the return to
stakeholders through the optimisation of the debt and equity balance,
The capital structure of the company consists of debt, cash and cash equivalents and equity comprising share capital, reserves and
retained earnings. The company reviews the capital structure annually and as part of this review considers that cost of capital and
the risks associated with each class of capital.
The company is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements.
17 Directors' transactions
The directors are considered to be key management personnel. Detailed remuneration disclosures are provided in the director's
report accompanying the financial statements.
18 Controlling party
The company considers there to be no ultimate controlling party.
19 Cash absorbed by operations
2022
£
Loss for the period before income tax (290,116)
Movements in working capital:
Increase in trade and other receivables (2,250)
Increase in trade and other payables 32,883
Cash absorbed by operations (259,483)
- 26 -